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~ = 1 Z1 Z2 e 2 ~r
F (1)
40 r 2 r
Since the force is repulsive the trajectories are hyperbolic.
For Rutherford scattering both projectile and target emerge from the
collision in their respective ground states. In Coulomb scattering
either the target or the projectile emerge in an excited state.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 22) March 16, 2011 3 / 29
Scattering via the Coulomb force
The derivation assumed that the whole mass of the gold atom and
the particle was concentrated in a very small, point-like volume.
The magnitude of the momentum stays the same, since this is the
elastic scattering.
The momentum pf
p
change is
| p~i |=| p~f |= p pi
| ~p |= p
1 pf
2 p p p
sin(/2) = =
p 2p /2
p = 2p sin(/2) /2
pi
~ = 1 Z1 Z2 e 2 ~r
F (3)
40 r 2 r
Before we start integrating let us note that the trajectories are
symmetric with respect to the line defined by the distance of the
closest approach.
Z1 Z2 e 2
Z
1
p = cos dt (4)
40 r2
This integral can be carried over with a help of conservation of
angular momentum.
L = mv0 b (6)
Z1 Z2 e 2 Z1 Z2 e 2
Z Z
dt d
p = 2
cos = cos =
40 r 40 v0 b
Z >
Z1 Z2 e 2 1
= cos d (8)
40 v0 b <
Integration limits
The limits for integration are defined by
< + > + =
< = > (9)
The solution to these equations is
1
< = ( )
2
1
> = ( ) (10)
2
The integral is
>
Z1 Z2 e 2 1 Z1 Z2 e 2 1
Z
p = cos d = (sin > sin < )
40 v0 b < 40 v0 b
Z1 Z2 1e2 1 Z1 Z2 e 2 2
= 2 sin( ( )) = cos(/2) (11)
40 v0 b 2 40 v0 b
NUCS 342 (Lecture 22) March 16, 2011 20 / 29
The impact parameter/scattering angle relationship
Z1 Z2 e 2 2
p = 2p sin(/2) = cos(/2)
40 v0 b
Z1 Z2 e 2 1 1
b =
40 pv0 tan(/2)
Z1 Z2 e 2 1 1
b = (12)
40 2K tan(/2)
Since particles from the ring defined by the impact parameters b and
b + db scatter between angles and + d the cross section for
scattering into the angle (called the differential cross section) is
d 2bdb b db
= = (15)
d 2sind sin d
The relationship between b and for the Rutherford scattering yields
2
d d0 1
= 4
d 4
sin (/2)
2
Z1 Z2 e 2 1
1
= (16)
40 4K sin4 (/2)
1 2 1 2 Z1 Z2 e 2 1
mv = v + (17)
2 0 2 40 d
With a bit of algebra the above equation yields
2
v d0
=1 (18)
v0 d
The deviation from the Rutherford cross section with the increasing
projectile energy are an evidence for nuclear reactions.