fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;juk;)

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;
ghlj;jpl;lk;

juk; 12" 13
(2017 Mk; Mz;b ypUe; J elKiwg; g Lj; j g; g Ltjw; f hdJ)
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw
tpQ;Q hd> njhopDl;g gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;i f

www.nie.lk
 mwpKfk;
'njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;" vDk; ghlj;Jf;Fupa ,e;jg; ghlj;jpl;lk;> khzt khztpfSf;F
mtu;fsJ njhopDl;gg; ghlkhd 've;jputpay; njhopDl;gtpay;" my;yJ 'capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay;"
ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk;NghJ ,d;wpaikahjdthf mikAk;;> fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; jfty; njhopDl;gtpay;
gw;wpa mbg;gilfis toq;Ftij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,J jtpu ,e;jg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk;
njhopDl;gj;Jiwapy; Ntiytha;g;igg; ngWk; khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; vz;zf;fUf;fs;
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijAk; toq;Fk;. NkYk;> ,e;jg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %ykhf ifj;njhopy;akhf;fk; fhuzkhf jw;rkak;
Vw;gl;Ls;s gpur;rpidf;Fupa epiyikfs;>; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba neUf;fb epiyikfs; gw;wpa
fupridia Vw;gLj;jp mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfisf; fhz;gjw;fhd Cf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.
capupay;. ngsjpftpay;> ,urhadtpay;> fzpjk;> jfty;; njhlu;ghly; Mfpad njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
kw;Wk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Clhf tsu;r;rpailAk; tpjj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfs; mlq;fpajhf ,J
tbtikf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ. ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fw;wy; - fw;gpjj
; y; cghaKiwfis tFg;giwapNyh Ma;T$lj;jpNyh
NtW nghUj;jkhd re;ju;g;gj;jpNyh nrad;KiwuPjpahf tha;g;Gg;ghu;g;gJ mtrpakhFk;. ,t;thW nrad;Kiwfs;
%ykhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nju;r;rpfs; %yk; md;whl tho;tpy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhs;s KbAk;.
,e;jg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ jkJ Mf;fj;jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy; Mrpupau; ntw;wpfukhd fw;ww; #oiy
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

i
02. Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ> jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT
nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;Gf;fspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs;
fhuzkhf> epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid
Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
I. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpw;F Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk; Njrj;ijf;
fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
II. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL> Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk;
NgZjYk;.
III. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj
mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;fi ; fKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk;
Mjupj;jYk;.
IV. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;
V. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;fr; rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
VI. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;fi
; fj; juj;ijg; Ngh~pf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd
Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
VII. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;>
vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

VIII. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg;
gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 khu;fop

3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
I. njhlu;g hly; Nju;r;rpfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT>
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;
vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F
Kiwahf msj;jy;
rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;. tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;g hly;
njhopDl;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;
II. MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid>
mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.
III. #oy; njhlu;g hd Nju;r;rpfs;
,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd - r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;
r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk;
Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk;
rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiwAk;
capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;>
tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;
fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk;
,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>
Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;
nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk;
fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

IV. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;g hd Nju;r;rpfs;.

khztu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.
- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.
- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

V. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;g hd Nju;r;rpfs;.

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd
elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;

VI. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;g Lj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;w pa Nju;r;rpfs;.

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr;
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;

VII. fw;w Yf;Ff; fw;wy; njhlHghd Nju;r;rpfs;.

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;KiwA+lhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr;
nra;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 bnrk;gu;)
 ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

(1) njhopDl;gj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F tpQ;Qhd vz;zf;fUf;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy;.
(2) jftw; njhopDl;gk; njhlu;ghd Mokhd mwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;.
(3) md;whl tho;tpw;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpakhd mbg;gilf; fzpj vz;zf;fUf;fis Nkk;gLj;jy;.
(4) tpQ;Qhd vz;zf;fUf;fs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil mwpit njhopDl;g> r%f> nghUshjhu
tpUj;jpf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jy;.
(5) Njrpa kw;Wk; g+NfhsuPjpahd Rw;whly; gpur;rpidfis Muha;e;J epiyNgwhd tifapy;
tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

i
 xt;n thU Nju;; r ;r pf;F khd cj;N jr ghlNtisfs;
juk; 12 juk; 13
Nju; r ; r p ghlNtis
Nju; r ; r p gh lNt is
1' gug;gsT fdtsT gw;wp Muha;e;J kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l 17
,lg;gug;gpid rpwg;G kl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jthu;. 14' ifj;njhopw; Jiwapy; gy;gFjpaq;fspd; 17
2' ntt;NtW mstPLfSf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd mstPl;L 12 gad;ghl;ilj; Njbawpthu;.
myFfisAk; mstPl;L cgfuzq;fisAk; 15' rlg;nghUspd; nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpa mwpit 12
gad;gLj;Jthu;. khDlj; NjitfSf;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
3' igjfurpd; njhlu; i gg; gad; g Lj; j p ,yFthfg; 06 16' Xa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit 26
gpurpde;jPu;g;ghu;. md; w hlj; Njitfs; k w ; W k ; n j h o p D l ; g
4' fy xOq;fikg;Gila mq;fpfis njhopDl;gj;Jf; 50 eltbf;iffSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
-fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu; 17' ,yq;ifapd; ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;f s;; gw;wp 35
5' tpir kw;Wk; mjd; tpisTfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whl 42 tprhuiz nra;thu;.
tho;f;ifj; NjitfSf;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. 18' ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G 43
6' Ntiy> rf; j p. tY Mfpad njhlu; ghd mwpit 14 Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.
eilKiwj; NjitfSf; n fdg; ngUj; j khdthW 19' njf;fhl;bd; jsj;jpd; cjtpAld; xUgbr; rhu;G> ,Ugbr; 22
gad;gLj;Jthu;. rhu;G Mfpatw;iw Muha;thu;.
7' ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; 24 20' tptug; Gs;sptptutpaypd; nghUisg; gFj;jhuha;thu;. 45
gad;gLj;jpf; fUkq;fis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;. 21'fzpdp Kiwiknahd;wpidAk; mjd; JizAW 04
8' Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit eilKiwj; Njit 24 g;Gf;fisAk; tpidj;jpwdhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjidj;
fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Njbawpthu;.
9' kpd; cgfuzq; f spd; guhkupg; G > kpd; R w;Wf; f isj; 27
22' fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwikiag; gad; j U 09
jpll; kply; Mfpatw;Wf;F kpdd ; pay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg;
tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
23' ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; gpur;rpidfs; jPu;g;gjw;fhf 36
10' ntg;gk; njhlu;ghd mwpit ehshe;j kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd 23
gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
g+u;tf; fUkq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
11' n t g ; g , u r h a d t p a y ; n j h l u ; g h d m b g ; g i l 17 24' gaDWjpkpf;f tifapy; jfty;fisg; ngWjy;> 15
vz;zf;fUf;fisj; Njbawpthu;. njhlu; g hly; Mfpatw; W f; n fd ,izaj; i jg;
12' , a f ; f g ; g z ; G , u r h a d t p a y p d ; m b g ; g i l 20 gad;gLj;Jthu;.
vz;zf;fUf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jhf;ftPjj;ij MSif 25' # o w ; r k d p i y a p y ; n j h o p D l ; g t p U j ; j p 36
nra;thu;. nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ijj; Njbaha;thu;.
13' Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; kw;Wk; capu; %yf;$Wfspd; mikg;G> 24
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> gpuNahfq;fs;; Mfpatw;iwj; Njbaha;thu;.
300
300
iii
 12> 13 juq;fSf;fhd xt;nthU jtizf;Fk; cupa Nju;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;

juk; jtiz Nju;r ;r pfSk; Nju;r ;r p kl;l q;f Sk;

jtiz - 1 Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 njhlf;fk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 tiu

juk; 12
jtiz - 2 Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 njhlf;fk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.1 tiu

jtiz - 3 Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.2 njhlf;fk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.5 tiu

jtiz - 1 Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.1 njhlf;fk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 18.2 tiu

juk; 13
jtiz - 2 Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 19.1 njhlf;fk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 22.2 tiu

jtiz - 3 Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.1 njhlf;fk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 25.6 tiu

iv
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
1.0 gug;gsT> fdtsT 1.1 Nfj; j pu fzpj jstb Nfj;jpu fzpj jstbtq;fspd;
gw; w p Muha; e ; J tq;;fs; jpz;kq;fs; gug;gsT (rJuk;> nrt;tfk;>
kl; L g; g Lj; j g; g l; l Mfpatw;wpd; Nkw;gug;Gg; Kf;Nfhzp> ,izfuk;>
,lg;gug;gpid> gug; g sit EZfpaha; ruptfk;> tl;lk;)
rpwg; G kl; l j; j py; thu;. $l;Lf; Nfj;jpu fzpj jstbt
gad;gLj;-Jthu;. q;fspd; gug;gsT
jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd;
gug;sT (rJuKfp> fdTU>
$k;gfk;> mupak;> cUis>
Nfhsk;> $k;G - #j;jpuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp)
$l;Lj; jpz;kq;fspd; gug;gpd;
gug;gsT.
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
Nfj; j pu fzpj jstbq; f spd; 10
gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
$l;Lf; Nfj;jpu fzpj jstbq;fspd;
gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
$l;Lf; Nfj;jpufzpj js
tbtq; f spd; gug; g sT rhu; e ; j
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd;
gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
$l;Lj;jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd;
gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
$l; L j; j pz; k q; f spd; gug; g sT
rhu;e;j gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

1.2 jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsit jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT jug;gl;l jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsitj; 07

EZfpaha;thu;. (rJuKfp> fdTU> $k;gfk;> Jzpthu;.
$k;G> mupak;> cUis> $l;Lj; jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsitj;
Nfhsk; - #j;jpuq;fisg; Jzpthu;.
gad;gLj;jp) $l; L j; jpz; k q; f spd; fdtsT
$l;Lj; jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT. njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

2'0 ntt;NtW mstPLf 2'1 n t t ; N t W mstPLf ngsjpff; fzpaq;fSk; epak ntt;NtW ngsjpff; fzpaq;fis
Sf;fhfg; nghUj; Sf; f hf> nghUj; j khd 12
myFfSk; myFfSld; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
jkhd mstP l ; L mstPl;L myFfisAk; epak myFfspd; Kw;Nru;fi; ffs; mstPl;bd; gUkDf;fika epak
myFfisAk; mstPl;L cgfuzq; mstP l ; L cgfuznkhd; w pd; myfpd; Kw;Nru;f;fifspd;
mstPlL; cgfuz fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu; ,opntz;zpfi ; f mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
q;fisAk; gad;gL mstPLfspd; gpdd; tOTk; rjtPj jug;gl;l mstPlL ; cgfuznkhd;
j;Jthu;. tOTk; -wpd; g+r ; r pa tOi t A k; > , o p
mst P l ; L c gf uzq ; f s p d ; ntz;zpf;ifiaAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
g+rr
; patO jug;gl;l mstPlL ; cgfuznkhd;wpd;
gpd;dtOitAk; rjtPj tOitAk;
fzpg;ghu;.
1
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
. Ntzpau; Nfhl;ghL
Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp
jpUFf; Nfhl;ghL
Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rp
efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;b
Kj;Jyhj; juhR
epWj;jw; fbfhuk;
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
rjtPj tOitf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L
rpwpa mstPLfis NkYk;
jpUj;jkhf msg;gjd; mtrpaj;ij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
Ntzpau; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itg;ghu;.
Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag;
gad;;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngWthu;.
jpUFf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itg;ghu;.
Ez; k hdpj; jpUFf; f zpr; r piag;
gad;;gLj;jp mstPLfs; ngWthu;>
jpUFf; Nfhl;ghL gad;gLk;
cgfuzq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
Kj;Jyhj; juhirg; gad;;gLj;jp
mstPLfs; ngWthu;.
epWj;jw; fbfhuj;ijg; gad;;gLj;jp
nghUj;jkhd mstPLfs; ngWthu;>

3'0 igjfurpd; njhlu; 3'1 igjfurpd; njhlu;igf; Fwpgg ; pLthu;. 06

gf; f q; f Sf; f pilapyhd igjfurpd; njhlu;Gk; mjd;
igg; gad; gLj; jp njhlu; i g tprhuiz gpuNahfq;fSk;. igjfurpd; njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;jp
,yFthfg; gpu nra;J Kf;Nfhzpnahd;W igjfurpd; njhlu;gpdJ Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gf;fq;fspd;
rpde;jPu;ghu;. nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfh khWepiyAk; mjd; ePsq;fisf; fzpg;ghu;.
zpahFkh ,y; i yah gpuNahfq;fSk;. gpurpdq;fisj; jPug
; g
; jw;F igjfurpd;
vd;gij KbT nra;thu;. njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
igjfurpd; njhlu;gpd; khWepiyia
vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
gpurpdq;fisj; jPug
; g
; jw;F igjfurpd;
njhlu;gpd; khWepiyiag;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

2
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
4'0 fy xOq; f ikg; 4.1 capu;f;fyq;fspd; mikg; gpujhd fy xOq;fikg;G tiffs; mq;fpfspd; Mf;f myF 'fyk;"; vdf; 06
Gila mq;fpfisj igAk; njhopy;fisAk; Kd;fUtd; fyq;fs; $Wthu;.
njhopDl;gj;Jf;fh ,dq; f hz; ghu; . fUtd; fyq;fs; Kd;fUtd; kw;Wk; fUtd; fyq;
fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. Kd;fUtd; fyk; kw;Wk; fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fUtd; fyk; Mfpatw;wpd; fyq;fspy; cs;s ntt;NtW Gd;d
tiff;Fupa mikg;G q;fq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk;
gw;wPupahf; fyq;fs; njhopy;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
gq;fRf; fyq;fs; mr;rpl;l tpsf;fg;glq;fisg;
jhtuf; fyq;fs; gad; g Lj; j p mbg; g ilahd fy
tpyq;Ff; fyq;fs; xOq;fikg;G tiffis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.

4'2 njhopDl;g cw;gj;jpfspy; Ez;zq;fpfis tiuaWj;jy; Ez;zq;fpfs; vd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;. 06

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Ez;zq;fpfspd; tpahgfk;. Ez;zq;fpfspd; ru;t tpahgfk; gw;wpf;
mq; f p fs; n fhz ; L s; s Ez;zq;fpfspd; ntt;NtW fye;JiuahLthu;.
,ay;Gfis EZfpaha;thu;. Rthr Kiwfs; Ez;zq;fpfs; cau; mDNrg tPjKk;
fhw;wpw; Rthrk; c a u; , d g ; n gU f; f Mw ; w Y k ;
mikaj;Jf;Fupa nfhz;ld ntdf; $Wthu;.
fhw;wpd;wpa Rthrk; gue;j clw;n whopypay; gy;tif
fl;Lg;gl;l fhw;wpd;wpa ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ntt;NtW
Rthrk; #oy; epge;jidfSf;F ,irthfj;
Ez;tsp ehl;lk; jf;fdntd tptupg;ghu;.
Ez;zq;fpfspd; ntt;NtW Ez;zq;fpfspd; ntt;NtW Rthr
Nghriz Kiwfs; Kiwfisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
xspj;jw;Nghriz mq;fpfspd; ntt;NtW Nghriz
xspg;gpwNghriz Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
,urhadj; jw;Nghriz
,urhadg; gpwNghriz

3
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
4'3 Ez;zq;fpfisj; njhop Ez;zq;fpfspd; gpuNahfq;fs; Ez;zq;fpfspd; #oy; njhlu;Gfis 10
Dl;g cw;gj;jpfSf;fhfg; Nahfl; cw;gj;jp mtjhdpg; g hu; .
gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fis japu; cw;gj;jp ntt;NtW Jiwfspy; Ez;zq;fp
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;. kJrhu cw;gj;jp ^fs;> gpau;> fspd; gpuNahfq;fisr; RUf;fkhf
itd;& tptupg;ghu;.
czT cw;gj;jpfs; Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLk; ifj;njhopy;
ntJg;gff; ifj;njhopy; fis mtjhdpj;J mwpf;if
kpifepug;gpfs; g;gLj;Jthu;.
Rita+l;bfs; Ez; z q; f p rhu; e ; j cw; g j; j pfs;
tpdhfpup cw;gj;jp ,yhgfukhdit vd;gijf; fye;Jiu
mkpNdh mkpy cw;gj;jp ahLthu;.
$l;nlU jahupg;G rf;jp tsq;fspd; Ngz;jF
capupay; gupfupg;G gad;ghl;L f;fhf Ez;z q;fpfspd;
capu;thA Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
4'4 jhtu ,iy> jz;L> Ntu; jhtu ,iyfs; ,Utpjj ; piyap kw;Wk; xUtpjj; piyap 09
Mfpatw;wpd; fl;likg;G> ,Utpj;jpiyap ,iy ,iyfspd; fl; l ikg; G uP j pahd
njhopy;fs; nghUshjhu xUtpj;jpiyap ,iy NtWghLfis ml;ltizg;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jtk; Mfpa xspj;njhFg;G gLj;Jthu;.
jhtuj; jz;L jhtu ,iyahdJ xspj;njhFg;G
tw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
,Utpj;jpiyapj; jz;L> %yk; fhNghitjNuw;W cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; gpujhd ,lkhFk; vdf;
xUtpj;jpiyapj; jz;L
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Mfpatw;wpd; gUkl;lhd
jhtu ,iyfspd; nghUshjhu
mikg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
,Utpjj ; piyapj; jhtuj; jz;bd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;
Jiz tsu;r;rp tifapy; jhtu ,iyfs;
xUtpjj ; piyapj; jhtuj; jz;bd; nfhz; L s; s rpwg; g pay; G fisf;
( palme family / j h y t i f ) fye;JiuahLthu;'
xOq;Ftpyfpa tsu;r;rp ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtuj; jz;bdJk;
ituKk; Nrhw;wpAk; xUtpj;jpiyapj; jhtuj; jz;bdJk;
jhtuj; jz;bd; nghUshjhu mikg;G NtWghLfis ml;ltizg;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gLj;Jthu;.

4
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
jhtu Ntu;
jhtu Ntupd; nghUshjhu> #oy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
4'5 ,aw; i ff; fhLfspd; Kjdpiy> ,uz; l hk; epiyf;
mikg;ig tprhuiz fhLfs;
nra;J mq;F fhzg;gLk; gpujhd td tiffs;
mad <uf;fhLfs;
tsq;fisg; Ngz;jF
mad cyu; fyg;Gf; fhLfs;
epiyapy; ifj; n jhopy; mad kiyf;fhLfs;
-fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; $k;Gjhq;fpf; fhLfs;
jpwd;fis tpUj;jpnra;J mupkuf; fhLfs;
nfhs;thu;. fhLfspd; nghUshjhu
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tdg; ghJfhg;GKiwfs;
Ngz;jFepiyg; gad;ghL
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdq;fs;
tdr;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;sy;
5
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtuj; jz;bd;
Jiztsu; r ; r p kw; W k; xUtpj;
jpiyapj; jhtuj; jz;bd; (ghNk
FLk; g ) xOq; F tpyfpa tsu; r ; r p
^Anomalous growth) f h u z k h f
jz;bd; tpl;lk; mjpfupf;fpdw
; ikia
typAWj;jpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
jhtuj; jz; b d ; nghU shjhu
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
nghUshjhuuPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngwj; jhtuj;jz;Lfs; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;b a rpwg; g hd ,ay; G fis
mtjhdpg;ghu;.
jhtuNtupd; nghUshjhu
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
Kjdpiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; 06
fhLfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
gpujhd tdtiffs; rpytw;wpd;
mbg;gilahd mikg;Gr; rhu;e ;j
,ay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.
fhLfspd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i jf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
mu pk uf ; f h Lf i s t su; g; gj d ;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
fhLfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; cgha Kiwfs;
mlq;fpa mwpfi ; f jahupgg
; hu;.
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
4'6 jhtuq;fis ,dg;ngUf;Fk; ,ioa tsu;gg ; pid tiuaWj;jy;. ,ioatsu;gg ; pid tiuaWg;ghu;. 07
t p i d j p w d ; k p f ; f x U ,ioa tsu;gG ; f;fhfg; ,ioatsu;gg; pwn ; fdg; gad;gLj;jj; jf;f
Kiwahf ,ioatsu;gi ; g gad; g Lj; J k; mbg;gil ,ioa ,ioag; gFjpfisg; gl;baw;g Lj;Jthu;.
,dq;fhz;ghu;. tiffs;
,ioatsu; g ; g pd; N ghJ gpd; g w; W k;
cr;rpg; gpupapioak;
mbg;gilg; gbKiwfis tptupgg ; hu;.
,sk; ,iyapd; gFjpfs;
mUk;Gfs; ,ioatsu; g ; g pidg; gad; g Lj; j p
,se;jz;Lfs; ,yq; i fapy; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Lk;
Nfruk; ifj;njhopyf ; s; gw;wpa jfty;fisr;
,ioa tsu;g;gpd; mbg;gilg; Nrfupg;ghu;.
gbKiwfs;
,ioa tsu;g;gpd; gpuNahfq;fs;

4.7 nghUshjhug; ngWkjp Ks;se;jz;bypfs; Ks;se;jz;LspfisAk; Ks;se; 06

fzk; Mj;jpug;Nghlh -jz;bypfisAk; NtWgLj;jp
nfhz;l Ks;se;jz;Lsp>
nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Ks;se;jz;bypf
; ; fz mq;fp Mj;jpug;Nghlh fzj;ijr; Nru;e;j
,why;
fisr; RUf;fkhf mwpKfQ; NjdP nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq; nfhz;l
nra;thu;. | Ks;se;jz;Lspfs; mq;fpfisg; ngaupLthu;.
nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,why;> NjdP Mfpatw;wpd; nghU
vd;G kPd;fs; shjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;J
frpapioa kPd;fs; iuahLthu;.
gwitfs; Nfhlhw; w h fzj; i jr; Nru; e ; j
Kiya+l;bfs; nghUshjhu Kf; f paj; J tKila
mq;fpfisg; ngaupLthu;.
Ks;se;jz;bypfs; mjpf nghUshjhu
Kf; f paj; J tk; nfhz; l itnad
cjhuzq; f hl; b (vd; G kP d ; f s; >
frpapioakPd;fs;> gwitfs;>
Kiya+l;bfs;) tptupg;ghu;.

6
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
5.0 tpir kw;Wk; mjd; 5.1 tpirapd; jd;ikiaAk; tpir tpir vd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;. 15
tpisTfs; gw;wpa mjd; jhf; f q; f isAk; tpirapd; fhtpj; jd;ik tpirnahd;Wf;F gUkDk;
mwpit md; w hl ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd tpirapd; myFfs; jpiriaAk; njhopw;gLk; Gs;spAk;
tho;fi
; fj; Njitf epa+ww
; dpd; tpjpfspd; %yk; tpirj; Jzpg;G cz;L vdf; fhl;Lthu;.
tpirnahd;wpd; njhopwg ; L Nfhl;il
Sf;nfdg; gad;gL tptupg;ghu;. ce;jk;
tptupg;ghu;.
j;Jthu;. ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd
tpirnahd;wpid xd;Wf;nfhd;W
epa+w;wdpd; tpjpfs;
nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L jpirfspy;
epiwAk; <u;it ikaKk; Jzpg;ghu;.
jhNd nrg;gkhFk; tpirfs; ,af;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;> ,af;fj;jpd;
,Otpir jd;ikia khw;Wjy; Mfpatw;iw
cijg;G epa+w;wdpd; Kjyhk; tpjp %yk;
cuha;T tpsf;Fthu;.
cuha;Tf; Fzfk; jpzpT> Ntfk; Mfpatw; w pd ;
ngUf;fNk ce;jk; MFk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;
epa+w; w dpd; ,uz; l hk; tpjpia
Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpirapd; myfhfpa epa+w;wid
tiuaWg;ghu;.
F= ma v D k ; r k d ; g h l ; i l g ;
gad;gLj;jp vspa gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
epa+w; w dpd; %d; w hk; tpjpg; g b
jhf;fk;> kWjhf;fk; Mfpad Vw;gLk;
tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
Gtpapdhy; nghUnshd; w pd; k P J
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ftu;r;rp tpirNa
mjd; epiwahFk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nghUnshd;wpd; epiw njhopwg ; Lk;
Gs; s pia <u; i tikak; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.

7
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
5.2 tpirj; njhFjpnahd;wpd; xNuNfhl;L tpirfs; ,uz;bd; xNuNfhl; L tpirfs; ,uz; b d;
tpisAis EZfp Muha;thu;. tpisAs;
rha; t hd tpirfs; ,uz; b d;
tpisAs;
tpir ,izfuj; Njhw;wk;.
5.3 t pi r n a hd ; wp d ; Ro w ; r p jpUg;gk;
tpisit mstpLthu;. tpirapiznahd;wpd; jpUg;gk;
8
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
Nfhy;> jl;L> tisak; Mfpa rPuhd
jpz; k q; f spd; <u; i tikaj; i jf;
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
jhNd nrg; g khFk; tpirfspd;
jd;ikia tptupg;ghu;.
epiyapay; cuha;T tpir> vy;iy
cuha;T tpir> ,af;f cuha;T
tpir Mfpatw;iw vspa
nraw;ghnlhd;wpd; %yk; tptupg;ghu;.
F=R vDk; rkd;ghl;il Kd;itj;J
cuha; T f; Fzfj; i j mwpKfk;
nra;thu;.
F= R v D k ; rkd;ghl;ilg;
gad; g Lj; j p vspa gpurpdq; f s;
jPu;g;ghu;.
09
tpisAspd; gUkidAk;
jpiriaAk; Jzptuu;.
tpirapizfuj; Njw;wj;ij
Kd;itg;ghu;
tpirapizfu Njw;wj;jpd;
Nfhitiag; gad;gLj;jp> rha;thd
,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAisf;
fz;lwpthu;.
jpUg;gk; vd;why; vd;dntd 07
tiuaWg;ghu;.
jpUg; g j; j pd; k P J nry; t hf; F r; ;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpirapiznahd;wpd; jpUg;gj;ij
tptupg;ghu;.
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
5.4 xUjs tpirj; njhFjp Gs;spg; nghUnshd;wpd; rkepiy ,uz; L tpirfspd; fP o ; Gs; s pg; 11
nahd;wpd; rkdpiy njhlu; ,uz;L tpirfspd; fPor ; ; rkepiy nghUspdJk; tpiwj;j nghUspdJk;
ghfg; gFj;jhuha;thu;. %d;W tpirfspd; fPor ; ; rkepiy rkepiyia tptupg;ghu;.
tpiwj;j nghUnshd;wpd; rkepiy %d; W tpirfspd; fP o ; Gs; s pg;
,uz;L tpirfspd; fPor; ; rkepiy nghUnshd; w pd; rkepiyf; F upa
%d;W tpirfspd; fPor ; ; rkepiy Njitfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpirfs; rkhe;jukhf mikAk; rha;thd %d;W tpirfspd; fPo;
re;ju;gg; k; tpiwj;j nghUnshd;wpd; rkepiy
tpirfs; rha;t ; hf mikAk; f;Fupa Njitfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
re;ju;g ; g
; k; rkhe;jukhd %d;W tpirfspd; fPo;
tpi wj; j nghUnshd; w pd;
rkepiy f; F upa Njitfis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itg;ghu;.
xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L
tpirfs; nfhz;l> %d;W tpirf
Ss;s xUjs tpirj; njhFjp
njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

6.0 Ntiy> rf;jp. tY 6.1 Ntiy> rf;jp. tY Mfpad Ntiy Ntiy> rf;jp Mfpatw;iw tiuaWg;ghu;. 14
Mfpad njhlu;ghd njhlu;ghd mwpit nghwpKiwr; rf;jp nghwpKiwr; rf;jpapd; Ngjq;fisg;
mwpit eilKiwj; ei lK iwj; NjitfS ,af;fr; rf;jp ngaupLthu;.
NjitfSf; n fdg; f;nfdg; nghUj;jkhdthW ngau;T(Translational) ,af;fr; ngau;T ,af;f rf;jpfF ; upa Nfhitia
ngUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;Jthu;. rf;jp Kd;itg;ghu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. mOj;jr;rf;jp <u;itapdhyhd mOj;jrf;jpf;Fupa
<u;itapyhd mOj;jr;rf;jp Njitia Kd;itg;ghu;.
tY n g h w p K i w r ; r f ; j p f ; f h g ; G f ;
nghwpKiwr; rf; j pf; fhg; G f; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itg;ghu;.
Nfhl;ghL tY vd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;.
tpidj;jpwd; nghwpf;F toq;fg;gLk; tY nghwpap
ypUe; J fpilf; F k; gad; j UtY

9
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp tpidj;
jpwid tiuaWg;ghu;.
tY> tpidj;jpwd; vd;gd rhu;e;j
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

7.0 ehshe;j tho;f;if 7.1 jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fis Nfhz mstP L fshd ghif> Nfhz mstPLfshf ghif> Miuad; 06
apy; fUkq;fisj; tptupg;ghu;. Miuad; Mfpatw;wpd; mwpKfk; Mfpatw;wpid ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
jpupNfhz fzpj M i u a d ; > g h i f M fp a t w ;
Miuad;> ghif Mfpatw;Wf;fpil
tpfpjq;fisg; fpilapyhd njhlu;G apyhd njhlu;ig tptupg;ghu;. jpup -
gad; gLj;jp ird;. Nfhird;> jhQ;rd; Mfpa Nfhzfzpj tpfpjq; fisj; Jzp
,yFgLj;jpf; jpuNfhzfzpj tpfpjq; f spd; -thu;.
nfhs;thu;. mwpKfk;
ird;. Nfhird;> jhQ;r d; Mfpa
(,uz;lhk; fhy;tl;lk; tiu) jpup Nfhzfzpj tpfpjq; f is
m wp K f Q ; n r a; th u; . (, uz ; l hk ;
0, , , , Mfpa fhy;tl;lk; tiu)
6 4 3 2

Nfhzq;fspd; jpupNfhz fzpj 0, , , , Mfpa Nfhzq;fspd
6 4 3 2
tpfpjq;fs; ( sin, cos, tan &
sin2 + cos2 = 1 vDk; ru;trkid
sin2 + cos2 = 1 epWTthu;.

7.2 jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fisg; jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq; f isg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
09
gad;gLj;jp gad;gLj;jp gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;ghu;.
Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd;
gf;fq;fs;> Nfhzq;fs; Mfpatw;iwj;
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzq;fs; rhu;e;j
Jzpjy;. ePsq;fs;> Nfhzq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf;
Vw;wf;NfhzKk; ,wf;ff; NfhzKk; fhz;gjw;F jpupNfhz fzpj
1 tpfpjq; f isg; gad; g Lj; J thu; .
S ab sin C vDk; #j;jpuj;ijg; (eilKiwr; re;ju;gg ; q;fs; cl;gl)
2
eilKiwr; re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; Vw;wf;
gad;gLj;jp Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd;
Nfhzk;> ,wf;ff; Nfhzk; Mfpad
gug;gsitj; Jzpjy;.
fpilf; F k; tpjj; i j tprhuiz
nra;thu;.

10
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; epakf;
Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp
Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsTf;Fupa
1
S ab sin C vDk; #j; jpuj; i jg;
2
ngWk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
me;jr; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsitf;
fzpg;ghu;. (eilKiwr; re;ju;gg
;
q;fs; cl;gl)
7'3 tpyn; yhd;wpd; ePsj;ijAk; tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsk; tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsj;ijj; Jzptjw;F 09
Mi ur ; r pi w n ahd ; w pd ; Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsT l r vDk; #j;jpuj;ij mwpKfQ;
gug;gsitAk; fhz;ghu;. nra;J ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
0 l r vDk; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
s
369 0 tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
gpdt; Uk; #j;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
Miur;rpiwnahd;wpd; gug;gsitf; fzpgg; hu;
1 2
S r ^Miuadpy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ&'
2

S A ^Miuadpy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ&'
2

,q;F A vd;gJ Miur; rpiwiag;

ngw;w tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsthFk;.
0
s A ( MdJ ghiffspy;
360
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ikaj;jpy;
vjpuikf;Fk; NfhzkhFk;.

11
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
8.0 Row;rp ,af;fk; 8.1 Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila Row; r p ,af; fj; jpy; cs; s nghUl;
f s; 24
gw;wpa mwpit mwpit eilKiwj; ngsjpff; fzpaq;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
eilKiwj; NjitfSf;Fg; Nfhz ,lg;ngnau;r;rp Row; r p ,af; f j; J ld; njhlu; g hd
NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. Nfhz Ntfk; fzpaq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd
gad;gLj;Jthu;. Mtu;jj ; d fhyk; T njhlu; G fisr; rkd; g hnlhd; w pd;
Row;rp kPbwd; f %yk; fhl;Lthu;.
rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; I nghUnshd; w pd; Row; r pr; rlj; J
Nfhz Mu;KLfy; tj;jpd; mstPlhfr; rlj;Jtj; jpU
Row;rp ,af;frf;jp g; g j; i jf; Fwpg; g pLthu; .
KWf;fk; Xa;tpypUf;Fk; nghUnshd;wpy; Row;
Row;rp ,af;fj;jpd; rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; RoYk;
fzpaq; f Sf; F ,ilapyhd nghUnshd; w pd; NfhzNtfj; i j
njhlu;G khw; W tjw; f hfTk; KWf; f j; i j
= 2 f gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;Lnkd
= I tpsf;Fthu;.
$l; L j; jsTU tq; f s; r hu; e ; j
E = 1/2 I 2
gpur;rpidfisj; jPug ; g
; jw;fhf Nkw;gb
#j;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;ghd
,af;fr rkd;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp
vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; jug;gl;l nghUs;
njhlu;ghf Mu;KLfy;> Row;rp ,af;fr;
rf;jp Mfpad rhu;ej ; gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;gg; hu;.

9'0 k p d ; c g f u z 9'1 X l ; l kpd;dpaypd; kpd; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> kpd;Ndw;wk; 12

q;fspd; guhkupg;G> m b g ; g i l kpd;Ndw;wk;> kpd;Ndhl;lk;> Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igj;
kpd; R w; W f; f isj; vz; z f; f fUf; f isAk; kpd;dOj;j tpj;jpahrk; njuptpg;ghu;.
jpl; lkply; Mfpa Nfhl;ghLfisAk; Ma;ej ; kpd; jil kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
tw;Wf;F kpdd ; pay; wpthu;. flj;jpnahd;wpd; jil flj;jpnahd;wpd; jila> jputpa nkhd;wpd;
jilj;jpwd; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

12
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
njhlu; g hd mwp Xkpd; tpjp ntg;gepiyAld; jil khWgLtij
itg; gad ; g Lj; jilkPJ nry;thf;Fr; nra;J fhl;Lthu;.
Jthu;. nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; kP flj;jhW vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
jilj;jpwd; Kjnyhd;wpd; kpd;dpaf;ftpiriaAk;
ntg;gepiyAld; jilapd; mfj;jiliaAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
khwy; kpdd; paf;f tpir> mOj;jtpjj ; pahrk;>
kpdK ; jy;fs; mfj;jil> kpdN ; dhl;lk; Mfpatw;Wf;
kpd;dpaf;f tpir fpilapyhd njhlu;ig tpsf;Fthu;.
mfj;jil njhluhd> rkhe;jukhd vspa Rw;Wf;fspd;
njhluhd rkhe;jukhd rktYj;jilia tpsf;Fthu;.
jilj;njhFjpfs; njhluhd jilj; njhFjpnahd;wpid
kpd;Rw;Wfs; mOj;jg; gpupgg ; hfg; gad;gLjyhnkdf;
fpu;f;Nfhtpd; tpjp 1>11 $Wthu;.
fyq;fSk; jilfSk; jilj; njhFjpfisf; nfhz; l
nfhz;l Rw;Wfs; ,Ugupkhz vspa Rw; W f; f spw; f hd
kpd; cgfunkhd;wpd; kpd;rf;jp fzpj; j y; f isr; nra; t hu; .
tY Rw; W f;f s; rhu; e ;j vspa fzpj; j y; f
kpd;dpd; ntg;g tpisT Sf; F f; fpu; f ; N fhtpd; tpjpiag;
k P f l j ; j h W (Super conductivity) gad; g Lj; J thu; .
jilnahd; w pypUe; J gpwg; g pf; f g;
gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; msitj;
Jzptjw;fhf kpd;Ndhl;lk;> mOj;j
tpj; j pahrk; > jil Mfpatw; i wj;
njhlu; G gLj; J thu; .
kpd; D gfunkhd; w pd; tY rhu; e ; j
fzpj; j y; f isr; nra; t hu; .

9'2 kpd;Df;F k; fhe;jj;jpw;Fk; kp d ; D f ; F k ; f h e ; j j ; J f ; F k ; fhtyplg;gl;l fk;gpr; RUnshd;wpy; 15

,ilapyhd ,ilj;njhopw; ,ilapyhd ,ilj;njhopwg ; hLfs;. ghAk; Xl;lk; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk;
ghLfs; gw;wpj; Njbaha;thu;. k p d ; N d h l ; l j ; j p d ; f h e ; j kpd; f he; j j; jd; i kiar; nra; J
tpiisT fhl;Lthu;.
13
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
fhe;jg; Gyj;Jf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf fhe;jg; Gynkhd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
itf;fg;gl;l Xl;lj;ijf; fhTk; Xl;lj;ijf; fhTk; flj;jpnahd;wpd;
flj;jpnahd;wpd; kPjhd tpir kPjhd tpirfisr; nra;if%yk;
(F= BIl) fhl; L tjw; f hf Xl; l j; j uhirg;
kpdf; he;jj; J}z;ly; gad; g Lj; J thu; .
epiykhw;wpfs; fhe;jg; Gynkhd;wpy; nrq;Fj;jhf
RUs;fspd; fk;gp KWf;Ffspd; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Xl;lj;ijf; fhTk;
v z ; z p f ; i f f ; F k ; m O j ; j flj;jpnahd;wpy; Vw;gLk; tpirapd;
tpj;jpahrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd jpiriaj; Jzptjw;fhf gpnskpqf ; pd;
tpfpjk; ,lf; i f tp jpi ag; gad; gLj; J thu; .
fhe;j tpirapd; gUkd;kJ P nry;th
f;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg; nga
upLthu;.
,yl;rpa khw;wpfSf;F vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; kpdf ; he;jj;
J}z;liy tptupg;ghu;.
Vp Ip = V s Is fhe; j g; Gyj; J f; F r; nrq; F j; j hf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Xl;lk; ghAk; flj;jpnah
d;wpd; kPjhd tpiriaf; fzpg;ghu;.
fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Xl;lk; ghAk; nrt;tftbtf;
flj; j pnahd; w pd; k P J tpirapiz
Njhd;Wfpd;wij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
kpd; f he; j j; J}z; l ypd; gpuNahf
q;fshf ijdNkhitAk; kpdk ; hw;wp
iaAk; (epiykhw;wpfs;) mwpKfQ;
nra;thu;.
gbFiwg;G khw;wp kw;Wk; gb$l;L
khw;wpfspd; gad;ghl;il cjhuzq;
fhl;b tpsf;Fthu;.

14
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
epiykhw;wpAld; njhlu;Gila vspa
f z pj j; y f; i s Vp Ip = V s Is

vDk; #j;jpuj;ijAk;
vDk; #j;jpuj;ijAk; gad;gL
j;Jthu;.

10.0 ntg;gk; 10.1 jpz;k> jput tpupTfs; ntg;gk; jpz;k tpupT njhlu;ghf 07
njhlu;ghd gw;wpj; Njbaha;thu;. tpupT tpupjfTf;Fk; ntg;gepiy
mwpit ehshe;j jpz;kq;fspy; ePl;ly; tpupTk; khw;wj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd gug;gsT tpupTk;> fdtsT njhlu;Gfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
;.
G+u; t f; fU kq; tpupTk;. jpz;k tpupT njhlu;ghd gpur;rpdq;
-Sf;fhfg; gad; jpuT tpupT fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
gLj;Jthu;. vspa njhopw;ghnlhd;wpd; %yk;
jput tpupitr; nra;J fhl;Lthu;.
ntg; g tpuptpd; gpuNahfq; f is
tptupg;ghu

10.2 n t g ; g g ; g u p k h w ; w k ; > ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; ntg; g f; nfhs; s sT vd; g ij 07

epiykhw; w k; Mfpad
njhlu;ghfj; Njbaha;thu;.
jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT tiuaWj;J Q = c vdf; $Wthu;.
epiykhw;wk; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssit
cUfypd; jd;kiw ntg;gk; tiuaWj;J Q = mc rkd;ghl;ilf;
Mtpahjypd; jd;kiw ntg;gk; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; vd;gij tptupjJ
; mJ
njhlu;ghd vspa fzpj;jy; fisr; nra;thu;.
jug;gl;Ls;s xU jputpaj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf;
nfhs;ssitf; fhz;gjw;fhff; fyit
Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
kiwntg;gr; re;ju;gg; q;fis ntg;gepiy
Neu tiunghd;wpy; Fwpgg; hu;.

15
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k;
10.3 ntg;g ,lkhw;wy; Kiwfs;
njhlu;ghfj; Njbaha;thu;.
11.0 ntg;g ,urhad 11.1 ngsjpf khw;wq;fs; njhl
tpay; njhlu;ghd u; g hd ntg; g khw; w q;
mbg;gil fi s r ; N r hjp g; g j w; F
vz;zf;fUf;fisj; ntg;g ,urhadtpaypd;
Njbawpthu;. mbg; g il vz; z f; f U
f;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
cUfy pd; jd; k iwn tg; g j; i j
tiuaWg;ghu;.
Mtpahjypd; jd;kiwntg;gj;ij
tiuaWg;ghu;.
epiykhw;wnkhd;wpd;NghJ ngWk;
my;y J ntsptpLk; ntg; g jjpd;
msitf; fzpg;ghu;.
ntg;g ,lkhw;wk; (transition) ntg;g ,lkhw;wy; Kiwfs; 09
flj;jy; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.
Nkw;fhTif fhtypll ; Nfhnyhd;wpd; topNaahd
fjpu;gG
; ntg;gf; flj;jy; tPjj;jpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfisf; $Wthu;.
eilKiwapy; ntg;g f; flj;j y;
tPjj;ijf; Fiwf;fj;jf;f topfisg;
gpNuupg;ghu;.
,aw;ifahd Nkw;fhTifr;
nrad;Kiwia cjhuzq;fs; %yk;
tpsf;Fthu;.
ntg;gf; fjpu;g;gpy; Nkw;gug;gsTk;
Nkw;gug;gpd; jd;ikAk; ntg;gepiyAk;
n r y ; t hf ; F r ; n r Y j; J t i j
cjhuzq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
ntg;g ,urhadk; njhlu;ghd ntg;gk;> Ntiy> rf;jp> njhFjp 10
mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fs;. vy;iy> #oy; Mfpa gjq;fis
ntg;gk;> Ntiy> rf;jp. tiuaWg;ghu;.
njhFjp> #oy; (Rw;Wg;Gwr; v y ; i y A + l h f r; rf;jpAk;
#oy;)> vy;iy r lg; n ghU Sk ; gupk hw; w g; gLk;
njhFjpia jpwe;j njhFjp vd
16
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
epiykhw;wk;. tiuaWg;ghu;.
cUfy; vy;iyA+lhf rf;jp khj;jpuk;
ciwjy; gupkhwg; g Lk; njhFjpia %ba
gjq;fkhjy; njhFjpnad tiuaWg;ghu;.
kPs;gjq;fkhjy; vy;iyA+lhf rf;jpAk; rlg;nghUSk;
Mtpahjy; gupkhw;wg;glhj njhFjpiaj;
xLq;fy; jdpikahf; f g; g l; l njhFjp vd
tiuaWg;ghu;.
njhFjp> #oy; Mfpad xUq;Nf
mfpyk; MFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
cUfy; > ciwjy; > gjq; f khjy; >
gbjy;> kPs;gjq;fkhjy;> Mtpahjy;>
xLq;Fjy; Mfpa ngsjpf
khw;wq;fis tiuaWg;ghu;.
epiykhw; w k; gw; w p %yf; $ w; W
kl;lg;gFg;gha;tpy; <LgLthu;.
11.2 jhf;f ntg;gj;ijg; gupNrh jhf;f ntg;gk;. 07
jid uPjpapy; Jzpthu;. Gwntg;g> mfntg;gj; jhf;f ntg;gk; vd;gij tptupg;ghu;.
jhf;fq;fs;. Gwntg;g> mfntg;gj; jhf;fq;fis
rf;jp tupg;glq;fs;. cjhuzq;fspd; cjtpAld;
jhf;f ntg;gj;jpd; tpsf;Fthu;.
gpuNahfq;fs;. Gwntg;g> mfntg;gj; jhf;fq;fisr;
nra;Jfhl;Lthu;.
mkpy - %y jhf;fq;fspd; jhf;f ntg;gj;ijg;
gupNrhjid uPjpahff; fzpgg; hu;.
jhf;fq;fs; rhu;ej ; ntg;g khw;wq;fis
jP u ; khdpf; F k; NghJ Nkw; n fhz; l
vLNfhs;fisf; $Wthu;.
jhf;fq;fs; rhu;e;j ntg;g khw;wq;
fisr; rf;jp tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;.
jhf;f ntg;gj;jpd; gpuNahfq;fis

17
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
cjhuzq;fs; %ykhf tptupg;ghu;.
jhf;f ntg;gk; njhlu;ghd fw;if
md;whl tho;tpYk; Ntiy cyfpYk;
gad;gLk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
12.0. ,af;fg; gz;G 12.1 ,urhadj; jhf; f tP j j; jhf;ftPjk; 10
, urha dt pa y pd; j p d ; g h y ; n r y ; t h f ; F r ; jhf; f tP j j; j py; nry; t hf; F r; ahNjDk; khw;wj;jpd; NghJ Xu; myF
mbg;gil vz;zf; nrYj; J k; fhuzpfisg; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; Neuj;jpy; eilngw;w khw;wj;jpd; msNt
fUf;fisg; gad; gupNrhjid uPjpahfj; ntg;gepiy tPjk; MFnkd vLj;Jf;$Wthu;.
gLj;jp jhf;f Jzpthu;. nrwpT gjhu;jj
; q;fspd; mstpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;>
tPjj;ij MSif ngsjpf epiy (jhf;fpfspd; jhf;ftPjj;ij mstpLk; Xu; mbg;gilf;
nra;t hu;. Nkw;gug;gsT) fhuzpahFnkd vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
Cf;fpfs; jhf;ftPjq;fis xg;gpLk;NghJ
gjhu;jj; q;fspd; msT my;yJ nrwpT
kPJ jq;fpAs;s gpw ,ay;nghd;wpidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk; vd tpsf;Fthu;.
Neuj; i j mstpLtjd; %ykhfj
jhf; f tP j j; i j mstpl> nkJthf
eilngWk; ,urhad jhf;fq;fisj;
njupTnra;thu;.
jhf;ftPjj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;
fhuzpfshf> ntg; g epiy> nrwpT
(mKf;fk;)> ngsjpfj; jd;ik
(jhf;fpfspd; Nkw;gug;gsT)> Cf;fpfs;
Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLthu;.
,urhadj; jhf;fnkhd;wpd; tPjj;jpdg; hy;
ntg;gepiyapd; nry;thf;if nra;if
%yk; fhl;Lthu;.
jhf;ftPjj;jpd;ghy; nrwptpd;
nry;thf;iff; fhl;Ltjw;fhf
cjhuzq; fhl;Lthu;.
jhf;fnkhd;wpd; tPjj;jpd;ghy; ngsjpf

18
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
12.2 ,urhadj; jhf;fnkhd;wpd; xw;iwg; gbKiwj; jhf;fq;fs;
tPjj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; xw;iwg; gbKiwj; jhf;fq;fSf;
nrYj; J k; fhuzpfis Fupa rf;jptupg;glk;
tptupg; g jw; f hf ,af; f g; Vtw; rf;jp
gz; G ,urhadtpaypd; jhf;fk; epfOtjw;Fj; Njitahd
mbg; g il vz; z f; f Uf; epge;jidfs;
fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. %yf;$Wfspd; NkhJif
nghUj;jkhd jpirKfj;jpy;
NkhJjy;
Vtw;rf;jpia tpQ;rpapUj;jy;
Nkw; g b Njitfis epiwT
nra;tjw;fhf> ntg;gepiy> nrwpT>
Cf;fp> ngsjpfepiy Mfpad
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjk;
gy;gbKiwj; jhf;fq;fs;
tPj epu;za gbKiwfs;
19
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
epiy nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;tpjj;ij
nra;if %yk;fhl;Lthu;.
Vfkhd gy;ypd Cf;fpfs; %yk;
jhf;f tPjk; NtWgLtijr; nra;i;f
%yk; fhl;Lthu;.
10
xw;iwg; gbKiwj; jhf;fk; vd;gJ
ahJ vd tptupg;ghu;.
xw;iwg; gbKiwj;jhf;fQ; rhu;ghf>
jhf;f Ms;$Wf;F vjpNu rf;jpia
tiughf;fp Kd;itg;ghu;.
Vtw;rf;jp vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
jhf;fnkhd;W epfOtjw;F epiwTngw
Ntz;ba epge;jidfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
%yf;$Wfspd; NkhJif>
%yf;$Wfs; nghUj;jkhd
jpirKfj;Jld; NkhJjy;> NkhJk;
%yf;$Wfs; Vtw;rf;jpia tpQ;rpapU
j;jy;> Mfpad jhf;fnkhd;W G+u;j;jpa
iltjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil
epge;jidfshFk; vdf; $Wthu;.
jhf;fnkhd;W epfOtjw;fhf
epiwTnra;a Ntz;ba
epge;jidfisg; G+uj; j
; p nra;jypd;ghy;
ntg;gepiy> nrwpT> Cf;fp> ngsjpf
epiy Mfpa fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
gy; g bKiwj; jhf; f nkhd; w pid
tptupg;ghu;.
jhf;fnkhd;wpd; tPj epu;zag; gbKiw
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
13.0 Nrjdr; 13.1 Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; kw;Wk; Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; mwpKfk;.
Nru;itfs; kw;Wk; capu; KiwikfSf; F capupurhad %yf;$Wfspy;
capu; %yf; Kf; f pakhd njhopw; g L cs;s njhopw;gL %ypfq;fs;.
$Wfspd; %ypfq;fis ,dq;fhzy;. njhopw;gL %ypfq;fSf;Fupa
mikg;G> rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> kpd;kiwj;jd;ik.
gpuNahfq;fs;; KidTj;jd;ik /
Mfpatw;iwj; Kidtw;wjd;ik
Njbaha;thu;. ePupy; fiuAk; jpwDk;
Ijhd gpizg;Gf;fSk;.
mkpyj;jd;ik> %yj;
jd;ik.
13.2 fhNghitjNuw; W fspd; fhNghitjNuw;Wfs;;
fl;likg;ig Ma;ej
; wpthu;. nkhNdh rf;fiul;Lfs;
(xUrf;fiul;Lfs;)
il rf;fiul;Lfs;
(,Uf;fiul;Lfs;)
nghyprf;fiul;Lfs;
(gy;rf;fiul;Lfs;)
fhNghitjNuw;Wfspd; Kf;fpaj;
JtKk; gpuNahfq;fSk;
capu;Kiwikfspy;
ifj;njhopy;fspy;
20
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
vJ vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
05
Nrjdr; Nru;itfis tiuaWg;ghu;.
capupurhadtpaiyAk; capu; %yf;
$WfisAk; tiuaWg;ghu;.
Nrjdr; Nru; i tfSf; F k; capup
urhad %yf;$WfSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlu;igf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
capupurhad %yf; $ WfspYs; s
njhopw;gL %ypfq;fis -OH, -NH2,
-COOH, -CHO3, -C -OR Mfpatw;iw
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
njhopw; g L %ypfq; f Sf; N fAupa
,ay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
05
fNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; vd;why;
vd; d ntd tiuaWj; J mtw; i w
xUrf;fiul;L> ,Urf;fiul;L>
gy;rf;fiul;L vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
fhNghitjNuw; w py; mlq; f pAs; s
rpwg;ghd %ypfq;fisAk;
%yfq;fisAk; ngaupLthu;.
,Urf;fiul;L> gy;rf;fiul;L
Mfpatw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s
fpisf; Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;Gfis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
ngdbf; u pd; fiury; > Ngypq; f pd;
fiury; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
vspa nty;yj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
13.3 Gujq;fspd; fl;likg;ig mkpNdhtkpyq;fs;
Ma;e;jwpthu;. tiuaWj;jy;
mikg;Gk; xOq;fikg;Gk;.
ngj;ijl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk;
Gujq;fspd; mikg;Gk;
njhopw;ghL;k;.
Gujq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
gad;ghLk;
capu;Kiwikfspy;
ifj;njhopy;fspy;
13.4 nehjpaq;fs;> tpw;wkpd;fs; nehjpaq;fs; - tiuaWj;jy;;
Mfpatw; w pd; Kf; f paj; Cf;fp ,ay;GfisAk; Mjhug;
Jtj;ijj; Njbaha;thu;. gilr; rpwg;igAk; tpsf;Fjy;.
21
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
maBd; fiuriyg; gad; g Lj; j p
khg;nghUis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fhNghitjNuw;wpd; rpwg;gpay;G fis
tptupg;ghu;.
fhNghitjNuw;Wfspd; ifj;njhopw;
gad;ghl;ilg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
05
mkpNdhtkpy %yf;$wpy;
mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd njhopw;ghl;L
%yfq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
mj;jpahtrpa mkpNdhhtkpyq;fs;
gj;ijAk; ngaupLthu;.
Gujj; j py; mlq; f pAs; s tpNrl
%ypfq;f s; > gpizg; Gfs; Mfpa
tw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
jug;gl;l capu; %yf;$WfSs; Guj
%yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Gujj; j pd; Kjyhd fl; l ikg; G >
Jizahd fl;likg;G Mfpatw;iw
tpgupgg; hu;.
epd;Ijupd; fiury; %yk;
mkpNdhtkpyq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Gujj; i j ,dq; f hz; g jw; n fd
iga+Nuw;Wf; fiuriyg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
capu; K iwikfspYk; czTf;
ifj;njhopypYk; (,iwr;rp> kPd;>
Kl; i l) Gujj; j pd; Kf; f paj; J
tj;ijf; fye;JiuahLthu;. 05
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
nehjpaq; f spd; njhopw; g hLkP J nehjpaq;fis tpNrl ,ay;Gs;s
nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; mbg;gilf; Gujq;fs; vd tiuaWg;ghu;.
fhuzpfs; nehjpaq;fspd; Cf;fpapay;ig tiuG
nehjpaq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; gad;ghLk;. %yk; fye;JiuahLthu;.
capu;Kiwikfspy; nehjpaq;fspd; Mjhug;gilr;
ifj;njhopy;fspy; rpwg;gpay;ig capu;g;ghd gpuNjrk;
%yk; tptupg;ghu;.
tpw;wkpd;fs; - tiuaWj;jy;
nehjpaq; f spd; njhopw; g hL kP J
ePupy; fiujpwd;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; mbg;gilf;
nfhOg;gpy; fiujpwd;
f hu zp fs hd n t g ; g ep i y > pH
capu;Kiwikfspy; ngWkhdk;> cg;Gr; nrwpT> Mjhug;gilr;
tpw;wkpd;fspd; mtrpak; nrwpT Mfpatw;iw tptupgg ; hu;.
ifj;njhopy;fspy; gad;gLk;
nehjpaq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
nehjpag; gad;ghl;bd; mD$yq;fis
tptupg;ghu;.
tpw;wkpd;fs; vd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;.
eP u py; fiuAk; tpw; w kpd; f isAk;
nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; tpww ; kpdf ; isAk;
cjhuzq;fs; %yk; Ntwhf;fpff ; hl;Lthu;.
ntt;NtW tpw;wkpd;fs; mlq;fpAs;s
ntt;NtW czTfisg; ngaupLthu;.
tpw; w kpd; FiwghL fhuzkhfj;
Njhd;Wk; Fiwghl;L mwpFwpfisg;
gl;baw;;gLj;Jthu;.
capu; K iwfspy; tpw; w kpd; f spd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;JiuahLthu;

22
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
13.5 , y p g ; g pl ; L f s pd ; f l; l ,ypg;gpl;Lfs; tiuaWj;jy; 04
-ikg;ig Ma;ej ; wpthu;. ,ypg;gpl;Lfspd; fl;likg;Gk;
$WfSk; ,ypg;gpl;il mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.
,Uf;if ,ypg;gpl;by; mlq;fpAs;s Mf;ff;$W
%yfq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
nfhOg;GfSk; vz;nza;fSk;
,ypg;gpl;Lfspy; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd
%ypfq;fs; kw;Wk; gpizg;Gf;fisg;
ngaupLthu;.
,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$W cUthfpAs;s
tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
jug;gl;l capu%; yf;$WfSs; ,ypgg ; plL
;
%yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; %yk; capupfspd;
clypy; epfo; j ; j g; g Lk; njhopy;
fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
vspa Nrhjidfs; %yk; ,ypg;gpl;il
14.0 ifj;njhopw; Jiw 14.1 gy;gFjpaq;fis mtw;wpd; gy;gFjpaq;fs; - tiuaWj;jy; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.. 09
apy; gy; g Fjpaq; ngsjpf ,ay; G fspw;fika nghypvjpyP d ; (PE)
fspd; gad; tifg;gLj;Jthu;. nghypitidy; FNshiul; L r p y g y ; g F j p a q ; f s ; vd;gij
(PVC) tiuaWg;ghu;.
ghl; i lj; Njb - PE, PVC, PP, PET, PS kw;Wk; ,aw;;if
nghypGNuhg;gpyPd; (PP)
awpthu;.
nghyp vjpyPd; nuupjj ; Nyw;W (PET) ,wg;g upd; ,urhadf; fl; likg;i g
nghypj;ijuPd; (PS) ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
n g h w p K i w , a y ; G f s p d ; g b gy; g Fjpa %yf; $ Wfs; FWf; F g;
gy;gFjpaq;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy; gpizg;Gf;fshy; gpize;Js;sikia
,wg;gu; tpsf;Fthu;.
gpshj;jpf;F cau; kPspay;Gs;s gy;gFjpaq;fis
ehu;fs; ,wg;gu; / ,yh];uku; vd tptupg;ghu;.
tiuaWf; f g; g l; l kP s pay; G s; s
gy;gFjpaq;fisg; gpshj;jpfF
; vd tptupgg; hu;.
nghypvjpyPd; (PE)> nghypitidy;
FNshiul;L (PVC)> nghyp vjpyPd;

23
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k;
14.2 g y ; g F j p a q ; f i s g ; epug;gpg; nghUs;fs; tiuaWj;jy;
gad; g Lj; j p gz; l q; f s;
nra; t jw; f hf Nru; k hdg;
nghUl;fSk; epug;Gg; Nru;khdg; n ghUs ;fs; -
tiuaWj;jy;.
nghUl;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;
gL jy ; g w; w p t prhuiz
nra;thu;.
ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
nuupj;jNyw;W (PET)nghypGnuhg;gpyPd;
(PP) nghypj;ijuPd; (PS)Mfpatw;iwg;
g ps h j ; j p f ; F j ; j p u t p a q ; f n s dg ;
ngaupLthu;.
kPspay;Gs;s> cau; ,O tpiriar;
rfpf;fj;jf;f gy;gFjpaj; jputpaq;fis
ehu;fs; vdg; ngaupLthu;.
ieNyhd; vd;gJ ehu;j;jputpaq;fis
cUthf; F tjw; F g; gad;g Lk; xU
gy;gFjpakhFnkdf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
,wg;gu; 'ty;fidRg;gLj;jy;"vd;gij
tptupg;ghu;
ntg;gepiyAld; gpshj;jpf;Fj;
jputpaq; f spd; gha; T ,ay; i gr;
Nrhjpg;ghu;.
nu[pNghikg; (nghypj ; ijuP i d)g;
gad; g Lj; j p Nrjdr; Nru; i tfspy;
gpshj;jpfF ; fiutijr; nra;Jfhl;Lthu;. 08
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,ay;Gfs; epug;gpg; nghUs;fs; vd;gij
tiuaWg;ghu;.
epug;gpg; nghUl;fs; nfhz;bUf;f
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfisf; fye;Jiu
er;Rj; jd;ik -ahLthu;.
,aw;if ,wg;gu; %yk; lau; cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; NghJk; gpshj;jpf;Fg;
nghUs;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epug;gpg; nghUl;fisg;
ngaupLthu;.
Nru;khdg; nghUl;fs; vd;gij
tiuaWg;ghu;.
24
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
nghjpaplg; nghUj;jkhd gpshj;jpf;if
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
gpshj;jpf;Fg; nghUl;fspd; td;ikahd
jd;ikf;Fk; nefpo;thd jd;ikf;Fk;
fhuzq;fisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
Nru;khdg; nghUl;fs; kdpj clYf;Fj;
jPqF
; tpistpg;gjw;fhd re;ju;gg ; q;fs;
cz;L vd;gij Kd;itg;ghu;.
czT nghjpaplYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
gpshj; j pf; i fg; gad; g Lj; J tjd;
1 5 . 0 r l g ; n g h U s p d ;15.1 kPspay;G gw;wpa mwpitg; kPspay;G Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jthu;. 12
nghwpKiw ,ay; gad;g Lj;j pj; Njitf;Fg; ,OitAk; ePl;rpAk;
Gfs; gw;wpa mwpit nghUj ; j khd j put paq ; ,Oit kw; W k; neUf; F jy; jputpankhd;wpd; kPspay;ig tptupg;ghu;.
khDlj; Njit fisj; njupT nra;thu;. jifg;G ,ionahd;wpd; ,OtpirAld; mjd;
fSf;nfdg; gad;gL ,Oit kw; W k; neUf; F jy; ePl;rp khWk; tpjj;ijg; gupNrhjpg;ghu;.
j;Jthu;. tpfhuk; ,Oit kw;Wk; neUf;Fjy; tpfhuj;ij
jifg;G - tpfhu tiuG tiuaWg;ghu;.
`_f;fpd; tpjp ,Oit kw;Wk; neUf;Fjy; jifg;ig
aq;fpd; Fzfk; tiuaWg;ghu;.
<uf ; f g ; g l ; l fk; g pa p y ;,Otpir - tpfhu tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp
Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rf;jp (kPspay; ePl ; l j; j f; f kw; W k; nehUq; fj; j f; f
mOj;j rf;jp) jputpaq;fspd; elj;ijia tptupg;ghu;.
tpfpjrk vy; i yf; f hf `_f; f pd;
tpjpia Kd;itg;ghu;.
jug;gl;Ls;s ,ionahd;wpy; my;yJ
tpy; n yhd; w py; Nrkpf; f g; g l; L s; s
rf;jpapd; msitf; fzpg;ghu;.
,Otpir epge; j idfspd; N ghJ
nghUnshd;wpd; tbtj;jpYk;>
fdtstpYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtijf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.

25
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
16.1 Xa ; t pY s; s jput q; f s; mlu;jj ; p
gw;wpa Ma;e;jwptpy; rhulu; j;jp
N fh l ; g h L f s; > t p j p fs ; ePu;epiyapay; mKf;fk;
M f p a t w ; i w g ; mKf;f CLflj;jy; njhlu;ghd
gad;gLj;Jthu;. ghRfhy; Nfhl;ghL
NkYijg;G
Mf;fpkpbrpd; Nfhl;ghL
kpjj;jy; Nfhl;ghL
kPAe;jy; ikak;
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
mlu;j;jp> rhulu;jj; p vDk; gjq;fis 13
tpsf;fpg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
eP u ; e piyapay; mKf; f j; J f; f hd
Nfhitiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
mKf;f CLlfj;jiy tpsf;Fjy;
gad;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
n g h U n sh d ; W j p u t n k hd ; w p y ;
mkpo; e ; J s; s mstpd; g b <u; i t
ikak; NtWgLtijr; Nrhjpg;gu;.
nraw;ghnlhd;wpd; %yk;
Mf;fpkpbrpd; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;g;Gg;
ghu;g;ghu;.
gha; k nkhd; w py ; nghUnshd; W
kpjg ; g jw ; f hd epg e; j i dfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
kPAe;jy; ikak; vd;gij
tiuaWg;ghu;.
epiyf; F j; j hf kpjg; g jw; F upa
Njitg;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.

16.2 ghapfspd; gha; r ; r iy gha;k epiyapay; ntt;NtW gha;kg; gha;r;ry; 13

Ma; e ; j wptjw; F f; Nfhl; ghapg; gha;r;ry; tbtq;fis tptupg;ghu;. (mUtpf;
ghLfs;> tpjpfs; Mfpa njhlu; gha;r;ry; rkd;ghL Nfhl;L nfhe;js> njhlu;r;rpahd>
tw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. NgZ}ap Nfhl;ghL njhlu;r;rpaw;w)
gha;kg; gha;rr
; ypd; Ntfk;> gug;gsT
Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpg; gha;rr ; y;
tPjj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
nrad; K iw r; re; j u; g ; g q; f i s
tpsf;Ftjw;nfdg; NgZ}ap Nfhl;gh
l;ilg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

26
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
NgZ}ap Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp
vspa gpurpdq; f isj; jP u ; g ; g u; .
(mOj;jk; khwhj re;ju;gg
; q;fSf;fhf)

1 7 . 0 , y q ; i f a p d ; 17.1 ,urhadf; ifj; n jhopy; ,urhadf; ifj; n jhopy; - ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; xd;wpd; 13
,urhadf; ifj; xd;wpd; tpidjpwid tiuaWj;jy;. jd;ikia tptupg;ghu;.
n j h o p fs ; ; g w ; w p mjpfupf; f j; Njitahd 5M vz; z f;f U tiuaWj; j Yk; c y f p d ; g p u j h d , u r h a d f ;
t pr hu i z n ra ; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J mjd; gad;fSk; ifj;njhopy;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
thu;. nfhs;thu;. 5S vz;zf;fU - tiuaWj;jYk; ,urhadg; nghUl;fis ifahSk;
mjd; gad;fSk; NghJ ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
tplaq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
5M vz;zf;fUitf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
5S vz;zf;fUitf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
,urhadf; ifj;njhopypy; 5M, 5S
vz;zf;fUf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tptupg;ghu;.

17.2 ,urhadf; ifj;njhopypd; jhf;f miw jhf;f miw vd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;. 10

NghJ jhf; f miwapy; tiuaWj;jy;; jhf;f miwapy; fhzg;glf; $ba
cupathW epge;jidfisf; mbg;gilahd gFjpfSk; mk;rq;fisAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jthu;. Kf;fpaj;JtKk; ijAk; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
%yg;nghUl;fisg; jhf;f miwia mikf;Fk; NghJ
GFj;Jjy; ftdj; j py; nfhs; s Ntz; b a
gpujhd tpisnghUs; tplaq;fis typAWj;Jthu;.
-fis ntspNaw;wy; jhf;f miwiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd;
cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; tiffs;. tiffis tptupg;ghu;.
gf;ftpisTfis mg;Gwg;gLj;jy; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia rpwg;G
fyj;jy; epiyg; g Lj;J tjw; fhff; ifahs
ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; Ntz;ba eltbf;iffisf;
ngsjpf jur;ruP hf;fk; fye;JiuahLthu;.
(ntg;gepiy> mKf;fk;)
27
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
juf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.

17.3 ,urhadf; ifj;njhopypy; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw %yg; nghUl;fspd; juk;> %yg; 12

<Lg Ltjw; f hf Kd; d h %yg; n ghUl;f spd; juk;
aj;jj;ij ntspff
; h l;Lthu;. %yg;nghUl;fspd; cupa
tpfpjq;fs;
%yg; nghUl;fisf; fyj;jy;
juf;fl;Lg;ghL
rtu;f;fhuk;> Jg;guthf;fp cw;gj;jp
capu; Bry; cw;gj;jp (Bio Diesel)
nghRNgw;Wg; gris cw;gj;jp
G+r;R cw;gj;jp
fljhrp cw;gj;jp
nghUs; f spd; t pfpj k; > % yg ;
nghUs; f isf; fyj; j y; juf;
fl;Lg;ghL Mfpatw;wpd;
Kf; f paj; J tj; i jf; fye; J iu
-ahLthu;.
rtu;f;fhucw;gj;jpr; nrad;
Kiwapd; gpujhd %yg;
nghUl;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
rt u; f ; f hu cw ; g j; j pr; nra d;
Kiwapd; gpujhd gbKiwfis
tptupg;ghu;.
rtu;f;fhuj;Jf;Fk; mOf;FePff ; pf;Fk;
,ilapyhd NtWghl;il tptupg;ghu;.
Ma;T$lj;j py; rtu;f;fhu khjpup
nahd;iw Mf;Fthu;.
capu; Bry; cw; g j; j pr; nrad;
Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.
nghRNgw; W g; gris cw; g j; j pr;
nrad;Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.
cz;zhl;by; nghRNgw;Wg; gris
cw;gj;jp nra;tjd; ngWkhdj;ij
tptupg;ghu;.
G+r;Rf;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s $Wfisg;
ngaupLthu;.
g+r;R cw;gj;jpapd; mbg;gilahd
gbKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
fljhrp cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
nrad;Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.

28
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
18.0 , a w ; i f a h d 18.1 g y ; N t W tifg;gl;l Kjyhd mDNrgpfs; ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs; vd;gij 21
cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw; , a w ; i f cw; g j ; j pfs; > ,aw;i f cw;g j; j pfs; (Natural tiuaWg;ghu;.
wpd; gpupj; n jLg; G mtw;wpd; %yq;fs;> products) - mwpKfk;. ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfis Kjyhd
,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jp tiffs;. mDNrgpg; gjhu; j ; j q; f s; > Jiz
Kiwfs; Mfpa gad;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iwj;
Kjyhd mDNrgpg; gjhu;j;j mDNrgpg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; vd
tw;iw Ma;e;j Njbawpthu;.
tiffs; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
wpthu; . Kjyhd mDNrgpg; gjhu;jj ; q;fSf;F
ifj;njhopw; gad;ghL
Jiz mDNrgpg; gjhu;j;j cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpd;
tiffs; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; gad; fisAk;
Jiz mDNrgp tiffs; tptupg;ghu;.
%yq;fs; mw; f Nfhypd; , urhad kw; W k;
gad; g hL ifj;njhopy; njhFg;Gg; gw;wpf; fye;J
iuahLthu;.
Kjyhd mDNrgpfspd; ifj;njhopw;
gad;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.
Kjyhd mDNrgpfSf;Fk;
Jizahd mDNrgpfSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd NtWghLfis
typAWj;jpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Jizahd mDNrgpfis
tiuaWg;ghu;.
,urhadf; fl;likg;G> njhopw;ghL
Mfpatw;wpd;gb Jiz mDNrgpfis
tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
Jiz mDNrgpfSf;F cjhuzk;
fhl;b> mtw;wpd; %yq;fis
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.
Jiz mDNrgpfspd; Kf;fpaj;J
tj;ijAk; gad;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

29
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
18.2 ,aw;ifahd %yq;fspd; Jiz m D N r g p f i s g ; ,aw; i fapd; tpaj; j F Mf; f khf 22
Jiz mDNrgp tif gpupj;njLf;Fk; Kiwfs; ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfis kjpg;ghu;.
-fisg; gpupj;njLf;Fk; fiug;ghd; %yk; gpupj;njLj;jy; ,aw;if %yq;fspypUe;J
gbKiwfis Ma;e; fha;r;rptbj;jy; xsjlj;ijg; gpupj;njLf;Fk; Kiw
mkj;Jjy; fis tptupg;ghu;.
jwpthu;.
epwg;gjptpay; El;g Kiwfs; gpupj; n jLg; i g mjd; $Wfshf
jhs;fs; Ntwhf; F tjw; f hf epwg; g jptpay;
nkd;gilfs; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
NfhGuq;fs; Rf ngWkhdj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
Rf ngWkhdk; J}a;ikahd tpisnghUis
gpupj;njLg;igj; J}a;jhf;fy; Ntwhf;Fk; El;gKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
kPs;gspq;fhjy; Gyikr;nrhj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; vd;gij
gjq;fkhjy; tiuaWg;ghu;.
nraw;if xsljj;njhFg;G Gyikr;nrhj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; ngWtjd;
Gyikr;nrhj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; ngwy; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

19.0 njf;fhl;bd; jsj;jpd; 19.1njf; f hl; b d; Ms; $ w; W j; ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; jug;gl;l (x1, y1), (x2, y2) Ms;$Wfs; 04
cjtpAld; xUgbr; jsj;jpd; cjtpAld; ,uz;L Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd; ePsk; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk; ,uz;L Gs;spfis
rhu;G> ,Ugbr; rhu;G Gs; s pfSf; F ,ilapyhd ,izf;Fk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd;
fis Muha;thu;. J}uj;ijj; Jzpthu;. ePsj;ijf; fhz;gjw;fhf
(x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2)2 #j; j puj; i jg;
2

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

19.2 ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izg; ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izg;gjhy; jug;gl;l (x1, y1), (x2, y2) Ms;$Wfs; 05
gjhy; fpilf; F k; Neu; fpilf;Fk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj;Jz;lj;jpd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk; Gs;spfs; ,uz;il
Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd; eLg; Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs; ,izf;Fk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd;
eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisj; eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisj;
Jzpthu;. y mx c vd; w tifapyhd x1 x2 y1 y2
Jzptjw;F , #j;jpuj;
Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwDk; 2 2
ntl;Lj;Jz;lKk; ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
rkhe;juf; NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwDf;F

30
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
,ilapyhd njhlu;G
19.3 Neu; N fhnlhd; w pd; rkd; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf mike;j
ghl;il tptupg;ghu;. NfhLfspd; gbj; j pwd; f Sf; F
,ilapyhd njhlu;G
Neu; N fh L fspuz; b d; n t l; L g ;
Gs;spapd; Ms;$W
19.4 ,Ugbr; rkd; g hnlhd; w pd; y = ax + bx + c ,dJ cr;rpapy; x ,Ugbr; r hu; n ghd; w pd; cr; r pia
2
cr; r pia milahskpl; L ,d; ngWkhdk; b/2a %yk; y ,d;
ngWkhdj;ijg; ngwy;
mr; r hu; g pidg; gUkl; l hd
a>0 M F k; N g hJ tisap
glj;jpy; fhl;Lthu;. Nky;Nehf;fpAk; a<0 MFk; NghJ
tisap fPo;Nehf;fpAk; jpwf;Fk;
vd;gJ.
31
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
gbj; j pwd; (m), ntl; L j; J z; L (c) 07
jug; g l; L s; s NghJ Neu; N fhl; b d;
rkd;ghl;il y = mx + c vDk; tbtpy;
$Wthu;.
Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL y = mx + c vd;W
jug;gl;Ls;s NghJ m I gbj;jpwd;
vdTk; c I ntl;Lj;Jz;L vdTk;
tptupg;ghu;.
Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; gbj;jpwd; kw;Wk;
me;Neu;NfhL x mr;rpy; Neu;jj; pirAld;
mikf;Fk; Nfhzj;jpd; elj;ijia
tptupg;ghu;.
ntl;Lj;Jz;L khwhJ cs;sNghJ
gbj;jpwd; NtWghl;bd;gb mf;Nfhl;bd;
jd;ikia tptupg;ghu;.
rkhe;juf; NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwd;fs;
rkkhdit vd tptupg;ghu;.
m1.m1 = - 1 #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
jug;gl;l Neu;Nfhl;Lf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhd
NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwidj; Jzpthu;.
jug; g l;l Neu;N fhu; NfhLfspuz; bd;
ntl; L g; Gs; s papd; Ms; $ w; i wj;
Jzpthu;.
06
milahskpl;L > mr;rhu;i gg; gUk
l;lhd glk; tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
mt; t pUgbr;rhu;i g gUkl; lhd
tiunghd;whff; fhl;Ljy;;

20.0 tptug; Gs;sptpg 20.1 rupahd jP u ; k hdq; f is ikaehl;l mstPLfs; ikaehl;l msit Kiwfshf ,il> 17
utpaypd; nghU Nkw; n fhs; t jw; f hf ika ,il($l; l khf; f pa> $l; l kh ,ilak; > Mfhuk; Mfpatw; i w
isg; gFj; j huh ehl;l mstPLfisg; f;fhj juTfSf;fhd) ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
a;thu;. gad; g Lj; J thu; . ,ilak;( $l;lkhf;fhj ikaehl;lj; jd;ikia tpsf;Ftjw;F
juTfSf;fhd) ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk; vd;gtw;wpd;
gad;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
Mfhuk; ( $l;lkhf;fhj
ika ehl;l mstPLfisf; fzpg;ghu;.
juTfSf;fhd) ikaehl; l mstP L fspd; %yk;
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
F w p a P L r h u ; e ; j t p j p f i s
,dq;fhz;ghu;.

20.2 tiuG tifFwpj; j ypd; xU khwpj; juTfspd; tiuG kPb wd; guk;g y; ml;l tizfisg; 11
cjtpAld; juTfSf;Fg; kPbwd; guk;gy; gad;gLj;jp kPbwd; guk;gy;
nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;ghu;. jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; tisapfs; tiuthu;.
jpus; rjtPj kPbwd; guk;gy; jpus; kPb wd; guk;g y; ml;ltiz
-fisg; gad; g Lj; j p jpus; k P b wd;
guk;gy; tisapfs; tiuthu;.
rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy;
ml;ltizfisg; gad;gLj;jp rjtPj
jpus; kPbwd; tisapfs; tiuthu;.
kPbwd; guk;gy;> jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy;>
rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy;>
tisapfisg; gad;gLj;jpj;
juTfSf;F tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.

32
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
20'3 rpjwy; mstPLfspd; cj rpj w y ; m st P L f s; ( $ l; l jug;gl;l #j;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp 17
tpAld; juTg; g uk; g iy khf;fpa> $l;lkhf;fhj) jug;gl;l juTfspd; tPr;R> fhyiz>
tptupg;ghu;. tPr;R ,ilf;fhyiz tPr;R Mfpatw;iwf;
fhyiz fzpg;ghu;.
fhyizapil tPrR ; jug;gl;l juTf; $l;lj;jpd tPr;R>
fhyiz> fhyizapiltPr;R
Mfpatw;Wf;F tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.

21.0 f z p d p K i w 21'1 fzpdpia mwpKfQ; nra;J fzpdpapd; mwpKfk; fzpdpia xU Kiwik vd 04

iknahd; w pidAk; cs;sPl;L k w ; W k ; fzpdp xU Kiwikahf tptupg;ghu;.
mjd; JizAWg;G tUtpisT cj; j pfis cs;sL P (input) td;nghUs;fis> cs;sPl;L>
nra;Kiw(process)
f; f isAk; tpid tptupg;ghu;. tUtpisT> kw; W k; nra; K iw
tUtpisT(output)
j;jpwdhfg; gad;gL jdpahs; fzpdpapd; mbg;gilf; myFfshf tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
j;Jtjw;Fj; Njba $Wfs; gadupd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk;
wpthu;. fhl;rpj;jpiu tifapy; cj;jpfisj; njupTnra;thu;.
fhl;rpj;jpiu tiffs; CRT, fzpdpnahd;wpy; Vw;gLk; nghJthd
LCD, LED NfhshWfisr; rupg;gLj;Jthu;.
Kiwik myF (System Unit) f z p d p f i s > msT kw;Wk;
jha;g;gyif> nrayp
nray;ty;yik Mfpatw;wpd;
jw;Nghf;F ngWtop
epidtfk; (RAM) mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
thrpg;G kl;Lk;
epidtfk; (ROM)
td; tl;L
tpuptl;ilfs;> kpd;
toq;fy; myF
tpirg;gyif
(tpj;jpahrkhd tiffs;)
Rl;Lk; fUtpfs;
(Pointing devices)

33
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
Rl;b
Rtl;Lg; ge;J (Track ball)
njhLifg; gyfk;. (Touch
panel)
Vida cs;sl P L
; tUtpisT
cj;jpfs;
tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs;
mr;Rg;nghwp> tiuTg;nghwp>
xypngUf;fp> fhl;rpj;jpiu

Nrkpg;Gf; fUtpfs; (Storage devices)

Nrkpg;G Clfk;
fhe;jtpay;
xspapay; (Optical)
NtW
cs;sl P ;Lr; rhjdq;fs;
tUb> EZf;Fg;gd;dp>
gl;ilf; FwpKiw thrpg;ghd;
fzpdp tiffs;
Ez;fzpdp
kbf;fzpdp ^Laptop&
Nkirf;fzpdp ^Desktop&

22.0 fzpdpg; gzpnray; 22.1 fzpdp gzpnray; Kiw gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gzpnray; K iwik njhopw; g Lk; 05
Kiwikiag; ga ikia mwpKfQ; nra;J ,d;wpaikahik tpjj;ijAk; mjidg; gad;gLj;Jk;
d;jU tpjj;jpy; gad; mjd; njhopy;fis tpt njhlq;Fjy; nrad;Kiw (Booting tpjj;ijAk; tptupg;ghu;.
gLj;Jthu;. upg;ghu;. Process) fzpdpapd; gy; N tW $Wfisg;
tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfk; ngaupl;L mit gzpnray;
(GUI -Graphical User Interface) KiwikAld; ,iltpidailAk;
fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
(Command Line Interface)

34
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
gy;NtW gzpnray; Kiwikfs;
(Windows, Linux, MacOS, DOS)
jpwe;j tif gzpnray; Kiwikfs;
Linux, Ubuntu, Fedora, Hanthana
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ,ay;Gfs;
(Characteristics)
epidtf Kfhik
cghaKiw Kfhik
Nfhg;G Kfhik
guprPyid Kfhik
ghJfhg;G Kfhik
Kiwikj; njhopw;ghl;L milT
Kfhik
jtWfis vLj;Jf;fhl;ly;
Vida nkd; nghUl;f Sf;F k;
gadUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
gy; N tW tifg; g l; l gzpnray;
Kiwikfis tptupj;J gpujhdkhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gzpnray;
Kiwikfisg; ngaupLthu;.
gzpnray; Kiwik> gpujhd
epidtfj;Jld; ,iltpidailAk;
tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
Nfhg; G Kiwikfs; mtw; w pd;
njhopw;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw
tptupg;ghu;.
fzpdp kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz$Wfspd;
tptuf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
jtW Kfhikia tpsf;Fthu;.

22'2 f z p d p g ; g z p n r a y ; g z p n r a y ; K i w i k f i s gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ghfq;fis 04

Kiwikiag; gad; ,dq;fhzy; ,dq; f hz; g hu; . ^Desktop, Explorer,
gLj;Jthu;. Nfhg;G Kfhik Controls&
gzpnray; KiwikfSld; ciwfs; ^Folder)> cg ciwfis
td;nghUl;fis ,izj;jy; ^Sub folder& cUthf;Fthu;.
nrYj;jp ^Drive& ciw> cg ciw
Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Nfhg;Gf;fspd; ghfq;fis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Explorer / Nautilus C l h f c i w
khjpupia mtjhdpg;ghu;/
khw;wpaikg;ghu;.

35
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
nrYj;jp> Nfhg;G> ciw> Mfpatw;iw
fl;lisf; Nfhl;ilg; ^Command Line&
gad;gLj;jp ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
USB Mouse, Pen Drive, Printer, HSDPA
dongle Nghd;wtw;iwf; fzpdpAld;
,izf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gzpnray;
Kiwikapd; elj;ijia
mtjhdpg;ghu;.
Control gyfj; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p
nra;gzp Kiwikapd; ntt;NtW
ghfq;fs; njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpthu;.
Rl;b (Mouse)
xyp (Sound)
Personalization
jpfjpAk; NeuKk; ^Date & Time&
Folder Option
Ng r; i r , d q ; f hzy ; ^Speech
Recognition&
gadu; fzf;Ffs; ^User Accounts&

23.0 ehshe; j tho; f ; 23.1 M t z k h f ; f Y f ; f h f nrhy; K i w t o p g ; g L j ; j y ; Task Manager gad;gLj;jp Linux ,y; 14
ifapy; gpur; r p nrhy; Kiw topg;gLj;jy; n k d ; n g h U s ; ( Word processing ps - A Ig; gad; g Lj; j p nra; g zp
idfs; jPu;g;g nkd;nghUisg; gad;gL software) mwpKfk; Kiwikapd; nra;gzpfisg;^Process&
jw;fhf gpuNahf j;Jthu;. nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; gw;wpj; NjbawpaTk;> nra;gzpfis
nkd;nghUs;f nkd;nghUisj; njhlf;Fjy; epWj;jpitf;fTk; KbAk; vd;gij
isg; gad;gLj;J Gjpa Mtznkhd;iw Muk;gpj;jy; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
thu; . Mtznkhd; w pid ntt; N tW
N f h g ; G t i f f s p y ; ( File type)
Nrkpj;jy; (Save).

36
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
t i u t p a y ; g a du ; K fg ; i g nrhy; K iw topg; g Lj; j y; nkd;
mwpKfQ; nra; j y; . (Graphical User nghUisj; jpwe;J Nfhg;Gf;fisr;
Interface) Nrkpj;jy;> mbg;gil ahd gjpg;gpj;jy;
mbg;gilahd gjpg;gpj;jy; gzpfisr; nra;jy;> tbtikj;jy;
(Editing)
(Formatting)> ghlq;fisAk; ,yf;Fg;
epiy fhl;b (Cursor)
ghlj;ij cl;gLj;jy; (Entering nghUs; f i sAk; (objects) gpujp
text) nra;jy;> efu;j;Jjy; Mfpatw;iwr;
ghlj;ij mopj;jy; (Deleting) nra;t hu;.
ghlj;ij efu;j;Jjy; (Move)
Undo, Redo Mfpatw;iwr;
nra;jy;
tbtikg;G ^Formatting&
ghlq; f isj; njupTnra; j y;
^Selecting&
vOj;JUf;fis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;
vOj;JUtifia khw;Wjy;
vOj;JU msT khw;Wjy;
vOj;JU epwq;fs;
tbtikg;ig ePfF; jy; (clear
format)
ghlq;fis Neu;gg ; Lj;jy; ^Aligning)
,yf;Fg; nghUs;fisAk;(objects)
ghlq; f isAk; gpujpnra; j Yk;
efu;j;JjYk; ^Copy and Move)
khw;wpLjy; ^Replacing&
efu;j;Jjy; ^Moving&
gpbg;Gg;gyif ^Clip board&
gad;gLj;jy;
,Oj;Jf; iftply; (Drag & Drop)
gjpg;gpj;jy; (Editing) rpwg;gk;rq;fs;

37
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
v O j ; J r ; r u p g h u ; j ; j y ; ( Spell
checking)
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; (Thesaurus)
gf;f fhl;rp
ge; j p tbti kj; j y; (Paragraph
f or ma t ti ng )
Neu;g;g Lj;jy; khw;w Q;nra;jy;
( Changing alignment)
cgge; j paikj; j y; (Indents)
vy;iyaplYk; epow;WjYk;
^Borders and shading&
ghzpfs; gpuNahfk; ^Apply styles)
ge;jpfSf;fpilNaAk;
tupfSf;fpilNaAk; ,ilntsp
t p L j y ; . ( Paragraph spacing)
tiutpay; glq;fisAk;
ml; l tizfisAk; (Pictures and
Tables) n r U F k ; ntt;NtW
Kiwfs;
ml;ltizfs; Mf;fy; ^Creating
tables&
ghlj;ij ml;ltizahf
khw;Wjy;
ml; l tiz tiujy; ^Draw
tables)
ghlq;fisr; nrUFjy;
ml;ltizf; fUtpfs; (Tools)
epuy;> epiufisr; nrUFjy;
( Inserting rows and columns)

38
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
rpw;wiwfs;> epiu> epuy;fis
m o p j ; j y ; ( Deleting cells, columns
and rows)
rpw;wiwfis xd;wpizj;jYk;
N t w h f ; f Y k ; ( Merge and split)
epiu mfyj;i j mikj;j y;
( Column width)
rpw;wiwapDs; ghlj;ij
,lg;gLj;jy;.
vy; i yaplYk; epow; W jYk;
( Borders and shading)
gl;bay;fs; ^Lists&
Fz;Lf;Fwpapl;l> ,yf;fkpl;l
gl;bay;fs; ^Bullets and
Numbering)
cs;sik gl;bay;fs;
jahupj;jy; ^Nested list)
gl;bay;fs; tbtikj;jy;
gUtiuT Mf;Fjy; ^Creating outline&
gf;f tbtikg;G ^Page setup)
epuy;fs; mikj;jy; (Margins)
gf;fj;jpirKfj;ijAk;
(Orientation) gf; f j; j pd;
msitAk; khw;Wjy;.
gf;f vy;iyfisj; Njb
(Borders& epwj;ij khw;Wjy;
jiyg;Gk; mbf;Fwpg;Gk; ,Ljy;
^Header and Footers&
g f ; f j J i s ( Page breaker )
,Ljy;
ml;il (Cover page) jahupj;jy;
ntWk; gf;fq;fs; (blank page)
nrUFjy;

39
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
mr;rply; (Printing)
gf;f ,lg;gLj;jy;
mr;RKd; fhl;rp (Print preview)
mr;rply;
23 .2 m l; lt i z g ; g L j ; j p a
juTfisf; fsQ ; r pa g; tpupjhs; - mwpKfk;
gLj;Jtjw;Fk; juTfisg; tpupjhs; nkd; n ghUisj;
gFg;gha;tjw;Fk; tpupjhs; njhlf;Fjy;.
nkd;nghUs;fisg; tpupjhs; njhlf; f epuiy
,dq;fhzy;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
cjtp ^Help& iag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
Ntiyg; Gj;jfj;jpd; ^Workbook&
mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;
Gjpa Ntiyg;Gj;jfk; ^New
workbook& Mf;Fjy;.
Ntiyg; Gj;jfj;ijj;
jpwj;jy; ^Open&
Ntiyg; Gj;jfj;jpy;
topfz;lwpjy; (Navigation&
Kfg;G milahsk;
GFj;Jjy;
ngWkhdq;fisg; GFj;Jjy;
rpw;wiw tPr;Rf;fisj;
njupjy; ^Ranges)
tha;g;ghL ^Formulae) kPll; y;
tha;g;ghLfisr; nrUFjy;
"Auto sum" gad;gLj;jy;
"Auto fill" gad;gLj;jy;
Kw;WW> njhlu;Gepiy
(Absolute, Relative) rpww
; iw
gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
40
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
14
tpupjhs; nkd;nghUspd;
mtrpaj;ijAk; mjd; gad;ghl;ilAk;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
tpupjhs; top fz;lwpjy; (Navigation)
gz; G f; $ Wfis kP s ha; T nra; J
Ntiyj;jhnshd;iw mikg;ghu;.
cjtp "Help" iag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
juTfisr; nrUfp mtw;iw xOq;F
Kiwg;gb fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.
nrUfpa juTfisf;nfhz;L
fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;
juTfis> gjpg;Gr;nra;jy;>
efy;nra;jy;> efu;j;Jjy;> ntl;Ljy;>
xl;Ljy;> tbtikj;jy; Mfpatw;iwr;
nra;thu;.
"Auto fill" #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
rpww
; iwfis ,izf;Fk; tpjj;ijAk;
ikag;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijAk; fw;wwpthu;.
juTg;ngau;> tPr;R> tb> njupT kw;Wk;
nry;Ygbahf;fg;gl;l gl;bay;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp> juTfisf; ifahs;thu;.
tha; g ; g hLfisAk; rhu; G fisAk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
tiuGfs;> glq;fs; mikg;ghu;.
jiyg; G fSk; mbf; F wpg; G fSk;
nrUFthu;.
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
Undo & Redo gad;ghL
Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;ijr; Nrkpg;ghu;> gf;f
Ntiyg;Gj;jfnkhd;wpidr; gz;Gf;$Wfs; (Features)mikg;ghu;>
Nrkpj;jy; ^Save) mr;rpLthu;.
Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;jpd;
mr;RKd;fhl;rp ghu;j;J mr;rply;
Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;ij %Ljy;
Ntiyj;jhisg; gjpg;Gr;nra;jy;
rpww ; iw cs;slf;fj;ij g;gjpgG ; r;
nra;jy;> rpw;wiwfis
efnyLj;jy;> ntl;Ljy;> xl;Ljy;
fyq; f is tifFwpj; j Yk;
efu;j;JjYk; - Rl;bapd; %yk;
g p b g ; G g ; g y i f ( Clip board)
gad;gLj;jy;
"Paste special" fl; l isiag;
gad;gLj;jy;
vOj;Jr; rupghu;jj ; y; (Spell
check)
fyq;fs;> epiufs;> epuy;fs;
nrUFjy;
"Find and Replace" fl;lisiag;
gad;gLj;Jjy;
Ntiyj;jhnshd;iw tbtikj;jy;
rpw;wiwfis tbtikj;jy; (Cell
formatting)
Kfg;G milahsj;ij
tbtikj;jy;
ngWkhdj; i j tbtikj; j y;
( Number formatting)

41
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
epiu cauKk; epuy; mfyKk;
( Row height and column width)
rpw; w iwfis Neu; g ; g Lj; j y;
( Aligning)
rpw;wiw vy;iy> gpd;dzp epwk;>
Njhuzp (Pattern) Nru;j;jy;
"Format painter" gad;gLj;jy;
rpw;wiwg; ghzpiag;
gad;gLj;jy; ^Cell style&
Mtzf; fUg;nghUisg;
gad;gLj;jy; ^Theme&
tiuglq;fs; mikj;jYk;
tiuglq;fSld; ^Charts)
nraw;glYk;
tiuglk; cUthf;fy;
tiuglj; j py; khw; w q; f isr;
nra;jYk; ngau;j;jYk;
tiugl tifia khw; W jy;
^Chart type)
nghJthd tiuglq;fis kPsj;
jpl;lkplYk; ghzpfis ,LjYk;
tiuglj;jpd; Kfg;gilahsq;-
fSld; nraw;gly; ^Show label)
t i u g l j ; j p d ; m r ; R f ; f S l d ;
nraw;gly; ^Axis)
tiuglj; j pd; gpd; d zpAld;
^Background) nraw;gly;.
t i u g lj ; j pd; g Fg ; g ha ; T f;
fl;lisfSld; njhopw;gly;
t i u g lj ; j pd; % y fq ; fi s
^Elements) khjpupag;gLj;jy;

42
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
tiuglj;j pd; %yj;juTfis
^Source data) khw;Wjy;
gzpj;jhis mr;rply;
gf; f tbtikg; G (Page setup)
mr; R Kd; f hl; r p (Print Preview)
mr;rply; jpirKfk; (Orientation)
23.3 , y j ; j pudpa y ; epfo ; j ; - mr;rply; m bg ; g i l e pf o ; j ; J i f f i sj ; 08
jpl;lkpl;L mjd; gbkmyFfisj;
Jiff; n fd epfo; j ; J if
epfo; j ; J if (Presentation) mwpKfk; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
nkd;nghUl;fisg;
epfo;j ; Jif nkd;n ghUisj; ghlk;> fUg;nghUs;. ghzp
gad;gLj;Jthu;. njhlq;Fjy; Mfpatw;Wld; njhopw;gLthu;.
tiutpay; ,ilKfj;ij tiuglq;fs;> Fwpg;Gfs;>
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;. ml;ltizfs;> tbtq;fs;
mbg;gil epfo;j;Jifiaj; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
jahupj;jy; Clfg; glr; nrUfy;> mirT+l;lk;
epfo;j;Jifapd; mbg;gilfs; Mfpatw;Wld; njhopw;gLthu;.
(Elements) fUg; n ghUs; > ghzp> gpd; d zp
ghlj;Jld; njhopw;gly; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
jiyg;G> ghzp Mfpatw;wpd; epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUspd;
gad;ghL rpwg; g pay; G fis epfo; j ; J ifia
tiuglk;> ml;ltiz epUkhzpg;gjw;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Mfpatw;Wld; njhopw;gly; xyp> Clfg; glk; (Media Clip)>
Clfg; glk; (Media clip) mirT+l;lk; Mfpatw;iw
mirT+l;l cl;gLj;JifAk; epfo;j;Jifapy; cl;gLj;Jthu;.
toik mirT+l;lKk; gy; N tW khjpupaq; f Sf; f ika
gltpy;iy khw;wPLk; ^Custom epfo;j;Jifiag; gjpg;Gr; nra;thu;.
Animation, slide transition&

43
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
24.0 g a D W j p k p f ; f 24.1 jfty; f is mZFtj ,izak; ,izaj;jpd; tuyhw;iwf; 08
tifapy; jft w;fhf ,izaj;ijg; gad; mwpKfk; fye; J iuahLthu; .
y;fisg; ngWjy;> tuyhWk; tpUj;jpAk; ,izaj;Jld; njhlu;Gw;W
gLj;Jthu;. nra;jpfisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;thu;.
njhlu;ghly; tiyNkNyhb (web browser)
,iza Kftupfisg; gFj; j h
Mfpatw;Wf;nfd nrk;ik elg;G tof;F (Protocol) uha; t hu; .
URL (Uniform Resource Locator ,izaj;js Kftupapd; $Wfis
,izaj;ijg;
IP Kftup tptupg;g hu;.
gad;g Lj;Jthu;.
Ms;fsk; (Domain) Njlw; n ghwpiag; (Search engines)
,iza Nrit toq;Feu; (ISP - gad;g Lj;Jthu;.
Internet Service Provider) ,izaj; j sq; f spd; njhopw; g h
,iza Nritfs; Lfis tptupg;ghu;.
kpd;mQ;ry; ,izaj; j sq; f spYs; s jfty;
WWW (cyfshtpa tiy) f i s g ; g a d ; j U k ; t p j kh f j ;
,izaj; j sq; f s; (Web NjLthu; .
sites) gy;NtW tifg;gl;l
Njlw; nghwpfs; (Search ,izaj; j sq; f is ,dq; fhz;ghu;.
Engines) ,izar; Nritfis tptupj; J
ciuahL miw (Chat mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
room)
nra;jpf; FOf;fs; (News
groups)
07
24.2 nra;jpg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;nfd k p d ; m Q ; r w ; Nritiag; kpd; mQ;ry; vd;why; vd;dntd
kpd; m Q; r iyg; gad; g L gad; gLj;
j y; tptupg;g hu;.
kpd; mQ;ry; fzf;nfhd;i w kpdm
; Q;rypy; cs;s gy;NtW Nritfis
j;Jthu;.
Muk;gpj;jy; ^yahoo, gmail, hotmail ,dq;fz;L gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nghd;w) kpdm; Q;ry; Kftupfs; cUthf;Fthu;.
kpd; mQ;ry; Kftup kpd; mQ; r ypy; nra; j pfisg;
kpd; mQ; r iy mDg; G jYk; mDg;Gjy;> ngWjy; Mfpatw;iw
ngWjYk; Nkw; nfhs;t hu;.

44
 Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
25'0 njhopDl;g tpUj;jp 25'1 vkJ Rw; W g; G wr; #oyp gjpyDg;GjYk; kpd; mQ;riy
#ow; r kepiyapy; Ys;s ,aw;if tl;lq;fs; Kd;Kfg;gLj;jYk; ^Forwarding&
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj; gw;wp tprhuiz nra;thu;. Nfhg;Gfis ,izj;jy;
-Jk; tpjj; i jj; CC kw;Wk; BCC gad;ghL.
Njbaha;thu;. ,iza xOf;fhw;wpay; ^Ethics&
#oy; - mwpKfk;
,aw;if tl;lq;fs;
fhgd; tl;lk;
XNrhd; - xl;rprd; tl;lk;
iejurd; tl;lk;
ePu; tl;lk;
,aw;if tl;lq;fspd; rkepiy
25'2 ePu;f;Nfhsj;jpd; kPJ kdpj ePu;f;Nfhsk;
nraw;ghLfs; Vw;gLj;Jk; ePu;Nfhsj;jpd; $Wfs;
nry;thf;Ffis EZfpah Nkw;gug;G ePu;
a;thu;. epyf;fPo; ePu;
rKj;jpu ePu;
ePu;j;juepu;zaq;fs;
FbePupd; juepu;zaq;fs;
mad; tiffs;
kpd; flj;jhW
COD
BOD
pH
tptrha ePu;j; juepu;zaq;fs; ePiur; Rj;jpfupg;gjd; mtrpaj;ijf;
ifj;njhopy; ePu;j; juepu;zaq;fs;
ePu;khrilT
ePu;r; Rj;jpfupg;G
45
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
#oy; vd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;. 05
ePu; tl;lj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
fhgd; tl;lk;> XNrhd; - xl;rprd;
tl;lk;> iejurd; tl;lk; Mfpad
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
, aw; i fahf ,e j tl; l q; f s;
rkdpiyapy; fhzg; g Lfpd; w ij
tpsf;Fthu;.
ePu;f;Nfhsk; vd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;. 07
ePuN; fhsj;jpd; $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.
kdpjr; nraw;g hLfs; fhuzkhf
ePu;f;Nfhsk; khrilAk; tpjj;i j
tptupg;ghu;.
ePu;j; juepu;zaj;jpd; mtrpaj;ijf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ePupd; juepuz; aq;fis (epakq;fis)
Fwpg; g pLthu; .
ePupd; ngsjpf> ,urhad juepu;z
aq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
eP u ; khriljiy msg; g jw; f hf
ju;epu;zaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ngsjpf kw; W k; ,urhad eP u ; r ;
Rj;jpfupg;G Kiwfisf; ifahz;L
ghu;g;ghu;.
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
ngsjpf
,urhad
25'3 kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs; tspkz;lyk; - mwpKfk;
fhuzkhf tspf; tspkz;lyj;jpd; gilfs;
Nfhsj;jpy; epfOk; tspkz;lyj;jpd; fl;likg;G
khw;wq;fis EZfp tsp / thA khriljy;
.aha;thu;. tsp khriljypd; tpisTfs;
tspkz;lyk; khriltjw;F
fhuzkhFk; kdpjr;
nraw;ghLfs;
gr;irtPlL
; tpisT
XNrhd; gil Nja;Twy;
mkpy kio
xspapurhadg; Gfhu;
25'4 kdpj nraw;ghLfspdhy; fw;Nfhsk; - mwpKfk;
fw; N fhsj; j py; Vw; g Lk; kz;khriljy;
j h f ; f q ; f i s E Z f p kz;khriljypd; jhf;fq;fs;
Muha;thu;. kz;zupg;G
kz;zpd; mkpyj;jd;ik
kz;zpd; ctu;j;jd;ik
fw;Nfhsk; njhlu;ghd kdpjr;
nraw;ghLfs;
46
fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
tspf; N fhsj; j pd; gilfisAk; 07
mtw; W f; f pi lapy hd NtWghL
fisAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ts p kz ; l y j; jpd ; mi kg ; i g
tptupg;ghu.
tspkz;lyk; khrilaf;
fhuzkhFk; kdpjr; nraw; g hL
fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
XNrhd; gil Nja;Twy;> gr;irtPlL ;
tpisT> xspapurhadg; Gfhu;> mkpy
kio Mfpad gw;w pf; fye;J iu
ahLthu;.
kdpjr; nraw; g hLfs; fhuzkhf
tspkz;lyj;jpd; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
fw;Nfhsk; vd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;. 06
fw;Nfhsj;jpd; ntt;NtW gilfSf;F
,ilapyhd NtWghLfisf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
kz;zupg;ngd;gij tptupg;ghu;.
kz;zupg;G> kz;zpd; ctu;jj; d;ik>
kz;zpd; mkpyj;jd;ik Mfpatw;iw
tptupg;ghu;.
fw;Nfhsk; khriltjpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; kdpjr; nraw;ghLfis
tptupg;ghu;.
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw; w w; N gWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
25'5 fhyepiy khw;wk; kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; - mwpKfk; fhyepiy khw;wk; vd;gij 05
mjd; nry;thf;Ffs; gw;wp fhyepiy khw;wq;fspd; nry;thf;F tiuaWg;ghu;.
tptupg;ghu;. ki otP o ; r ; r pf; Nfhy q; f s; kiotPo ;r ;r pf; Nfhyq;fs; khw;w
khw;wkiljy; KWtjhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fis
fly; ePu;kl;lk; cau;jy; tptupg;ghu;.
gdpf;fl;bg; ghiwfs; cUFjy;>
JUtq;fspYk; kiy fly;ePu; kl;lk; caUjy; Mfpa
cr; r pfspYKs; s gdpf; f l; b tw;wpd; ghjfkhd tpisTfisf;
cUFjy; fye;JiuahLthu;.
mq;fpapdq;fs; mope;njhopjy; fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf
rKj;jpu ePu ; r ; Rw ; N wh l ; lk ; rpy mq;fpapdq;fs; mopen ; jhopAk;
khw;wkiljy; Mgj;Jf Fwpj;Jf;
jPtpu (Extreme) fhyepiy fye;JiuahLthu;.
mope; n jhopAk; Mgj; i j vjpu;
epiyikfs;
Nehf;fpAs;s cz;zhl;Lj; jhtu>
tpyq;F ,dq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
rKj;jpu ePu;r;Rw;Nwhl;lk; NtWgL
tjhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfis
tptupg;ghu;.
fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf
Vw;wglj;jf;f ghjfkhd tpisTfs;
Fwpj;J mwpf;if jahupg;ghu;.
25'6 k d p j r ; n r a w ; g h L f s ; #oypy; Vw;glj;jf;f ghjfkhd 06
fhuzkhf #oypy; Vw;gl tpisTfis ,opthf; f j; j f; f ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fy; fhuzkhf
Kiwfs; Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfis
j;jf;f jhf;fq;fis ,opthf;
,opthf;Ftjw;fhd Kiwfs;> cj;jpfspd;
Ftjw;fhd Kiwfs; - cj;jp gRik - ,urhad Kiwfs; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
fis tprhuiz nra;thu;. Nrjdg; grisfs; gRik ,urhadj;jpd; Nfhl;ghl;il
kPsg;gpwg;gpff
; j;jf;f tYr;rf;jp tpsf;Fthu;.
fopTg;nghUs; Kfhik #ow; w hf; f q; f s; ,opthfj; j f; f
J}a cw;gj;jpfs; tpjj;jpy; Nrjdg; grisg; gad;ghl;il
tpsf;Fthu;.
fopTg;nghUs; Kfhik Kiwfisf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
J}a cw;gj;jpfs; vDk; vz;zf;fUit
tptupgg
; hu;.
47