7/27/2014

Surveying Concept

CE 311 What do surveyors

Elementary & Higher Surveying
y do?
What do surveyors measure?
What distances do surveyors measure?
What angles do surveyors measure?
What positions do surveyors measure?

July 18, 2014

Plate No. 1: Introduction to Surveying SURVEYING

1. What is Surveying?
y g is the art and science of
2. What are the general classifications of Surveying? measuring distances, angles, and

3. What are the different types of Surveying? positions of points, lines, areas on
or near the surface of the earth or
4. What are the different categories of units of measurement?
on other extra-terrestrial bodies
5. What is the importance of Surveying in Civil Engineering
through applied mathematics and
field?
the use of specialized equipment
and techniques.

1
 7/27/2014

Two General Classifications of Surveying: Types of Surveys:

1. Cadastral Surveys
1. PLANE SURVEYING type of surveying in which the earth is In urban and rural locations (municipalities, towns)
considered to be a flat surface, and distances and areas involved Purpose: determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners,
and areas
are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is
disregarded. 2. City Surveys
Areas in and near a city
Purpose: planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing
reference monuments
2. GEODETIC SURVEYING are surveys of wide extent which take
into account the spheroidal shape of the earth. 3. Construction Surveys
In construction sites
Purpose: grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, location
and elevation of structure
4
4. Forestry Surveys
Forest management (production and conservation of forest land)
5. Hydrographic Surveys
Bodies of water
Purpose: to map shorelines, chart the shape of areas underlying water
surfaces, and measure the flow of streams
Water Supply, irrigations, flood control

SOME SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

Types of Surveys:
6. Industrial Surveys
Ship building, aircrafts, machineries
TRANSIT
7
7. Mi Surveys
Mine S
Determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine
structures, surface boundaries, excavated volumes, and establish lines
DUMPY LEVEL
and grades
8. Photogrammetric Surveys (Aerial Survey)
Photographs taken from airplanes
9. Topographic Surveys
Determine the shape of the ground, location and elevations
10. Route Surveys
Construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines,
and other linear projects
Determines the alignment, grades, earthwork quantities

TRIPOD
TOTAL STATION

2
 7/27/2014

Surveying Measurements
Measurement is the process of determining the extent , size
or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a
given standard.

METER
STEEL TAPE Two Kinds of Measurements

1. DIRECT MEASUREMENT
Comparison of measured quantity with a standard measuring
unit employed for measuring a quantity of that kind
LEVELING STAFF
THEODOLITE
2 INDIRECT MEASUREMENT
2.
Combination of many measurements

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Mega- = 1 000 000 Centi- = 0.01 Conversion

Kilo- = 1 000 Milli- = 0.001
Hecto- = 100 Micro- = 0.000 001 1 mile = 5280 ft
Deca- = 10 Nano- = 0.000 000 001
Deci =
Deci- 01
0.1 = 11.61
61 km
1. Linear, Area, and Volume 2. Angular Measurements 1 foot = 12 inches
Measurements

1 km = 1 000 m
2 rad = 360 deg 1 yard = 3 ft
1 m = 1 000 mm Sexagesimal Units
1 mm= 1 000 um
1 meter = 3.28 ft
1 deg = 60 mins
1 m = 10 ddm 1 min = 60 sec 1 km2 = 247.1
247 1 acres
1 dm = 10 cm
1 cm = 10 mm Centesimal Units 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 ha = 10 000 sq m 1 rev = 400 grads
1 grad = 100 centesimal mins
1 L = 1 000 cc 1 c.mins = 100 centesimal sec
1 m3 = 1 000 000 cc

3
 7/27/2014

Significant Figures Rounding Off Numbers Errors vs. Mistakes

General Rules: Procedures:
Error is the difference between the true value and the measured
Rule 1 : Zeroes between other 1.Digits less than 5. value of the quantity.
significant figures are significant. When the digit to be dropped is less
ex. 4 SF: 12.03 35.06 4009
th 5,
than 5 the
th number
b isi written
itt without
ith t k are inaccuracies in measurements which
Mistakes h h occur
the digit.
because some aspect of a surveying operation is performed by
Rule 2 :For any value less than one, 2. Digit is equal to 5. the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgment, and
zeroes immediately to the right of the improper execution.
decimal are not significant. When the digit to be dropped is
exactly 5, the nearest even number is
ex. 3 SF: 0.00325 0.000826 0.0589 used for the preceding digit. Types of Errors Sources of Errors
Rule 3 : Zeroes placed at the end of 3. Digit is greater than 5.
the decimal numbers are significant. 1.Systematic
1 S t ti Errors
E 1.Instrumental
1 I t t l Errors
E
When the digit to be dropped is
greater than 5, the number is written
can be computed and 2. Natural Errors
ex. 5 SF: 739.80 190.00 38.000 corrected 3. Personal Errors
with the preceding digit increased by
one. 2.Accidental Errors
neglected

Theory of Probability

Accuracy and Precision Probability

The number of times something will probably occur over the
Accuracy range of possible occurrences.
indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute or true
value of the quantity measured.
measured Most Probable Value (mpv)
The most probable value of a group of repeated measurements made
under similar conditions is the arithmetic mean or average.

Precision
Refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which any
physical measurement is made. mpv x
x x 1 x2 ... xn
n n

Residual
The difference between any measured value of a quantity and its mpv

v xx

4
 7/27/2014

Probable Error
Illustrative Problem: Is a quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the mpv,
defines a range within which there is a 50% chance that the true value
The angles about a point Q have the following observed values: of the measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits

1301520, 1423730, and 870740. Determine the most probable

value
l off each
h angle.
l
PEs 0.6745
v 2

n 1

PEm 0.6745
v 2

n(n 1)

PEs = Probable error of a single measurement

PEm = Probable error of the mean
n = number of observations

Interrelationship of Errors
Relative Precision
* Usually expressed in fraction having 1 as numerator
1. Summation of Errors (Perimeter)
magnitudeoferror
RP
magnitudeofrmeasuredquantity
PES PE12 PE22 .... PEn2

Weighted Observation PES = Probable error of the sum

PE1, PE2 , PEn = Probable error of each measurement
1
W
E2
2. Product of Errors (Area)
W = weight
g being g assigned
g
E = probable error
PEP (Q1 PE2 ) 2 (Q2 PE1 ) 2

PEP = Probable error of the product

Q1, Q2 = Measured quantity
PE1, PE2 = Probable error corresponding to each Q

5
 7/27/2014

Illustrative Problem Illustrative Problem

1. The ff values were determined in a series of tape 2. The three sides of a triangular shaped tract of land is given
measurements of a line:
line 1000.58,
1000 58 1000.40,
1000 40 1000.38,
1000 38 by the following measurements and corresponding
1000.48, and 1000.46. Determine the ff: probable error:
A. MPV of the measured length a = 180.21 0.05m
B. PE of single measurement and mean b = 275.26 0.02m
C. Final expression of the most probable length (MPL) c = 156.31 0.04m
D. Relative precision of the measurement

Illustrative Problem
3. The two sides of a rectangular lot were measured with
certain estimated probable error as follows:
follows
W = 271.35 0.1m
L = 458.65 0.08m
Determine the area of the lot and the probable error in the
resulting calculation.