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IPA 92-21.09
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Ronny Maas *
Andon Suwito *
Cholid Mas **
As shown in the above equation, the dimensionless together with an optional flowmeter for rate measure-
pressure will always decrease from one to zero and it is ment. The flowmeter is similar to those that form part
independent of both the flowrate and the formation of conventional production logging tool strings.
parameters. Accurate tool positioning is usually assured by a casing
collar locator but a correlation gamma ray tool can also
The dimensionless time is defined, with the usual be used. In order to protect the gauges and electronics
notation. as below: from the shock of the perforation, an isolating Flex
Joint is placed between the guns and the tool. Two
tD = (0.0002637 k t) / (0 /C,
l. r,) different pressure gauges are available. Both are of the
strain gauge type and differ only in their operating
and the dimensionless wellbore storage is given by the range. The standard gauge, used in the subject tests,
following expression: can record pressures of up to 10,000 psi with a
resolution of 0.15 psi. The optional gauge can be used
CD = (5.6146 C) / (2 T 0 ct h rW2) up to 20,000 psi.
By the very definition of dimensionless pressure, only The MWPT is designed to be run with either wireline-
horizontal movement of the data is permitted during conveyed through-tubing guns, wireline-conveyed
the type-curve matching process. casing guns or tubing-conveyed perforators as shown in
figure 3 .
Permeability may be estimated from the time match
using the following relation: The presence of wellsite computer facilities coupled to
the surface readout capability of the MWPT permits
real-time pressure monitoring. In fact, if the well is
capable of flowing to surface, the tool can be used as a
while the skin factor s can be estimated from the pressure gauge for conventional test applications. Real-
parameter on the curve matched: time pressure monitoring provides on-site decision
making capability ensuring that the test objective is
s = 0.5 In((0 S, h rw2(CD e2s)M)/ (0.89359 C)) achieved as efficiently and effectively as possible.
A significant amount of rig time can be saved since the
Manual type-curve matching of Slug Test data is gauge is already downhole and the need to bring the
discussed extensively in the SPE monographs (see gauge to surface for data recovery is obviated.
references).
While running into the well, the pressure gauge reading
The application of the pressure derivative to the type can be monitored to obtain the cushion fluid level
curves has been demonstrated by Ostrowski and before perforation. After the depth matching process,
Kloska, (1989). The pressure derivative of the when the perforating gun is on depth and ready to be
dimensionless pressure in these curves will show a armed, pressure recording versus time with the tool
distinct maximum so that a better match can be stationary will give the actual cushion pressure, i.e.
obtained. the pressure exerted by the hydrostatic column of
completion fluid. At this stage, completion fluid can be
Analyses of the tests presented in this paper make use added or subtracted until the desired underbalance
of type curves. As is well known, this technique has pressure is obtained. .
several limitations. For example, th,e well has to be
open to surface, the flow must not have reached the Slug Test analysis requires a stable fluid cushion
surface, the reservoir static pressure must be known pressure before perforation as well as pressure
and the radius of investigation relatively small. More measurement from the moment of perforation until the
complex techniques such as Multiple Kate Analysis or point at which the well kills itself (see figure 4). With
Sandface Kate Convolution could also be used but do the MWPT, the pressure, together with the flowrate (if
not offer quick look possibilities for wellsite the optional flowmeter is run) and the temperature are
application. recorded and monitored in real time by the on-site
computer. It can be noted that downhole measurement
EQUIPMENT & PROCEDURES of the flowrate is an advantage should the well flow to
surface.
Figure 2 shows the standard configuration of the
Measurement While Perforating Tool. The tool The fluid level after perforation can also be determined
consists of a temperature gauge and a pressure gauge by the pressure gauge while pulling the tool out of the
37
well. The difference in the fluid levels before and after underbalance pressure was greater than planned due to
perforation gives the amount of fluid influx. The the unexpectedly high reservoir pressure 'of 970 psi
pressure versus depth data (pressure gradient) can be which had not, in this case, been previously determined
used qualitatively to validate the density input for the by openhole measurements.
wellbore storage calculation.
The pressure transient during the fill-up period was
A typical field recording of the data is shown in figure analyzed once again with type-curve matching. Figure
4. Time and pressure are listed numerically on the left 10 shows the results of this match using the non-linear
with temperature and pressure "logs" displayed versus regression technique. The following results were
time on the right. Pressure decreases with time initially obtained:
as the perforating string is moved uphole to position the
guns. The minimum pressure recorded corresponds to mobility thickness: 8650 md-ft/cp
the cushion pressure just prior to perforation. permeability: 1730 md
total skin: 9.28
FIELD EXAMPLES
Horner analysis on the buildup data following shut-in
The following field examples show the results of gives a permeability of 1966 md and a negative skin.
the MWPT surveys in South Sumatra Rimau Block The negative skin is most likely due to phase segregation
reservoirs. The wells were perforated with through- or humping effect as the well produced oil, water and
tubing guns. Tubing and casing internal diameters gas. Due to the multiphase content of this well, the skin
in the wells surveyed were 2.441 and 4.95 inches value determined from the Slug Test will be more
respectively. reliable.
NOMENCLATURE
Bell, W.T., 1984. Perforating Underbalanced
Evolving Techniques, SPE-AIME J .
oil formation volume factor, (rb/stb)
wellbore storage, (bbl/psi) = V,/(/144 g/gc)
pipe volume per unit length, (bbllft) Waller Jr., H.N., Krase, L.D., 1986. A North Sea
gravitational constant, (ft/sec2) Application of Slug Testing for Quick Reservoir
total compressibility, (Upsi) Analysis, S P E 15480, presented at 61st Annual
perforated thickness, (feet) Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans,
reservoir thickness, (feet) Lousiana.
permeability, (md)
initial reservoir pressure, (psia)
Earlougher, R.C., Advances in Well Test Analysis,
cushion pressure, (psia)
SPE Monograph Vol.5, pages 31-44.
Flowing bottomhole pressure, (psia)
wellbore radius, (feet)
skin Ostrowski, L.P., Kloska, M.B., 1989. Use of Pressure
time, (hrs) Derivatives in Analysis of Slug Test or DST Flow
oil specific gravity, ("API) Period Data, SPE 18596, presented at the SPE
oil viscosity, (cp) Production Operations Symposium, Oklahama City,
porosity Oklahama.
39
TABLE 1
INPUT DATA FOR WELL A
TABLE 2
INPUT DATA FOR WELL B
q; ----I-
t=O
TiME It)
PRESSURE RATE,
TEMPERATURE
ARE RECORDED
SIMULl%NEOUSLY
PERFORATIONS
t TIME (t)
PERF0RATING
WELLSITE COMPUTER ,,
GAMMARAY
+ FLO WMETER
CARTRIOGE
ELECTRONICS PERFORATING
CARTRIDGE
FLEX JOINT
FIRING MAGNETIC
CAPACITORS POSITIONING DIVICE
CCL SENSOR
+..- SELECTIVE
FIRING ADAPTER
+- CUSHION
FLUID LE VEl
7-
GUN GUN
J
a00
FORMAUON FORMATION 8
0
PRESSURE PRESSURE 0
0
0
0
d
CU8HION
PRESSURE
LESS THAN LESS THAN
FORMATION FORMATION
PRESSURE PRESSURE
PRESSURE TEMPERATURE
TIME LISTING
I I
18:50 163 1.97 I I
1629.60
1
I
I
1852 I I
1627.63 I
I
I
I
1854 1626.03 CUSHION PRESSURE I
1624.42 ~ I I (i I I 1 I I I
I
1856 SHOO7 4
78.58
1635.75
1646.70
1670.00
!T
BACK-PRESS1/RE
I
I
I
I
i1
19:m I
1691.24
I
19:02 1711.29 I
1730.20
I
19:04
I
I
I
19t06 I
I
A
3lSd - d 3 S
3Hnss3wd
4s
v i I I t I
WELL A
CD'elE2s)
- 0.2E+02
- 0.5+02
- 0.2E+03
- 0.IE+04
- 0.IE+06
. IE+07
---- 0O.IE+OS
-- 0.IE+09
1 -- O.IE+II
-- O.IE+13
K = 223.000 mD ---- 0.IE+ 16
---- 0.IE+2I
---- 0.IE+26
-.** 0.IE+36
1.00*10 -3
1*10 -3 10
TIME (hour) AND TD/CD
loo
cDW281
- 0.2+a2
I1 - O.E+02
- 0.2+a3
- 0.1+.01
I
- 0.I+-
- 0.1+05
h 0.lE+07
---
O.lE+ll
--- - 0.1+09
-- O.lE+13
.
I+ 16
--- - 00.1+21
----
.-.. .
I+=
-.- - 00.1+36
1.00*10-3
10
TME [hour) AND TD/CD
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
QQ 0
0
0
WELL B
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20 \
K
= 1730.000 mD
0.10 S = 9.28
CD'e(2s) = 0.3E+ 12
[tD/CD)/t = 0.465E+0.2
0.00
1'10 -3 10
TIME (hour) AND TD/CD
a
L
:
a
a
a
0
0
a
-i--
a
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
a
:
0
0
0.
9lSd -d9S
3wnss3wd