Soculpo

Society Culture: The Original

The people who interact in a Definition
defined territory and share culture
E.B. Tylor, anthropologys
founder, gave a definition to start
Types of Society with:
That complex whole which
Gerhard Lenski focuses on includes
sociocultural evolution, the Knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals,
changes that occur as a society law, custom
acquires new technology. And any other capabilities and
The more technological habits
information a society has, the Acquired by man [both genders]
faster it changes. As a member of society
Technology sends ripples of
change through a societys entire
Characteristics of society:
way of life.
All cultures have at least five
Type of Population Productive Settlement
Examples
characteristics in common:
Society Size Technology Pattern Culture is learned
Hunting and
Gathering
25-40 Primitive
Nomadic
Bushmen of Culture is based on symbols
Societies
people weapons Africa
Culture is shared
Settlements Culture is patterned or
of several
hundred
integrated
people, Horticulturalists Culture is usually adaptive
connected form relatively
Horticultural Hand tools, Middle East
through permanent
and Pastoral domestication Societies
Societies
trading ties
to form
of animals
settlements;
pastoralists are
(5000 B.C.) Socialization
societies of nomadic The lifelong social experience
several by which individuals develop
thousand
people
their human potential and learn
Cities become Egypt culture. It can be acquired
common, during the through imitation, conditioning,
though they construction
Agrarian Millions of Animal-drawn
generally of the Great
suggestion or formal instruction.
Societies people plow
contain a small Pyramids;
proportion of Medieval
the population Europe Personality
(Most a persons fairly consistent
Advanced societies
sources of Cities contain today in patterns of acting, thinking and
Industrial
Societies
Millions of
people
energy; most of the Europe, feeling, is shaped by both biology
mechanized population North (nature) and social experience
production America,
Japan (nurture)
Computers
Post-
that support Population Japan, Nature
Millions of an remains Europe
Industrial
people information- concentrated in and North o Instincts inherited
Society
based cities America behavior patterns
economy
o (ex. the maternal
instinct)
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Charles Horton Cooley

Nurture (Looking-Glass Self)
o To raise, bring up, train or George Herbert Mead
educate (Social Behavior)
o American psychologist
John B. Watson believed Resocialization: Total
o that all behavior could be
learned (nurture) Institutions
o A total institution refers to a
Examples of Factors Influencing setting in which people are
Personality Development isolated from the rest of society
Parents and manipulated by an
o Childs first attachment is administrative staff
to mother o All spheres of daily life are
o Later, both parents serve observed by staff
as role models and o Environment is highly
shape perception of sex standardized (food, uniforms,
roles and family activities)
membership o Formal rules and daily schedules
Culture dictate activities
o A societys cultural o Involves 2+ million Americans,
environment may who are confined
determine which against their will in prison or
personality traits are mental hospitals
emphasized
o For example, in the Social interaction
Philippines, children Status is a social position that an
from the higher class are individual occupies.
taught creativity but A status set consists of all the
children from statuses a person holds at a given
the lower class are taught time.
to conform. Ascribed and achieved statuses.
Understanding how we become An ascribed status is a social
who we are: Key Contributors position that someone receives
Processes of socialization at birth or involuntarily assumes
Sigmund Freud later in life.
(Personality) An achieved status is a social
Erik Erikson (Stages of position that someone assumes
Psychosocial voluntarily and that reflects
Development) personal ability and effort.
Jean Piaget (Cognitive A master status is a status that
Development) has special importance for social
Lawrence Kohlberg (Moral identity, often shaping a persons
Development) entire life.
Sociological Theories: Forming A role consists of behavior
our self concept expected of someone who holds
a particular status.
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Role set refers to a number of
roles attached to a single status.
Role conflict refers to conflict
among roles corresponding to
two or more different statuses. It
can be reduced by
compartmentalizing our lives.
Role strain refers to
incompatibility among roles
corresponding to a single status.
Role exit is the process by which
people disengage from
important social roles.
Gender
human sexual behavior is
learned, the result of a
socialization process within a
socio-cultural context; without
learning anything about sex,
humans would not know how to
make love
only animals are born with a sex
instinct while humans only have a
sex drive a potential for, rather
than a determinant of, sexual
desire or action
Sexual dimorphism - refers to
differences in male and female
biology besides the contrast in
breast and genitals
Refers to the cultural construction
of male and female
characteristics
Gender roles tasks and activities
a culture assigns to the sexes
Gender roles are highly
subjective
Gender Sterotypes
oversimplified but strongly
held ideas about the
characteristics of males and
females
Gender stratification
unequal distribution of
rewards (especially valued
resources like power, prestige,
human rights and personal
freedom) between men and
women, reflecting their
different positions in a social
hierarchy.
Sexual revolution
it has encouraged tolerance for
various forms of sexual behavior,
i.e. homosexuality
it has weakened the double
standard that allows men to have
premarital sex but condemns
women for doing so
it also resulted in the upsurge of
premarital pregnancies among
teenage girls who are
emotionally unready for
intercourse
it brought a fundamental
change in the perceived
purpose of sex for married
couples
Sexual orientation
Refers to a persons habitual
sexual attraction to, and sexual
activities with, persons of the
opposite sex (heterosexuality),
the same sex (homosexuality), or
both sexes(bisexuality).
Asexuality is the indifference
toward or lack or attraction to
either sex.
Deviance
defined as the recognized
violation of cultural norms. What
deviant actions or attitudes have
in common is some element of
difference that causes us to
regard another person as an
outsider.
Deviance calls forth social
control, attempts by society to
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regulate peoples thoughts and Labeling Deviance:

behavior. Symbolic-Interaction
The criminal justice system is a
formal response to an individuals
Analysis
Labeling theory is the idea that
alleged violations of law from
deviance and conformity result,
police, courts, and prison officials.
not so much from what people
do, but from how others respond.
The social foundations of Primary deviance refers to
deviance passing episodes of norm
Deviance varies according to violation; and secondary
cultural norms. deviance is when an individual
People become deviant as repeatedly violates a norm and
others define them that way. begins to take on a deviant
Both norms and the way people identity.
define rule-breaking involve A stigma is a powerfully negative
social power. social label that radically
changes a persons self-concept
The Functions of Deviance: and social identity, operating as
Structural-Functional a master status.
Analysis Stigmas are deepened by
Emile Durkheim: The functions of retrospective labeling, the
deviance: interpretation of someones past
1. Deviance affirms cultural consistent with present deviance.
values and norms. Hirschis control theory.
2. Responding to deviance Control theory states that social
clarifies moral boundaries. control depends on imagining
3. Responding to deviance the consequences of ones
promotes social unity. behavior.
4. Deviance encourages social Hirschi asserts that conformity
change. arises from four types of social
controls:
Mertons strain theory Attachment.
The strain between our Commitment.
cultures emphasis on wealth and Involvement.
the limited opportunity to get rich Belief.
gives rise, especially among the Deviance and Inequality:
poor, to theft, the sale of drugs, Social-Conflict Analysis
or other street crime. Principles of deviance and power:
Mertons four types of The norms of any society
deviance responses to generally reflect the interests of
the rich and powerful.
failure: The powerful have the resources
Innovation.
to resist deviant labeling.
Ritualism.
The laws may be inherently unfair.
Retreatism.
Rebellion.
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Types of Crimes
White-collar crime consists of
crimes committed by persons of
high social position in the course
of their occupations.
It is usually controlled by
civil rather than criminal law.
Most white-collar criminals
are treated leniently.
Corporate crime refers to the
illegal actions of a corporation or
people acting on its behalf.
Organized crime is a business
supplying illegal goods or
services.
Hate crimes are criminal acts
carried out against a person or a
persons property by an offender
motivated by racial or other bias.
Victimless crimes are violations of
law in which there are no readily
apparent victims.