Index
AABB-type polymers 27, 54
AB-type polymers 27, 54
acetic acid 171
acid dyes 812, 14950, 21314
acid effects on nylon 712
acrylamide 170
acrylic fibres 167231
A.H.F. variant 2201
antibacterial finishes 219
antistatic finishes 221
asbestos replacement fibres 21012
bicomponent fibres 21518
carbon fibre precursor 21415
chemical intermediates 16871
chemical variants 210
copolymer variants 21018
definition 167
development 67, 15, 1678
dry-spinning 182, 1929
dyeing 172, 203, 21314, 2223
elastic properties 207
fibre structure 199209
flame retardant finishes 21213
glass transition temperature 206
insect-repellent finishes 222
low-pill fibres 2235
market for 22531
melt-spinning 182
melting points 205
microfibres 225
mite-repellent finishes 222
modacrylic fibres 167
moisture absorbent fibres 220
molecular weight 1712
PAN (polyacrylonitrile) polymers 150,
167, 2002
physical properties 199209
pilling 2235
polymerisation techniques 17182
production 16871, 182222
solvents for spinning 1678, 169
thermal transitions 2056
UV stability 208, 231
wet-spinning 182, 18492
whiteness 1723
acrylonitrile 167, 16871, 200
addition polymerisation 12
adipic acid synthesis 278
Adiprene 13
A.H.F. acrylic variant 2201
air-gap spinning 192
air-jet bulking 138
airbags 87
aliphatic materials 96
alkali effects on nylon 712
alkyd resins 11
Altam process 30
Amicor Pure 219
anionic dyes 14850
annealing process 57, 106, 263
antibacterial fibres
acrylic 219
nylon 79
polyolefin 25960
antimony trioxide 103
antioxidants 6970, 2556
antisoiling fibres 1446, 148
antistatic fibres
293
294 Index

acrylic 221 Cambrelle 76

nylon 602 Cantrece 75
polyester 1446 caprolactam 22, 2930
polyolefin 2589 carbon additives 62
Antron 389 carbon fibre precursor 21415
apparel 278 Carothers, W.H. 1, 9, 10, 11, 96
aqueous dispersion polymerisation 171, carpet production 86, 1567
1745, 180, 182, 183 polyolefin fibres 2734
aramid fibres 9 stain resistant finishes 148
aromatic diacids 96 waste recycling 88
asbestos replacement fibres 21012 catalysts in polymerisation 1034
automotive products 87, 275 cationic dyes 150
see also tyre production cellulose fibres 1
auxetic PP fibres 2834 chain growth polymers 28
CHDMT polyesters 11115
Barus effect 197 dyeing 11415
batch polymerisation 30 fibre properties 11314
Bayer, Otto 13 melting point 113
BCF (bulked continuous filament) 44, molecular weight 114
2489 physical properties 11213
Berek Compensator 131 as a textile fibre 11415
Beslon 6 chemical recycling 88
bicomponent fibres Chlorin 3
acrylic 21518 chlorofibres 24
nylon 746 Citrobacter 119
polyester 1512 cold drawing 1312
polyolefin 235 coloration see dyeing
biodegradable polyesters 95, 99100, combustion products 66
1239 commercial polymerisation processes
degradation 1267 17982
development 1234 condensation polymerisation 12
disposable fibres 1279 conductive fibres 612
irradiation 126 see also antistatic fibres
polycaprolactone (PCL) 1256 conjugate fibres 74
polydioxanone (PDO) 126 continuous polymerisation 323, 10810
polyglycolide (PGA) 1245 copolymer variants 21018, 2812
polylactide (PLA) 125 copolymerisation kinetics 1779
polytrimethylene carbonate 126 coresheath bicomponent fibres 152
sterilisation and packaging 126 Corterra 123, 148, 156, 157
Biopol 99100, 128 cotton/nylon blends 52
birefringence 60 Courlene 7
bishydroxyethyl terephthalate 1012 Courtelle 6, 178
Bolton, E.K. 10 CP (cyclopentadienyl) rings 2434
bottle resin polymer 106 creep see elastic properties
Bri-Nylon 21 Creslan 6
bulk polymerisation 171, 173 crimp 75, 76
bulking methods see texturising cross-sectional nylon shapes 369, 75
butane-diol 115 crystal morphology 247
Cyasorb 69
 Index 295

cyclic oligomers 108 dyeing

cyclohexanedimethanol polyesters 111 acrylic 172, 203, 21314, 2223
15 CHDMT polyesters 11415
cyclopentanone 64 gas-fume fading 147
nylon 803
Dacron 12, 96, 150 polyesters 14651
degradation polyolefins 2602
of biodegradable polyesters 1267
heat degradation of nylon 634 edge crimping 44, 1378
photodegradation of nylon 678 elastic properties
Degussa process 118 acrylic 207
delustrants 724 nylon 53
denier count 1301 polyolefin fibres 2623
development of synthetic fibres 115 PTT 122
acrylic 67, 15, 1678 elastomeric fibres 1214
biodegradable polyesters 1234 electrical properties see antistatic fibres
chain growth polymers 28 emulsion polymerisation 171, 1767
chlorofibres 24 ethylene glycol 101
early commercial production 1415 extrusion 339, 402, 78
elastomeric fibres 1214
modacrylic fibres 4 false twist process 43, 1335
nylon 810, 201 fashion industry 278
polyamide fibres 810 feel of fabrics 77
polyesters 1112, 15, 96100 fermentation process 11920
polyolefin fibres 78, 2357 Fiber Innovation Technology 789
poly(vinyl alcohol) fibres 56 filters 2767
PVDC fibres 45 flame retardant fibres
step growth polymers 812 acrylic 21213
Dexon 11 nylon 667
Dickson, J.T. 1112, 96 polyolefin 258
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Flamestab 258
57, 106, 202 flat spotting 58, 141
dimethyl terephthalate 101 flexural rigidity 77
disperse dyes 83, 1468 fluorescent dyes 223
disposable fibres 1279 food grade PET polyester 1067
Dolanit 21112 free radical polymerisation 167, 171, 173
dope dyeing 151, 223 friction twisters 1367
Dorlastan 14 fully oriented yarns (FOY) 42, 2489
draw-bulking 133
draw-down factor 131 gas-fume fading 147
drawing geotextiles 2745
nylon 3942, 50 germanium 103
polyester 1313, 139 glass transition temperature 578, 206
polyolefin 2703 Glospan 14
dry-jet wet-spinning 192 glyptals 11
dry-spinning 182, 1929
drying stage of spinning 187, 1967, 217 HALS (hindered amine light stabilisers)
Dunova 220 701, 2568
DuPont fermentation process 11920 handle of fabrics 77
296 Index

HCI scavengers 256 medical applications 2756

healthcare applications 2756 see also biodegradable polyesters
see also biodegradable polyesters medium-oriented yarns (MOY) 42
heat degradation of nylon 634 melt extrusion 336
heat setting 57, 133 melt flow index 2412
heat stabilisers 2556 melt polymerisation 1034, 1078, 109
heterofil spinning 153 melt-spinning
hexamethylene diamine 289 acrylic 182
Hill, J.W. 11 denier count 1301
Hindered Amine Light Stabilisers draw-down factor 131
(HALS) 701, 2568 polyester 12931
hollow fibres microfibres 1545
nylon 38 polyolefin 26373
polyester 1523 PTT 1223
household furnishings 274 spinning speeds 131
hydroformylation process 11819 melting points 546, 113, 205
Meryl 80, 86
industrial filament yarns 138 metallocene polyolefins 2424
insect-repellent fibres 222 microencapsulation chemistry 218, 219
Ionamine 146 20
Irgaguard 79 microfibres
irradiation 126 acrylic 225
irreversible shrinkage 567 melt-spinning 1545
islands in the sea fibre 78, 153, 1545 nylon 769
polyester 1534
jet technology 21516 splittable pie technique 155
mite-repellent fibres 222
Kanebo Belltron 62 modacrylic fibres 4, 167
Kanebo Glacem 79 moisture absorbent fibres 220
Kanebo Lightron 38 moisture properties of nylon 589
ketone alcohol 28 molecular weight
Kodel 98, 111 acrylic 1712
Kuralon 6 CHDMT 114
nylon 24, 256
late injection technique 218 PBT 116
light degradation of nylon 678 PET 11011
Lightron 38 PTT 121
Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) 66 Monacryl 126
linear density of fibres 778 monofilament yarns 249
low-oriented yarns (LOY) 42 monomer synthesis 2730
low-pill fibres Monvelle 75
acrylic 2235 multifilament yarns 2489
polyester 1423 multiple core bicomponent fibres 152
lubricants 2523
Lumaxx 71 Natta, Giulio 78, 23841
Lycra 14, 85 Natureworks 127
NCCS (non-circular cross-section) fibres
mass dyeing 1501 1434
matrix-fibril bicomponent fibres 76 netting 277

Nexten 38, 86
non-woven fibre 2501
nylon fibres 2088
antibacterial 79
applications 201, 847
bicomponent 746
chemical properties 6372
chemical structures 213, 4550
coloration 803
cotton/nylon blends 52
crimp 75, 76
cross-sectional shapes 369, 75
crystal structure 489
delustrants 724
development 810, 201
drawing 3942, 50
elasticity 53
electrical properties 602
endgroup imbalance 27
extrusion 339, 402, 78
fibre properties 4472
fibre structure 4550
flame resistance 66
hollow fibres 38
market for 20, 84, 1567
microfibres 769
modification 7280
moisture properties 589
molecular mass distribution 24, 256
monomer synthesis 2730
optical properties 5960
polydispersity 26
polymerisation 2333
batch polymerisation 30
continuous processes 323
equilibrium 267
extent 235
production 3344
quenching 36
recycling 878
spin finish 36
staple fibres 423, 52, 85
tensile properties 504
texturing 434
thermal properties 548
titanium dioxide additives 59, 69, 724
transparency 724, 80
tyre production 58, 867
UV radiation protection 80
Index 297
wool/nylon blends 53, 66
Nylstar Meryl 38
optical properties of nylon 5960
Orlon 67, 14, 210, 217
Outlast 219
oxidation of nylon 647
packaging of biodegradable polyesters
126
PAN (polyacrylonitrile) polymers 150,
167, 2002
paracrystallinity 201
partially oriented yarns (POY) 42, 78,
248
PBT poly(butylene terephthalate) 95, 97
8, 11517
PDO synthesis 11821
PEG poly(ethylene oxide) 1456, 149
PEN poly(ethylene glycol) 989
Pentex 99
Perlon 15
PET poly(ethylene terephthalate) 95, 96
7, 10011
antistatic finishes 1456
bishydroxyethyl terephthalate 1012
continuous polymerisation 10810
dimethyl terephthalate 101
dyeing 14651
ethylene glycol 101
food grade PET polyester 1067
melt polymerisation stage 1034, 107
8, 109
molecular weight 11011
physical properties 11011
side reactions 1078
solid phase polymerisation 1047
stentering 147
terephthalic acid 100
viscosity 11011
wool/PET blends 142
see also polyester fibres
photodegradation of nylon 678
pigments 801, 21819, 2601
pilling 1423, 2235
pin twisters 1356
Piviacid 3
plasma treatments 2846
polyamide fibres 810
298 Index

polycaprolactone (PCL) 1256 catalysts 1034

polydioxanone (PDO) 126 commercial processes 17982
polydispersity 26 continuous 323, 10810
polyester fibres 95157 copolymerisation kinetics 1779
advantages of 95 emulsion 171, 1767
antisoiling 1446 free radical 167, 171, 173
antistatic 1446 melt polymerisation 1034, 1078, 109
bicomponent 1512 of nylon 2333
biodegradable 95, 99100, 1239 of PBT 116
cyclohexanedimethanol 11115 of PTT 1201
development 1112, 15, 96100 redox-initiated 180
drawing side reactions 1078, 121
filament yarn 1313 slurry 171, 1745, 180, 182, 183
staple fibres 139 solid phase 1047
dyeing 14651 solution 171, 1756, 182, 183
heterofil spinning 153 vacuum 104
hollow fibres 1523 polyolefin fibres 23586
industrial filament yarns 138 additives 25360
low-pill staple polyester 1423 antimicrobial agents 25960
market for 95, 1557 antioxidants 2556
melt-spinning 12931 antistatic additives 2589
microfibres 1545 applications 2738
microfibres 1535 auxetic PP fibres 2834
modification of fibres 13946 bicomponent 235
NCCS (non-circular cross-section) blending 2823
fibres 1434 coloration 2602
PBT poly(butylene terephthalate) 95, commercial advantages and dis-
978, 11517 advantages 2378
PEN poly(ethylene glycol) 989 copolymers 2812
PET poly(ethylene terephthalate) 95, crystal morphology 247
967, 10011 crystalline structures 2456
pilling 1423 development 78, 2357
PTT poly(trimethylene terephthalate) drawing 2703
95, 98, 11723 dyeing 2602
spin finishes 137, 13941 elastic properties 2623
staple fibres 139 fibre resilience 2801
texturising filament yarn 1338 fibre tenacity 2635
tyre cord 138, 1412 flame-retardant additives 258
polyethylene (PE) 7, 2358, 2612 future trends 27986
polyglycol 61 HCI scavengers 256
polyglycolide (PGA) 1245 heat stabilisers 2556
polylactide (PLA) 125 melt flow index 2412
polymerisation melt-blown process 2501
of acrylic 17182 melt-spinning 26373
addition polymerisation 12 metallocene polyolefins 2424
aqueous dispersion 171, 1745, 180, molecular configuration 238
182, 183 monofilament yarns 249
batch 30 multifilament yarns 2489
bulk 171, 173 non-woven 2501

plasma treatments 2846
polyethylene (PE) 2358, 2612
polymer chain arrangements 2445
polypropylene (PP) 2358, 2612,
2738
production 23844, 24753, 281
recycling 2789, 286
spin finishes 2513
spun-bond process 2501
staple fibres 24950
structures 2447
surface energy 252
tape products 251, 277
thermal oxidation 254
UV stabilisers 255, 2568
ZieglerNatta catalysis 23841
polypropylene (PP) 78, 2358, 2612,
2738
polytrimethylene carbonate 126
poly(vinyl alcohol) fibres 56
PPT poly(propylene terephthalate) 117
18
pressure dyeing 148
PTT poly(trimethylene terephthalate) 95,
98, 11723
crystal structure 121
Degussa process 118
DuPont fermentation process 11920
elastic recovery 122
fibre processing 1223
melt-spinning 1223
molecular weight 121
PDO synthesis 11821
physical properties 121
polymerisation process 1201
rapid yarn crystallisation 137
Shell hydroformylation process 118
19
PVC fibres 23
PVDC fibres 45
Qiana 23
quenching 36, 69, 155
radical scavengers 70
rapid yarn crystallisation 137
recycling
nylon 878
polyolefin 2789, 286
Index 299
redox-initiated polymerisation 180
refractive index 5960
Resistat 62
Rhovyl 3
ropes 277
Saran 45
Satine 86
Schlack, Paul 10
Shell hydroformylation process 11819
shrinkage 567
side reactions of polymerisation 1078,
121
side/side bicomponent fibres 1512
Sideria 75
slurry polymerisation 171, 1745, 180,
182, 183
Sohio process 168
solid phase polymerisation 1047
solution polymerisation 171, 1756, 182,
183
solvents
effects on nylon 712
for spinning 1678, 169
Sorona 122
Spanagel, E.W. 11
spandex 12
spin finishes
nylon 36
polyester 137, 13941
polyolefin 2513
spinnability window 198
spinnerets 35, 42, 194
spinning
air-gap 192
dry-jet wet-spinning 192
dry-spinning 182, 1929
drying stage 187, 1967, 217
heterofil spinning 153
solvents for 1678, 169
speeds 131
spinnability window 198
washing stage 187, 196
wet-spinning 182, 18492
see also melt-spinning
sports surfaces 2778
spun-bond process 2501
stabilisation compounds 6871
stain resistant finishes 148
300 Index

Stanyl 23, 87 thermal recycling 878

staple fibres thermal transitions of acrylic 2056
nylon 423, 52, 85 Tinuvin 71
polyester 129, 139 titanium catalysts 1034
polyolefin 24950 titanium dioxide additives 59, 69, 724
static electricity see antistatic fibres Toray Miracosmo 80
Staudinger, Hermann 1 transparency of nylon 724, 80
steam-jet bulking 138 Trevira 97
stentering 147 twisting nylon 43
step growth polymers 812 Tynex 23
sterilisation of biodegradable polyesters tyre production
126 nylon fibres 58, 867
supermilling dyes 82 polyester fibres 138, 1412
surface energy 252
suture materials see biodegradable Ultrasuede 154
polyesters UV stability 69, 71, 80, 208, 231, 255,
synthetic fibres, definition 1 2568

vacuum, in polymerisation 104

Tactel 44, 75, 86
Velon 5
tape products 251, 277
Verel 4
Teklan 4
Vicryl 125
tensile properties of nylon 504
vinyl acetate 2
terephthalic acid 100
vinyl chloride 2
Tergal 97
Vinyon 34
Terylene 12, 96
Vulcollan 13
Teviron 3
Vyrene 14
texturising
air-jet bulking 138 washing stage of spinning 187, 196
draw-bulking 133 wet-spinning 182, 18492
edge crimping 44, 1378 Whinfield, J.R. 11, 96
false twist process 43, 1335 whiteness of acrylic fibres 1723
friction twisters 1367 wool/nylon blends 53, 66
machinery 137 wool/PET blends 142
nylon 434
pin twisters 1356 X-ray diffraction 45, 2001, 244
polyester 1338
spin finishes 137, 13941 yellowing of nylon 656
steam-jet bulking 138
thermal decomposition of nylon 66 Zefran 6
thermal oxidation of polyolefins 254 zeolite chemistry 79, 218, 219
thermal properties of nylon 548 ZieglerNatta catalysis 7, 23841