Gardening Without Harmful Invasive Plants: A Guide To Plants You Can Use in Place of Invasive Non-Natives

Gardening without
harmful invasive plants

A guide to plants you can use
in place of invasive non-natives
Supported by:
Gardening This guide, produced by the wild plant conservation charity
Plantlife and the Royal Horticultural Society, can help you choose
without plants that are less likely to cause problems to the environment
harmful should they escape from your garden. Even the most diligent
gardener cannot ensure that their plants do not escape over the
invasive garden wall (as berries and seeds may be carried away by birds or
plants the wind), so we hope you will find this helpful.
There are laws surrounding invasive
Trevor Renals
non-native plants. Dumping unwanted
With over 70,000 plants to choose from and with new varieties being plants, for example in a local stream or
introduced each year, it is no wonder we are a nation of gardeners. woodland, is an offence. Government also
However, a few plants can cause you and our environment problems. has powers to ban the sale of invasive
These are known as invasive non-native plants. Although they plants. At the time of producing this
comprise a small minority of all the plants available to buy for your booklet there were no sales bans, but it
garden, the impact they can have is extensive and may be irreversible. An unsuspecting sheep flounders in a
river. Invasive Floating Pennywort can
is worth checking on the websites below
Around 60% of the invasive non-native plant species damaging our cause water to appear as solid ground. to find the latest legislation that may be
natural habitats originate from gardens and garden ponds. relevant to you:
Department for Environment
Some invasive non-native plants might be Food and Rural Affairs - www.defra.gov.uk
straightforward for you to keep in check in your Scottish Government -
garden or garden pond if you can tend to them www.scotland.gov.uk/invasivespecies
frequently, but in the wider countryside, where
such pruning and weeding effort is not feasible, At the moment, many invasive plants are still available to buy from
these plants can cause problems for native plants garden centres, aquatics centres and other plant retailers. Cuttings
and animals. Trying to get rid of problem plants from a friends garden may be taken from invasive plants.
from natural habitats, especially important nature
Make sure you know what you are buying and take
conservation sites, is expensive and difficult.
care before giving or accepting cuttings!
Often complete eradication of such plants from the
wild becomes impossible, and many hundreds of These websites provide more information about invasive
thousands of pounds are spent each year in an effort plants that you may have in your garden or pond and
to limit their spread. how to remove them if you wish to:
Other invasive non-native plants can cause you difficulties too. They Plantlife - www.plantlife.org.uk
Royal Horticultural Society - www.rhs.org.uk
may quickly outgrow their space or become entrenched so that no
Non-Native Species Secretariat - www.nonnativespecies.org
matter how hard you try to eliminate them, and regardless of how
much of your flower bed is dug up, new shoots may keep on appearing. Alternatively, you can contact Plantlife on 01722 342730.
2 GARDENING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 3

How to use this guide CONTENTS Our suggested plants are divided into eight sections PAGE
Much of the fun of growing plants comes from the reward of Groundcover plants 6
beautiful flowers, scents or foliage. Your choice of plants will often
Naturalising plants (including bulbs) 10
also reflect what you want a plant to do such as provide nectar
to bees and butterflies, be able to thrive in a boggy area of your Architectural plants 15
garden, or provide a screen to separate one area from another. Climbers / Plants to cover walls 19
Invasive plants have sometimes been used in the past for those Shrubs 23
difficult areas of your garden a particularly exposed patch, for Trees 30
example, or where a bare wall needs to be covered quickly. Meanwhile Plants for wildlife 33
plants for other aspects of gardening, like summer bedding plants,
Plants for ponds and bog gardens 38
are unlikely to be invasive. This booklet covers those areas of the
garden where, traditionally, invasive plants have most been used. Cultivation chart & index 45
The notorious invasive plant Japanese Knotweed, popular in Within each section the recommended plants cover a range of different sites
Victorian times, for example, was sought after for its grand size and cultivation requirements. For example, we list shrubs which offer spring or
and attractive leaves. We suggest safer tall feature plants with summer flowers or stunning autumn colours, shrubs that are good for hedging
attractive foliage to try in the Architectural plants section. or providing background structure to your borders, and shrubs for sunny or
shady spots.
Although the plants we suggest shouldnt cause you undue

problems, as always with gardening, no matter which
KEY TO
plants you use you will need to manage your garden by
SYMBOLS Tolerant of
shade
Needs sun Needs alkaline
conditions
Needs acid
conditions
Needs
drier soils
/ low light levels
weeding, thinning and pruning at regular intervals.
Please remember that ALL unwanted plant matter should be disposed
Needs Attractive Attractive Fine autumn Bears Structural feature Windbreak
of responsibly. Compost or throw unwanted plant matter into your wetter soils flowers foliage colours ornamental or screening/
fruit hedging
green waste bin collection, or take it to your local recycling centre.
BOG
The Be Plant Wise website has more information
Berries for birds Nectar Provides Submerged Floating Marginal / Bog garden
about safe disposal of excess plant matter: source shelter/cover aquatic plant aquatic plant emergent plant
for wildlife aquatic plant
www.nonnativespecies.org/beplantwise
Symbols under each plant highlight particular conditions the plant
requires (for example, wet, dry, acid or alkaline soils, or full sun). Plants
Happy invasives-free gardening! able to grow in shade are also indicated. A plant with no symbols is able
to cope with a broad range of conditions. The index at the back of this
booklet provides full details of each plants cultivation tolerances.

Groundcover plants Groundcover plants
Sunny/exposed sites Sunny/exposed sites
Aubrieta deltoidea Geranium sanguineum var. striatum

Aubretia Striped Bloody Crane's-bill
Mat-forming perennial to 5cm tall with small, hairy leaves Herbaceous perennial to 10cm with deeply cut leaves on
Marylise Doctrinal
and brightly coloured cross-shaped flowers usually in long spreading stems. Produces large, very pretty, open
ukwildflowers.com
shades of red or purple. Double-flowered cultivars are flowers with very pale pink petals that are darker along the
available. veins.
Ceratostigma plumbaginoides Lathyrus japonicus subsp. maritimus

Hardy Plumbago Sea Pea
Rhizomatous perennial, woody at the base with wavy- Prostrate perennial with hairless, glaucous pinnate leaves
margined, bright green leaves (to 10cm long) turning red and clusters of purplish pea flowers.
Cheryl Moorehead
Jennifer Snyder
in autumn. Produces clusters of bright blue flowers in late

summer.
Frankenia laevis Silene uniora 'Robin Whitebreast'

Sea-heath Sea Campion 'Robin Whitebreast'
Evergreen, prostrate perennial with tiny leaves and the Semi-evergreen perennial with lance-shaped grey-green
general appearance of a heather. Produces small, ve- leaves borne on prostrate stems. Bears white, double
ukwildflowers.com
petalled, pink flowers. flowers with cut petals.
Mike Davy
Genista pilosa Stachys byzantina
www.kingsbraegarden.com
Hairy Greenweed (pictured: cultivar Vancouver Gold) Lamb's-ear

Deciduous, prostrate shrub with dark leaves to 1.5cm long Spreading perennial to 45cm tall with elliptic leaves to 10cm
which are covered in silky hairs on the underside. Yellow which are covered in thick white wool. Small pinkish flowers
ukwildflowers.com
pea flowers appear in late spring and early summer. are carried on woolly stems in summer and autumn.
Geranium 'Mavis Simpson' Veronica perfoliata

Crane's-bill 'Mavis Simpson' Digger's Speedwell
Herbaceous perennial to 30cm tall with silvery, lobed Evergreen perennial bearing low, arching stems with pairs
Zebrina Rendall/RHS
leaves. It bears open flowers (to 3.5cm wide) that are pale of stalkless, rounded, glaucous, leathery, toothed leaves to
pink with darker veins. 5cm long. Attractive racemes of blue flowers are borne in
Tony Rodd
late summer.

Groundcover plants Groundcover plants
Shady/sheltered sites Shady/sheltered sites
Astrantia major Viola odorata
Damon Taylor www.flickr.com/

Masterwort Sweet Violet
Ground-hugging perennial to 90cm (though often less Rhizomatous perennial bearing toothed, heart-shaped
photos/ocean_of_stars
extensive) with glossy, lobed basal leaves and umbels of leaves and, in winter or early spring, perfumed blue or
small flowers surrounded by white, pink or red bracts. white spurred flowers.
CameliaTWU
Bergenia cordifolia & hybrids Waldsteinia ternata

Uli Lorimer Curator of Native
Flora Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Elephant-ears Siberian Waldsteinia
Graham Titchmarsh/RHS
Robust perennials spreading on thick, branching rhizomes. Rhizomatous, semi-evergreen perennial with lobed,
Leaves are large, glossy and paddle-like and purple-tinged toothed leaves above which are borne bright yellow, open
in winter. The flowers are usually in shades of pink, borne flowers to 1.5cm across in late spring and early summer.
on fleshy stems.
Leucothoe fontanesiana Calluna vulgaris
Erosion control
Drooping Laurel Heather
Shrub to 2m or so with arching branches carrying evergreen, Variable shrub to 60cm with tiny, densely packed leaves and
Deborah Long/Plantlife
leathery, lance-shaped leaves and small white flowers in bell-shaped, often pink flowers. A great range of cultivars
spring. Variegated cultivars are available. Needs a sheltered selected for flower and foliage characters is available.
Andy Jones
position.
Pachysandra terminalis Crambe maritima

Carpet Box Sea-kale

Evergreen perennial spreading on smooth stems from Spreading perennial to 75cm tall with large, thick, lobed,
which are produced deeply cut, glossy, dark green leaves. glaucous leaves and dense racemes of white, cross-shaped
ukwildflowers.com
Small white flowers are produced in early summer. flowers in early summer.
Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilis

Christmas Box
Christopher Whitehouse
Low-growing, suckering shrub grown for its glossy, dark

green, narrow leaves and small but fragrant, pink-tinged
white flowers produced in winter. The flowers are followed
by dark, shiny fruit.

Naturalising plants Naturalising plants
Aethionema 'Warley Rose' Eryngium giganteum

Stone Cress 'Warley Rose' Tall Eryngo
Semi-evergreen subshrub with narrow glaucous leaves (to Architectural biennial (to 90cm) bearing a rosette of heart-
1cm) and abundant racemes of pink, cross-shaped flowers
ukwildflowers.com
shaped leaves. Above these, cylindrical umbels of flowers
in late spring and summer. are set upon a ruff of spiny, silvery bracts.
Aubrieta deltoidea Iberis saxatilis

Aubretia Alpine Candytuft
Mat-forming perennial to 5cm tall with small, hairy leaves Evergreen subshrub with fleshy leaves to 2cm long
ukwildflowers.com
and brightly coloured cross-shaped flowers usually in (becoming flatter on flowering shoots). The small, white,
Andreas Balzer
shades of red or purple. Double-flowered cultivars are cross-shaped flowers are borne in late spring and summer.
available.
Campanula rotundifolia Lunaria annua

Harebell Honesty
Beth Newman/Plantlife
Spreading perennial to 30cm tall with heart-shaped leaves. Annual or biennial with toothed, heart-shaped leaves
Slender stems bear nodding, bell-shaped flowers, usually above which appear racemes of four-petalled, bright purple
ukwildflowers.com
in shades of blue. flowers. Can grow to a height of 90cm.
Digitalis purpurea Asphodeline lutea

www.flickr.com/photos/tjblackwell
Foxglove Yellow Asphodel
Bulbs
Biennial forming a neat rosette of hairy leaves in the rst Tall, fleshy-rooted perennial forming clumps of narrow,
year followed in the second by graceful, one-sided spikes glaucous leaves topped by dense spikes of fragrant yellow
Tom Blackwell
to 2m of tubular, purple flowers with maroon spots on the flowers. Grows to 1.5m high.
Tony Rodd
inside.
Summer
Echium vulgare Camassia quamash

Viper's-bugloss Common Camassia
Bushy biennial bearing bristly, narrow leaves and in the Vigorous, bulbous perennial to 80cm producing bright
Lynette Schimming
second year purple, pink-tinged, bell-shaped flowers in green, channelled leaves and large, upright spikes of star-
Stuart Anthony
dense inflorescences. shaped, showy blue flowers.
Summer
Bulbs Bulbs
Colchicum autumnale Crocus etruscus

Meadow Saffron Tuscan Crocus
Cormous perennial producing copious pink, goblet-shaped Cormous perennial to 8cm usually seen with lilac-blue
flowers (to 15cm), followed by lance-shaped leaves. Double- flowers that are silvery brown on the outside. Leaves are
Phillippe Bullot
flowered cultivars are available. produced after the flowers.
RHS
Autumn
Colchicum speciosum Crocus laevigatus

Giant Meadow Saffron Smooth Crocus
Vigorous, cormous perennial to 18cm with narrow leaves. Variable cormous perennial to 8cm with usually white
Goblet-shaped flowers are pink-purple, often with a white to lilac, fragrant flowers often with distinct feathering.
throat. Flowers are produced simultaneously with the dark green,
linear leaves.
RHS
Autumn Spring
Crocus banaticus Crocus nudiorus

Byzantine Crocus Autumn Crocus
Cormous perennial to 10cm producing solitary, purple Spreading, cormous perennial to 20cm. Its purple flowers
flowers. The outer tepals are large and boat-shaped, the with a long tube are produced before the narrow leaves.
inner much smaller. Leaves are dark green and linear.
Joan Simon
Autumn Autumn
Crocus biorus Crocus tommasinianus

Silvery Crocus Early Crocus
Variable cormous perennial to 6cm carrying flowers which Variable cormous perennial to 10cm with pale-striped linear
Christophe Quintin
Manfred Dalmeijer
have yellow throats and can be found in shades of blue or leaves and flowers which can be pale lilac to deep purple.
Dalmeijer
white, sometimes with purple striping.
Spring Spring
Crocus chrysanthus Cyclamen coum

Golden Crocus Eastern Sowbread
Cormous perennial to 5cm with flowers which can vary in Tuberous perennial to 8cm with silver-patterned, rounded,
colour from pale cream to deep yellow, often with a purplish deep green leaves and flowers in shades of pink with swept
Shihmei Barger
suffusion on the exterior. back tepals.
Ann Van Roy

Spring Spring
Bulbs Bulbs
Cyclamen hederifolium Narcissus 'Hawera'

Sowbread Daffodil 'Hawera'
Toscana y Liguria 2007
Tuberous perennial producing waxy heart-shaped or Bulbous perennial producing multiple flowers per bulb,
triangular leaves with pale patterning. The flowers are in each of which are buttery yellow and wide-spreading with a
Peter Corbett
shades of pink, borne singly on upright stems and have short, broad corona.
twisted, swept back tepals.
Autumn Spring
Dierama pulcherrimum Scilla siberica

Angel's Fishing-rod Siberian Squill
Elayne Takemoto / Annies
Annuals and Perennials
Cormous perennial to 1.5m with narrow, grass-like leaves Bulbous perennial to about 15cm with shiny, lance-shaped
and graceful, arching stems of pendant, bell-shaped flowers leaves and pendant, bright blue flowers to 1.5cm across.
in shades of pink. It requires plentiful water when in growth
Peter Dutton
and may be susceptible to hard frost.
Summer Spring
Fritillaria meleagris Angelica gigas
Herbaceous
Architectural plants
Snake's-head Fritillary Purple Angelica
www.barkandbloom.com
Bulbous perennial to 30cm with delicate stems that carry Herb to 2m tall with toothed, pinnate leaves. Dark red
heavy, pendant flowers (to 4.5cm long). The flowers are in umbels of flowers are borne on red stems in late summer.
shades of pinkish purple with dark checkering. Biennial or short-lived perennial.
Rogerio Lira
Spring
Galtonia candicans Aralia cachemirica

Summer Hyacinth Angelica-tree
Bulbous perennial with fleshy, lance-shaped leaves Huge leaves to 1.2m long divided into shiny leaflets above
Anne Grauenhorst
and leafless stems to 1.2m tall. Bears pendant, white, which appear spikes of starry umbels to 3m tall.
bell-shaped flowers that are each 5cm long. Soils need to
be moist in spring and summer but drier over winter.
Sue Taylor
Summer
Narcissus 'Actaea' Crambe cordifolia

Daffodil 'Actaea' Greater Sea-kale
Sophie Thomas/Plantlife
Strongly fragrant bulbous perennial to 45cm. The white Huge clumps of heart-shaped foliage to 1.5m across are
flowers have a short, cup-shaped corona which is yellow topped by branching sprays of small white flowers to 2m
Alexandre Vialle
margined red. Leaves are narrow and hairless. high.
Spring

Architectural plants Architectural plants
Herbaceous Herbaceous
Datisca cannabina Rodgersia aesculifolia

Steve Law @ Brighton Plants
Cretan Hemp Chestnut-leaved Rodgersia
Slender stems to 3m bear delicate, dissected leaves and Large, wrinkled basal leaves are palmately divided and
tassels of green flowers. bear branching stems of small pink or white flowers. Forms
clumps to 1.5m across.
Eupatorium maculatum Atropurpureum Group Thalictrum rochebrunianum
www.flickr.com/photos/sa_young
Joe Pye Weed Meadow-rue
Perennial to 3m with domed heads of purple flowers over Much-divided foliage bears frothy lavender and yellow
whorls of dark foliage. flowers to 3m or more in height.
Barry Phillips/RHS
Scott Young
Ferula communis Veronicastrum virginicum
Giant Fennel Culver's Root
Robust perennial to 3m tall with nely cut pinnate leaves Perennial to 2m or more bearing architectural whorls of
and dramatic, much-branched inflorescences bearing toothed foliage and tall wands of lilac flowers.
Peter C. Gorman
umbels of yellow flowers.
Ishai Parasol
Levisticum ofcinale Astelia chathamica
Grasses & bamboos

flickr.com/photos/variationen
Lovage Silver Spear

Herb to 2.5m tall with glossy, pinnate leaves and umbels of Clump-forming perennial to 1.2m tall bearing clumps of
Carol Sheppard/RHS
yellow flowers in midsummer. broad, channelled, silvery leaves. Yellowish green flowers
are sometimes produced and followed by orange berries.
Rheum palmatum Chusquea culeou

Ornamental Rhubarb Chilean Bamboo
A huge ornamental rhubarb to 2.5m tall or more with large, Erect, clump-forming bamboo with solid, yellow-green
deeply lobed leaves and upright spikes of small greenish stems growing to 6m in ideal conditions with a spread of
Vilma Bharatan
flowers. 2.5m.
RHS
Architectural plants Climbers /
Grasses & bamboos Plants to cover walls
Fargesia nitida Actinidia kolomikta
Fountain Bamboo Kolomikta
Graceful, slow-growing bamboo forming clumps of slender, Vigorous twining climber to 5m or more, rarely producing
dark purple canes growing to a height of 5m with a spread its small flowers but bearing large leaves that become
of 1.5m. attractively variegated white and pink in the upper half.
Nn La Beet
Phyllostachys nigra Akebia quinata
Black Bamboo Chocolate Vine
Clump-forming bamboo with arching, slender canes turning Striking, purple, sausage-shaped fruits to 10cm long are
deep black. Grows to 5m with a spread of 3m. borne on a twining semi-evergreen climber. The leaves
Howard Dickins
are in ve parts and the fragrant brownish flowers are
Ashley Basil
Basil
attractive. Climbs to 10m.
Pleioblastus simonii Ceanothus arboreus 'Trewithen Blue'

Simon's Bamboo Californian Lilac 'Trewithen Blue'
Fairly small bamboo to 3m in height. The variegated cultivar Evergreen shrub to 5m or so with glossy, dark green, oval
'Variegatus' has linear, white-striped leaves. leaves to 10cm long. In spring and summer frothy heads
of blue flowers are borne in abundance. May be damaged
by frosts.
Stipa gigantea Chaenomeles japonica

Golden Oats Japanese Quince
www.ruthbancroftgarden.org
Forms dense, evergreen clumps over which are carried high Spreading, thorny shrub to 1m tall and 2m across bearing
Carolyn Madison
plumes of golden flowers. large orange-red flowers in spring as the glossy leaves
Gertrud Kanu
appear. The fruits are red, tinged with yellow and around
4cm long.
Chaenomeles superba 'Rowallane'

Japanese Quince 'Rowallane'
Spiny deciduous shrub to 1m bearing glossy green leaves
and scarlet flowers to 4cm across. Flowers may be followed
by yellowish fruit.
Emma Pearce
Climbers / Climbers /
Plants to cover walls Plants to cover walls
Clematis cultivars Hedera colchica 'Sulphur Heart'
Clematis Persian Ivy Sulphur Heart
'Etoile Rose' (pictured) is a reliable small-flowered Large-leaved ivy with a large central, golden variegation
climber carrying nodding, bell-shaped pink flowers from growing to perhaps 5m. Tolerant of a wide range of
Kathleen Odekirk
midsummer to autumn. Place its roots in shade. conditions once established.
RHS
Clematis cultivars Hydrangea petiolaris
Clematis Climbing Hydrangea
Sophie Thomas/Plantlife
'Hagley Hybrid' (pictured) is a robust large-flowered climber Deciduous climber with leaves turning yellow before falling.
bearing broad pinkish flowers in summer. Place its roots in Grows to 10m or more and carries domes of white flowers
shade. with bracteate flowers at the margins. Avoid shallow,
chalky soils.
Elaeagnus ebbingei Indigofera heterantha

Ebbinge's Silverberry Himalayan Indigo
Evergreen shrub to 4m with a dense, leafy habit. Leaves are Spreading shrub to 3m bearing pinnate, grey-green leaves
Heidi De Dobbelaere
leathery with silver scales on the underside. The flowers, to 10cm long on arching branches. Throughout summer
produced in autumn are small, white and extremely racemes of purple-pink pea flowers are produced.
fragrant. There are several variegated cultivars.
Euonymus fortunei 'Silver Queen' Itea ilicifolia

Spindle 'Silver Queen' Holly-leaved Sweet-spire
Sue Southway/Plantlife
Evergreen shrub to 2.5m with flexible stems bearing waxy, Evergreen shrub with arching, flexible shoots to 5m tall
white-margined leaves. White fruit opening to reveal with sharp-pointed, glossy leaves to 10cm long. Pendant
orange-coated seeds may be produced after the small racemes (to 30cm long) of small, greenish flowers make
Scott Zona
flowers. a graceful display from midsummer into autumn. Needs
shelter from cold winds.
Hedera algeriensis 'Gloire de Marengo' Jasminum nudiorum

Ivy 'Glorie de Marengo' Winter Jasmine
Large-leaved ivy with creamy marginal variegation with Deciduous shrub to 3m with wiry, green stems which bear
long, easily trained stems. Tolerant of a wide range of pinnate leaves to 3cm long in summer. Bright yellow flowers
GWI/Trevor Sims
Salom Bielsa
conditions once established. to 2cm across appear in winter and early spring.

Climbers / Climbers /
Plants to cover walls Plants to cover walls
Lonicera periclymenum 'Graham Thomas' Trachelospermum jasminoides 'Variegatum'

Honeysuckle 'Graham Thomas' Variegated Star Jasmine
Strong-growing, twining climber to 7m. Very fragrant white Glossy-leaved, twining climber with foliage margined and
flowers, aging yellow, are followed by red fruit. splashed with white. Bears starry, fragrant white flowers
in summer. Requires shelter from cold winds and may be
susceptible to frost.
Myrtus communis Vitis coignetiae

Common Myrtle Crimson Glory-vine
Evergreen shrub to 3m bearing a dense coverage of dark Vigorous, tendril climber with large, lobed leaves to 30cm
green aromatic foliage and, from midsummer, white flowers across that turn yellow, then bright red, in autumn.
Salom Bielsa
with prominent stamens which are followed by black fruit.
John Oxton
Not fully hardy; shelter from cold winds.
Pileostegia viburnoides Wisteria oribunda cultivars

Climbing Hydrangea Japanese Wisteria

Evergreen climber to 6m with attractively leathery, oblong Numerous wisteria cultivars are offered.
leaves and creamy white flowers in late summer. May suffer 'Yae-kokuryu' (pictured) has large, very fragrant racemes of
GWI/Trevor Sims
in the coldest winter weather double flowers.
Rosa 'New Dawn' Abelia grandiora
Shrubs
Rose 'New Dawn' Glossy Abelia
A vigorous climbing rose with arching stems bearing glossy Semi-evergreen shrub to 3m bearing glossy, dark green
leaves and full, palest pink flowers. Suitable for sun or leaves and fragrant pinkish white tubular flowers that fall
Orfano Mondo
Tatiana Gerus
partial shade. A great range of climbing roses, providing for to reveal persistent pink calyces.
different aspects and effects, are available.
Summer
Stachyurus praecox Acer palmatum var. dissectum

Early Stachyurus Cut-leaved Japanese Maple
Deciduous shrub to 4m with arching stems and egg-shaped Rounded shrub bearing deeply cut, sometimes purple,
leaves. In spring stiff, hanging racemes of bell-shaped foliage that colours up well in autumn and is often
unforth on Flickr
Farrukh Younus
greenish yellow flowers are borne on the bare stems. Needs accompanied by ornamental winged fruits. Protect from
shelter from cold winds. cold, drying winds.

Shrubs Shrubs
Aucuba japonica 'Crotonifolia' Elaeagnus ebbingei

Spotted-laurel Ebbinge's Silverberry
Dependable shrub to 3m tall grown primarily for its glossy, Evergreen shrub to 4m with a dense, leafy habit. Good for
toothed leaves (to 20cm long) which are speckled with background structure or screening. Leaves are leathery
Terry Langhorn
yellow markings. Small purple flowers may be followed by with silver scales on the underside. Variegated cultivars
bright red berries. Grows best in partial shade. are available. Extremely fragrant, small, white flowers are
produced in autumn.
Buxus sempervirens Enkianthus campanulatus

Box Redvein Enkianthus
Jennifer Forman Orth

Dense-growing, rounded shrub eventually to 5m but Deciduous shrub to 4m or so with toothed leaves on whorled
Ferran Turmo Gort
responding well to pruning. Leaves evergreen, small and branches turning yellowish in autumn. Dainty, pendant,
dark green. Produces small and yellowish flowers in spring. bell-shaped, creamy flowers (with red on the veins) are
If positioned in full sun it will need a moist soil. produced in late spring.
Spring
Camellia japonica cultivars Escallonia macrantha

Common Camellia Escallonia
Evergreen shrubs to 4m or more, with glossy, toothed elliptic A ne shrub to 4m but easily pruned with dark, glossy,
leaves. A huge number of cultivars have been selected often aromatic leaves and tubular, rosy flowers. Good as a
ukwildflowers.com
with large double flowers in shades of pink. windbreak, though may be susceptible to frost in inland
cliff1066
areas.
Spring
Cornus alba Forsythia intermedia

White Dogwood Forsythia

Hardy and resilient deciduous shrub to 3m tall bearing red Easily propagated, pollution-tolerant deciduous shrub
bark and available as several variegated cultivars. Good to 2m tall bearing bright golden flowers on bare stems in
for background structure or screening. Grow in full sun for spring. Good for background structure or screening.
Maja Dumat
Dumat
most striking stem colour.
Cotinus coggygria Garrya elliptica

Smoke Tree Silk-tassel Bush (pictured: cultivar 'James Roof')
www.flickr.com/photos/
hortulus-aptus.com
Shrub to 5m with oval leaves turning rich orange and red Hard-wearing evergreen shrub to 4m with glossy, grey-
hortulus-aptus.com
in autumn and retaining whispy panicles after flowering. green, opposite leaves. Highly ornamental catkins are
kenny_murray
Purple-leaved forms available. Coloured-leaved cultivars borne in winter and early spring. Good windbreak.
perform best in full sun.

Shrubs Shrubs
Hamamelis vernalis Ilex aquifolium

Spring Witch-hazel Holly
www.morrisarboretum.org
Upright shrub bearing spidery yellow or orange flowers on Hardy evergreen shrub bearing spiny, glossy foliage when
bare twigs in winter and spring. The leaves turn clear yellow
ukwildflowers.com
young. Available in a range of variegated cultivars. Female
in autumn. plants bear red berries. Good as a windbreak.
Hebe rakaiensis Ligustrum lucidum

Rakai Hebe Chinese Privet
Dense shrub to 1m with glossy green leaves to 2cm long Evergreen shrub or tree easily pruned to size with glossy,
thickly covering a rounded bush. The white racemes
Mauro Halpern
dark green leaves. Variegated cultivars are available. Good
of flowers (to 4cm long) are borne in summer. Good for for background structure or screening.
Alan Pascoe
hedging. Will tolerate maritime exposure but not very cold

winds.
Hebe topiaria Magnolia stellata

Topiarist's Hebe Star Magnolia
Dense, low-growing shrub to 60cm with glossy, grey-green Deciduous shrub, becoming spreading with age, bearing
leaves to 1.5cm long. Racemes of white flowers to 2cm are narrow leaves to 10cm long. Silky buds carried on the bare
Annkatrin Rose
carried in summer. Good for hedging. Will tolerate maritime branches open into white, star-like flowers, 12cm across.
Takeo Goto
exposure but not very cold winds. Shelter from cold winds and avoid transplanting.
Spring
Hydrangea macrophylla Magnolia soulangeana

Mophead Hydrangea Chinese Magnolia
Compact, deciduous shrub to 2m with opposite, broad Variable large shrub to 6m with dark green leaves to 20cm
lindleyashline.com
leaves to 20cm long. There are many cultivars which bear long. Large goblet-shaped flowers (to 30cm across) ranging
domes of flowers in a great range of colours, some formed from white to purple. Shelter from cold winds and avoid
Tim Waters
of entirely sterile bracts and others with fertile flowers at transplanting.
the centre.
Summer Spring
Hydrangea serrata Nandina domestica

Lacecap Hydrangea Heavenly Bamboo

Deciduous shrub with opposite leaves to 15cm long and Bamboo like stems carry graceful compound, evergreen
Junichiro Aoyama
flattened domes of flowers which bear colourful sterile leaves that turn vivid red in autumn and winter. Small,
bracts at the margins. Many cultivars are available. starry flowers are sometimes followed by bright red fruit.
Requires a sheltered site to thrive.
Summer
Shrubs Shrubs
Olearia macrodonta Pieris japonica

New Zealand Holly Lily-of-the-valley Bush
Shrub, eventually to 5m, with holly-like, greyish leaves. Evergreen shrub of neat habit to 4m tall with toothed
ukwildflowers.com
Profuse heads of fragrant, daisy-like flowers are borne in elliptic leaves that are reddish when young. Panicles of
Peter Stevens
summer. A good windbreak. numerous urn-shaped, white flowers appear from pink
buds. Several cultivars are available. Protect young growth
from late frosts.
Spring
Olearia haastii Sarcococca hookeriana

Susan Tindall at Plant Press
Daisy-bush Sweet Box

Tough, bushy evergreen shrub to 2m tall with dark green Small, suckering shrub to 1.5m forming neat clumps of
leaves felted on the underside. Produces daisy flowers in upright stems which bear glossy, broadly lance-shaped
Peter Stevens
summer. Good for background structure or screening. leaves. In winter, clusters of sweetly fragrant, small white
flowers form and are followed by shiny black fruit.
Osmanthus burkwoodii Skimmia japonica 'Nymans'

Burkwood Osmanthus Skimmia 'Nymans'
Evergreen shrub to 3m with a dense habit and toothed, dark A spreading shrub to 1m x 2m bearing glossy, evergreen,
green leaves. The small, tubular white flowers are extremely aromatic foliage. Fragrant white flowers and round, red
Peter Stevens
fragrant. fruits are freely produced.
Spring
Philadelphus coronarius Viburnum betulifolium

Mock-orange Birch-leaf Viburnum
Shrub to 3m bearing toothed, deciduous leaves and highly Deciduous shrub with an upright habit growing to 3m tall.
fragrant, creamy, cup-shaped flowers (to 2.5cm across) in The white flowers in early summer are followed by pendant
Maja Dumat
early summer. clusters of bright red fruit which persist well through the
Kim Smith
winter.
Summer
Photinia fraseri Viburnum burkwoodii cultivars

Christmas Berry Burkwood Viburnum
Evergreen shrub growing to 5m but easily pruned to size. Evergreen shrub to 3m with dark green, shiny leaves. Globes
White flowers are carried in spring and young foliage is of very fragrant white flowers to 10cm across open from
bright red. Good for background structure or screening. pink buds and are sometimes followed by small red fruit
Needs protection from cold winds. (turning black).
J Brew
Spring

Trees Trees
Acer palmatum Fraxinus ornus

Japanese Maple Manna Ash
Small tree bearing graceful, lobed leaves that become Deciduous tree to 15m with pinnate leaves that turn red in
scarlet in autumn. Many choice cultivars are available. autumn. Creamy white flowers are followed by pendulous
Salom Bielsa
clusters of winged yellow or red fruit.
atotto
Arbutus andrachnoides Liquidambar styraciua

Hybrid Strawberry Tree Sweet Gum
Tree to 8m with peeling red bark and glossy, toothed leaves Conical tree to 20m with neatly lobed leaves turning deep
photo by Azurian Flow
that are glaucous on the underside. The small flowers are
kimubert@flickr
bronze, red and orange before falling. For best autumn
white and appear in autumn. Alkaline soils may be tolerated colour plant in full sun. Can tolerate alkaline conditions
but acid is preferred. Shelter from cold winds. where soils are deep.
Cercis siliquastrum Magnolia grandiora

Judas Tree Large-flowered Magnolia
Deciduous tree to 10m bearing pink, pea flowers which Magnicent tree to 10m or more with large, very glossy,
appear on the bare stems. The attractive foliage is glossy bright green leaves that are rusty brown on the underside.
Salom Bielsa
and heart-shaped. Bears huge, cup-shaped, fragrant white flowers. May be
LiChien Pan
damaged by very cold weather.
Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet' Malus 'Golden Hornet'

Hawthorn 'Paul's Scarlet' Crab Apple 'Golden Hornet'
Thorny, deciduous tree to 8m. Bears a great profusion of Deciduous tree to 8m with a rounded habit. White flowers
bright red-pink, very double flowers in late spring. in spring are followed by copious, spherical, golden yellow
David Brookes
fruit to 2cm across which are carried over a long period.
RHS
Crataegus lavalleei Nyssa sylvatica
Uli Lorimer Curator of Native

Flora Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Lavalleei's Hawthorn Tupelo
Spreading, semi-deciduous tree to 7m bearing domed Broadly conical tree to 15m. Leaves produce spectacular
heads of white flowers followed by orange-red fruits to 2cm ery shades in autumn. Shelter from cold winds and plant
across that persist through the winter. out when young.
Hendri Pas

Trees Plants for wildlife
Parrotia persica Anthriscus sylvestris Ravenswing

Persian Ironwood Cow Parsley Ravenswing
Spreading tree to 8m tall bearing peeling bark and spidery, Biennial, or short-lived perennial, to 1m tall with lacy, dark
bright red flowers in winter and early spring. Produces re- foliage. Umbels of pink flowers on slender stems are carried
Jacki Dougan
coloured autumn foliage. Grow in acid soil for best autumn
Ryan Somma
early in the season.

colour.
Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' Aster linosyris

Cherry Plum 'Pissardii' Goldilocks Aster
Purple-leaved deciduous tree to 10m bearing cup-shaped Clumping perennial with erect stems of golden yellow
flowers (2.5cm across) that are pink, fading to white.
ukwildflowers.com
flowers to 70cm high in late summer and early autumn.
Cody Hough
Late Season
Sorbus 'Joseph Rock' Aster novi-belgii

Mountain Ash 'Joseph Rock' Michaelmas Daisy
Deciduous tree to 10m bearing pinnate leaves that colour Clump-forming perennial to 1.2m. Available as a wide range
well in autumn. Spring white flowers are followed by round, of cultivars mostly with violet, daisy flowers in late summer
pale yellow fruit to 1cm across. and autumn.
Jonathan Brazil: flickr.com/jbwan flora cyclam

Jim Brodie
Late Season
Sorbus thibetica 'John Mitchell' Buddleja globosa

Tibetan Whitebeam 'John Mitchell' Orange-ball-tree
Tree to 20m or so with very broad, round, silver-grey leaves Erect, deciduous shrub with orange flowers borne in eye-
with heads of white flowers in spring followed by yellowish catching spheres in June. May be damaged by hard frosts.
fruit to 1.5cm across.
RHS
Ceanothus thyrsiorus
Californian Lilac
Dense evergreen shrub providing cover and shelter for
wildlife. Bears bright blue flowers in early summer. Hardy in
Barry Phillips/RHS
all but the coldest areas.

Plants for wildlife Plants for wildlife
Chimonanthus praecox Hesperis matronalis

Wintersweet Dame's-violet
Strong-growing deciduous shrub to 4m with glossy Biennial, or short-lived perennial, to 1m forming a rosette
lanceolate leaves to 20cm. Nodding, deliciously fragrant, of basal leaves. Leafy stems bear cross-shaped flowers to
greenish-yellow flowers are produced on the bare twigs in 4cm across, in white or shades of purple.
Doug Wirtz
tanakawho
winter. The flowers are often stained purple inside and are
up to 2.5cm across.
Early Season Evening / Night
Chimonanthus praecox 'Luteus' Hyssopus ofcinalis

Wintersweet 'Luteus' Hyssop
Deciduous shrub to 4m with open, clear yellow flowers. Dwarf semi-evergreen shrub to 60cm with small, dense,
aromatic foliage and spikes of two-lipped, dark blue flowers
Salom Bielsa
from midsummer.
Early Season
Erica darleyensis Ilex aquifolium 'J. C. van Tol'

Darley Dale Heath (pictured: cultivar 'Arthur Johnson') Holly 'J.C. van Tol'
Low-growing shrub with needle-like leaves, bearing flowers Self-fertile tree to 6m with glossy evergreen, fairly spine-
in late winter and spring. Flowers are urn-shaped, usually free leaves and copious bright red berries.
in shades of pink and form racemes to 10cm long. Many
cultivars are available. Alkaline soils may be tolerated.
RHS
Early Season
Hamamelis intermedia Ilex altaclarensis

Intermediate Witch-hazel Highclere Holly
Shrub to 4m with upright branches which carry green leaves Evergreen shrubs providing cover and shelter for wildlife,
CAMERA MAD DOM

Carol Sheppard/RHS
(to 15cm) that turn yellow in autumn. In winter the bare with broad, glossy leaves that are variegated in many
twigs bear spidery, fragrant flowers in shades of yellow, cultivars. Female plants bear fruit. May be damaged by
orange or red. Various cultivars are available. hard frosts.
Early Season
Heliotropium arborescens Kniphoa rooperi

Common Heliotrope Rooper's Red-hot-poker
Bushy, low-growing shrub best grown as an annual with Imposing perennial to 1.2m with clumps of broadly linear
dark, wrinkled leaves and flat heads of violet-blue flowers leaves and impressive, fat heads of red hot poker flowers in
that are carried in summer. autumn.
Carl E Lewis
Late Season
Plants for wildlife Plants for wildlife
Mahonia media Nicotiana sylvestris

Yellow Lily-of-the-valley Bush Flowering Tobacco
amandabhslater on Flickr
Upright shrub, eventually to 5m, with leathery, hairless, Biennial, or short-lived perennial, to 1.5m tall. Produces a
sharp-pointed pinnate leaves to 45cm long and racemes rosette of dark leaves from which emerges an inflorescence
of fragrant yellow flowers to 35cm long at the ends of the bearing strongly fragrant white flowers with long tubes to
shoots. If planting in full sun requires damp soil. 10cm. May survive outdoors but best raised from seed each
year.
Early Season Evening / Night
Malus 'Golden Hornet' Sedum spectabile

Crab Apple 'Golden Hornet' Butterfly Stonecrop
Deciduous tree to 8m with copious, spherical, golden yellow Easily propagated, fleshy perennial with flat heads of
www.olliecrafoord.se
fruit to 2cm across which are carried over a long period. (usually) pink flowers. For best wildlife value sterile hybrids
White flowers are produced in spring. should be avoided. Neutral, moderately fertile soil is best.
RHS
Late Season
Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis Silene noctiora

Night-scented Stock Night-flowering Catchfly
Anita Gould flickr.com/anitagould John Martin/Natural England

Annual with linear or lobed, grey-green leaves to 8cm long. Annual to 60cm with hairy leaves and upright sticky stems
In summer four-petalled flowers (2cm across) in shades of bearing fragrant, yellowish, pink-tinged flowers which open
Katy Prentice/RHS
pink and purple are borne in loose racemes. at night.
Evening / Night Evening / Night
Narcissus cultivars Valeriana ofcinalis

Daffodil Common Valerian
Bulbous perennials flowering in late winter and spring. Pinnate-leaved, clump-forming perennial to 80cm tall or
Flowers are mostly in shades of yellow (sometimes white more with upright stems bearing flat-topped pink or white
Alexandre Vialle
or pink) and have outer tepals and a central corona. Choose flowerheads.
single-flowered cultivars for best wildlife value.
Early Season
Nicotiana alata Viburnum bodnantense

Sweet Tobacco Bodnant Viburnum
Perennial but usually grown as an annual. Forms a rosette Deciduous shrub to 3m bearing toothed leaves to 10cm
of leaves from which emerge loose racemes of strongly that have a reddish tinge when young. The highly fragrant,
unforth on Flickr
fragrant flowers, spreading at the mouth from a long tube. tubular flowers in shades of pink are borne in clusters at the
Carl E Lewis
Flowers are greenish yellow outside and white within. ends of the branches.
Evening / Night Early Season

Plants for ponds Plants for ponds
and bog gardens and bog gardens
Callitriche stagnalis Myriophyllum spicatum
Common Water-starwort Spiked Water-milfoil
Andrew Gagg/Plantlife
Oxygenating perennial with narrow, opposite submerged Perennial oxygenator with whorls of deeply divided leaves
leaves that become broader in the open air. The flowers are borne on stems to 1m or more. In summer small reddish
small and insignicant, borne in summer. flowers are carried just above the water.
Ben Goldsmith
Ceratophyllum demersum Myriophyllum verticillatum
Rigid Hornwort Whorled Water-milfoil
Bob Gibbons/Natural Image
Submerged oxygenating plant with low light requirements. Perennial oxygenator with whorls of deeply divided leaves
Perennial with stiff stems eventually growing to 1m if left and linear leaflets borne on stems to 1m or more. In
Kristian Peters
unchecked. Leaves are dark green and forked into linear, summer very small yellowish flowers are carried just above
toothed segments. Prefers quite nutrient rich water. the surface of the water.
Eleocharis acicularis Potamogeton crispus

Needle Spike-rush Curled Pondweed
Rhizomatous oxygenating perennial to 10cm with rush-like Perennial oxygenator bearing submerged, dissected,
Andrew Gagg/Plantlife
Nick Stewart/Plantlife
leaves and flowers in spikelets to 5mm (not produced when almost translucent leaves and leathery, floating leaves
submerged). with very undulating margins. The flowers are very small
and whitish, carried just above the water.
Fontinalis antipyretica Ranunculus aquatilis

Willow Moss Common Water-crowfoot
Bob Gibbons/Natural Image

Attractive, evergreen, oxygenating moss lacking proper Pretty annual/short-lived perennial with submerged
roots with shoots to 15cm long and tightly packed leaves branching stems and nely divided leaves and floating
to 5mm. lobed, kidney-shaped leaves. Produces white flowers (2cm)
Kurt Stueber
at the water's surface in summer. Prefers shallow water

with good nutrient levels.
Hottonia palustris Hydrocharis morsus-ranae

Water-violet Frogbit
Perennial oxygenator with whorled, pinnate, narrow-lobed Stoloniferous perennial spreading on the surface of water
ukwildflowers.com
leaves. Whorls of lilac, yellow-throated flowers to 2.5cm and producing rounded, glossy leaves to 3cm long. White,
across are borne on upright stems that appear above the bowl-shaped flowers, 2cm across, yellow at the centre are
A. S. Kers
surface of the water in spring. borne in the summer. Less vigorous in deeper water.

Nymphaea alba Canna 'Endeavour'
photo by Ivo M. Vermeulen, Courtesy

White Water-lily Water Canna 'Endeavour'
The New York Botanical Garden

Perennial with floating, rounded, dark green, often red- Tender, rhizomatous perennial to 1.8m with erect, glaucous,
tinged leaves to about 30cm across. The starburst flowers paddle-shaped leaves and spikes of narrow-petalled red
Randi Hausken
to 20cm or more across are white with yellow centres. FOR flowers to 5cm across in summer and autumn. Lift tubers
LARGE PONDS ONLY. and overwinter in frost-free conditions.
Nymphaea hardy hybrids Canna 'Erebus'

Garden Water-lily Water Canna 'Erebus'
There are many hybrids to choose from. Nymphaea Tender, rhizomatous perennial to 1.2m with erect, dark
'Marliacea Albida' (pictured) has cup-shaped flowers to green, paddle-shaped leaves and spikes of exotic salmon
David Nunn/RHS
15cm across that are white with yellow centres. flowers to 8cm across in summer and autumn. Lift tubers
Tony Rodd
and overwinter in frost-free conditions.
Alisma plantago-aquatica Canna 'Ra'

Water-plantain Water Canna 'Ra'
ukwildflowers.com
Perennial to 1m bearing linear submerged leaves and Tender, rhizomatous perennial to 1.8m with erect, slender,
rosettes of long-stalked, lance-shaped, greyish leaves green leaves and spikes of exotic lemon yellow flowers in
Carol Sheppard/RHS
above the water. Produces very pale pink flowers to 1.5cm summer and autumn. Lift tubers and overwinter in frost-
on much-branched inflorescences in summer. Best in water free conditions.
15-30cm deep.
Butomus umbellatus Chrysosplenium davidianum

Flowering-rush David's Golden-saxifrage
Perennial to 1.5m with rush-like, twisted leaves emerging Mat-forming perennial to 8cm tall with hairy, rounded,
Heidi De Dobbelaere
purple and turning green. Umbels of fragrant pink flowers dark green leaves and greenish yellow, cup-shaped flowers
David W. Allen
to 2.5cm across are borne in late summer on tall stems. above leafy bracts.
Grow in mud or water to 25cm deep.
Caltha palustris Lysimachia nummularia 'Aurea'

Marsh-marigold Golden Creeping-Jenny
Whitehouse
Rhizomatous perennial bearing kidney-shaped leaves to Prostrate perennial grown for its rounded, golden leaves in
10cm long. Open, waxy, yellow flowers are carried on stems opposite pairs but also bearing yellow, cup-shaped flowers
to 45cm in spring. in summer.
J.C. Lucier

Mentha aquatica Astilboides tabularis
Water Mint Common Astilboides
Rhizomatous perennial to 90cm with purple stems and Clump-forming perennial with large, round leaves to 90cm
Esther Westerveld
narrow, toothed, hairy and aromatic leaves. In summer long. Small, white flowers are borne on long stalks in
dense spheres of tubular lilac flowers are produced. Grows summer. Can cope with wet but not waterlogged soils.
Phil Sellens
in water to 15cm deep. Plant in baskets to contain spread.
BOG
Menyanthes trifoliata Carex elata 'Aurea'

Bogbean Bowles's Golden Sedge
Rhizomatous perennial forming floating mats of three- Rhizomatous, perennial sedge to 70cm, dying back in
parted leaves with leaflets to 6cm long. Erect inflorescences winter with leaves that bear a central, golden variegation.
Leigh Hunt/RHS
of white, star-shaped flowers are sometimes produced Small flowers are produced in spring and early summer.
in summer. WILL NEED REGULAR TRIMMING; FOR LARGE
PONDS ONLY.
BOG
Myosotis scorpioides Darmera peltata
www.flickr.com/photos/jim-sf/
Water Forget-me-not Indian-rhubarb
Creeping, rhizomatous perennial with leaves to 10cm and, Slow-spreading rhizomatous perennial bearing umbrella-
in summer, a profusion of bright blue, very open flowers to like leaves to 60cm across, preceded by heads of bright
8mm across with a paler eye. Grows best in water to 10cm pink flowers on long stalks. Will tolerate drier conditions in
Tuovi Kurttio
deep. a shady position.
BOG
Sagittaria sagittifolia Eriophorum angustifolium

Arrowhead Common Cottongrass
Spreading perennial bearing arrow-shaped leaves with long A spreading, perennial member of the sedge family growing
lobes at the base and 1m tall inflorescences carrying white to about 40cm and producing spikes of cotton-like flowers
Stuart Anthony
flowers to 2.5cm across. In deep water long, floating leaves in summer. Survives in water to 5cm deep.
Ben Goldsmith
may also be produced. FOR LARGE PONDS ONLY
BOG
Thalia dealbata Hosta 'Sum and Substance'

Powdery Alligator-flag Plantain Lily 'Sum and Substance'
Perennial to 2.5m bearing lanceolate grey-green leaves Large, ribbed, heart-shaped yellow or green leaves and
on long stalks. Striking, violet flowers are borne in slender spikes of bell-shaped lilac flowers in summer.
Joy Weese Moll
spikes in summer. Not fully hardy and may be deciduous in

cold weather.
BOG
Plants for ponds Cultivation chart & index
and bog gardens
Alpine/Rock garden
CONDITIONS u
Iris ensata
Well-drained
Fast growing
Submerged
Partial sun
Evergreen
Japanese Iris
Emergent
Marginal
www.morrisarboretum.org
Floating
Alkaline
Exposed
Full sun
Coastal
Fertile
Boggy
Shade
Hardy
Moist
Rhizomatous iris to 90cm with narrow leaves. Purple or
Poor
Acid
Wet
Dry
reddish flowers are borne in midsummer. PLANT PAGE
Aubrieta deltoidea 6
Ceratostigma plumbaginoides 6
Frankenia laevis 6
BOG Genista pilosa 6
Geranium 'Mavis Simpson' 6
Iris pseudacorus Geranium sanguineum var. striatum 7
Yellow Iris Lathyrus japonicus subsp. maritimus 7
Vigorous, rhizomatous perennial to 1.5m tall with lance- Silene uniflora 'Robin Whitebreast' 7
Joe Sutton/Plantlife
shaped, greyish leaves and bright yellow flowers with Stachys byzantina 7
darker markings. FOR LARGE PONDS ONLY.
Veronica perfoliata 7
Astrantia major 8
BOG Bergenia cordifolia & hybrids 8
Leucothoe fontanesiana 8
Iris sibirica Pachysandra terminalis 8
Siberian Iris Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilis 8
Rhizomatous iris to 120cm tall with narrow leaves and Viola odorata 9
bluish flowers. A parent of many ne cultivars. Waldsteinia ternata 9
Happy Banshee
Calluna vulgaris 9
Crambe maritima 9
Aethionema 'Warley Rose' 10
BOG
Aubrieta deltoidea 10
Campanula rotundifolia 10
Ligularia 'Gregynog Gold'
Digitalis purpurea 10
Leopard Plant 'Gregynog Gold'
Echium vulgare 10
Award-winning hybrid with rounded leaves to 35cm long. Eryngium giganteum 11

Bears pyramids (to 1.8m tall) of golden daisy flowers 10cm
across in late summer and autumn. Needs protection from Iberis saxatilis 11
very hot sun. Lunaria annua 11
Asphodeline lutea 11
BOG Camassia quamash 11
Colchicum autumnale 12
Zantedeschia aethiopica Colchicum speciosum 12
www.dolphintwo@charter.net
Altar-lily Crocus banaticus 12

Rhizomatous perennial with large, arrow-shaped, glossy Crocus biflorus 12
green leaves and big, white, arum-like flowers on stems to Crocus chrysanthus 12
1m or more. May need winter protection with fleece or a Crocus etruscus 13
Alan Vernon
mulch. Crocus laevigatus 13

Crocus nudiflorus 13
BOG
Crocus tommasinianus 13
Alpine/Rock garden
Alpine/Rock garden
CONDITIONS u CONDITIONS u
Fast growing
Fast growing
Well-drained
Well-drained
Submerged
Submerged
Partial sun
Partial sun
Evergreen
Evergreen
Emergent
Emergent
Marginal
Marginal
Floating
Floating
Alkaline
Alkaline
Exposed
Exposed
Full sun
Full sun
Coastal
Coastal
Fertile
Fertile
Boggy
Boggy
Shade
Shade
Hardy
Hardy
Moist
Moist
Poor
Poor
Acid
Acid
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
PLANT PAGE PLANT PAGE
Cyclamen coum 13 Itea ilicifolia 21
Cyclamen hederifolium 14 Jasminum nudiflorum 21
Dierama pulcherrimum 14 Lonicera periclymenum 22
Fritillaria meleagris 14 Myrtus communis 22
Galtonia candicans 14 Pileostegia viburnoides 22
Narcissus 'Actaea' 14 Rosa 'New Dawn' 22
Narcissus 'Hawera' 15 Stachyurus praecox 22
Scilla siberica 15 Trachelospermum jasminoides 23
Angelica gigas 15 Vitis coignetiae 23
Aralia cachemirica 15 Wisteria floribunda cultivars 23
Crambe cordifolia 15 Abelia grandiflora 23
Datisca cannabina 16 Acer palmatum var. dissectum 23
EupatoriummaculatumAtropurpureumGroup 16 Aucuba japonica 'Crotonifolia' 24
Ferula communis 16 Buxus sempervirens 24
Levisticum officinale 16 Camellia japonica cultivars 24
Rheum palmatum 16 Cornus alba 24
Rodgersia aesculifolia 17 Cotinus coggygria 24
Thalictrum rochebrunianum 17 Elaeagnus ebbingei 25
Veronicastrum virginicum 17 Enkianthus campanulatus 25
Astelia chathamica 17 Escallonia macrantha 25
Chusquea culeou 17 Forsythia intermedia 25
Fargesia nitida 18 Garrya elliptica 25
Phyllostachys nigra 18 Hamamelis vernalis 26
Pleioblastus simonii 18 Hebe rakaiensis 26
Stipa gigantea 18 Hebe topiaria 26
Actinidia kolomikta 19 Hydrangea macrophylla 26
Akebia quinata 19 Hydrangea serrata 26
Ceanothus arboreus 'Trewithen Blue' 19 Ilex aquifolium 27
Chaenomeles japonica 19 Ligustrum lucidum 27
Chaenomeles superba 'Rowallane' 19 Magnolia stellata 27
Clematis 'Etoile Rose' 20 Magnolia soulangeana 27
Clematis 'Hagley Hybrid' 20 Nandina domestica 27
Elaeagnus ebbingei 20 Olearia macrodonta 28
Euonymus fortunei 'Silver Queen' 20 Olearia haastii 28
Hedera algeriensis 'Gloire de Marengo' 20 Osmanthus burkwoodii 28
Hedera colchica 'Sulphur Heart' 21 Philadelphus coronarius 28
Hydrangea petiolaris 21 Photinia fraseri 28
Indigofera heterantha 21 Pieris japonica 29

Alpine/Rock garden
Alpine/Rock garden
CONDITIONS u CONDITIONS u
Fast growing
Fast growing
Well-drained
Well-drained
Submerged
Submerged
Partial sun
Partial sun
Evergreen
Evergreen
Emergent
Emergent
Marginal
Marginal
Floating
Floating
Alkaline
Alkaline
Exposed
Exposed
Full sun
Full sun
Coastal
Coastal
Fertile
Fertile
Boggy
Boggy
Shade
Shade
Hardy
Hardy
Moist
Moist
Poor
Poor
Acid
Acid
Dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
PLANT PAGE PLANT PAGE
Sarcococca hookeriana 29 Sedum spectabile 37
Skimmia japonica 'Nymans' 29 Silene noctiflora 37
Viburnum betulifolium 29 Valeriana officinalis 37
Viburnum burkwoodii cultivars 29 Viburnum bodnantense 37
Acer palmatum 30 Callitriche stagnalis 38
Arbutus andrachnoides 30 Ceratophyllum demersum 38
Cercis siliquastrum 30 Eleocharis acicularis 38
Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet' 30 Fontinalis antipyretica 38
Crataegus lavalleei 30 Hottonia palustris 38
Fraxinus ornus 31 Myriophyllum spicatum 39
Liquidambar styraciflua 31 Myriophyllum verticillatum 39
Magnolia grandiflora 31 Potamogeton crispus 39
Malus 'Golden Hornet' 31 Ranunculus aquatilis 39
Nyssa sylvatica 31 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae 39
Parrotia persica 32 Nymphaea alba 40
Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' 32 Nymphaea hardy hybrids 40
Sorbus 'Joseph Rock' 32 Alisma plantago-aquatica 40
Sorbus thibetica 'John Mitchell' 32 Butomus umbellatus 40
Anthriscus sylvestris Ravenswing 33 Caltha palustris 40
Aster linosyris 33 Canna 'Endeavour' 41
Aster novi-belgii 33 Canna 'Erebus' 41
Buddleja globosa 33 Canna 'Ra' 41
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus 33 Chrysosplenium davidianum 41
Chimonanthus praecox 34 Lysimachia nummularia 'Aurea' 41
Chimonanthus praecox 'Luteus' 34 Mentha aquatica 42
Erica darleyensis 34 Menyanthes trifoliata 42
Hamamelis intermedia 34 Myosotis scorpioides 42
Heliotropium arborescens 34 Sagittaria sagittifolia 42
Hesperis matronalis 35 Thalia dealbata 42
Hyssopus officinalis 35 Astilboides tabularis 43
Ilex aquifolium 'J. C. van Tol' 35 Carex elata 'Aurea' 43
Ilex altaclarensis 35 Darmera peltata 43
Kniphofia rooperi 35 Eriophorum angustifolium 43
Mahonia media 36 Hosta 'Sum and Substance' 43
Malus 'Golden Hornet' 36 Iris ensata 44
Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis 36 Iris pseudacorus 44
Narcissus cultivars 36 Iris sibirica 44
Nicotiana alata 36 Ligularia 'Gregynog Gold' 44
Nicotiana sylvestris 37 Zantedeschia aethiopica 44
Catherine Chatters
Chemical treatment is required to protect a rare fern
in the New Forest National Park from invasive Parrot's-feather.
Credits
Please remember to dispose of all your garden waste Images used under Creative Commons licences (1-6):
responsibly. Some invasive non-native plants can re-grow Attribution 2.0 Generic
Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic
from tiny fragments and impact greatly on the countryside. Attribution-Noncommercial 2.0 Generic
Attribution-No Derivative Works 2.0 Generic
Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 Generic
Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 Generic
Images used under GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
Front cover image Ben Goldsmith
Inside layout design by Andrew Evans

Royal Horticultural Society
80 Vincent Square
London, SW1P 2PE
T.: 0845 260 5000 (UK);
+44 (0) 207 834 4333 (overseas)
www.rhs.org.uk
The RHS is the UKs leading gardening charity
Registered Charity Number 222879/SCO38262
Registered Office
14 Rollestone Street, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP1 1DX. UK
Tel: +44 (0) 1722 342730 Fax: +44 (0) 1722 329035
enquiries@plantlife.org.uk
www.plantlife.org.uk
Speaking up for the nations wild plants
Plantlife International - The Wild Plant Conservation Charity
is a charitable company limited by guarantee.
Registered in England and Wales, Charity Number: 1059559
Registered in Scotland, Charity Number: SC038951
Registered Company Number: 3166339. Registered in England and Wales.
ISBN: 978-1-907141-35-5
2010

Gardening Without Harmful Invasive Plants: A Guide To Plants You Can Use in Place of Invasive Non-Natives

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Gardening without

harmful invasive plants

plants the wind), so we hope you will find this helpful.

There are laws surrounding invasive

2 GARDENING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 3

Although the plants we suggest shouldnt cause you undue

4 GARDENING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 5

Aubrieta deltoidea Geranium sanguineum var. striatum

Ceratostigma plumbaginoides Lathyrus japonicus subsp. maritimus

in autumn. Produces clusters of bright blue flowers in late

Frankenia laevis Silene uniora 'Robin Whitebreast'

petalled, pink flowers. flowers with cut petals.

Hairy Greenweed (pictured: cultivar Vancouver Gold) Lamb's-ear

Geranium 'Mavis Simpson' Veronica perfoliata

6 GARDENING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 7

Astrantia major Viola odorata

Damon Taylor www.flickr.com/

Bergenia cordifolia & hybrids Waldsteinia ternata

Elephant-ears Siberian Waldsteinia

Leucothoe fontanesiana Calluna vulgaris

Pachysandra terminalis Crambe maritima

Carpet Box Sea-kale

Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilis

Low-growing, suckering shrub grown for its glossy, dark

8 GARDENING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 9

Aethionema 'Warley Rose' Eryngium giganteum

Aubrieta deltoidea Iberis saxatilis

Campanula rotundifolia Lunaria annua

Digitalis purpurea Asphodeline lutea

Foxglove Yellow Asphodel

Echium vulgare Camassia quamash

dense inflorescences. shaped, showy blue flowers.

Colchicum autumnale Crocus etruscus

flowered cultivars are available. produced after the flowers.

Colchicum speciosum Crocus laevigatus

Crocus banaticus Crocus nudiorus

Crocus biorus Crocus tommasinianus

Crocus chrysanthus Cyclamen coum

suffusion on the exterior. back tepals.

Ann Van Roy

Cyclamen hederifolium Narcissus 'Hawera'

Dierama pulcherrimum Scilla siberica

Fritillaria meleagris Angelica gigas

Galtonia candicans Aralia cachemirica

Narcissus 'Actaea' Crambe cordifolia

margined red. Leaves are narrow and hairless. high.

14 GARDENING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 15

Datisca cannabina Rodgersia aesculifolia

Cretan Hemp Chestnut-leaved Rodgersia

Eupatorium maculatum Atropurpureum Group Thalictrum rochebrunianum

Levisticum ofcinale Astelia chathamica

Grasses & bamboos

Lovage Silver Spear

Rheum palmatum Chusquea culeou

are in ve parts and the fragrant brownish flowers are

Pleioblastus simonii Ceanothus arboreus 'Trewithen Blue'

Stipa gigantea Chaenomeles japonica

Chaenomeles superba 'Rowallane'

midsummer to autumn. Place its roots in shade. conditions once established.

Elaeagnus ebbingei Indigofera heterantha

Euonymus fortunei 'Silver Queen' Itea ilicifolia

Hedera algeriensis 'Gloire de Marengo' Jasminum nudiorum

20 GARDENING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 21