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FORM OF CONTRACTS
Art. 1356. Contracts shall be ___________, in whatever form they may have been entered into, provided all
the __________ requisites for their ____________ are present. However, when the law requires that a
contract be in __________ form in order that it may be valid or _____________, or that a contract be proved
in a certain way, that requirement is ____________ and ____________. In such cases, the right of the parties
stated in the following article cannot be ____________. (1278a)
Art. 1357. If the law requires a __________ or other __________form, as in the acts and contracts
enumerated in the following article, the contracting parties may __________ each other to ___________ that
form, once the contract has been _____________. This right may be exercised __________ with the action
upon the contract. (1279a)
(1) __________ and __________ which have for their object the _______________, transmission, modification
or ___________ of real rights over ___________ property; sales of real property or of an ___________ therein
a governed by Articles 1403, No. 2, and 1405;
(2) The ____________, _____________ or _____________ of hereditary rights or of those of the conjugal
partnership of gains;
(3) The power to _________ property, or ___________ other power which has for its ________ an act
_________ or which should appear in a public document, or should ____________ a third person;
(4) The _________ of actions or rights ____________ from an act appearing in a public document.
All other contracts where the __________ involved _________ five hundred pesos must appear in
___________, even a __________ one. But sales of goods, _________ or __________ in action are governed
by Articles, 1403, No. 2 and 1405. (1280a)
CHAPTER 4
REFORMATION OF INSTRUMENTS (n)
Art. 1359. When, there having been a meeting of the minds of the parties to a contract, their _______
intention is not _________ in the instrument _____________ to embody the ____________, by reason of
mistake, __________, ____________ conduct or ______________, one of the parties may ask for the
__________ of the instrument to the ____________ that such true intention may be expressed.
If mistake, fraud, inequitable conduct, or accident has _____________a meeting of the minds of the parties,
the proper ____________ is not reformation of the instrument but ____________ of the contract.
Art. 1360. The principles of the ___________ law on the reformation of instruments are hereby __________
insofar as they are not in ___________ with the provisions of this Code.
Art. 1361. When a ____________ mistake of the parties causes the ______________ of the instrument to
disclose their ________ agreement, said instrument may be _____________.
Art. 1362. If one party was _________ and the other acted __________ or inequitably in such a way that the
instrument does not show their ________ intention, the former may ask for the reformation of the
instrument.
Art. 1363. When one party was mistaken and the other ________ or _________ that the instrument did not
state their ___________ agreement, but concealed that fact from the former, the instrument may be
reformed.
Art. 1364. When through the ___________, lack of _________, ___________ or bad faith on the part of the
person drafting the instrument or of the clerk or ___________, the instrument does not express the true
intention of the parties, the courts may order that the _____________ be reformed.
Art. 1365. If two parties agree upon the ____________ or _____________ of real or personal property, but
the instrument states that the property is sold ___________ or with a right of _____________, reformation of
the instrument is ____________.
(2) Wills;
Art. 1367. When one of the parties has ____________ an action to enforce the instrument, he cannot
______________ ask for its reformation.
Art. 1368. Reformation may be __________ at the instance of either party or his ____________ in interest, if
the mistake was __________; otherwise, upon petition of the injured party, or his heirs and ____________.
Art. 1369. The _________ for the reformation of instrument shall be governed by rules of court to be
___________ by the Supreme Court.
CHAPTER 5
INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACTS
Art. 1370. If the _________ of a contract are clear and _________ no doubt upon the intention of the
contracting parties, the ___________ meaning of its stipulations shall ____________.
If the __________ appear to be ___________ to the evident ___________ of the parties, the latter shall
prevail over the former. (1281)
Art. 1371. In order to ____________ the intention of the contracting parties, their ____________ and
____________ acts shall be principally considered. (1282)
Art. 1372. However general the terms of a contract may be, they shall not be ___________ to comprehend
things that are _________ and cases that are ___________ from those upon which the parties intended to
agree. (1283)
Art. 1373. If some __________ of any contract should __________ of several __________, it shall be
understood as __________ that import which is most ____________ to render it ____________. (1284)
Art. 1374. The ------------ stipulations of a contract shall be interpreted _____________, attributing to the
__________ ones that sense which may result from all of them taken _____________. (1285)
Art. 1375. Words which may have different _____________ shall be understood in that which is most in
keeping with the ___________and ___________ of the contract. (1286)
Art. 1376. The ___________ or _____________ of the place shall be borne in mind in the interpretation of the
____________ of a contract, and shall fill the ____________ of stipulations which are ___________
established. (1287)
Art. 1377. The interpretation of ___________ words or stipulations in a contract shall not favor the party who
caused the obscurity. (1288)
Art. 1378. When it is absolutely ____________ to settle doubts by the rules established in the preceding
articles, and the doubts refer to incidental _____________of a gratuitous contract, the ________ transmission
of rights and interests shall __________. If the contract is _____________, the doubt shall be settled in favor
of the greatest _____________ of interests.
If the doubts are ____________ upon the _____________ object of the contract in such a way that it cannot
be __________ what may have been the intention or will of the parties, the contract shall be ________ and
__________. (1289)
Art. 1379. The __________ of interpretation stated in Rule 123 of the Rules of Court shall likewise be observed
in the ____________ of contracts. (n)
CHAPTER 6
RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS
Art. 1380. Contracts ________ agreed upon may be __________ in the cases established by law. (1290)
Art. 1381. The following contracts are ___________:
(1) Those which are entered into by _______________ whenever the wards whom they represent suffer
_________ by more than one-fourth of the ____________ of the things which are the object thereof;
(2) Those agreed upon in representation of ______________, if the latter suffer the lesion stated in the
preceding number;
(3) Those __________ in fraud of ____________ when the latter cannot in any other manner _________ the
claims due them;
(4) Those which refer to things under _____________ if they have been entered into by the defendant without
the ______________ and ______________ of the litigants or of competent ____________ authority;
(5) All other contracts ___________ declared by law to be subject to ________________. (1291a)
Art. 1382. ______________ made in a state of _____________ for obligations to whose fulfillment the debtor
could not be ____________ at the time they were effected, are also rescissible. (1292)
Art. 1383. The action for rescission is ____________; it cannot be ___________ except when the party
suffering damage has no other __________ means to obtain reparation for the same. (1294)
Art. 1384. Rescission shall be only to the ______________ necessary to cover the damages __________. (n)
Art. 1385. Rescission creates the obligation to __________ the things which were the object of the contract,
together with their _____________, and the __________ with its __________; consequently, it can be carried
out only when he who ______________ rescission can return whatever he may be obliged to ___________.
Neither shall _____________ take place when the things which are the ___________ of the contract are
__________ in the possession of third persons who did not act in bad faith.
In this case, indemnity for damages may be ___________ from the person causing the __________. (1295)
Art. 1386. Rescission referred to in Nos. 1 and 2 of Article 1381 shall not take place with respect to contracts
approved by the ___________. (1296a)
Art. 1387. All contracts by ___________ of which the debtor ______________ property by gratuitous title are
_____________ to have been entered into in __________ of creditors, when the donor did not reserve
________________ property to pay all debts contracted before the ____________.
______________ by onerous title are also presumed __________ when made by persons against whom some
____________ has been issued. The decision or attachment need not refer to the property alienated, and
need not have been ____________ by the party _____________ the rescission.
In addition to these ____________, the ___________ to defraud creditors may be proved in any other manner
recognized by the law of ___________. (1297a)
Art. 1388. Whoever _____________ in bad faith the things ___________ in fraud of creditors, shall
__________ the latter for damages suffered by them on __________ of the alienation, whenever, due to any
cause, it should be impossible for him to ____________them.
If there are two or more alienations, the first ____________ shall be liable first, and so on ___________.
(1298a)
Art. 1389. The action to ____________ rescission must be commenced within four years.
For persons under _____________ and for absentees, the period of four years shall not _________ until the
_____________ of the former's incapacity, or until the _____________ of the latter is known. (1299)
CHAPTER 7
VOIDABLE CONTRACTS
Art. 1390. The following contracts are __________ or _____________, even though there may have been no
damage to the contracting parties:
(1) Those where one of the parties is ____________ of giving consent to a contract;
(2) Those where the consent is _________ by mistake, violence, __________, undue influence or _________.
These contracts are binding, unless they are ______________ by a proper action in court. They are
____________ of ratification. (n)
Art. 1391. The action for annulment shall be brought within four years.
In cases of intimidation, violence or undue influence, from the time the ____________ of the consent ceases.
In case of mistake or fraud, from the time of the _______________ of the same.
And when the action refers to contracts entered into by ____________ or other incapacitated persons, from
the time the guardianship __________. (1301a)
Art. 1392. _______________ extinguishes the action to annul a voidable contract. (1309a)
Art. 1393. _____________ may be effected expressly or ______________. It is understood that there is a tacit
ratification if, with ____________ of the reason which ___________ the contract voidable and such reason
having ceased, the person who has a right to ____________ it should execute an act which necessarily implies
an intention to ___________ his right. (1311a)
Art. 1394. Ratification may be effected by the guardian of the ______________ person. (n)
Art. 1395. Ratification does not ____________ the ____________ of the contracting party who has no right to
bring the action for annulment. (1312)
Art. 1396. Ratification _____________ the contract from all its defects from the moment it was constituted.
(1313)
Art. 1397. The action for the annulment of contracts may be _________ by all who are thereby obliged
principally or _____________. However, persons who are capable cannot allege the incapacity of those with
whom they ____________; nor can those who ___________ intimidation, violence, or undue influence, or
___________ fraud, or caused mistake base their action upon these ____________of the contract. (1302a)
Art. 1398. An obligation having been __________, the contracting parties shall _________ to each other the
things which have been the subject matter of the contract, with their fruits, and the price with its interest,
except in cases provided by law.
In obligations to ____________ service, the _____________ thereof shall be the basis for ___________.
(1303a)
Art. 1399. When the ____________ of the contract ____________ in the incapacity of one of the parties, the
incapacitated person is not obliged to make any _____________ except insofar as he has been _________ by
the thing or price received by him. (1304)
Art. 1400. Whenever the person obliged by the ____________ of annulment to return the thing can not do so
because it has been ____________ through his fault, he shall return the _________ received and the value of
the thing at the time of the loss, with interest from the same ___________. (1307a)
Art. 1401. The action for ___________ of contracts shall be _____________ when the thing which is the object
thereof is lost through the __________ or ____________of the person who has a right to institute the
proceedings.
If the right of action is ___________ upon the incapacity of any one of the contracting parties, the loss of the
thing shall not be an ___________ to the _____________ of the action, unless said loss took place through the
fraud or fault of the ________________. (1314a)
Art. 1402. As long as one of the contracting parties does not _____________ what in virtue of the __________
of annulment he is ___________ to return, the other cannot be ___________ to comply with what is
____________ upon him. (1308)