Name: Neil Beeraspat

USI#: 1012008
Course: CIV 4113
Lecturer: Ms. R. Robertson
Question 1

The government of Guyana needs to justify the operation of two 100 HP (D4) tractors at the landfill
sites in Regions 1 & 2. Using the data provided below, help the government to determine the waste
generation for both regions and the total number of hours each tractor works per day. Assume the
following for your calculations;

Distance transported = 30m

Return Speed = 4km/hr
Cover mater is 20 % of compacted garbage
Both landfill sites operate 6 days per week on a 8 hour bias

Material Productivity of Equipment (m3/hr)

Earth 14
Waste 37

Region Number of Residents Per capita production of solid

waste kg/cap/day
1 250,000 0.5
2 30,000 0.4

Waste Generated

=
1000 1

250,000 0.5//
1 = = 125/
1000 1

30,000 0.4//
2 = = 14/
1000 1
Required rate of garbage collection

#
=
#

7
1 = 125/ = 145.8/
6

7
2 = 12/ = 14/
6

Required collection volume

Assuming = 0.63

145.8/
1 = = 2433 /
0.63

14/
2 = = 23.333 /
0.63

Volume of cover required

20
1 = 2433 / = 48.63 /
100

20
2 = 23.333 / = 4.663 /
100
Daily required time

Waste:

2433 /
1 = = 6.57/
373 /

Earth

48.63 /
1 = = 3.47/
143 /

= 6.57 + 3.47 = 10.04/

Waste:

23.333 /
2 = = 0.63/
373 /

Earth

4.663 /
1 = = 0.33/
143 /

= 0.63 + 0.33 = 0.96/

Question 2

An old landfill 300m by 500m in plan was constructed using a single clay liner 1m thick and
having a hydraulic 5 x 10-7 cm/s. The average leachate head is 0.5m. An analysis of the leachate
indicates a concentration of carbon tetrachloride at1.0 mg/l among other contaminants. What is the
annual steady state flow and adventive contaminant transport rate from this landfill? How much
drinking water per year could be contaminated to the drinking water standard of 0.005 mg/l?

=

: : (/) : =

: = 1 : = 5 107 / 4 = 1/
= 0.005/

0.5 5107 102 606024365

= = 0.5 =
1

= 0.1577/

= 300 500 = 1.5 105 2

0.1578
= (1.5 105 2 ) ( ) (0.5)

104 3 103
= 1.1826 3

= 1.1826 107 /

Adventive contaminant transport rate =

= (1.1826 107 /)(1/)

= 1.1826 107 /
adventive contaminant transport rate
drinking water contamination =

1.1826 107 /
=
0.005/
= 2.365 109 /
Question 3

An 8 inch layer of soil bentonite is planned for placement immediately beneath the geotextile liner.
The layer is to be constructed in two four- inch lifts. The bentonite content is to be 6% by dry
weight. The compacted dry unit weight of the soil including bentonite has been determined to be
100 pcf. How much dry bentonite needs to be spread for mixing on each lift?

Soil + 6% Bentonite = 100 lb/ft2

106% = 100 lb/ft2

1% = 100/106

1% = 0.9434 lb/ft2

Unit Weight of Bentonite = 6 * 0.9434 lb/ft3

= 5.6604 lb/ft3

Bentonite required for each lift:

4 in = (4/12)in * 1ft = 1/3 ft

Height of Lift = 1/3 ft

Unit Weight of Bentonite = 5.6604 lb/ft3

Required Amount = 5.6604 lb/ft2 * 1/3 ft

= 1.8868 lb/ft2
Question 4
The federal air quality standard for carbon monoxide (based on an 8-hr measurement) is 9.0 ppm.
Express this standard as a percentage by volume as well as in mg/m3 at 1 atm and 250 C.( O = 16;
C = 12.)

#
= 100%

9.0
= 100% = 0.0009%
1 106

Molecular weight of CO = (12+16) = 28

. 1 @ 1 & 25 = 24.465

9 28
= = 10.3 /3
3 24.465
Question 5
Carbon Monoxide is being emitted in a rural area at a rate of 3.5 metric ton per day from a stack
with an effective height of 220m. The average wind speed at stack height is 4.8m/s and the stability
category is B.
1. Find the downwind, center line concentration in micrograms per cubic meter at ground
level distances from the stack at 1km. See fig. 1 below.
2. Find the concentration cross wind at 50m from the center line for the downwind distance
of 500m. [assume assessment point is at ground level]. See fig. 2 below.
Fig. 1 (not to scale) Fig. 2 (not to scale)

Part 1
Emission rate = 3.5 ton/day = 40.5092 g/s Effective height = 220m
Wind speed = 4.8 m/s Downwind distance (x) = 1km
Horizontal dist. From centerline (y) = 0 Vertical distance from centerline(z) = 220m
(ground level)
Stability category = B

Downwind concentration can be found using the Gaussian dispersion equation

Where;
(x,y,z) = downwind pollutant concentration, g/m3,
Q = pollutant mass emission rate, g/s,
H = effective plume height (Hs +H), m,
u = wind speed, m/s,
x = downwind distance, km,
y = horizontal distance from plume centerline, m,
y = standard deviation of pollutant concentration
in the y
(horizontal) direction,
z = vertical distance from plume centerline, m,
z = standard deviation of pollutant concentration
in the z
(vertical) direction.

Next; y & z can be found from the equations shown below

Where
=angle, radians x=downwind distance, km,
a; from Table 9.6 = 109.300
x=downwind distance, km b; from Table 9.6. = 1.09710
c; from Table 9.7 = 18.3330
d; from Table 9.7. = 1.8096

= 0.017453293 ( ln()) = 0.017453293 (18.330 1.8096 ln(1))

= 0.319919 = 18.33
= 465.11628()() = 465.11628 (1)(tan 18.33) = 154.0927

= = 109.300 11.09710 = 109.300

1 1 2 1 + 2
( )2 ( ) ( )
(,,) = 2 { 2 + 2 }
2

40.5090 ( )
1
(
0 2 1 220220 2
)
= 2 154.0927 { 2 109.3
2 154.0927 109.3 4.8
1 220+220 2
+ 2( 109.3
)
}

= 0.000079773 g/m3
= 79.773 g/m3

Part 2
Emission rate = 3.5 ton/day = 40.5092 g/s Effective height = 220m
Wind speed = 4.8 m/s Downwind distance (x) = 0.5km
Horizontal dist. From centerline (y) = 50m Vertical distance from centerline(z) = 220m
(ground level)
Stability category = B

= 0.017453293 ( ln()) = 0.017453293 (18.330 1.8096 ln(0.5))

= 0.34181 = 19.584

= 465.11628()() = 465.11628 (0.5)(tan 19.584) = 82.737

Other factors remain the same as in part 1;\.

1 1 2 1 + 2
( )2
2 (
2
) ( )
(,,) = { 2 }
2

40.5090 ( )
1 50
( 2 1 220220 2
)
1 220+220 2
= 2 82.737 { 2 109.3 + 2( 109.3
)
}
2 82.737 109.3 4.8

= 0.000123775 g/m3
= 123.775 g/m3
Question 6
A plot of land (soil) 0.081 km2 is contaminated with Toluene and the estimated release (flux) from
the soil to the atmosphere is 5.7x10-6 g/cm2s. The maximum exposed individual is 2 km
downwind of the center of the exposed area. Prevailing wind velocity is 5 m/s, and the area is
characterized by slight incoming solar radiation during the day. Stability class D rural area.
Determine if the concentration at the exposure point will exceed the National Standard for Toluene
of 3770 g/m3.

= 0.0812 = 8100 2 = 810 106 2

= 5.7 106 2

= 5.7 106 2 810 106 2

= 4617

= 5 , = 0, = 2 = 2000, =0

= 50 , = 133

2
(, ) = [ 2 ] [ 2 ]
2 2

4617 02 02
(, ) = [ ] [ ]
5 50 133 2 (50)2 2 1332

(, ) = 0.0448 3

(, ) < ( 3770 3 )

0.0448 3 < 3770 3