Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)

Assignment Coversheet
(This sheet must be included with your work submission)

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Academic Integrity Statement
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Council Rules and Procedures on the web.
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commitment to uphold the Honor Code, to accept responsibility for learning and to follow the
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On all course work, assignments, and examinations at Texas A&M University, the following
Honor Pledge shall be preprinted and signed by the student:
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I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work."

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Required Academic Integrity Statement:
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unauthorized aid on this academic work."

_________________________________(your printed name)

_________________________________(your signature)

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Dishonesty."
 2

"Course Work" Assignment

for
Petroleum Engineering 324
Well Performance
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University Spring 2006
Instructor: Tom Blasingame

This package includes:

Rules, Report Format, and Date of Submission
Grade Matrix
Student "Course Work" (Individual Problems)

Notes:
1. This document (as well as other files pertaining to PETE 324 (06A)) are located at:
http://www.pe.tamu.edu/blasingame/data/P324_06A/
2. The guidelines for this assignment are given on the next page all guidelines
must be followed exactly please pay particular notice to the issue of
collaborative work. You are permitted to discuss problems however; any
sharing and/or copying of work among students (in or out of this course) or
among any other persons is specifically forbidden.
You are expected to perform and submit your own work for this assignment
failure to adhere to these conditions, as well as the attached guidelines will
result in severe penalties.

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
Rules, Report Format, and Date of Submission
Rules:
1. You are to work independently collaborative efforts are not permitted (i.e., joint work). You
are permitted to discuss problems however; sharing of solutions, plots, programs, etc. will
result in penalties of 1 to 2 letter grades in this course. In extreme cases, sharing work may
result in a failure grade (F).
2. You must show all work for credit. Unsupported work will not be given credit. You are given
specific instructions for each problem, follow these guidelines exactly failure to do so will
result in penalties.
4. BE AS NEAT AND ORGANIZED AS POSSIBLE work that can not be followed will be
graded as incorrect. This rule is specifically directed towards work that is illegible, poorly
constructed, and/or is simply incomplete.
5. For derivation problems, YOU MUST USE THE FOLLOWING FORMAT:
Type or write neatly, use lined paper (if handwritten).
You are to ONLY write (or print) on the FRONT of any particular page.
Number the pages of your work in the upper right corner of each page (you are responsi-
ble for your work being in the correct order)
Report Format:
1. You must use the following format for submission.
You must include a top coversheet with the following information.
Name: (printed)
Course: Petroleum Engineering 324
Date: Day-Month-Year
Assignment: "Course Work"
You must include the required coversheet with name and signature (first page of this
material)
For submission of your work, DO NOT USE A BINDER, DO NOT SPIRAL OR STRIP
BIND, YOU ARE ONLY PERMITTED THE USE OF A SINGLE BINDER CLIP
(probably extra-large) or some other .
Date of Submission:
All work must be completed and submitted to Dr. Blasingame (in his office, 815 RICH) no later
than 5:00 p.m. on Wednesday 10 May 2006 (this is the date for the final exam in this course).

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
Grading Matrix

Required Work Structure:

A Grade

B Grade

C Grade
1. Grades will be assigned according to the satisfactory completion of the individual problems as assigned below.
2. The problems REQUIRED for a particular grade (i.e., A, B, C) are indicated with a symbol.

Problems
1. I can explain the relationships between porosity and permeability; and how these properties influence the flow of
fluids in reservoir rocks.
2. I can use correlations and laboratory data to estimate the properties of reservoir fluids which are relevant for
reservoir engineering analysis and modeling.
3. I can sketch a plot of pressure versus logarithm of radius and identify the primary flow regimes (i.e., transient
radial flow, pseudosteady-state flow, and steady-state flow behavior)
4. 1 can derive and apply the material balance relation for a slightly compressible liquid (oil) system and the
material balance relation for a dry gas system.
5. I can derive and apply the steady-state flow equations for horizontal linear and radial flow of liquids and gases,
including the pseudopressure and pressure-squared forms.
6. I can derive and apply the pseudosteady-state flow equations for the "black oil" and "dry gas" reservoir systems
("black oil" pressure form; "dry gas" pseudopressure form).
7. I can derive and apply the "skin factor" concept derived from steady-state flow to represent damage or stimula-
tion (including the apparent wellbore radius concept).
8. I am familiar with and can derive the diffusivity equations for liquids and gases and I am aware of the
assumptions, limitations, and applications of these relations.
9. I am familiar with and can use of dimensionless variables and dimensionless solutions to provide a generic
mathematical representation for a particular reservoir model.
10. I am familiar with and can use the concepts of temporal (time) and spatial superposition time superposition
is used for variable rate/pressure problems; spatial superposition is used to generate reservoir boundary
configurations (faults, closed boundaries, etc.).
11. Well Test Analysis Conventional Plots
For well test data, I can construct, interpret, and analyze "conventional plots" as follows:
a. Pressure versus time to establish the parameters related to wellbore storage (domination) behavior (i.e., the
"early time" plot).
b. Pressure versus the logarithm of time (pressure drawdown case) or versus the logarithm of super-
position time (e.g., Horner Time for the pressure buildup case) to establish the parameters related to
radial flow behavior (i.e., the "semilog" plot).
c. The logarithm of pressure drop and pressure drop derivative versus the logarithm of time (or an
appropriate superposition time function) to establish the parameters for wellbore storage, radial flow, and
vertical fracture behavior (i.e., the "log-log" plot).
12. Well Test Analysis Type Curve/Model-Based Analysis
For well test data, I can use a static type curve solution or a graphical model presentation from a software
package to analyze well test data obtained from:
a. An unfractured well which includes wellbore storage distortion and radial flow behavior (including
damage/stimulation (i.e., skin effects)).
b. A vertically fractured well (finite or infinite fracture conductivity cases) which includes wellbore storage
distortion, fracture flow regimes, and radial flow behavior.
c. A well test performed in a reservoir with closed boundaries or sealing faults.
d. A well test performed in a "dual porosity" or "naturally fractured" reservoir system.
13. Production Data Analysis
I can analyze, interpret, model, and forecast well production performance as follows:
a. Estimate the "absolute open flow" from a gas well "deliverability" test.
b. Develop and use an Inflow Performance Relation (IPR) which uses flowrate, wellbore pressure, and aver-
age reservoir pressure data to create an interpretative/predictive relation.
c. Estimate the "reserves" for an oil or gas well using plots of rate versus time (semilog rate format) and
rate versus cumulative production.
d. Use decline type curves (or an equivalent software-based tool) to analyze production data from an unfrac-
tured or hydraulically fractured oil or gas well.
e. Provide a forecast of future rate or pressure performance of an oil or gas well using empirical methods
(hand/software) and analytical/numerical models (software).

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 1

1. I can explain the relationships between porosity and permeability; and how these properties influence
the flow of fluids in reservoir rocks.
Given:
In this problem you are provided with a suite of core and well log data taken from a "Smackover" well
in southern Alabama (USA). Reservoir quality is generally fair to poor, and the quality of these data
is average to (perhaps) poor. The data for this problem is included in an attached MS Excel file.
Required:
You are attempt single and multi-variable correlations of these petrophysical data where only
permeability is to be taken as the dependent variable. Examples of single-variable correlations
include core permeability versus SP log response, core permeability versus ILM log response, etc.
Multivariate correlations can include using any combination of variables (except for permeability
which is always the dependent variable).
You are expected to provide your correlation plots and the equations you have developed to correlate
data. This exercise is intentionally vague in order to assess how you will respond to a weakly-defined
problem.
You are expected to develop several successful correlations, possibly of the forms:
k a (c d S wi
e ... etc)b ...........................................................................................................(1.1)

k exp[a bln( ) cln(S wi ) dln( )ln(S wi ) ... etc] .............................................(1.2)

Special Note:
As this is your first plotting assignment, please be aware that you are required to prepare near-
professional quality graphics see the example MS Excel figure below.

For all plots that YOU create data are to be plotted as symbols (e.g., circles, squares, diamonds),
and model results (equations, simulations, etc.) are to be plotted as lines do not use the
"smoothed" line function in MS Excel, as this can distort your results.

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 2

2. I can use correlations and laboratory data to estimate the properties of reservoir fluids which are
relevant for reservoir engineering analysis and modeling.
Given:
You are given the reservoir fluid study for Good Oil Co. Oil Well No. 4 (a black oil).
Required:
You are required to calculate and plot the oil properties given below, using the data given in the
attached reservoir fluid study. You are to use the 100-psig separator condition and you must show the
bubblepoint pressure (pb) on each plot.
Oil formation volume factor (Bo) versus pressure.
Solution gas-oil ratio (Rso) versus pressure.
Oil compressibility versus pressure, co for p<pb can be computed from the lab data using the
following identity: (be sure to plot log(co) versus pressure)
1 B o R so
co - - Bg
B o p T p T

Oil viscosity (o) versus pressure.

You must plot BOTH the computed results and the laboratory data on the same plot and clearly label
each trend. For all plots that YOU create data are to be plotted as symbols (e.g., circles, squares,
diamonds), and model results (equations, simulations, etc.) are to be plotted as lines do not use
the "smoothed" line function in MS Excel, as this can distort your results.

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 3

3. I can sketch a plot of pressure versus logarithm of radius and identify the primary flow regimes (i.e.,
transient radial flow, pseudosteady-state flow, and steady-state flow behavior).
Given: (Fig. 1.7 (p. 14) from the Lee Well Testing text (1st edition))

Radial Flow Pressure Distributions (Equations): (all relations are given in terms "field" units)
Transient Radial Flow Solutions: (time and distance-variant solutions)
Full Transient Flow Solution: (Exponential Integral)

qB c t r 2
p r p i 70.6 E1 948 ..................................................................(3.1)
kh k t

"Log Approximation" Transient Flow Solution:

qB 1 k t
p r p i 70.6 ln ...............................................................(3.2)
kh 1688 c t r 2
Steady-State Radial Flow Solution: (time-invariant solution)
qB
p r pi 141.2 ln(re /r ) ..............................................................................(3.3)
kh
Pseudosteady-State Radial Flow Solution: (time and distance-variant solution)

qB re 1 (r 2 rw2 ) 3 5.615 qB
pr pi 141.2 ln t ..............(3.4)
kh r 2 (re2 rw2 ) 4 24 V p ct

Required:
You are to reproduce Fig. 1.7 (p. 14) from the Lee Well Testing text (1st edition). The required
reservoir and fluid properties are given on the figure. You can use the attached MS Excel module to
compute the E1(x) function for this exercise.
You are to create a near-publication quality figure for this assignment (with each trend clearly identi-
fied). You MUST scale your plot EXACTLY the same as Fig. 1.7 (p. 14) from the Lee Well Testing
text (1st edition).

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 4

4. 1 can derive and apply the material balance relation for a slightly compressible liquid (oil) system and
the material balance relation for a dry gas system.
Given:
The "high pressure" gas material balance equation is given by Fetkovich, et al as:
p
1 ce ( p)( pi p )
z
p 1
pi
zi
i Gp Ginj Wp Rsw 5.615
zi G
1
Bg

(Wp Winj ) Bw We

....................(4.1)
where the "cumulative compressibility" term is defined as:

1 V VpAQ
ce ( p ) S wi cw c f pNNP (c w c f ) ........................................(4.2)
(1 S wi ) VpR VpR

Required:
You are to derive the "high pressure" gas material balance equation given by Eq. 4.1 (using the
definition given by Eq. 4.2) in complete detail. Failure to show all steps will result in a zero (0) grade
for this problem. You must also clearly state all assumptions, as well as any presumed conditions or
states.
As "hints" you are encouraged to review carefully the references by Fetkovich, et al. and Gan be
sure to check all details of your derivation. As a special hint, you should review the Appendices of the
Gan reference.
References:
Fetkovich, M.J., Reese, D.E., and Whitson, C.H.: "Application of a General Material Balance for
High-Pressure Gas Reservoirs," SPE Journal (March 1998) 3-13.
Gan, R.G.: A New p/z Technique for the Analysis of Abnormally Pressured Gas Reservoirs, M.S.
Thesis, Texas A&M University (2001).

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 5

5. I can derive and apply the steady-state flow equations for horizontal linear and radial flow of liquids
and gases, including the pseudopressure and pressure-squared forms.
Given:
You are given the relevant pages from the lecture notes for Single-Phase, Steady-State Flow in
Porous Media as an attached .pdf file.
Required:
For the dry gas case you are to derive the following steady-state relations in complete detail.
Pseudopressure (pp(p)) formulation.
Pressure-squared (p2) formulation.

As this assignment essentially requires you to re-derive material which exists in the course notes, you
are expected to show all detail, state all assumptions, clarify any issues, etc. in simple terms, these
derivations must be perfect to receive any credit for this assignment.

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 6

6. I can derive and apply the pseudosteady-state flow equations for the "black oil" and "dry gas"
reservoir systems ("black oil" pressure form; "dry gas" pseudopressure form).
Given:
You are given the relevant pages from the lecture notes for Pseudosteady-State Flow in a Circular
Reservoir as an attached .pdf file.
Required:
You are to derive Eq. 6.1 in complete detail (the pseudosteady-state radial flow solution (liquid case)).

qB re 1 (r 2 rw2 ) 3 5.615 qB
pr pi 141.2 ln t ..............(6.1)
kh r 2 (re2 rw2 ) 4 24 V p ct

As this assignment essentially requires you to re-derive material which exists in the course notes, you
are expected to show all detail, state all assumptions, clarify any issues, etc. in simple terms, these
derivations must be perfect to receive any credit for this assignment.

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 7

7. I can derive and apply the "skin factor" concept derived from steady-state flow to represent damage or
stimulation (including the apparent wellbore radius concept).
Given:
You are given the relevant pages from the lecture notes for Single-Phase, Steady-State Flow in
Porous Media as an attached .pdf file.
Required:
You are to derive the "skin factor" results for the following cases:
Skin factor for a zone of altered permeability near the well (radial flow case).
Effective wellbore concept for the near well skin factor (radial flow case).

As this assignment essentially requires you to re-derive material which exists in the course notes, you
are expected to show all detail, state all assumptions, clarify any issues, etc. in simple terms, these
derivations must be perfect to receive any credit for this assignment.

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 8

8. I am familiar with and can derive the diffusivity equations for liquids and gases and I am aware of
the assumptions, limitations, and applications of these relations.
Given:
You are given the relevant pages from the lecture notes for Development of the Diffusivity Equation
for Liquid Flow and Development of the Diffusivity Equations for Gas Flow as attached .pdf files.
Required:
You are to derive the diffusivity equations for the following cases:
General form of the diffusivity equation for a slightly compressible liquid: (pressure form)
ct p
c(p ) 2 2 p .............................................................................................(8.1)
k t
General form of the diffusivity equation for a dry gas: (pressure-squared form)
g ct
2 ( p2 ) [ln( g z )]( p 2 ) 2 ( p 2 ) .................................................(8.2)
p 2 k t

As this assignment essentially requires you to re-derive material which exists in the course notes, you
are expected to show all detail, state all assumptions, clarify any issues, etc. in simple terms, these
derivations must be perfect to receive any credit for this assignment.

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 9

9. I am familiar with and can use of dimensionless variables and dimensionless solutions to provide a
generic mathematical representation for a particular reservoir model.
Given:
You are given the relevant pages from the lecture notes for Dimensionless Variables and the
Dimensionless Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation as an attached .pdf file.
Required:
You are to derive the following results:
The dimensionless radial flow diffusivity equation:

1 p D p D
rD ................................................................................................(9.1)
rD rD rD t D
The dimensionless variables for the radial flow case:
rD r/rw ..............................................................................................................................(9.2)
kh
pD 2 ( pi p ( r , t )) .............................................................................(Darcy Units)
qB
(9.3)
k
tD t (Darcy Units)............................................................................(9.4)
ct rw2

As this assignment essentially requires you to re-derive material which exists in the course notes, you
are expected to show all detail, state all assumptions, clarify any issues, etc. in simple terms, these
derivations must be perfect to receive any credit for this assignment.

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 10

10. I am familiar with and can use the concepts of temporal (time) and spatial superposition time
superposition is used for variable rate/pressure problems; spatial superposition is used to generate
reservoir boundary configurations (faults, closed boundaries, etc.).
Given:
You are given the transient radial flow solutions below:
Full Transient Flow Solution: (Exponential Integral)

qB c t r 2
p r p i 70.6 E1 948 .......................................................................(10.1)
kh k t

"Log Approximation" Transient Flow Solution:
qB 1 k t
p r p i 70.6 ln ....................................................................(10.2)
kh 1688 c t r 2
Required:
You are to derive the pressure solution for an infinite-acting reservoir system with an impermeable
(sealing) fault at some distance from a producing well. (Hint: see Chapter 1, Lee Well Testing text
(1st edition))
You are to derive the pressure buildup solution (single flow-shut-in sequence) for an infinite-acting
reservoir system. This solution is only used at the wellbore. (Hint: see Chapter 2, Lee Well Testing
text (1st edition) and/or the relevant lecture notes for Variable-Rate Convolution (Superposition) and
the Application to Pressure Buildup Tests as an attached .pdf file.)

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 11

11. Well Test Analysis Conventional Plots

For well test data, I can construct, interpret, and analyze "conventional plots" as follows:
a. Pressure versus time to establish the parameters related to wellbore storage (domination) behave-
ior (i.e., the "early time" plot).
b. Pressure versus the logarithm of time (pressure drawdown case) or versus the logarithm of super-
position time (e.g., Horner Time for the pressure buildup case) to establish the parameters related
to radial flow behavior (i.e., the "semilog" plot).
c. The logarithm of pressure drop and pressure drop derivative versus the logarithm of time (or an
appropriate superposition time function) to establish the parameters for wellbore storage, radial
flow, and vertical fracture behavior (i.e., the "log-log" plot).
Given:
See attached pressure buildup/drawdown test sequence performed on the campus water well (Texas
A&M U. 2003).
Required:
Compute reservoir properties from "early time Cartesian," "semilog," and log-log" plots as instructed.

YOU ARE SPECIFICALLY FORBIDDEN FROM USING COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE YOU

MUST USE HAND PLOTS/ANALYSIS (or you can write your own software).

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 12

12. Well Test Analysis Type Curve/Model-Based Analysis

For well test data, I can use a static type curve solution or a graphical model presentation from a
software package to analyze well test data obtained from:
a. An unfractured well which includes wellbore storage distortion and radial flow behavior
(including damage/stimulation (i.e., skin effects)).
b. A vertically fractured well (finite or infinite fracture conductivity cases) which includes wellbore
storage distortion, fracture flow regimes, and radial flow behavior.
c. A well test performed in a reservoir with closed boundaries or sealing faults.
d. A well test performed in a "dual porosity" or "naturally fractured" reservoir system.
Given:
a. Problem assignment Unfractured well with wellbore storage and skin effects (SPE 12777).
b. Problem assignment Vertically fractured gas well (SPE 09975).
c. Problem assignment Injection/falloff analysis with boundary effects (SPE 27685 and 29594).
d. Problem assignment Unfractured well in a dual porosity reservoir (SPE 13054).
Required:
Compute reservoir properties using "type curve" (model-based) analysis for each problem as instruct-
ed. (you are also to perform "early time Cartesian," "semilog," and log-log" plots as instructed).

YOU ARE SPECIFICALLY FORBIDDEN FROM USING COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE YOU

MUST USE HAND PLOTS/ANALYSIS (or you can write your own software).

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Petroleum Engineering 324 Well Performance

"Course Work"
"Course Work" is due on 10 May 2006 (late submissions will NOT be accepted)
"Course Work" Assignment Problem 13

13. Production Data Analysis

I can analyze, interpret, model, and forecast well production performance as follows:
a. Estimate the "absolute open flow" from a gas well "deliverability" test.
b. Develop and use an Inflow Performance Relation (IPR) which uses flowrate, wellbore pressure,
and average reservoir pressure data to create an interpretative/predictive relation.
c. Estimate the "reserves" for an oil or gas well using plots of rate versus time (semilog rate format)
and rate versus cumulative production.
d. Use decline type curves (or an equivalent software-based tool) to analyze production data from an
unfractured or hydraulically fractured oil or gas well.
e. Provide a forecast of future rate or pressure performance of an oil or gas well using empirical
methods (hand/software) and analytical/numerical models (software).
Given:
a. Reference article Cullender, M.H.: "The Isochronal Performance Method of Determining the
Flow Characteristics of Gas Wells," Trans. AIME vol. 204 (SPE 000330), 1955.
b. Reference article Fetkovich, M.J.: "Isochronal Testing of Oil Wells," paper SPE 004529 pre-
sented at the 1973 SPE Annual Technical Conf. and Exhibition, Las Vegas, NV 30 Sep-03 Oct.
c. Reference article Fetkovich, M.J.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves," JPT (March
1980) 1065-1077 (SPE 004629).
d. Reference article Fetkovich, M.J.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves," JPT (March
1980) 1065-1077.
e. Reference article Fetkovich, M.J.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves," JPT (March
1980) 1065-1077.
Required:
a. (Cullender SPE 000330) Compute the "absolute open flow" (AOF) for Gas Well 3.
b. (Fetkovich SPE 004529) Using the data for Well 5-C, you are to create an Inflow Performance
Relation (IPR) plot of pwf vs. qo, and you are to fit the IPR model (Eq. 13.1) to these data.
2
qo p wf pwf
1 v (1 v) ................................................................(13.1)
qo, max p p
c. (Fetkovich SPE 004629) Estimate the "reserves" for (oil) Well 13 using plots of rate versus time
(semilog rate format) and rate versus cumulative production (the data are attached). You are to
utilize Eqs. 13.2 and 13.3 in this effort).
Exponential Decline (ln(qo) vs. t)Exponential Decline (qo vs. Np)
qo qi exp( Di t ) ..........(13.2) qo qi Di Np ..........................(13.3)

d. Problem assignment Production decline type curve analysis of the production rate and pres-
sure data for Well 13 in the Fetkovich decline curve analysis paper (SPE 004629).
e. (Fetkovich SPE 004629) Forecast the future rate for Well 13 using the "exponential decline" rate
relation (Eq. 13.2).

For all plots that YOU create data are to be plotted as symbols (e.g., circles, squares, diamonds),
and model results (equations, simulations, etc.) are to be plotted as lines do not use the
"smoothed" line function in MS Excel, as this can distort your results.
YOU ARE SPECIFICALLY FORBIDDEN FROM USING COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE YOU
MUST USE HAND PLOTS/ANALYSIS (or you can write your own software).

17