First Aid

First Aid Immediate and temporary proper aid provided to a

sick or injured person or animal until medical
Bleeding
Wound treatment can be performed
Shock
Poisoning
Fracture
Muscle Injury
Burns
Heat Stroke
Consist of series of simple, lifesaving medical
Seizure
Diabetic Emergency technique that a non-doctor or lay person can be
trained to perform with minimal equipment

History
Knight Hospitaller
First to specialize in battlefield care for wounded
St. John Ambulance
Formed in 1877 to teach first aid (a term derived by the
order) in large railway center and mining district
The order and its training began to spread throughout the
British Empire and Europe
History
1863, four nations met in Geneva and formed the
organization which has grown into the RED CROSS
Development in first aid and many other medical
techniques have been fueled in large by wars
American civil war prompted Clara Barton to organize the
American Red Cross
Today several groups promote first aid

In 1859, Henry Dunant helped organized villagers in New techniques and equipment have helped make
Switzerland to help victims of Battle of Solferino today`s first aid simple and effective

Conditions that Often

Training Require First Aid
1. Altitude Sickness
Requires hand on training by experts to perform Can begin with susceptible people at altitude as low as
First. Aid and Safety 5,000 feet

More useful if it occur before an actual emergency
Proper emergency preparedness is achieved only
with regular and up to date refresher course and
recertification
Can cause potentially fatal sweeling of the brain and
lungs
2. Battlefield First Aid
After the 911 terrorist attack, this protocol refers to treating
shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc.
 Conditions that Often Conditions that Often
Require First Aid Require First Aid
3. Bone Fracture 6. Childbirth

Break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with splint 7. Cramps
4. Burns
Due to lactic acid buildup caused by inadequate oxygenation of
Can result in damage to tissue and loss of body fluid through the burn site muscle or lack of water or salt

5. Chocking 8. Diving Disorder Resulting from too much pressure

Blockage of the airway
9. Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Can quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the patient`s trachea is
not clear 10. Gender Specific Condition

Heimlich Maneuver

Conditions that Often Conditions that Often

Require First Aid Require First Aid
11. Heart attack or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessel 13. Hemorrhage
supplying the heart muscle

12. Heat Stroke Heavy bleeding

Sunstroke or hyperthermia Treated by applying pressure (manually and later
Can occur during heavy exercise in high humidity or with
with a pressure bandage) to the wound site and
inadequate water (heat exhaustion), lost of salt (heat cramps) elevating the limbs if possible

May occur spontaneously in some chronically ill 14. Hyperglycemia - Diabetic Coma
Unconsciousness for more than 2 hours usually leads to
permanent disability 15. Hypoglycemia - Insulin Shock

Conditions that Often Conditions that Often

Require First Aid Require First Aid
16. Hypothermia
19. Muscle Strain
When a person`s core body temperature falls
A muscle strain is the stretching or tearing of
below 33.7 C (92.6 F)
muscle fiber. A muscle strain can caused by
sports, exercise, a sudden movement or trying to
First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient included
lift something too heavy
rewarming
Symptoms of muscle strain includes pain,
17. Insect and Animal Bites or Sting
tightness, sweeling, tenderness and the inability to
move the muscle very well
18. Poisoning
 Conditions that Often Conditions that Often
Require First Aid Require First Aid
22. Sucking Chest Wound

20. Sprain Life threatening hole in the chest which can cause the chest cavity
to fill with air and prevent the lungs from filling
Temporary dislocation of a joint that immediately Treated by covering with an occlusive dressing to let the air out but
reduces automatically but may result in ligament not in
damage
23. Toothache

21. Stroke Can result in severe pain and loss of tooth

Rarely life threatening

Temporary loss of blood supply to the brain
24. Wound and Bleeding

Providing First Aid First Aid

Artificial respiration
Emergency action principle
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Emergency medical service Occlusive dressing

Rescue squad Oxygen first aid

First aid kit Triage

Tourniquet
Emergency team
Subabdominal thrust/ Heimlich manuever

Artificial Respiration Triage

Rescue breathing
Procedure of causing air flow into and out of lungs
of person when his natural breathing ceased or
inadequate
French word used in first aid and medical context
Sorting and classification of causalities and
establishment of treatment priorities

Methods: Mouth to mouth, Mouth to nose Mass casualty situation, such as an earthquake or
bus accident
Respiratory arrest and Cardiac Arrest
 Pharmacotherapy
Increasing number of pharmaceuticals

Relief of stress symptoms

Pharmacotherapy
Support of defense system

Adjunct to other supplemental and curative therapies

Application of drugs in the prevention, treatment or diagnosis of

disease and their use in purposeful alteration of normal function

Division of Pharmacy which correlates pharmacokinetics and

pharmacodynamics aspect

Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy
Drugs

Pharmacokinetics - The study of the absorption,n
distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of
drugs by living organism
Pharmacodynamics - The study of the
biochemical and physiologic mechanism of drug
action
Chemical substance that have an effect on living
organism
Therapeutic drugs often called Medicine, are those
drugs used in the prevention or treatment of disease
Up until a few decades ago, dried plants were the
greatest source of medicine, thus the word "drug"
was applied to the active ingredient

Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy
Drugs Medicine
Sources of Drug
Any substance that Drugs administered for
alters physiological therapeutic effect
1. Natural - Plants, Animals, Minerals or Mineral
function with potential
Products
for affecting health Refers to "Active +
Inactive Ingredient"
2. Synthetic - Synthetic are often more effective and
Refers to "Active
less toxic than the naturally obtained substance
Ingredient"
and are easier to prepare in standardized units
Could be poison
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Drug Nomenclature Chemical Name

Drugs used as therapeutic agents may be
convenient divided into two main groups
Nonprescription Drugs
Prescription Drugs
Exactly the chemical constitution of the drug and
the exact placing of its atoms or molecular
grouping
Chemical name composition of the drug by its
molecular structure

Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy

Generic Name (Nonproprietary Name)

Official Name
Provided by the United States Adopted Name
Name under which the drug is listed by the US FDA
(USAN) Council
FDA - empowered by Federal Law to name drugs
Is equivalent to the same drug with a brand name,
for human use in the US
but is less expensive

Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy
Drug Classification
Trade Name (Brand Name)
According to body system they affected
Name registered and that its use is restricted to the
owner of the drug, who is usually the manufacturer According their therapeutic use or clinical
of the product
indication
Should have a consistent bioavailability According to their physiological or chemical action
More easily recognized by appearance
According to prescription or non-prescription
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EFFECTS ON THE BODY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGICAL/CHEMICAL
Nervous System Skeletal Muscle
ACTION
Relaxant CLINICAL INDICATION
Glaucoma Agent
Nervous System Stimulant Laxatives
Adrenal agents
Respiratory Antitussive, Expectorant, Antibiotics Antineoplastics
Pituitary Agents
Mucolytic Analgesic Cardiac Muscle Drugs
Respiratory Smooth Muscle Relaxant Reproductive Agents
Antitussive Diuretics
Skin & Mucus Membrane Agent & Thyroid Agents
Antihypertensive Antihistamine
Enzyme Adrenergic Agents
Hypoglycemic Anti-infectives
Joint Drugs Anticonvulsants, Sedatives
Blood Coagulants & Anticoagulants Antiangina Anti-fungal
Mucolytic
and Hypnotics
Dental Agents Anti-inflammatory
Tranquilizers
Eyes, Ears, Nose Vasoconstrictors
Cholinergic, Anticholinergics
GI Enzymes and Acid Agents
GI Muscle Movement Agent Serum, Toxoids and Vaccines
Genitourinary Muscle Relaxant Vitamins and Caloric Agents

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Illegal Drugs
Non- Prescription
Illegal Drugs - Recreational Drugs
Over the counter medication (OTC) which can be Drugs and chemical substances used for non-
purchased by anyone
therapeutic purpose
No prescription needed Obtained illegally or have not received approval for
use by the FDA

Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy
Source of Drug Standard STANDARD OF PRACTICE
Information for Administering Medication
1. United State Pharmacopoeia - USP verifies the identity,
strength, purity and quality of dietary supplement finished Generic Name/Trade Name/Classification
product, dietary supplement ingredient and pharmaceutical Clinical Use/Safe Dosage
ingredient
Mechanism of Action
2. National Formulary - A manual containing a list of medicines Side Effect/Adverse Effect
that are approved for prescription throughout the country,
indicating which products are interchangeable
Contraindication/Precaution
Significant Drug Interaction
3. USP Dictionary or USAN and International Drug Name - A
Monitoring Needs/Patient Education
database that contains more established drug name listing than
any other comparable resources Evaluation of Effectiveness
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PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM Prescription - A written order from an authorized prescriber

Parts of a Prescription
LIQUID SOLID SEMI-SOLID OTHER 1. Patients Information
2. Date
Syrup Capsule Cream Aerosol 3. Superscription
4. Inscription
Elixir Tablet Ointment Parenteral 5. Subscription
6. Transcription
Suspension Powder Gels 7. Prescriber`s Information

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Routes of Administration

The path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is

brought into contact with the body Drug Action
Mode of drug administration affects the rate at which onset of
action occurs and may affect the therapeutic response that results Biochemical, physiological mechanism body which
the chemical produces a response in living
Crucial in determining the suitability of a drug
organism
Enteral - administered along any portion of the GIT
Pharmaceutics Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamic
Parenteral - administered outside the GIT (Injectable)

Topical - Creams, Ointment, Gels

Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy
Drug Effect Desired Effect - Therapeutic Effect
Therapeutic Effect (Primary Effect) Adverse Effect/Side Effect - Harmful undesirable response

Side Effect (Secondary Effect) Drug Allergy - Patient`s immune system identifies a drug as
dangerous to the body and must be destroyed or
neutralized. It may vary from mild itching to life threatening
Adverse Effect (Secondary Effect)
Adverse Drug Reaction - Any noxious unintended and
Toxic Effect (Secondary Effect) undesired effect of a drug that occur at doses used for
prevention, diagnosis or treatment
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Adverse Drug Reaction
Type C (Continuous)
Type A (Augmented)
Associated with long term drug therapy
Predictable, common, and related to pharmacologic action of
the drug Well known and can be anticipated

Example: Side effect, secondary effect, Drug interaction Example: Benzodiazepine dependence, analgesic neuropathy

Type B (Bizarre) Type D (Delayed)

Unpredictable, uncommon, usually not related to the Refer to carcinogenic and teratogenic effect. They are delayed
pharmacological action of the drug in onset and are very rare since extensive mutagenicity and
carcinogenicity studies are done before drugs are licensed
Example: Idiosyncratic reaction, Pseudoallergy, hypersensitivity

Pharmacotherapy End

Type E ( End of Use)

Withdrawal Syndrome

Type F (Failure of Effect)

Result of imperfect or counterfeit manufacture of

product