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SUBMITTED BY
Suraj Kakkar
D4CE2
110152
1283939
1
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As the professional courses not only require the theoretical knowledge but practical
knowledge too, that is why university started conducting training programs for the
students, so that they can get ample view of practical problems. I find it a matter of
Honor in showing the feeling of indebtedness and thankfulness to the Dr. M.S. Saini,
Director, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana for providing this
opportunity to carry out the six months industrial training.
The constant guidance and encouragement received from Er. K.S.Maan, Dean
Training & Placement cell, has been of great help in carrying out the project work and is
acknowledged with reverential thanks.
It is my privilege to express my profound ineptness, my deep sense of gratitude to
NKG Infrastructure Limited, Ghaziabad for showing trust in me and assigning me
such an important and interesting project and also for sparing time from his schedule to
discuss and clarify issues related to this project.
I sincerely thank to my project guide Er. Money Garg (AGM) for guidance and
encouragement in carrying out this project work. My special thanks to Er. Sukhdev
Singh (Project Manager), Er. Logar Singh (Lab Incharge), Er. Atul (Site Incharge)
for their kind co-operation to the completion of my project work.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. J.N.Jha, (H.O.D) of CIVIL
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College for
providing me an Opportunity to do my project work on Married Accommodation
Project, Jalandhar Cantt in NKG Infrastructure Limited Company, Ghaziabad.
This project bears on imprint of many peoples.
I am also very thankful to my friends and family members who supported me
encouraged me all the time to go through this whole project.
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
STUDENT DECLARATION
This is to certify that I, Suraj Kakkar student of B.Tech (Civil)-7th Semester Roll No.
1283939 has undergone industrial training in "NKG Infrastructure company
Ghaziabad " as required of six months project semester for the award of degree of
B.Tech Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana and prepared
the report entitled Married Accommodation Project which is an authentic record of
my work carried out at Jalandhar Cantt.
If any discrepancy is found regarding the originality of this project I may be held
responsible. I have not copied from any report submitted earlier this or any other
university. This is purely original and authentic work.
SURAJ KAKKAR
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
INDEX
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
e) Admixtures 38
f) Miscellaneous 38
15.0 Information about Rates 39
16.0 Information about Tests 40
a) Slump Test 40
b) Bulking of Sand 41
c) Compression Test of Cube 41
d) Silt Content 42
e) Wt. of Steel 42
f) Compressive strength of Brick 43
g) Efflorescence Test 44
h) Water absorption Test 44
i) Grading of Aggregate 44
j) Moisture content of soil sample 45
17.0 Information about Equipment 47
a) Mixer Plant 47
b) Transit Mixer 47
c) Boom Placer 48
d) Needle Vibrator 49
e) Tilted Drum Mixer 49
f) Bar Straighten Machine 50
g) Concrete pump 50
h) JCB Excavator 51
i) Hydra 51
18.0 Bar Bending schedule 53
19.0 Safety Measures and Safety campaign 57
20.0 Intelligent Building 59
21.0 Inspection and Quality Control 62
22.0 Site Drawing 64
23.0 Overall Benefits of Training 66
a) Improve Practical Skill 66
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
The practical training conducted by the engineering and non engineering students at the
respective industrial units related to their subjects is termed as "Industrial Training". For
example a civil engineering student requires practical exposure at the building
construction sites, road construction projects etc. The industry-institute interaction is a
need of the hour. No institute or technical board could ever boast of a perfect syllabi
scheme without the inclusion of industrial training format. The industrial training is a part
of continuous learning process. So this field exposure that uplifts the knowledge and
experience of students needs to be properly documented in the form of report, which can
be termed as Industrial report". A properly prepared industrial training report can
facilitate the presentation of the field experience is an orderly, precise and interesting
manner, which can off course well serve as a guide to the new entrant engineers. The
purpose of industrial training as:-
5) To help students to understand about the duties of an engineer and other supervisory
staff in an organization.
7) To impart intensive training to the students to enable them to learn and use working of
latest field equipments machine.
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
8. Session/Year: 2012-15
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
The Total deficiency of 2 Lac dwelling units has been slated for construction in
four phases as per details given below:
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
The name of Pockets and the respective dwelling units are below:
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
Region Punjab
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
No of Block 22
Structure Stilt +6
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
2) Site Selection: - Site for construction of building can be selected according to the
space required and whatever the area and the people demands, in accordance with the
population and bearing in mind the geographical and industrial point of view for
further development.
3) Survey: - By survey we measure all the dimensions and plot the real position or place
wherever we want to construct our structure. This includes many aspects like
financial survey, economical survey, topographical survey etc. etc.
4) Site Investigation: -By this we investigate about the type of the soil, bearing capacity
of the soil, nature of the bed, the topographical feature of the area, which in turn helps
the structural designer to design the footing for our project.
5) Architectural Drawings: - Architectural drawings are the heart to the project, which
is the master document or the copy with which we have to stick completely and do
accordingly; these drawings have all the plans and construction details about the
particular project.
7) Construction: - After all these steps, Construction of the proposed project starts. The
construction is done at the site in which different section is divided like Civil, Electric
and Mechanical work.
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
a) Site Clearance: - The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass
and vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location.
b) Positioning of Central coordinate and layout: - The centre point was marked with
the help of a TOTAL STATION, thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing. With
respect to this center point, all the other points of columns were to be decided so its exact
position is very critical.
1. Upon identifying warning tape of any service, mechanical excavation shall be stopped
sheets.
3. In other areas it will be stepped open excavation with battered slopes.
4. Dewatering system shall continue to run until backfilling is completed up to the level
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
d) Laying of P.C.C. (Plain Cement Concrete):- After the process of excavation, laying
of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. A layer of 100mm with projection was
made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil. It provides a solid base for the
raft foundation and a mix of 1:4:8 that is, 1 part of cement to 4 parts of fine aggregates
and 8 parts of coarse aggregates by weight were used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to
achieve full compaction. Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling
earth during and after placing. When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, and end
is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper
layer of concrete. The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer
is laid.
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
e) Raft Foundation: - At our site, Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a
structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. Normally raft
foundation is used when large load is to be distributed and it is not possible to provide
individual footings due to space constraints that are they would overlap on each other.
They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread
the loads over a larger area.
Specifications
Area of Raft:- 506.17 m2
Thickness of Raft:- 550mm
Grade of Concrete:- M25 (1:1:2)
Grade of Steel:- Fe500D
Bottom Reinforcement:- 20mm @ 110mm c/c (both ways)
Top Reinforcement:- 20mm @ 110mmc/c (both ways)
Clear Cover:- 50mm
Lap Length:- 40
Steel Quantity:- 490.94 quintal (with Chair 12mm 351 no.)
Concrete Quantity:- 278 m3
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
Specification
Size of Pedestal:-
Name Sizes No.
C1 & C1A 375 X 825 4
C2 375 X 790 4
C2A 375 X 8
860
C3,C3A,C4,C4A & 375 X 675 35
C5
g) Plinth Beam: - This is a band which provided at the plinth level, on the top of
foundation these bands are provided for decreasing the chances of uneven settlement of
structure and it also serve the purpose of damp proof course. During the earthquake these
band are responsible to hold the structure as a single unit when the ground shake. Before
the concreting of plinth beam the level of beam must be checked so that commencement
of work can be done accurately.
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
Specification
Size of Pedestal:-
Sr No. Name Sizes
1 PB1 230 X
500
2 PB2, PB3, PB5, PB6, PB10, PB11, 300 X
PB13, PB14, PB16, PB18, PB22 500
3 PB7, PB8, PB9, PB12, PB15, PB17, 230 X
PB17A, PB19, PB20, PB23, PB21, 450
PB24
Lap Length:- 40
Steel Quantity:- 4983.65quintal
Grade of Concrete:- M25 (1:1:2)
Grade of Steel:- Fe500D
Clear Cover:- 40mm
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II. Layout of columns: - After casting of raft again the layout of column is done in
order to check the actual position of vertical bars of columns. The layout is also
helpful to place the shuttering on actual position, so that the column should be in
proper position according to drawing (Column layout drawing).
III. Bar binding and column starter: - Shear reinforcement was tied as according to
structural drawing (column schedule) up to the height determined from framing
plan. At bottom instead of making column starter a T shaped bar was weld with
vertical steel on the layout of column so the shuttering can be fixed on desired
accurate position.
IV. Formwork: - The shuttering either conventional or system is fixed around
column and plumb of this shuttering is checked out. At bottom the T shaped bars
keeps the shuttering on position and at top and middle cover blocks are fixed so
that proper cover could be provide to reinforcement. The T shaped bar at bottom
and cover blocks at middle and top ensure the straightness of vertical
reinforcement.
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
Specification
Size of Columns :-
Name Sizes No.
C1 & C1A 300 X 750 4
C2 300 X 715 4
C2A 300 X 8
785
C3,C3A,C4,C4A & 300 X 600 35
C5
i) Laying of Beam and Slab: - A structural member which supports lateral load and
resist bending is known as beam. Slabs are plane structural member whose thickness is
quite small as compared to its other dimension. Slab support mainly transverse loads and
transfer them to end supports by bending action in one or more directions. The steps
which are followed for the construction of column are written as below:-
I. Fixing Beam bottom and slab formwork: - Beam bottoms are fixed along with
the vertical reinforcement of columns using a specially made arrangement called
BEAM SUPPORTER. Then sides of beams are fixed and then main slabs
shuttering is laid according to architectural drawing (framing plan). The gaps are
filled and uniform horizontal platform is made to support the slab. Generally
beam bottom and slabs shuttering is made of plywood and rests on vertical steel
pipe arrangement called probes. Note: All the sunken portions and sections
according to co-ordinate framing plan should be taken into consideration while
fixing the beam bottoms and slabs shuttering.
II. Laying reinforcement of beams and slab: - First of all reinforcement of primary
beams is laid and then secondary beams on a certain height above the shuttering
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
according to structural drawing (beam detail). After all beams are tied and are
placed on their respective position slab reinforcement is laid according to
structural drawing (slab reinforcement detail) and bar bending schedule. Cover
blocks are placed in between shuttering and slabs reinforcement. Note: All the
section should read carefully and dowel required for any section or staircase
should be placed before casting.
III. Leveling of slab: - To check exact level of slab (both bottom and top) a certain
level is marked above the finished floor level on columns bars as convenient. A
thread is tied throughout that mark on the column bars at the marked level and
level of slab (bottom and top) is measured by measuring the perpendicular length
from thread level to the top level of slab by the help of measuring tape or a
graduated bar.
Specification of Beam
Size of Pedestal:-
Sr No. Name Sizes
1 FB1 230 X 500
2 FB2, FB3, FB5, FB6, FB10, FB11, 300 X 500
FB13, FB14, FB16, FB18, FB22
3 FB7, FB8, FB9, FB12, FB15, FB17, 230
FB17A, FB19, FB20, FB23, FB21, 450
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DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
FB24
Lap Length:- 40
Steel Quantity:- 5743 quintal
Concrete Quantity:-
Grade of Concrete:- M25 (1:1:2)
Grade of Steel:- Fe500D
Clear Cover:- 40mm
Specification of Slab
Thickness of Slab:- 150mm
Grade of Concrete:- M25 (1:1:2)
Grade of Steel:- Fe500D
Clear Cover:- 50mm
Lap Length:- 40
Steel Quantity:- 3252.91 quintal (with Chair 12mm 351 no.)
Concrete Quantity:- 83 m3
g) Laying of Stair and Lift: - A series of steps or flight of steps that go from one level to
another is called stair. The form work can be made up with plywood or framing lumber.
The first step is to cut the side forms according to the drawing. Add wooden member as
bracing against the outward movement and depending on the width of stair additional
bracing should be provided at centre. Make sure that the forms are plumb and level
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
before proceeding further. After that concrete is prepared from R.M.C. and poured into
Frame work. Concrete should be poured from the bottom step. Once you pour it, it should
be spread evenly. Use a spade or a rod to remove trapped air bubbles. A screed board is a
piece of lumber somewhat longer than width is used for the finishing purpose. Last step is
curing, it can be done be gunny bags or by pounding method.
Lift is a vertical access that moves up and down inside a building and carries
peoples from one floor to another floor. The lift frame is made of R.C.C. and construction
method is same as other member. There is one precaution must be considered that it
should be vertical straight and leveled. The formwork should be strong enough to take the
dead load and live load during construction. It should be watertight and easily removed
after placing of concrete.
Fig
:-17 Stair and Reinforcement of Lift
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
Permanent establishment
Permanent establishment constitutes employee working against the sanctioned permanent
posts in the department, drawing the regular pay bill without any time limit.
The permanent establishment include:-
Assistant General Manager
Accountant
Project Manager
Site incharge
Engineers
Lab incharge and store incharge.
Temporary Establishment
Temporary establishment are the employees recruited directly for the actual execution of
a specific work and whose pay is directly charged to the work for which they are
employed.
The temporary establishment include:-
Supervisor
Masons
Bar benders
Electricians
Labourers
Labour Status
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
cement, sand and steel are to be tested before using them in building construction. The
materials which are used at site as below:-
a) Cement: - Cement is a binding material that has cohesive and adhesive property in the
presence of water. There are two type of cement is used at the site-1)OPC 43(Ordinary
Portland cement) 2) PPC (Pozzolona Portland cement).The company name is SHREE
ULTERA CEMENT. The capacity of one bag is 35liter or 50Kg bag and area is 0.3square
meter. OPC cement is used in the construction of foundation, column, beam and slab.
PPC cement is used for the finishing work like plastering, pointing and brick work.
Curing period for the OPC is 28 days and for PPC is 90 days so thats why OPC cement
is used for structure parts. Cement is to be store in WARE HOUSE the capacity of site
ware house is 5000 bags. The rate of one bag is 260 rupees for the company.
b) Brick: - An artificial masonry unit in the form of rectangular block of prepared clay is
called a brick. The main constituents of brick are Alumina, Silica and lime. The standard
size of brick is 190X90X90mm but at the site size of brick is 220X110X75mm.The site
brick is considered in Category B which is irregular in shape and strength lies more than
75kg/cm2.The quantity of bricks in one cubic meter is 500No.The main points which
should be kept in made while laying are Brick should not construct more than 5 feet in
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
one day. Frog should be placed at the top face for proper bonding. It should not break
when it is fall from height of 3feet.The rate of brick is 4000rupess per 100 no.
c) Sand and Aggregate: - Sand is a filling material which is used in concrete, mortar and
plastering. Sand is basically consisting of small grains of silica which is formed by the
decomposition of sandstones due to various effects of weather. The sand which is used at
sites coming from Phtankoat river of two sizes-fine sand and coarse sand(lies2.36-
4.75).There is one factor which effects batching i.e. Bulking of sand. The presence of
moisture in sand increases the volume of sand. This is due to the fact that moisture causes
film of water around sand particles which results in the increase of volume of sand.
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
required 70 x 118/100 = 82.5 liters. From we can see that there is too much effect on
volume of sand.
Aggregate are the inert material which forms the bulk of cement concrete. The
aggregate are bound together by mean of cement. The size of aggregate which is used at
the site is 10mm and 20mm.The rate of 10mm aggregate is 23.5 rupees per cubic
feet(920rupees per cubic meter) and 20mm aggregate is 22 rupees per cubic feet(780
rupees per cubic meter).There are three types of aggregate according to shape is Rounded
aggregate, Angular aggregate and irregular aggregate. The shape of aggregate at site is
angular because it provides good bonding.
Fig.-21 Steel
The strength of grade 500 and 500D is same but the difference is only there is
elongation. 500D grade has more percentage elongation as compared to Fe500. TATA
steel has introduced Fe500D grade in market with percentage elongation of 16% more as
compared to Fe500.The rate of steel is 48000 rupees per tonne i.e.48 rupees per Kg. The
company of steel which is used at site is TATA, SAIL, and BHEL. The steel is coming in
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
form of coil less than 12mm which is shown in figure. As the size of steel is decrease, the
rate is increase.
e) Admixture: - Admixture is the materials which are used to improve the quality of
concrete. The admixture which is used at the is coming from STP Limited company. The
capacity of one drum is 250 Kg and rate of one Kg. is 30 rupees. This admixture is helps
to increase the setting time and maintain the strength of concrete.
F) Miscellaneous: - Miscellaneous materials are those which are also important except
basic materials. There are numbers of materials which are used for construction at site
which are:-
1) Plastic pipes 2) G.I. pipes
3) Electric Wires 4) Fiber Sheets
5) Bitumen 6) Water proofing
7) Termite proofing 8) Fire resistance
9) Paint and Varnish 10) Glass
11) Wooden Doors 12) Chips
13) Marble 14) POP
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
a) Slump Test: - This test is used to check the workability of concrete at site. Steel mould
is used which is in the form of frustum of cone whose dimensions are 300mm at bottom
dia., 200mm at top dia. and height is 100mm.
Observation and calculations:-
Proportion of sample = M25
Water Cement Ratio = 0.446
Slump Value = 105mm
Standard Value
Sr. No. Slump value Degree of Workability Uses at site
1 Less than 25 Very Low Precast work
2 25-75 Low Road pavement
3 75-100 Medium R.C.C footing
4 Greater than 100 High Column, beam
Result- Our sample is coming in category 4. When concrete is transported through pump
then its value should be taken more as to standard.
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
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e) Weight of Steel: - This is a field test which is performed on steel to check wt. meter
length because there are number of impurities will be added in the materials due to
temperature variations so that its wt. will varies from the standard value. There is a
chance of corrosion and rusting over steel bar
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
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f) Compressive Test of Brick: - This test is used to check the compressive strength of
brick. Brick laid in building are generally under compression. The Brick are divided into
four categories Class A, B, C, and D. from this test we can examine that which type of
brick is used at site. Generally five numbers of brick are randomly selected and frog is
filled with cement mortar of ratio 1:1. Load is applied at rate of 140 kg per minutes.
Observation and Calculation:-
Area of Brick: - 25300 mm2
Load at failure: - 19860 kg
Compressive strength: - 78.5 kg/cm2
Result: - Compressive strength of brick is 75 kg/cm2, so that is coming under Class B.
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
h) Water absorption test: - The strength of brick depends upon its water absorption
capacity. If the brick has more water absorption capacity, it will loosen its strength earlier,
because using the brick, it should, therefore, be tested for its water absorption capacity
which should not be more than 20% by weight for Ist class brick.
Observation and Calculation:-
Weight of Sample: - 3.86 kg
Weight of Dry sample: - 3.5 kg
Water absorption:- 10.1%
Result- The water absorption of brick sample is 10%. It should not be increase 20% for
Ist class brick.
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
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Silt Content- The value less than 150 micron is considered as silt.
This test is done to determine the water content in soil by calcium carbide method as per
IS: 2720 (Part II) 1973. It is a method for rapid determination of water content from the
gas pressure developed by the reaction of calcium carbide with the free water of the soil.
From the calibrated scale of the pressure gauge the percentage of water on total mass of
wet soil is obtained and the same is converted to water content on dry mass of soil.
Apparatus Required:-
i) Metallic pressure vessel, with a clamp for sealing the cup, along with a gauge
calibrated in percentage water content ii) Counterpoised balance, for weighing the sample
iii) Scoop, for measuring the absorbent (Calcium Carbide) iv) Steel balls 3 steel balls of
about 12.5mm dia. and 1 steel ball of 25mm dia. v) One bottle of the absorbent (Calcium
Carbide)
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE
Sand Coarse powders may be ground and pulverized. Cohesive and plastic soil Soil is
tested with addition of steel ball in the pressure vessels. The test requires about 6g of
sample.
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
1) Mixer Plant: Mixer plant provides the facility to mix the various ingredients of
concrete in required proportions at the in order to fulfill the quantities of concrete and
without more lead distance. A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant, is a device that
combines various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include sand, water,
aggregate, fly ash and cement and the centre of the concrete batching plant is the mixer.
These employ computer aided control to assist in fast, accurate measurement of input
constituents or ingredients, as well as ties toghter the various parts and accessories for
coordinated and safe operation.
2) Transit Mixer: It is used to transport the concrete from the place of production to the
site. Nominal capacity of Transit mixer is 6M 3 and Total Geometric volume is 9M3. It is a
equipment which is used for transpoting the concrete from batching plant directly to the
place where it is to be poured. It has a wide range of application specially for mass
concreting works like high rise building construction and Dam and airports etc.The angle
of drum is 15 and drum speed varies from 0-14 rpm. It optimized the position of spiral
ensures maximum discharge of concrete. Weight of mixer is varies from 2500 kgs-
3760kgs. At our site there are 8 no of transit mixer which are used in different pocket.
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
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4) Needle Vibrator: The Needle Vibrator, also known as immersion or poker vibrator
have a power unit and long flexible tube at the end of which a vibrating head is attached.
Wherever compaction is to be done, the vibrating head is inserted in the concrete.
Concrete vibrators consolidate freshly poured concrete so that trapped air and excess
water are released and the concrete settles firmly in place in the formwork. Improper
consolidation of concrete can cause product defects, compromise the concrete strength,
and produce surface blemishes such as bug holes and honeycombing. An internal
concrete vibrator is a steel cylinder about the size of the handle of a baseball bat, with a
hose or electrical cord attached to one end. The vibrator head is immersed in the wet
concrete.
5) Tilted Drum Mixer: A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a
device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and
water to form concrete. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often
used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample
time to use the concrete before it hardens. The entire drum rotates around its axis as
metals are loaded through a charge chute at one end of the drum and exit through a
discharge chute at the opposite end of the drum. Mixing blades are mounted on the inside
surface of the drum and as the drum rotates the blades mix by lifting and dropping the
materials during each rotation. Once the materials are sufficiently mixed the rotation of
the drum is reversed and the blade arrangement pushes the concrete through to the
discharge end of the mixer.
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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
6) Bar Straighter Machine: This machine is used for cutting the bar as per requirement
in large quantities. The machine can do the operation of cutting up to 12mm dia. and for
bar having dia. greater than 12mm than Bar Cutter is used.
7) Concrete Pump: Concrete is transported by pumping through steel pipeline from the
mixer to the place of deposit. It is also known as compressor. In this system, concrete is
conveyed from a central mixing plant to a place of pouring, by an arrangement of pumps
and pipelines. This pipeline is made of steel tubes each 3m in length and 100 to 125 mm
in diameter. Concrete can be pumped for maximum distance of about 400m in
horizontally and 80m in vertically. It is generally mounted below the concrete mixer so
that the mixed concrete can be fed straight into the hopper.
50
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
51
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
Progress
1 Excavation 7 7 0
2 PCC in Foundation 7 7 0
3 Concrete in Raft 7 7 0
4 Pedestal 7 7 0
6 Casting of slab 49 45 4
52
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
Progress
1 Excavation 7 7 0
2 PCC in Foundation 7 7 0
3 Concrete in Raft 7 7 0
4 Pedestal 7 7 0
6 Casting of slab 49 45 4
Bar bending schedules plays a very important role in making the details of the
reinforcement and it include the following parameters:
53
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
6 0.22
8 0.39
10 0.62
12 0.89
16 1.58
20 2.47
25 3.85
Bar bending schedule has been prepared for the various components in building which
are:-
a) Raft foundation d) Columns
b) Pedestal e) Beam and slabs
c) Plinth beam f) Mumty
54
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
g) Out of above components the bar bending schedule has been shown for the
columns in the following page:-
h)
i)
j)
k)
l) 19.0 Safety Measure and Campaign
o) Personal Safety
Wear protective equipment. Always wear safety helmet, safety vast and safety
footwear at construction site.
p) Public Safety
Pay attention to public safety. Members of the public are often unaware of or do
not understand the work carried out on construction sites and the hazards
involved.
1. The safety campaign must be placed under the charge of a very competent,
experienced and able manager, who may be termed as safety Director.
3. Dos and Donts during construction work should be displayed in bold letter along
with diagram on chart paper
5. Safety Slogans and safety Quotations should be made an integral part of safety
campaign to educate the illiterate and poor workers.
w)
a) Security: Intelligence features for security:
Finger print lock
Retina based door access system
Voice and video intercom
Code-based access system
Swipe card access system
Biometric access system
x) Fig:-40 Swipe Card Access
b) Safety: Some Intelligence Features:
Reduced Manpower Dependence,
Closed-circuit Television,
Card Access Control,
Smoke Detection,
Intrusion Alarms,
Emergency Control Of Elevators, Doors And
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
y)
ai) Inspection is the process of carrying out vigilant checks during the construction of
project against any serious defect or lack of progress. Inspection of work is
carried from beginning of work up to the completion of project at various stages
or levels by competent authority. Quality control is the comparison of materials,
construction techniques and finishing products etc. with the laid down standards.
The quality control and inspection should ensure that the quality of work is the
accordance with the prescribed specification.
aj) Stages of construction:
a) Layout stage: It is the first stage of work to be inspected when the layout of
building is carried out. The layout should be properly checked for right angles and
dimensions must be measured as per plan.
b) Earthwork completion stage: At this stage, quality inspectors check the
adequate depth and width of excavation trench to ensure desired the depth of
foundation.
c) Foundation laying stage: At this stage, the quality engineer mainly inspects the
material reached at the site, such as quality of cement, sand, bricks and aggregate
to be used in foundations. The materials must be of the same quality as has been
inspected at the suppliers premises. In general, a contractor always tries to use
over burnt or jhama bricks for the foundation for the foundation work which
should be objected.
d) D.P.C. laying stage: It is the one of the critical stage, which must be inspected by
the quality engineer. It is the completion of foundation stage, when damp proofing
course is laid at the top of foundation layer to protect the building from moisture.
At this stage, once again layout of building should be exactly checked as per the
building plan to ensure proper internal dimensions of rooms and its component.
e) Formwork erecting stage: Erecting formwork is one of the major stage of the
construction work, which must be given due attention by the quality inspectors.
The shape, strength and finishing surfaces of concrete in beams, column and slabs
mainly depend upon type of form work. For large project, only steel form work
should be used. For concrete construction forms or shuttering in the forms of
wooden planks or steel plates are used for keeping the green concrete in position
till it hardens. This helps in giving the desired shapes to different components of
the structure
ak) Removal of formwork
For columns = 24 to 48 hours
3. The formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily without causing
the least injury to the surface of nearly constructed concrete members.
f) Reinforcement laying stage: The strength of the structure member like beams,
column and slab depends upon the reinforcement provided. So, when the
reinforcement stage is laid over the formwork erected, it is right time for quality
engineers to inspect the work for identification of any defect with respect to
inadequate reinforcement detail.
am)
an)
ao)
ap)
at)
aw)
ax)
ay) 23.0verall Benefits of Training
cm) The entire period of Industrial Training has given me good & important
practical exposure of construction work. At the end of the Industrial Training
under N.K.G. Construction Limited, Jalandhar Cantt, I feel myself better
equipped and ready to face the field problems related to Civil Engineering works.
In these four& half months, I have learnt how to deal with Authorities and
workers under supervision and I have become familiar with the fact that the field
work is much difficult from theoretical knowledge. But until you dont have the
theoretical knowledge, the practical work is very difficult to carry-out and
understand.
cn) Working with experienced engineers has enhanced my technical skills to a
great extent for which I am grateful to them. Their professional approach towards work is
appreciable.
co) The training has provided me with much needed field exposure to shape
up my thinking in a better way as a professional making me a lot more capable to face the
challenges of life.
cp)
cq)
cr)
cs)
ct)
cu)
cv)
cw)
cx)
cy)
cz)
da)
db)
dc)
dd)
df)
Text include the details carried out through the Site engineers, Supervisors,
labourers