19.

1 Introduction
A two-port network is an electrical network
with two separate ports for input and output.

Two-Port Networks

Chapter 19
ch19 Two-Port Networks 2

19.2 Impedance Parameters, z Impedance Parameters, z

V1 V1
z11 = , z12 =
I1 I I 2 I =0
2 =0 1

V2 V2
z 21 = , z 22 =
I1 I I 2 I =0
V1 = z11I1 + z12I 2 2 =0 1

V2 = z 21I1 + z 22I 2 z11 = Open-circuit input impedance

z12 = Open-circuit transfer impedance from port 1 to port 2
V1 z11 z12 I1 I1
V = z I = [z ]I
z21 = Open-circuit transfer impedance from port 2 to port 1
z
2 21 22 2 2 z22 = Open-circuit output impedance
ch19 Two-Port Networks 3 ch19 Two-Port Networks 4
 Fig 19.3 Fig 19.4 & Fig 19.5

V1 V
z11 = , z 21 = 2
I1 I1
V1 V
z12 = , z 22 = 2
I2 I2

ch19 Two-Port Networks 5 ch19 Two-Port Networks 6

Fig 19.6 Example 19.1

Determine the z parameters for the circuit in Fig. 19.7.
1
V1 = V2 , I1 = nI 2 Solution:
n
V1 (20 + 40)I1
z11 = = = 60
I1 I 2 =0
I1

V2 40I1
z 21 = = = 40
I1 I 2 =0
I1

V1 40I 2
z12 = = = 40
I2 I1 =0
I2

V2 (30 + 40)I 2
z 22 = = = 70
I2 I1 =0
I2
60 40
Thus [z ] =
ch19 Two-Port Networks 7 ch19 Two-Port Networks 40 70 8
 Practice Problem 19.1 Example 19.2
Find the z parameters of the two-port network in Fig. 19.9. Find I1 and I2 in the circuit in Fig. 19.10.
Solution:
V1 = 40I1 + j 20I 2
V2 = j 30I1 + 50I 2
Since V1 = 1000, V2 = 10I 2
100 = 40I1 + j 20I 2
10I 2 = j 30I1 + 50I 2 I1 = j 2I 2
100
100 = j80I 2 + k 20I 2 I 2 = =j
j100
Since I 2 = j 2( j ) = 2, thus I1 = 200 A, I 2 = 1 90 A

ch19 Two-Port Networks 9 ch19 Two-Port Networks 10

Practice Problem 19.2 19.3 Admittance Parameters, y

Find I1 and I2 in the circuit in Fig. 19.11.

I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
I 2 = y 21V1 + y 22 V2

I1 y11 y12 V1
I = y
y 22 V2
2 21
V
= [y ] 1
V2

ch19 Two-Port Networks 11 ch19 Two-Port Networks 12

 Admittance Parameters, y Fig 19.13

I1 I1
y11 = , y12 =
V1 V =0 V2 V =0
2 1

I2 I
y 21 = , y 22 = 2
V1 V =0 V2 V =0 V1 V
2 1 y11 = , y 21 = 2
I1 I1
y11 = Short-circuit input admittance
V1 V
y12 = Short-circuit transfer admittance from port 1 to port 2 y12 = , y 22 = 2
I2 I2
y21 = Short-circuit transfer admittance from port 2 to port 1
y22 = Short-circuit output admittance
ch19 Two-Port Networks 13 ch19 Two-Port Networks 14

Example 19.3 Practice Problem 19.3

Obtain the y parameters for the network shown in Obtain the y parameters for the T network shown in
Fig. 19.14. Fig. 19.16.
Solution:
4 I I1
V1 = I1 (4 || 2) = I1 y11 = 1 = = 0.75S
3 V1
V2 =0
4
I1
3
2
I1
4 2 I2
I2 = I1 = I1 y12 = = 3 = 0.5S
4+2 3 V1 V =0 4
I1
2
3
8 I I2
V2 = I 2 (8 || 2) = I 2 y 22 = 2 = = 0.625S
5 V2 V1 =0
8
I2
5
4
I1
8 4 I1 5
I1 = I 2 = I 2 y 21 = = = 0.5S
8+ 2 5 V2 V =0 8
I1
1
ch19 Two-Port Networks 5 15 ch19 Two-Port Networks 16
 Example 19.4 Example 19.4
Determine the y parameters for the T network shown V1 Vo V V 0
At node 1, = 2I 1 + o + o
in Fig. 19.17. 8 2 4
V Vo V Vo 3Vo
But I1 = 1 0= 1 +
8 8 4
5Vo Vo
0 = V1 Vo + 6Vo V1 = 5Vo I1 = = 0.75 Vo
8
I1 0.75Vo
y11 = = = 0.15 S
V1 5Vo
Vo 0
At node 2, + 2I1 + I 2 = 0 I 2 = 0.25Vo 1.5Vo = 1.25Vo
4
I 1.25Vo
y 21 = 2 = = 0.25 S
V1 5Vo
ch19 Two-Port Networks 17 ch19 Two-Port Networks 18

Example 19.4 Practice Problem 19.4

Similarly, we get y12 and y 21 using Fig.19.18(b). Determine the y parameters for the T network shown
0 Vo V V V2
At node 1, = 2I 1 + o + o in Fig. 19.19.
8 2 4
0 Vo V V V V2
But I1 = 0= o + o + o
8 8 2 4
0 = Vo + 4Vo + 2Vo 2V2 V2 = 2.5Vo
I1 Vo /8
y12 = = = 0.05 S
V2 2.5Vo
Vo V2
At node 2, + 2I 1 + I 2 = 0
4
1 2V
I 2 = 0.25Vo (2.5)Vo o = 0.625Vo
4 8
I 2 0.625Vo
y 22 = = = 0.25 S
V2 2.5Vo
Notice that y12 y 21 in this case, since the network isn' t reciprocal.
ch19 Two-Port Networks 19 ch19 Two-Port Networks 20
 19.4 Hybrid Parameters, h Hybrid Parameters, h

V1 V
h11 = , h12 = 1
I1 V =0 V2 I =0
2 1

I2 I
h 21 = , h 22 = 2
I1 V =0 V2 I =0
2 1

V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2 h11 = Short-circuit input impedance

I 2 = h 21I1 + h 22 V2 h12 = Open-circuit reverse voltage gain
V1 h11 h12 I1 I h21 = Short-circuit forward current gain
I = h = [h] 1
2 21 h 22 V2 V2 h22 = Open-circuit output admittance
ch19 Two-Port Networks 21 ch19 Two-Port Networks 22

Inverse Hybrid Parameters, g Inverse Hybrid Parameters, g

I1 I1
g11 = , g12 =
V1 I I 2 V =0
2 =0 1

V2 V2
g 21 = , g 22 =
V1 I I 2 V =0
2 =0 1

I1 = g11V1 + g12I 2 g11 = Open-circuit input impedance

V2 = g 21V1 + g 22I 2 g12 = Short-circuit reverse voltage gain
I1 g11 g12 V1 V g21 = Open-circuit forward current gain
V = g = [g ] 1
2 21 g 22 I 2 I2 g22 = Short-circuit output admittance
ch19 Two-Port Networks 23 ch19 Two-Port Networks 24
 Example 19.5 Example 19.5
Find the hybrid parameters for the two-port network
From Fig.19.23(a),
of Fig. 19.22.
V1 = I1 (2 + 3 6) = 4I1
V1
h11 = = 4
I1 V2 = 0

6 2
I2 = I1 = I1
6+3 3
I 2
h 21 = 2 =
I1 V = 0 3
2

ch19 Two-Port Networks 25 ch19 Two-Port Networks 26

Example 19.5 Practice Problem 19.5

Find the hybrid parameters for the two-port network
From Fig.19.23(b), of Fig. 19.24.
6 2
V1 = V2 = V2
6+3 3
V 2
h12 = 1 =
V2 I =0 3
1

Also, V2 = (3 + 6)I 2 = 9I 2
I2 1
h 22 = = S
V2 I1 =0
9

ch19 Two-Port Networks 27 ch19 Two-Port Networks 28

 Example 19.6 Example 19.6
Determine the Thevenin equivalent at the output port
of the circuit in Fig. 19.25. V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2
I 2 = h 21I1 + h 22 V2
But V2 = 1, and V1 = 40I1 ,
we get
40I1 = h11I1 + h12
h12
I1 =
40 + h11
I 2 = h 21I1 + h 22

ch19 Two-Port Networks 29 ch19 Two-Port Networks 30

Example 19.6 Example 19.6

h 21h12 h h h 21h12 + h 22 40
I 2 = h 22 = 11 22
h11 + 40 h11 + 40 From Fig.19.26(b), at the intput
60 + 40I1 + V1 = 0 V1 = 60 40I1
Therefore,
At the output, I 2 = 0
V 1 h11 + 40
Z TH = 2= = 60 40I1 = h11I1 + h12 V2
I 2 I 2 h11h 22 h 21h12 + h 22 40 or 60 = (h11 + 40)I1 + h12 V2
1000 + 40 h 22
= and 0 = h 21I1 + h 22 V2 I1 = V2
10 200 10 + 20 + 40 200 106
3 6 h 21
1040 h
= = 51.46 60 = (h11 + 40) 22 + h12 V2
h 21
20.21

ch19 Two-Port Networks 31 ch19 Two-Port Networks 32

 Example 19.6 Practice Problem 19.6
Determine the Thevenin equivalent at the output port
of the circuit in Fig. 19.25.
60
VTH = V2 =
(h11 + 40)h 22 / h 21 + h12
60h 21
=
h12h 21 h11h 22 40h 22
60 10
= = 29.69 V
20.21

ch19 Two-Port Networks 33 ch19 Two-Port Networks 34

Example 19.7 Example 19.7

Find the g parameters as functions of s for the circuit In the s domain,
in Fig. 19.28.
1 1
1 H sL = s, 1 F =
sC s
From Fig.19.28(a),
V1 I 1
I1 = or g11 = 1 =
s +1 V1 I 2 =0
s +1
By voltage division,
V1 V 1
V2 = or g 21 = 1 =
s +1 V1 I 2 =0
s +1

ch19 Two-Port Networks 35 ch19 Two-Port Networks 36

 Example 19.7 Practice Problem 19.7
From Fig.19.29(b), Find the g parameters as functions of s for the circuit
1 I 1 in Fig. 19.30.
I1 = I 2 or g12 = 1 =
s +1 I2 V1 = 0
s +1

1 V 1 1 s2 + s +1
Also, V2 = I 2 + s 1 or g 22 = 2 = + =
s I2 V1 = 0
s s + 1 s ( s + 1)
Thus,
1 1

s +1
[g] = s 1+ 1 s 2 + s + 1

s + 1 s ( s + 1)
ch19 Two-Port Networks 37 ch19 Two-Port Networks 38

19.5 Transmission Parameters, T Transmission Parameters, T

V1 V1
A= , B=
V2 I 2 =0
I2 V2 = 0

I1 1
C= , D=
V2 I 2 =0
I2 V2 = 0

V1 = AV2 BI 2 A = Open-circuit voltage ratio

I1 = CV2 DI 2 B = Negative short-circuit transfer impedance
C = Open-circuit transfer admittance
V1 A B V2 V2
I = C D I = [T] I D = Negative short-circuit current ratio
1 2 2
ch19 Two-Port Networks 39 ch19 Two-Port Networks 40
Inverse Transmission Parameters, t Example 19.8
V V Find the transmission parameters for the two-port network
a= 2 , b= 2 in Fig. 19.32
V1 I =0
I1 V1 = 0
1

I2 2
c= , d=
V1 I1 = 0
I1 V1 = 0

a = Open-circuit voltage gain

b = Negative short-circuit transfer impedance
c = Open-circuit transfer admittance
d = Negative short-circuit current gain
AD BC = 1, ad bc = 1
ch19 Two-Port Networks 41 ch19 Two-Port Networks 42

Example 19.8 Example 19.8

From Fig.19.33(a), From Fig.19.33(b),
V1 = (10 + 20)I1 = 30I1 and V2 = 20I1 3I1 = 17I1 V1 Va Va
+ I2 = 0
Thus 10 20
V1 30I1 I I1 But Va = 3I1 and I1 = (V1 Va ) / 10,
A= = = 1.765, C = 1 = = 0.0588 S
V2 17I1 V2 17I1 Va = 3I1 , V1 = 13I1
I 2 =0 I 2 =0
3I1 17
I1 + I2 = 0 I1 = I 2
20 20
Therefore,
I1 20 V 13I1
D= = = 1.176, B = 1 = = 15.29
I2 V2 = 0
17 V2 V2 = 0
(17 / 20)I1

ch19 Two-Port Networks 43 ch19 Two-Port Networks 44

 Example 19.9 Example 19.9
The ABCD parameters of the two-port network in Fig.
V1 = 4V2 20I 2
19.34 are 4 20
0.1 S I1 = 0.1V2 2I 2
2
At the input port, V1 = 10I1
The output port is connected to a variable load for
maximum power transfer. Find RL and the maximum 10I1 = 4V2 20I 2
power transferred. or I1 = 0.4V2 + 2I 2
0.1V2 2I 2 = 0.4V2 + 2I 2 0.5V2 = 4I 2
Hence,
V2 4
Z TH = = =8
I 2 0.5
ch19 Two-Port Networks 45 ch19 Two-Port Networks 46

Example 19.9 19.6 Relationships Between Parameters

To find VTH , we use the circuit in Fig.19.35(b). V1 z 11 z 12 I1 I
= = [z ] 1
At the output port I 2 = 0, V2 z 21 z 22 I 2 I 2
[y ] = [z ]
1

and the input port V1 = 50 10I1 I1 = y 11 y 12 V1 = [y ] I1 = [z ]1 I1
I y I I
50 10I1 = 4V2 I1 = 0.1V2 2 21 y 22 V2 2 2
The adjoint of the [z] matrix and its determinan t are
50 V2 = 4V2 V2 = 10
z 22 z 12
Thus, VTH = V2 = 10 V z , z = z11z 22 - z 12 z 21
21 z11
The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.19.35(c). z 22 z 12
RL = Z TH = 8 y y 12 z 21 z11
[y ] = 11 =
V
2
y 21 y 22 z
V2 100
P = I RL = TH RL = TH =
2
= 3.125 W z z z z
2 RL 4 RL 4 8 y 11 = 22 , y 12 = 12 , y 21 = 21 , y 22 = 11 ,
z z z z
ch19 Two-Port Networks 47 ch19 Two-Port Networks 48
 19.6 Relationships Between
Parameters
V1 = z 11I1 + z 12 I 2
z 21 1
V2 = z 21I1 + z 22 I 2 I 2 = I1 + V2
z 22 z 22
[g ] = [h]1
z z z z z
V1 = 11 22 12 21 I1 + 12 V2
z 22 z 22 [t ] [T]1
z 11z 22 z 12 z 21 z 12
V z 22 z 22 I1 h11 h12 I1
1 = =
I2 z 1 V2 h 21 h 22 V2
21
z 22 z 22
z z 1
h11 = z , h12 = 12 , h 21 = 21 , h 22 = ,
z 22 z 22 z 22 z 22
ch19 Two-Port Networks 49 ch19 Two-Port Networks 50

Example 19.10 Example 19.11

Find [z] and [g] of a two-port network if 10 1.5 Obtain the y parameters of the op amp circuit in Fig. 19.37.
[T] =
Solution: 2 S 4 Show that the circuit has no z parameters.
If A = 10, B = 1.5, C = 2, D = 4, the determinant of the matrix is
T = AD BC = 40 3 = 37. From Table 19.1,
A 10 37
z11 = = = 5, z12 = T = = 18.5
C 2 C 2
1 1 D 4
z 21 = = = 0.5, z 22 = = = 2
C 2 C 2
C 2 37
g11 = = = 0.2, g12 = T = = 3.7
A 10 A 10
1 1 B 1 .5
g 21 = = = 0.1, g 22 = = = 0.15
A 10 A 10
5 18.5 0.2 S 3.7
Thus, [z ] = , [g ] =
ch19 Two-Port Networks
0 .5 2 0.1 0.15 51 ch19 Two-Port Networks 52
 Example 19.11 Practice Problem 19.11
Since no current can enter the input terminals of the op ams, I1 = 0, Obtain the z parameters of the op amp circuit in Fig. 19.38.
which can be expressed in terms of V1 and V2 as Show that the circuit has no y parameters.
I1 = 0V1 + 0V2 , y11 = 0 = y12
Also, V2 = R3I 2 + I o ( R1 + R2 ),
But I o = V1/R1. Hence,
V1 ( R1 + R2 ) ( R + R2 ) V
V2 = R3I 2 + I2 = 1 V1 + 2
R1 R1 R3 R3
( R1 + R2 ) 1
y 21 = , y 22 =
R1 R3 R3
The determinant of the [y ] matrix is
y = y11y 22 y12 y 21 = 0
Since y = 0, the [y ] matrix has no inverse.
ch19 Two-Port Networks 53 ch19 Two-Port Networks 54

19.7 Interconnection of Networks Fig 19.40

The series connection I 1a = y 11 V1a + y 12 V2a
V1a = z 11I 1a + z 12 I 2a
I 2a = y 21 V1a + y 22 V2a
V2a = z 21I 1a + z 22 I 2a
I 1b = y 11V1b + y 12 V2b
V1b = z 11I 1b + z 12 I 2b
I 2b = y 21 V1b + y 22 V2b
V2b = z 21I 1b + z 22 I 2b
V1 = V1a = V1b , V2 = V2a = V2b
I 1 = I 1a = I 1b , I 2 = I 2a = I 2b
I 1 = I 1a + I 1b
V1 = V1a + V1b = (y + y )V + (y + y )V
= ( z + z ) I + ( z + z ) I
11a 11b 1 12 a 12 b 2
11a 11b 1 12a 12b 2

V
2 = V 2a + V 2b
I 2 = I 2a + I 2b
= (z 21a + z 21b )I 1 + (z 22a + z 22b )I 2 = (y 21a + y 21b )V1 + (y 22a + y 22b )V2

z z 12 z 11a + z 11b z 12 a + z 12b y y 12 y 11a + y 11b y 12a + y 12b

11 =
11 = [y ] = [y a ] + [y b ]
z 21 z 22 z 21a + z 21b z 22 a + z 22b [z ] = [z a ] + [z b ] y 21 y 22 y 21a + y 21b y 22a + y 22b
ch19 Two-Port Networks 55 ch19 Two-Port Networks 56
 Fig 19.41 Example 19.12
Evaluate V2/Vs in the circuit in Fig. 19.42.
This may be regarded as two - ports in series.
For N b ,
V1a A a B a V2a V1b A b B b V2b
I = C D I , I = C D I z12b = z 21b = 10 = z11b = z 22b
1a a a 2a 1b b b 2b
Thus,
V1 V1a V2a V1b V2b V2b [z ] = [z a ] + [z b ]
= , = , =
I 1 I 1a I 2b I 1b I 2b I 2 12 8 10 10 22 18
= + =
V A B a A b B b V2 8 20 10 10 18 30
1 = a
I 1 Ca Da Cb Db I 2 But
A B A a Ba A b Bb V1 = z11I1 + z12 I 2 = 22I1 + 18I 2
= [T] = [Ta ] [Tb ]
C D C a Da Cb Db V2 = z 32 I1 + z 22 I 2 = 18I1 + 30I 2
ch19 Two-Port Networks 57 ch19 Two-Port Networks 58

Example 19.12 Practice Problem 19.12

Also, at the input port V1 = Vs 5I1 Find V2/Vs in the circuit in Fig. 19.43.
V2
and at the output port V2 = 20I 2 I 2 =
20
18
Vs 5I1 = 22I1 V2 Vs = 27I1 0.9V2
20
30 2.5
V2 = 18I1 V2 I1 = V2
20 18
2.5
Vs = 27 V2 0.9V2 = 2.85V2
18
V 1
And also, 2 = = 0.3509
Vs 2.85
ch19 Two-Port Networks 59 ch19 Two-Port Networks 60
 Example 19.13 Example 19.13
Find the y parameters of the two-port in Fig. 19.44. y12 a = j 4 = y 21a , y11a = 2 + j 4, y 22 a = 3 + j 4
2 + j 4 j 4
or [y a ] = S
j 4 3 + j 4
and
y12b = 4 = y 21a , y11a = 4 j 2, y 22b = 4 j 6
4 j 2 4
or [y b ] = S
4 4 j 6
6 + j 2 4 j 4
[y ] = [y a ] + [y b ] = S
4 j 4 7 j 2
ch19 Two-Port Networks 61 ch19 Two-Port Networks 62

Practice Problem 19.13 Example 19.14

Find the y parameters of the two-port in Fig. 19.45. Find the transmission parameters for the circuit in Fig. 19.46.
Solution:
R1 R ( R + R3 ) 1 R
A = 1+ , B = R3 + 1 2 , C = , D = 1+ 3
R2 R2 R2 R2
and A a = 1 + 4 = 5, B a = 8 + 4 9 = 44 ,
Ca = 1 S, Da = 1 + 8 = 9
5 44
[Ta ] =
1 S 9
and A b = 1 + 4 = 5, Bb = 8 + 4 9 = 44 ,
Cb = 1 S, Db = 1 + 8 = 9
1 6
[Tb ] =
0.5 S 4
ch19 Two-Port Networks 63 ch19 Two-Port Networks 64
 Example 19.14 Practice Problem 19.14
Find the transmission parameters for the circuit in Fig. 19.48.
Thud , for the total network in Fig.19.46,
5 44 1 6
[T] = [Ta ] [Tb ] =
1 9 0.5 4
5 1 + 44 0.5 5 6 + 44 4
=
1 1 + 9 0.5 1 6 + 9 4
27 206
=
5.5 S 42
Notice that Ta = Tb = T = 1.

ch19 Two-Port Networks 65 ch19 Two-Port Networks 66

19.9 Applications
Transistor Circuits
19.9.1 Transistor Circuits

Av =
V2 ( s ) hi = h11 , hr = h12 , h f = h21 , ho = h22
V1 ( s )
I 2 ( s)
Ai = hie = Basic input imdepance
I1 ( s )
hre = Reverse voltage feedback ratio
V (s)
Z in = 1 h fe = Basic - collector current gain
I1 ( s )
hoe = Output admittance
V (s)
Z out = 2
I 2 ( s ) V =0
s

ch19 Two-Port Networks 67 ch19 Two-Port Networks 68

 Fig 19.56 Fig 19.57

c h fe
Vb = hieI b + hre Vc Ai = =
b 1 + hoe RL
I c = h feI b + hoe Vc
Vc h fe RL
Av = =
Vb hie + (hie hoe hre h fe ) RL
ch19 Two-Port Networks 69 ch19 Two-Port Networks 70

Transistor Amplifiers 19.9.2 Ladder Network Synthesis

Vb h h R
Z in = = hie re fe L
Ib 1 + hoe Rl
Rs + hie
Z out =
( Rs + hie )hoe hre h fe

ch19 Two-Port Networks 71 ch19 Two-Port Networks 72

 Fig 19.62 Ladder Network Synthesis
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
N( s) N o + N e
I 2 = y21V1 + y22 V2 H(s) = =
D( s ) Do + De
y 21 / YL N o , ( N = 0) N o / D e , ( N = 0)
H(s) =
1 + y 22 / YL D + D e D / D + 1 e
H(s) = o e
H( s) = o e
Ne N /D
, ( N o = 0) e o , ( N o = 0)
Do + De 1 + De / Do
N o , ( N = 0) D o , ( N = 0)
y 21 De e
y 22 De e
= and =
YL N e , (N = 0) YL De , (N = 0)
Do o
Do o

ch19 Two-Port Networks 73 ch19 Two-Port Networks 74

Example 19.18 Example 19.18

Design the LC ladder network terminated with a 1- 1 s3 + 2s
reistor that has the normalized transfer function. ZA = = = sL3 + Z B
y22 2 s 2 + 1
Solution: 1.5s
D( s ) = ( s 3 + 2 s ) + (2 s 2 + 1) Z A = 0.5s + 2
2s + 1
1
H(s) = 1.5s
( s + 2 s ) + (2 s 2 + 1)
3
L3 = 0.5 H, Z B = 2
2s + 1
1
21
y 1 2s 2 + 1 1
YL YB = = = 1.333s + = sC2 + YC
= s + 22s =
3
ZB 1.5s 1.5s
2s + 1 1 + y22
1+ 3 YL from which C2 = 1.33 F and
s + 2s
y21 1 2s 2 + 1 1 1
when RL = 1, YL = 1 H ( s ) = y21 = 3 , y22 = 3 YC = = L1 = 1.5 H
1 + y22 s + 2s s + 2s 1.5s sL1
ch19 Two-Port Networks 75 ch19 Two-Port Networks 76