Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
TLT
T R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N
T E C H N O LO G Y
13 YEARS
of publishing excellence
10 Particle
Analysis Tests
Your guide to improving
machine reliability and
minimizing costs.
Automotive Tribology
The promise of cylinder deactivation
Pulp Friction
The art of paper making
Digital TLT: Sponsored this month by the 2017 STLE Annual Meeting in Atlanta at www.stle.org.
WHERE LUBRICANT CHEMISTRY MEETS
VERSATILITY
SynPrime
Lubricant Esters
from PolyOne
Achieve superior performance
through specialized chemistries
and manufacturing versatility.
LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS
36 The tribology-energy
connection
The U.S. Dept. of Energy issues
a new report to answer the
question, Can Tribology Save
a Quad?
By Dr. Robert M. Gresham
16 22 38
WEBINARS
Lubricant contamination
control
If you can identify the source, you
FEATURES can create a strategy for dealing
CAREERS
with it.
MARKET TRENDS
30 Young Professionals Prole: By Debbie Sniderman
16 Indias winning strategy
Hannah Neuffer Evans
According to Kline & Co., growth
opportunities continue for the A former STLE scholarship FEATURE ARTICLE
worlds third-largest consumer winner, this manufacturing 46 10 particle analysis tests
of nished lubricants. engineer with UTC Aerospace
Whatever the test and test
Systems makes products more
By Milind Phadke frequency, the goal for end-users
efcient and safe.
is cost-effective machine
By Karl Phipps reliability at the lowest cost.
20 MINUTES WITH
By the editors of TLT
22 Farshid Sadeghi
SCHOLARSHIP RESEARCH
This Purdue University professor
32 The Performance of PEER-REVIEWED PAPER (EDITORS CHOICE)
solves problems for industry and
Translucent Silicon-Oxide
governmentand successfully 54 Friction-Enhancing
Nanoparticle Lubricant
integrates the research into his Properties of ZDDP Antiwear
Additives
engineering courses. Additive: Part I-Friction
Tribology research report and Morphology of
By Rachel Fowler
written by the recipient of the ZDDP Reaction Films
societys 2016 scholarship
By L.J. Taylor and H.A. Spikes
VOLUNTEERS LIST program.
24 2017 STLE Volunteers List By Zoe Tucker, Robert L. Jackson,
In honor of National Volunteer Mohammed S. Hossain and
Week, STLE thanks those German Mills
individuals who devote their
time and efforts to helping the
society and our industry grow.
46
W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY APRIL 2017 1
Contents
DEPARTMENTS EDITOR
Evan Zabawski, CLS
TestOil
10 Tech Beat Calgary, Alberta, Canada
ezabawski@testoil.com
Variable-hardness materials;
unraveling the effectiveness of
PUBLISHER/ SENIOR FEATURE WRITER
perovskite solar cells; enzymatic EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Jeanna Van Rensselar
conversion of carbon monoxide Thomas T. Astrene
tastrene@stle.org CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
to hydrocarbons. Stuart F. Brown
MANAGING EDITOR Dr. Neil Canter
By Dr. Neil Canter Rachel Fowler Dr. Robert M. Gresham
rfowler@stle.org Dr. Nancy McGuire
8
Debbie Sniderman
63 Newsmakers
This months newsmakers CIRCULATION ADVERTISING SALES
COORDINATORS Tracy Nicholas VanEe
include The Timken Co., Myrna Scott Phone: (630) 922-3459
ExxonMobil, Spectro Scientic, Judy Enblom Fax: (630) 904-4563
(847) 825-5536 tnicholas@stle.org
Clariant and more. COLUMNS
DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Joe Ruck
68 Sounding Board 4 Presidents Report
Members describe lubrication Materials in motion
TECHNICAL EDITORS
problems they solved using Mikey Benes Dr. Peter Lee
bench top rigs. 6 From the Editor Baker Hughes Southwest Research
Pulp friction Institute
Dr. John Bomidi
Baker Hughes David Lindsay
74 Advertisers Index Afton Chemical Corp.
8 Headquarters Report Michelle Brakke
Lubrication Dr. James MacNeil
76 Resources Why people abandon their Technologies Inc. Qualice
Keep up to date with the latest association Patrick Brutto Shawn McCarthy
ANGUS Chemical Co. Ocean State Oil
technical literature available in
print and online. 78 Automotive Tribology Neil Buchanan Dr. Hamidreza Mohseni
HollyFrontier Corp./ Bosch Brake Components
The promise of cylinder Petro-Canada America
Lubricants Inc. Dr. Mary Moon
deactivation Presque Isle
Bridget Dubbert Innovations
Engineered Lubricants
80 Cutting Edge Jason Papacek
Dr. Monica A. Ford
POLARIS Laboratories
A thought for your pennies Ingevity
Dr. Hamed Ghaednia Dr. Jonathan Reeds
Ford Motor Co. Precision Polyolens
Copyright 2017 Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. All Rights Reserved. TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY (USPS 865740)
TLT magazine is owned and published in print and electronically by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE). Vol. 73, Number 4, (ISSN-1545-858), is published monthly
The views set forth in this magazine are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of STLE. Material from TLT magazine by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers,
may be reproduced only with written permission from STLE. TLT magazine assumes no liability or responsibility for any 840 Busse Hwy, Park Ridge, IL 60068-2376. Periodicals
inaccurate, delayed or incomplete information. For more information, contact us at TLT@stle.org. Postage is Paid at Park Ridge, IL and at additional mailing
Subscription and Single Copies: Current volume single copies are $25 (not including shipping and handling). Annual subscription ofces. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Tribology
rate is $236/U.S., $305/international. Prepayment is required before subscription is started. Remittances from foreign countries and Lubrication Technology, 840 Busse Hwy, Park Ridge,
must be by international money order or bank draft drawn on U.S. bank. IL 60068-2376.
Materials in motion
Tribologists will be among the scientists and researchers
creating a sustainable future.
High viscosity index enabling broad operation range and helping to improve energy efficiency
Low temperature fluidity for enhanced flow
Low volatility for minimized oil consumption
Thermal and oxidative stability for long drain intervals
2016 Exxon Mobil Corporation. All rights reserved. ExxonMobil, the ExxonMobil logo, the interlocking X device, SpectraSyn PAO,
SpectraSyn Plus PAO, SpectraSyn Elite mPAO, Synesstic AN and Esterex esters are trademarks of Exxon Mobil Corporation.
FROM THE EDITOR
Evan Zabawski
WHAT DO YOU MAKE HERE? This is a One key characteristic of sack pa-
question I asked at a kraft pulp and pa- per is its coefcient of static friction,
per mill, and the answer was that kraft which is evaluated using an inclined
You have to stay on the move to gain a lead. Thats why the Oil Additives To learn more, scan the QR code or visit
specialists at Evonik focus on working with you to drive innovation and develop evonik.com/oil-additives.
truly distinctive solutions. Like premium lubricants that anticipate and exceed
tomorrows requirements and help you boost eciency.
performance
Talk to us today about solutions for your business.
Variable-hardness materials
A newly designed material can switch reversibly
between different degrees of hardness.
THE CONTINUING DEMANDS for machin- tion and wear. They have been used
ery that operates under a wide range in applications such as air brake com-
of extreme conditions for long periods pressor cylinder lines where improved Floppy modes are
and exhibits excellent efciency is con- performance was realized by reducing deformations that do
tinuing. One approach for meeting this the amount of compressor oil bypass-
goal is lighter-weight materials. ing the collector by 60%. not cost elastic energy.
In a past TLT article, the properties The properties of most materials
of a new lightweight material known as used commercially are based on the
self-lubricating metal matrix compos- specic type of component used, be it
ites was described.1 This composite was metal, plastic or composite. The end- are not fully constrained. An example
prepared by adding graphite particles user selects the material for use in a of a structure with oppy modes is
with diameters between 20 and 200 specic application such as an automo- the deformed kagome lattice shown
microns at a treat rate between 0.5% bile based on the physical and mechan- in Figure 1. A kagome lattice is a two-
and 10% by volume in an aluminum ical properties of the components used. dimensional arrangement of rigid tri-
matrix. But there is another way to produce angles connected at their tips by free
Besides being light in weight, the materials. Xiaoming Mao, assistant hinges. In this arrangement, the trian-
metal matrix composite reduced fric- professor in the physics department gles exhibit oppy modes. Mao says,
at The University of Michigan in Ann No stretching or compressing is seen
Arbor, Mich., says, Materials also can with oppy modes. They only rotate at
be constructed in a certain manner to the hinges in the frame of the lattice
KEY CO
CONCEPTS
C S produce properties needed for specic structure.
applications independent of the mate- Of interest is whether a metamate-
Metamaterials are materials rial used. Such materials are known as rial can be designed that will reversibly
produced in a certain manner metamaterials. shift between states that are very differ-
to exhibit properties needed One of the advantages in working ent in mechanical properties. A theo-
for specic applications.
applications with metamaterials is that they can retical study has now been conducted
be designed to meet a specic perfor- to show that such a metamaterial can
A newlyy designed
design d transformable mance requirement by manipulating now be designed with this character-
topological
topological
p g mechanical their structure. The characteristics of istic, taking advantage of the oppy
material can
ca transform
transfor from metamaterials are derived from the ge- modes in the structure.
ometry and arrangement of the compo-
being softt to being hard and TRANSFORMABLE TOPOLOGICAL
nents used in their formation.
th n revert to being soft.
then An approach for designing metama- MECHANICAL METAMATERIALS
terials is to use oppy modes (i.e., free Mao and her colleagues have designed a
OOne applicatio
applicationn for transform-
mechanical motion in structures). Mao metamaterial that can switch reversibly
able topological mechanical says, Floppy modes are deformations between states with different properties.
material is as an automotive that do not cost elastic energy. Mao says, We designate such ma-
bumper or outer-body structure. Floppy modes exist in mechanical terials as transformable topological
structures where degrees of freedom mechanical metamaterials (TTMM).
10 A native New Yorker and competitor of the Wright Brothers, Glenn Hammond Curtiss was
Figure 1 | The deformed
kagome lattice shown is
used to demonstrate how
a transformable topologi-
cal mechanical metama-
terial can shift between
states that are very dif-
ferent in mechanical prop-
erties. (Figure courtesy of
The University of Michigan.)
One feature demonstrated is that the With the stresses that many types gure out how to experimentally pro-
surface of a TTMM can transform from of machines encounter during opera- duce an actual TTMM and then will do
being soft to being hard and then re- tion, Mao foresees many applications testing to evaluate its actual physical
vert to being soft. This switch is il- for TTMM. She says, An ideal use for and mechanical properties.
lustrated by twisting the angles at the TTMM is in automobile components Mao believes that TTMMs can be
hinges throughout the kagome lattice. such as bumpers or the outer-body produced using a number of different
Such a manipulation occurs with the structure. If a collision takes place, a techniques such as 3D printing, li-
cost of little energy and does not stress bumper based on a TTMM could be- thography and self-assembly. Further
the TTMM. come softer and be in a better position information on TTMM also can be ob-
The TTMM exhibits this char- to absorb the collision energy minimiz- tained by contacting Mao directly at
acteristic because the oppy modes ing the possibility of injury to passen- maox@umich.edu.
move away from the edges of the ma- gers. The other aspect is that the ability
terial leaving it rigid. Further details to adjust to different external stimuli
on TTMM can be found in a recent will minimize damage to the TTMM
article.2 A video can be found online leading to a reduction in wear.
REFERENCES
to demonstrate the transformation A second application is in tires that
1. Canter, N. (2016), Lightweight
of the hardness of a surface in the can adapt to moving on hard surfaces
self-lubricating metal matrix com-
supplementary information at the fol- such as concrete and soft surfaces such posites, TLT, 72 (6), pp. 18-19.
lowing link: www.nature.com/articles/ as sand.
2. Rocklin, D., Zhou, S., Sun, K. and
ncomms14201#s1. In the video, the re- Now that the concept of a TTMM
Mao, X. (2017), Transformable
searchers demonstrate the properties of has been developed, future work will
topological mechanical metama-
a TTMM by constructing a macroscop- consist of preparing an actual mate- terials, Nature Communications,
ic prototype using Knex, hard plastic rial. Mao says, We are in the process 8, Article # 14201.
parts joined by literal hinges. of working with other collaborators to
an aviation pioneer whose designs and achievements far outstripped his better-known rivals. 11
TECH BEAT
12 Like the Wright Brothers, Curtiss owned a bicycle store. He became one of the nations leading experts in the newly developed internal combustion engine.
Figure 2 | The experimen-
tal setup shown was used
to determine the diffusion
length of electrons and
holes in an organometal ha-
lide perovskite lm on the
silicon oxide surface of a
silicon wafer. (Figure cour-
tesy of Case Western Reserve
University.)
SCANNING PHOTOCURRENT electrons and holes is between 10 and In the future, Gao would like to
MICROSCOPY 20 microns. This is significant be- evaluate thicker lms to determine
Gao and his colleagues have used a cause the diffusion length is greater how much they can improve solar cell
technique known as Scanning Photo- than the grain sizes in the perovskite efciency. He says, We also would like
current Microscopy (SPCM) to accu- crystals. The impact of grain boundar- to understand the mechanism for how
rately measure the diffusion length in ies on electron and hole diffusion has electrons are formed and what role this
an organometal halide perovskite solar received broad interest, and some past plays in the conversion of solar energy
cell based on methyl ammonium lead work found negative effect from grain into electricity. One additional aspect
tri-iodide. boundaries, but we did not see this in that we will be studying is whether the
SPCM involves the application of our experiments. spin properties of an electron have any
laser light from a halogen-white light In preparing the perovskite crystal, inuence on diffusion length.
source (633 nanometer wavelength) the researchers included chloride in the Additional information on this re-
onto a solar cell prepared by deposit- form of lead chloride. Gao says, Past search can be found in a recent article2 or
ing a 300-nanometer thick lm of an testing by my colleague Clemens Bur- by contacting Gao at xuan.gao@case.edu.
organometal halide perovskite onto the da, chemical professor of the College
silicon oxide surface of a silicon wafer. of Arts and Sciences at Case Western
A 1 micron thick layer of parylene is Reserve University, found that chlo-
added to encapsulate the perovskite ride improved the crystallinity of the
and prevent it from degrading. organometal halide perovskite.
REFERENCES
Figure 2 shows the experimen- One of the reasons that the research-
1. Canter, N. (2015), Lithium-ion
tal setup. Measurements were taken ers were able to determine and obtain
batteries: Recharge with solar
by focusing tiny laser spots on the the long diffusion length was the high
energy, TLT, 71 (11), pp. 14-15.
perovskite lm. Gold or nickel elec- quality of the crystal. Gao says, We de-
trodes were positioned approximately veloped crystalline lms that were ori- 2. Liu, S., Wang, L., Lin, W.,
Sucharitakul, S., Burda, C. and
120 microns away from each other and ented along the (110) plane. The suc-
Gao, X. (2016), Imaging the
the perovskite lm was scanned along cess of this work means that perovskite
long transport lengths of
two perpendicular directions to mea- solar cells can be made thicker leading
photo-generated carriers in
sure the diffusion length. to the absorbance of more light and the oriented perovskite lms, Nano
Gao says, We used SPCM to de- potential for generation of higher levels Letters, 16 (12), pp. 7925-7929.
termine that the diffusion length of of electricity.
Enzymatic conversion of
carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons
The process was run under less severe conditions
than the Fischer-Tropsch reaction.
14 A daredevil, Curtiss began mounting engines on bicycles to become an early developer of motorcycles.
In the rst of two studies, Hu oxide as a potential hazard.
found that the key component in Figure 3 shows a schematic
the nitrogenase of Azotobacter vine- model of the vanadium nitroge-
landii that is responsible for con- nase, which is the enzyme that the
verting carbon dioxide to carbon researchers mainly worked with in
monoxide is the iron-protein asso- these studies.
ciated, iron-sulfur (Fe4S4) cluster. Ribbe says, We believe that the
The capability of this iron protein Azotobacter vinelandii process has
to reduce carbon dioxide to carbon the potential to generate hydrocar-
monoxide was rst evaluated in an bons in an analogous manner to the
in vitro study. Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Using the
Hu says, We used an in vitro nitrogenase is an advantage because
strategy to find a chemical ap- the process is run at room tempera-
proach for putting the iron-sulfur ture and does not require the use
clusters into the specific redox of hydrogen. But our process is not
state to convert carbon dioxide to as efcient and does not generate
carbon monoxide. This included higher molecular weight hydrocar-
using an oxidizing agent such as bons that could be used in fuels or
indigo disulfonate and a reducing lubricant base stocks.
agent such as dithionite to deter- Future work will be focused
mine the proper oxidation state for on improving the efciency and
the iron-sulfur clusters. investigating if the enzyme can be
Further analysis using electron modied to produce a single hydro-
paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was carbon instead of a mixture. Addi-
effective because the iron-sulfur tional information can be found in
clusters have free, unpaired elec- references to the two studies2,3 or
trons. Hu says, EPR enabled us to by contacting Hu at yilinh@uci.edu
Figure 3 | The vanadium nitrogenase pres-
determine the optimum oxidation or Ribbe at mribbe@uci.edu.
ent in the bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii
state enabling the iron-sulfur clus- is an enzyme responsible for converting car-
ters to donate electrons to facilitate bon dioxide to simple hydrocarbons such as
the reduction of carbon dioxide. ethylene in a pathway where carbon monox- REFERENCES
The researchers also deter- ide is an intermediate. (Figure courtesy of the 1. Canter, N. (2017), Biofuel
mined that the reduction of carbon University of California, Irvine.) production using syngas fermen-
dioxide occurred more effectively tation, TLT, 73 (1), pp. 14-15.
in vivo than in vitro. Hu says, We
2. Rebelein, J., Stiebritz, M., Lee, C.
believe that the anaerobic environment Ribbe says, But after increasing and Hu, Y. (2017), Activation
of Azotobacter vinelandii provides more the concentration of carbon monoxide and reduction of carbon dioxide
ideal reducing conditions. The presence above 15% of the gas phase or doing by nitrogenase iron proteins,
of oxygen in vitro appears to hinder the further incubation, hydrocarbon for- Nature Chemical Biology, 13, pp.
formation of carbon monoxide. mation plateaued. We decided to stop 147-149.
The second study focused on evalu- the process by exposing the bacterium 3. Rebelein, J., Lee, C., Hu, Y. and
ating the conversion of carbon mon- to air, which enabled the cells to relax. Ribbe, M. (2016), The in vivo
oxide to simple hydrocarbons by the After reintroducing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon formation by
vanadium nitrogenase of Azotobacter hydrocarbon formation resumed at a vanadium nitrogenase follows a
vinelandii. Growing the bacterium at comparable rate to when the process secondary metabolic pathway,
ambient temperature was initially done was initiated. Nature Communications, 7, Article
in the presence of ammonia to suppress The researchers determined that # 13641.
nitrogen xation and encourage bio- hydrocarbon formation is a secondary
mass formation. metabolic pathway that is not required
At this point, ammonia was re- for cell growth. Ribbe says, We pro- Neil Canter heads his own
moved and carbon monoxide added. pose that this pathway was used in the consulting company, Chemical
The resulting nitrogenase converted past by microbes when the earths at- Solutions, in Willow Grove, Pa.
carbon monoxide to ethylene, ethane mosphere had a much higher concen- Ideas for Tech Beat can be
and propane over an eight-hour period tration of carbon dioxide and is now submitted to him at
at ambient temperature. used as a way to eliminate carbon mon- neilcanter@comcast.net.
THE INDIAN MARKET has been one of the global lubricants indus-
KEY CO
CONCEPTS
C TS trys growth engines. In 2016 India accounted for about 6% of
the global lubricants demand, making it the third-largest market
In 2016 India accounted for about 6% of behind the U.S. and China. Of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia,
global lubricants
l b t demand
demand,, ranking it third
th d India and China) touted as growth markets, only India continues
worldwide
ld dee behind
b h ndd thee U.S.
S. andd China.
h . to hold the promise of growth. However, even in India, technol-
ogy, the economy and regulations have subdued growth while at
In thee last
l stt few years,
ye , Indias
d overall
o e alll the same time driving an improvement in lubricant quality. This
lubricant demand has slowed due to article provides a snapshot of the Indian lubricants market and
decreases in the commercial and speculates how it will evolve.
industrial segments. In 2015 the Indian economy stood at $8.71 trillion (U.S. dollars)
with a per capita GDP of $6,700 (U.S.). Unlike China and other
The overall lubricant demand in India is export-oriented economies of Asia, economic growth in India is
expected to grow at 2.5% through 2021. driven primarily by domestic consumption rather than by exports
or investment spending. For example, Indian household consump-
tion accounts for nearly 60% of GDP. In contrast, household con-
16 Curtiss set several land-speed records on his motorcycles. He was called the fastest
sumption accounted for about 38% of
the Chinese economy. As a result, India
was fairly insulated from the adverse
impacts of the global recession in 2008.
The subsequent contraction in en-
ergy prices has had a huge positive
impact on the India economy given
that India is a signicant importer of
crude oil. The reduction in the crude
oil import bill has provided the gov-
ernment some maneuvering room to
address its budget decit and pursue
new programs. As a result, the econom-
ic growth rate strengthened from 6.6%
in 2011 to 7.6% in 2015. Despite a
strengthening of the economic growth
rate, nished lubricant demand slowed
from 4.7% in 2011 to 1.1% in 2015.
What is happening?
Figure 1 | Overall lubricant demand in India has slowed down due to a decrease in the
MARKET SLOWDOWN commercial and industrial segments.
The Indian lubricant market is estimat-
ed at about 2.4 million tons, including
process oils (see Figure 1). Industrial ably during the last few years. Besides Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai cars. SAE
uids, including process oils, general economic factors, quality improve- 5W-40 penetration is very small com-
industrial oils, industrial engine oils ments and extension of drain intervals pared to 5W-30, as they are expensive
and metalworking uids, account for also have played their part in dampen- and used mainly in luxury cars from
about 50% of the total demand. On ing lubricant demand growth. such OEMs as Mercedes-Benz, BMW
the automotive side, heavy-duty mo- and Volkswagen. Some OEMs have
tor oils (HDMO) is the largest product LUBRICANT QUALITY EVOLUTION now started to recommend SAE 0W-20
category, accounting for under 20% of The overall penetration of synthetic and grade. For instance, Maruti Swift and
the total market, while motorcycle oils semisynthetic lubricants in India is just Ciaz cars in petrol versions have a rec-
(MCO) and passenger car motor oils under 6%. The penetration of synthet- ommendation of using 0W-20. In part-
(PCMO) together account for 15% of ics is highest in the consumer segment. nerships with OEM, oil companies are
the total market. Consumption of synthetic PCMO promoting synthetic grades for use in
In the last few years, overall lu- and passenger car diesel oil (PCDO) is small and midsized cars. Besides OEM
bricant demand has slowed due to a estimated to be 25% despite the price- partnerships, lubricant marketers also
decrease in the commercial and in- sensitive nature of consumers. Syn- are working at increasing consumers
dustrial segments. Key commercial thetic and semisynthetic lubricants are and mechanics awareness of the bene-
lubricant sectors such as mining have catching up fast among economy and ts of using synthetic products. Indica-
contracted due to the cancellation of mid-tier car OEMs due to the high- tive of the synthetic growth potential
mining contracts by the government. performance requirement in new cars. in the consumer segment is the fact
Only the consumer segment (covering Up until the last decade, Indian OEMs that penetration of 5W-xx and 0W-xx
motorcycles, passenger cars and taxis) such as Tata Motors and Maruti did not grades will grow from 25% of total in
exhibited some growth. Between 2010 endorse the use of synthetic lubricants. 2016 to 35% by 2021.
and 2015, sales of motorcycles, scoot- Some oil companies have partnered Unlike the consumer segment, in
ers and passenger cars grew at 4%, 20% with OEMs of premium cars for the the commercial on-highway segment
and 8% per year, respectively. During use of synthetic engine oils and ATF. there is minimal use of synthetic lu-
the same period, sales of commercial The authorized service centers of these bricants. All the major OEMs, such as
vehicles (including trucks and buses) OEMs recommend synthetics. Tata, Ashok Leyland and Eicher, rec-
grew at 0.6%. As only 15% of the mar- Today, most of the new models in- ommend conventional engine oil. Tata
ket (including PCMO and MCO) is troduced by Indian OEMs also recom- Motors, the largest player in the on-
exhibiting some growth and the rest of mend the use of synthetics. For exam- highway commercial segment, recom-
the market is at, the overall lubricant ple, synthetic SAE 5W-30 is commonly mends oils meeting the API CH-4 ser-
demand growth has slowed consider- used both in factory and service ll of vice category. For this category, there is
man on earth when he was clocked at 136.6 mph during a motorcycle race in 1904. 17
no real requirement for synthetic oils. continue to be dominated by 15W-xx followed in 13 major Indian cities while
The use of synthetics is done solely at and 20W-xx grades for the foreseeable the rest of the country practices BS-III
the end-users discretion. However, the future, dampening the potential for norms. Under the notication issued in
higher price of synthetic lubricants is synthetic products. 2016, India will directly leapfrog from
a signicant deterrent in their use. In In its efforts to contain a growing BS-IV norms to BS-VI by 2020. While
contrast, in the commercial off-high- pollution, the Indian government has the quality of fuel (conforming to BS-VI
way segment, there is a growing use of issued notications for the implemen- quality) and changes to vehicles hard-
synthetics in mining and construction tation of Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) stan- ware (for example, use of diesel partic-
eets. Unlike the consumer segment, dards. BS norms are equivalent to corre- ulate lter [DPF] and selective catalyst
there is no signicant shift to lighter sponding Euro norms but applied with reduction [SCR]) are touted as major
viscosity grades. HDMO demand will a time lag. Presently, BS-IV norms are means to achieve the stringent norms,
lubricant quality will have its own role
to play. This implies a greater focus on
the use of cleaner lubricants (blended
with Group II, III or synthetic base
stocks), which have lower sulfur con-
tent, and the market will witness rapid
High temperatures and oxidation can cause movement toward lighter grades such as
oils to break down and leave varnish on metal SAE 5W-xx and 0W-xx.
surfaces. Synthetic Esters are your best defense Finally, in the industrial segment
(including process oils), the use of syn-
against varnish buildup. A good Synthetic Ester
thetics and semisynthetics is about 3%
based formuation resists oxidation and helps of total demand. Criticality of operation,
dissolve residues so your metal surfaces stay clean. cost of equipment downtime, OEM rec-
ommendations and product customiza-
Lexolube FG-220 HX1 tion can often drive synthetic usage.
Lexolube PQ-68
Lubricit DTDA MARKET OUTLOOK
Indias economic growth is projected to
Lubricit TMP C9
strengthen from 7% real GDP growth in
2016 to 8% by 2018,2 though the de-
monetization of high-value currency
carried out in November 2016 may
dampen growth.
Various government programs di-
rected toward infrastructure develop-
ment (in particular roadways), vol-
untary fleet modernization program
(V-FMP) and development of so-called
smart cities will help kick-start growth
in the commercial lubricant segment.
The Union Ministry of Road Transport,
Highways and Shipping in India have
announced highway projects in various
states to develop land transportation
infrastructure. These include invest-
ments upward of $11.1 billion (U.S.) in
Maharashtra, $8.1 billion (U.S.) in Uttar
Pradesh, $2.4 billion (U.S.) in Punjab
and $1.6 billion (U.S.) in West Bengal.
The smart cities plan aims to devel-
op infrastructure in cities to cope with
+1 478 454 1942
the growing urban population in the
country. Under this program, selected
cities in 22 states of India will be de-
2017 Chevron Oronite Company LLC. All rights reserved. Chevron, the Chevron hallmark, Oronite, and Adding Up are registered trademarks and PCFlex ADDvantage is a trademark of Chevron Intellectual
Property LLC. The dexos1 specication is a registered trademark of General Motors, LLC.
veloped as urban settlements to offer
hospitable and better structured living
conditions for residents.
The mining sector may see a revival
in the near future. In 2015 the Indian
government implemented a new for-
eign direct investment (FDI) policy
and allocation mechanism to allocate
31 blocks out of 204 blocks with more
than 100 more blocks to be auctions
in the near future. New mining blocks
would mean demand for newer equip-
ment and improved utilization of the
existing mining eet.
Under the proposed V-FMP pro-
gram, the ministry of road transporta-
tion has proposed incentivizing vehicle
Figure 2 | The lubricant demand in India is expected to grow over the next four years.
owners who scrap their old vehicles and
purchase newer vehicles. Under V-FMP
it is proposed that the vehicles bought
before March 31, 2005, or those that are ment discussed earlier (see Figure 2). cept of bike taxis also is being intro-
below BS-IV norms, could be scrapped In addition, government initiatives like duced. Along with the demand growth,
in lieu of which the vehicle owners Make in India also will have a positive there is a remarkable shift toward bet-
would receive benets in the form of impact on demand for industrial lubri- ter quality lubricants in all products in
scrap value for old vehicle, discounts cants. On the other hand, equipment this segment.
from OEM for new vehicle and limited modernization, use of high-perfor- Commercial lubricant demand is
exemption from excise duty. However, mance lubricants and better mainte- expected to increase as the various in-
with the proposed rollout of the new nance practices (including oil condi- frastructure initiatives pick up. Engine
tax regimenGoods and Services Tax tion monitoring and onsite recycling) oil demand will not see much move-
(GST)in India, there have been some will dampen demand growth. ment beyond 15W-40. Monogrades will
objections to handing out partial excise As a result of these factors, the over- decline. Industrial demand relies on the
duty exemption. To date, the ministry all lubricant demand in India is ex- success of various infrastructure and
of road transport and the nance minis- pected to grow at 2.5% over the period industrial projects. However, any sharp
try are ironing out the issues to pave the from 2016-2021. This includes strong and unexpected change in the global
way for V-FMP. Once this program is growth in the consumer segment and economy and unsuccessful implemen-
implemented, it will help older vehicle low to moderate growth in the com- tation of government projects will have
eet (which use heavier monogrades mercial and industrial segments. In the a negative impact on the growth of n-
and SAE 20W-40) be replaced by mod- PCMO segment, demand will continue ished lubricant demand.
ern vehicle eet (which use SAE 15W- to move toward lighter viscosity grades.
40 or even 10W-xx grades). In the MCO segment, the use of two- REFERENCES
The consumer segments growth is stroke oils will decline, and demand for 1. Source: The World Fact Book,
driven by the increase in the passen- four-stroke oils, in particular 10W-xx CIA. GDP measured at Purchasing
ger car and motorcycle population, as grades, will grow. The HDMO market Power Parity (PPP).
well as the rise in small car and two- will not see any signicant shift in vis-
2. The Economist Intelligence Unit.
wheeler exports. On the other hand, the cosity grades used.
increasing penetration of synthetics and
extension of drain intervals will dampen SUMMARY Milind Phadke is a director at
Kline & Co. in the Energy
demand growth. The growth of elec- India continues to present growth op-
practice. You can reach him at
tric scooters and electric cars also will portunities for the nished-lubricants
Milind.Phadke@KlineGroup.
dampen lubricant demand growth. industry. Growing disposable incomes
com. Kline is an international
For the industrial sector, lubricant and changing lifestyle needs drive provider of world-class
demand will be driven by growth in growth in the two-wheeler and passen- consulting services and
power generation capacity, as well as ger car populations. The taxi segment high-quality market intelligence for industries
growth in the cement and steel indus- is growing rapidly in metro cities as including lubricants and chemicals. Learn more at
tries to support infrastructure develop- taxi aggregators proliferate. The con- www.klinegroup.com.
20 Curtiss entrance into ying began in 1904 when Thomas Scott Baldwin asked him to make a two-cylinder, air-cooled engine to power his dirigible.
TRIBOLOGY TESTING
Simple Better
Simply Better!
Visit Us
in
Booth
The Most Versatile Tribology Testing System Ever Designed
Brukers Universal Mechanical Tester (UMT) platform has set the industry standard forr
407
er
exibility in tribology testing. Now, the next-generation UMT TriboLab offers higher
speeds, more torque, and better force measurements, all on a single system. Within
minutes the platform can be transformed from rotary to reciprocating motion, from
sub-newton to kilonewton force measurement, or from room temperature to 1000C
for environmental testing. No other mechanical testing system on the market can
match the range of capabilities of the UMT TriboLab:
Farshid Sadeghi
This Purdue University professor solves problems for
industry and governmentand successfully integrates
the research into his engineering courses.
DR. FARSHID SADEGHI - The Quick File
Farshid Sadeghi is the Cummins Distinguished professor of the School of Mechanical Engineering at Purdue
University in West Lafayette, Ind. His background includes publishing more than 160 archival journal papers.
He has given more than 300 presentations at various society meetings and industrial and academic institu-
tions around the world.
Sadeghi also has an illustrious career as an STLE volunteer. He served as the editor-in-chief of Tribology
Transactions, STLEs peer-reviewed journal, from 2009-2016. Previously he was an associate editor for the
journal for nine years. In addition, he served on the planning committee for the STLE/ASME International Joint
Tribology Conference, chairing the 2000 meeting in Seattle.
Sadeghi received the Burt L. Newkirk Award in 1991 from ASME, the Edmond E. Bisson Award from STLE in
1996, the RCT Creative Research Award from ASME in 2008, the ASME Mayo D. Hersey Award in 2011 and the
STLE International Award in 2011. He also has received several best paper awards from ASME and IMechE and
teaching awards from Purdue University. He was elected a fellow of STLE and ASME in 2004 and 2006, respec-
Farshid Sadeghi tively. At the 2016 STLE Annual Meeting in Las Vegas, Sadeghi received a special award from the societys
board of directors honoring his excellence in journal publishing.
TLT: Describe some of the tribology tion and material in homogeneity for a fully developed a combined explicit -
challenges, especially with bearings, variety of applications. nite element and discrete element model
that industry/government brought to In rolling contact fatigue, we used and, therefore, now have extended the
you. How did you address them? continuum damage mechanics to de- capability of DBM by including the ef-
velop nite element models to estimate fects of shaft and surrounding structures
Sadeghi: I have spent the last 35 years RCF lives of heavily loaded contacts exibility in the bearing model.
studying tribology-related issues for under various operating conditions. We developed wireless telemetry
industry and government. I started my We successfully modeled some of the micro-sensors to monitor the tempera-
research work in elastohydrodynamic pressing issues that bearing manufac- ture of the cage of a bearing. The sensor
lubrication (EHL) and then moved on turers are facing these days such as was used to determine the temperature
to bearing dynamics and rolling contact RCF in large bearings, buttery forma- of bearing under fully lubricated and
fatigue (RCF). I also have done signi- tions, white etching cracks, etc. starved condition and has demonstrat-
cant work in microelectromechanical Since bearings are used in a variety ed that the bearing cage is a good indi-
sensors for tribological applications of conditions, the understanding of cator of the health of a bearing.
and wet clutch engagement. I have bearing dynamics is always one of the We also are working with the chem-
worked with a multitude of industries challenges in tribology. We have been istry department at Purdue University
and government agencies to solve their developing a model commonly referred to evaluate performance of new lubri-
tribological problems in these areas. to as the dynamic bearing model (DBM) cant additives. We have performed ex-
With EHL we developed numerical and now are at the cusp of having a vir- periments to measure the friction and
solutions for pressure and tempera- tual simulation tool. The model can be wear in mixed and boundary lubrica-
ture distribution under rolling sliding used to investigate various types of roll- tion with this lubricant and have found
contacts. We investigated the effects of ing element bearings in a fully dynamic very promising results in reducing the
surface roughness, debris contamina- and 3D condition. Recently we success- frictional losses and wear.
While the Wright Brothers relied on their wing-warping technology, Curtiss designed ailerons, aps that attached to wings. The design is still used today. 2 3
STLE says thanks
to its volunteers
These individuals make our societyand our industryfunction and grow.
National Volunteer Week (April 23-29) is about inspiring, recognizing and encouraging people to seek out imaginative ways to
engage in their communities. In honor of this week, STLE would like to recognize the time, talent and contributions made by
the volunteers in our society. They are what allow us to grow and nurture our industry, foster new talent and grow the society
as a whole. STLE gives our sincere thanks to the individuals listed below, who serve on our committees, industry councils
and local sections.
Ghassan Abed Dr. Vasilios Bakolas Dr. John Bomidi Jerry P. Byers
Oakland University Schaefer Technologies AG Baker Hughes David G. Byun
Elaine Anderson & Co. KG Russell Boone CALS Corp.
Palmer Holland Inc. Rob Banas Phillips 66 Co. Dr. Neil M. Canter
Michael Anderson ExxonMobil Dr. E. Richard Booser Chemical Solutions
Falex Corp. Dr. Grigor Blajev Bantchev Consulting Engineer Joseph P. Cepec
Violet T. Anderson USDA/ARS/NCAUR Steffen Bots Allegheny Petroleum Products Co.
ChevronTexaco Global Lubricants Dr. Edward P. Becker Oelcheck GmbH Dr. Bulent Chavdar
Dr. William B. Anderson Friction & Wear Solutions, LLC Michelle Brakke Eaton Corp.
Afton Chemical Corp. Mikey Benes Lube-Tech Corey Brandon Cheeks
Dr. Nicolas Argibay Baker Hughes Donovan D. Bresko ExxonMobil
Sandia National Laboratories Robert J. Benzing Suncor Energy Dr. Jian Wen Choo
James Arner Dr. Stephen Berkebile Dr. Matthew Brouwer Petronas Group Technical
Pirr Tribology Solutions US ARL Williams International Solutions
Dr. Ankur Ashtekar Dr. Diana Berman Dr. Robert W. Bruce Coy Martin Christoffel
Sentient Science Corp. University of North Texas GE Aircraft Engines ESCO Products
Dr. Pranesh B. Aswath Ron Bertoldi Dr. Noel Brunetiere Charles R. Coe
University of Texas at Arlington Sea-Land Chemical Co. Universite de Poitiers Grease Technology Solutions, LLC
Robert D. Austin Lynn M. Billings Patrick Eugene Brutto Dr. Donald K. Cohen
QualiChem Inc. Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc. ANGUS Chemical Co. Michigan Metrology
Sujay D. Bagi Dr. Girma Biresaw John M. Burke Wayne M. Coursey
Paccar Inc. USDA/ARS/NCAUR Houghton International Inc. Pam Teknology
Mark Alan Bair Micheal Blackmon Dr. David Lawrence Burris Cameron Cox
Voith Turbo Inc. Shell Lubricants University of Delaware Kiewit Energy Services
Robert F. Baker Thomas J. Blunt Richard G. Butler Dr. Alex-Florian Cristea
King Industries, Inc. Krytox Performance Lubricants Chemtool Inc. Tecnitas SAS (Bureau Veritas Group)
The rst plane Curtiss built and ew was June Bug on June 21, 1908. 25
John M. Hogan Dr. Maureen E. Hunter Dr. Young Sup Kang Dr. Brandon Alexander Krick
The Lubrizol Corp. King Industries, Inc. The Timken Co. Lehigh University
Daniel G. Holdmeyer Gregory Scott Hutchison William A. Kearney Dr. Tom W. Lai
Chevron Lubricants Phillips 66 Co. Afton Chemical Corp. John Crane Inc.
Michael Holloway Walter E. Huysman Jawad Khan Thomas L. Lantz
ALS Tribology Clark Testing ADINLUBE Lantz Consulting Services
Dr. Ken Hope John Irwin Dr. Zulqar Ahmad Khan Andrew Larson
Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. J.A.M. Distributing Co. Bournemouth University The Dow Chemical Co.
Brian K. Hovik Kyungjun Lee
Andrew Jackson Dr. Harman Khare
Chemetall Texas A&M University
University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania
Scott Howard William J. Leeper, II
Dr. Robert Lee Jackson Daejong Kim
Hy-Pro Filtration CITGO Petroleum Corp.
Auburn University University of Texas at Arlington
John D. Howcroft Steven Lemberger
Tevis Jacobs Dr. E. M. Kipp
Nalco Co. Lemberger Consulting Services, LLC
University of Pittsburgh
Dr. John K. Howell Dr. Josiah Knight Deborah Lewis
GHS Resources Inc. Dr. Behrooz Jalalahmadi Duke University Evonik Corp.
Sentient Science Corp.
Travis Howry Andrea Lynn Knopp Dr. Sheng Li
Buckley Oil Co. Dr. Kris Januszkiewicz American Electric Power Wright State University
Houghton International Inc.
Xiaoli Hu Dr. Gordon G. Krauss Dr. Zhe Li
University of California Merced Neil Jasisnki Harvey Mudd College General Motors Corp.
Kelley Williamson Co.
Tim S Hulleman Joseph John Krejci Dr. Hong Liang
Imperial Oil Mariam S. Juves The Dow Chemical Co. Texas A&M University
Handle the unexpected. storms, navigated port strikes, worked around earthquakes, and even dealt
with pirates. We manage the risks and never fail to deliver on our promises
so you dont have to worry about anything except growing your business.
26 In 1908 Curtiss won the rst leg of the Scientic American magazine competition for being rst to y in a straight line for more than a kilometer.
David Lindsay Dr. Brendan Miller
Afton Chemical Corp. Chevron Oronite Co., LLC
J. Mark Litman Philip R. Miller
Shell Oil Products US prmi Consulting LLC
Dr. Babak Lotzadehdehkordi Dr. Kuldeep Kishore Mistry
Schaefer Group USA The Timken Co.
Brett Lubbock Dr. Hamidreza Mohseni
Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc. Bosch Brake Components LLC
The June Bug had crashed the day before with Curtiss as pilot. He and his team spent the night rebuilding the plane. The Wright Brothers did not compete. 27
Richard C. Schrama
Tribological Services
Randy D. Sebastian
Houghton International Inc.
Aaron A. Sepanski
Chemetell
Dr. Brajendra K. Sharma
Illinois Sustainable Technology
Center, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign
Charles Sheppard
Sonneborn, Inc.
Dr. Paul J. Shiller
University of Akron
Harpal Singh
Sentient Science Corp.
Dr. Trevor Slack Harry Tankus Dr. Rohit Voothaluru Keith A. Wurm
American Roller Bearing Co. Jacqueline A. Tiedemann-Biron The Timken Co. ExxonMobil
Walter Sloan Vincent M. Tofani William E. Wambach Huaping Xiao
Sloan Lubrication Systems Lubrication Engineers Inc. Dr. Chinpei Wang Texas A&M University
Richard F. Smith Allison Toms Cummins, Inc. Jun Xiao
Metalworking Lubricants Co. GasTOPS Inc. Dr. Wayne E. Ward Rtec Instruments
Dr. Donald Smolenski David A. Turner US Air Force (Retired) Dr. Hyung K. Yoon
Evonik Oil Additives USA, Inc. CITGO Petroleum Corp. Chris Webb Caterpillar, Inc.
Stefan G. Snyder Dr. William Tuszynski Hydra-Fab Fluid Power Inc. Evan Scott Zabawski
University of St. Thomas The Unami Group Dr. Martin N. Webster TestOil
Dr. George JW Staniewski Luis F. Urrutia ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Dr. Jack Zakarian
Dr. Michael Stapels Total Axel Wegner Lubrication Consultant
Kao Chemicals GmbH Dr. Dairene Uy C.C. Jensen Inc. Brian C. Zander
James E. Steenbergen Ford Motor Co. Charles H. West The Lubrizol Corp.
Wade Brandon Stephens John Marc Vander Schalie Adam Edward Wilcox Dr. Hongmei Zhao
Lard Oil Co., Inc. Wenatchee Petroleum Co. Lubrication Engineers Inc. The Lubrizol Corp.
April C. Stevens Terrence Lee Veenstra John S. Wiley Dr. Min Zou
MonsonAn Azelis Americas Co. Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc. QualiChem Inc. University of Arkansas
Justin T. Stover Dr. Paula Vettel Solongo Wilson Dr. Qian Zou
C.C. Jensen Inc. Novvi LLC Chemtura Canada Co./CIE Oakland University
Become a Volunteer
Membership in STLE opens up a host of diverse volunteer opportunities to you. Each administrative and technical
committee, local section and task force plays an integral part in advancing the profession and the organization. You
must be a current member of STLE to serve on a committee or task force. Appointees are selected from a pool of can-
didates when openings are available. Local section leaders and committee member terms run from June 1 through
May 31 of the following year.
We thank all of STLEs volunteers for their time and efforts. For more information about STLE volunteer opportuni-
ties, email Tom Heidrich at theidrich@stle.org or call (847) 825-5536.
Antiwear Additives
NA-LUBE AW - Ashless antiwear additives based on a variety of
phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen chemistries.
Antioxidants
NA-LUBE AO - Phenolic and aminic primary antioxidants.
K-CORR - Inhibitors that are not primarily DNNS-based, including K-CORR G grades
specifically designed for severe environments.
Since 1932, King Industries has been building solutions to the worlds most complex
chemistry challenges. Call or visit us online to see how our products and technical expertise
can take your formulation to the next level.
TLT: What led you to apply for the to be published in TLT was just added
STLE E. Richard Booser Scholarship? motivation for me and a proud accom-
plishment Ill never forget.
Neuffer Evans: I rst heard about the
STLE scholarship from my advisor, TLT: Why did you join STLE?
Dr. Robert Jackson, a professor in the
department of mechanical engineer- Neuffer Evans: As a student, I joined
ing and director of Auburn Univer- STLE to have access to member re-
sitys tribology and lubrication science sources. I was just beginning my jour-
minor program. ney in studying tribology and wanted
While taking one of his tribology to stay up to date on what other
courses, an undergraduate research industry professionals were talking
position became available for a fric- about and researching. I also really
tion and wear project. I immediately enjoyed reading TLT every month
jumped at the opportunity to get because it provides the tribology and
hands-on experience in a eld that lubrication engineering communities
I was just beginning to understand with a platform to share new ideas
Hannah Neuffer Evans and enjoy. Dr. Jackson encouraged and to spotlight those making a differ-
me to apply for the scholarship based ence in the eld.
on the extracurricular research I had
Hannah Neuffer Evans graduated volunteered for. When I was awarded TLT: What (or who) inspired your
from Snead State Community the scholarship, I was thrilled that my interest in studying engineering?
College with an associates simple desire to continue to learn was
degree in science in 2011. She rewarded by such a prestigious techni- Neuffer Evans: I credit my family for
then graduated from Auburn cal organization as STLE. inspiring me to go into the eld of
University with a bachelors engineering. Being a third-generation
degree in polymer and ber TLT: How did receiving the STLE engineer, I could almost say engineer-
engineering and a minor in scholarship help with your tribology ing was in my blood. I was exposed
tribology in 2014. research? to engineering principles at a young
Hannah is a 2013 recipient of age, which denitely had a signicant
the STLE E. Richard Booser Neuffer Evans: Prior to being awarded inuence on my career choice.
Scholarship, which funded her the Booser Scholarship, I had my mind For example, I remember going to
research measuring the effects made up to nish my research project. the U.S. Space and Rocket Center on a
of various concentrations of When I found out I was awarded the eld trip and being so fascinated by the
nanoparticles on the coefcient scholarship, I was thankful because the technological advances that I wanted
of friction in a ball-on-disk test funding allowed me to focus more on to be a part of something so impressive
machine. Currently she works as my research and less on other nancial when I grew up. I may not be work-
a manufacturing engineer at UTC matters upon graduating from Auburn. ing for NASA, but the fascination is
Aerospace Systems. Also, knowing that our ndings were still there to contribute to technologi-
30 Curtiss won the second leg of the Scientic American competition in 1909, establishing a ying distance record.
Being a third-generation engineer, I could
almost say engineering was in my blood.
cal advancements. My parents were al- help them in any way I can. degree made it somewhat difcult
ways there to encourage me with every when it came time to apply for jobs
new science project I worked on. TLT: What gets you excited about when most employers had never
going to work every day? heard of it before.
TLT: Tell us about your job. I would, however, not go back and
Neuffer Evans: I would say the people change the experience I had while
Neuffer Evans: I currently work at UTC factor of the workplace is what I look studying for the tribology minor. I
Aerospace Systems as a manufacturing forward to the most about my work- met so many wonderfully supportive
engineer in the electrical-wire harness day. Having that support system and industry professionals who were excit-
department. My role is to interpret knowing you are surrounded with ed to see interest in tribology among
engineering drawings and coordinate good people who are there to help college students. They recognized the
with the tooling department to trans- you and to encourage you makes the impact that hiring new professionals
late those drawings into functional work more collaborative, more engag- could bring.
tools to build wire harnesses. I then ing and even fun.
implement standard work instructions TLT: What advice would you give to
for the operators to follow to ensure a high school or college students who
consistent product is shipped to our might want to pursue a career in
customers every time. As a student, I joined tribology?
UTC has a strong culture for con-
tinuous improvement. As a support
STLE to have access to Neuffer Evans: Talk to someone about
staff member, I participate in process the resources that being possible career opportunities in the
improvement events to drive out waste a member could provide. eld he or she is interested in. Also,
and improve the overall working envi- once you begin your undergraduate
ronment. studies, make sure to network with
industry representatives. When it
TLT: What do you love most about TLT: If you were starting your comes time to apply for internships or
your job? career again, would you do anything jobs, there is a greater chance of being
differently? remembered, and that could mean the
Neuffer Evans: I enjoy being able to difference between getting an interview
help operators improve the manufac- Neuffer Evans: I am tremendously or getting passed over for an interview.
turing process. My job is to help the grateful for obtaining my undergradu- Lastly, I would say get as much
operator be as efcient as possible. ate degree in polymer and ber engi- hands-on experience prior to gradu-
When I can collaborate with them on neering. If I could go back and do it ation as possible. Internships are like
an idea for something I can help put again, I would have probably chosen test runs for your career path. They can
in place to make their job easier, I feel a more traditional engineering degree. help you gure out if the career you
like I have accomplished something When I attended career fairs, I was have chosen is what you really enjoy.
worthwhile. At the end of the day, it is told by several companies that they
operators who truly bring value to the only hired from the major engineering You can reach Hannah Neuffer Evans at
company, and I want to be there to disciplines. Having such a specialized hannah.neuffer@utas.utc.com.
He then won the Gordon Bennett Trophy and $5,000 prize in the worlds rst international air meet at Reims, France. 31
SCHOLARSHIP RESEARCH
Zoe Tucker
INTRODUCTION
Editors Note: This month TLT Nanoparticles suspended in base oils have proven to be an effective method
proles the 2016 recipient of The for controlling friction and wear [1-3]. Due to their nanoscale size these par-
E. Richard Booser Scholarship ticles can inltrate small gaps that larger particles cannot, thereby altering the
Award, Zoe Tucker (Auburn Uni- tribological behavior of the contact. Nanoparticles also have the ability to pass
versity). The Booser scholarship is through conventional oil ltration systems, which has been a barrier to past
awarded annually to undergradu- solid particle additives. At the nano-scale, these particle also tend to be stronger
ate students who have an interest than the same bulk materials [4, 5]. These features have made nanoparticles
in pursuing a career in tribology. a promising new type of additive that is now gaining usage in industry. An
As a requirement for receiving an ongoing study has yielded a 3-5% reduction in the fuel consumption together
STLE scholarship, students are giv- with the absence of wear and reduction in corrosion upon introducing Cu
en the opportunity to participate in nanoparticles as additives to the oil employed for the engines of the ship M/S
a tribology research project and to Viking XPRS [6].
submit a report summarizing their The process through which nanoparticle additives reduce friction is under
research. For more information debate, and more testing is needed to understand what mechanisms occur be-
about the Booser scholarship, visit tween surface and lubricants with nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are often made
www.stle.org. of metallic or anti-friction materials and are added to traditional oil-based lu-
Zoe Tucker is a senior studying bricants. These nanoparticles often darken the color of the lubricant, making it
mechanical engineering at Auburn appear dirty or in need of replacement [7, 8]. This effect means still-functional
University with a minor in tribology. lubricants may be disposed of prematurely. Transparent nanoparticle lubricants
The Booser scholarship allowed ll a position in lubrication science that has not yet been fully explored.
her to conduct her research in Dr. With the help of Dr. German Mills in the department of chemistry and bio-
Robert Jacksons Mechanical Engi- chemistry at Auburn University, the research focused on developing nanopar-
neering Tribology Lab. Tucker is the ticles lubricant additives that are transparent. It is difcult to suspend sili-
president of the Auburn Tribology con oxide particles in a non-polar uid such as hydrocarbon oil. However,
and Lubrication Sciences Society modication of the surface hydroxyl functionalities (called silanol groups) of
student organization. She also en- SiO2 particles yields silica materials that dissolve in nonpolar solvents. These
joys playing her oboe and singing nanoparticles were silicon oxide particles coated with a thin layer of metal to
at retirement homes. She graduates help improve the friction interactions. Silicon dioxide atoms are inherently
in spring 2018. You can reach her at transparent, and the metal layer was only a few layers of atoms to one layer
zrt0003@auburn.edu. thick and so was also transparent.
The proposed research focused on measuring the wear and friction per-
METHODS
The lubricants analyzed were composed of silicon oxide par-
ticles averaging 10-15 nm in diameter suspended in a dodec-
anedodecanol mix. Three different weight percents (0.05%,
0.1%, and 0.2%) of the nanoparticles in solution were com-
pared against the base uid with no nanoparticles.
Dodecane and methyl acetate were obtained from Alfa
Aesar. Octadecanol was purchased from Aldrich. Dispersed
P
silica/IPA (approximately 30% silica in isopropanol) was ob-
tained through generous support from the Nissan Chemical
America Corporation. The initial concentration of silica in
IPA was determined as 3.92 M by evaporating the solvent Figure 2 | Dodecane base uid wear track.
and measuring the mass of silica powders before using the
colloidal solution for dispersion in alkane. An aliquot of
dispersed particles was taken and diluted to 0.1 M by further
addition of isopropanol.
36.0 mL of 22.2 mM octadecanol solution was prepared in
methyl acetate by sonication. When a clear solution of octa-
decanol was achieved, a 4.0 mL of 0.1 M dispersed silica was
added to the solution with continuous stirring of the solution. P
40.0 mL of dodecane was then added to the solution and left
at room temperature for 24 hours with continuous stirring in
order to achieve complete evaporation of the methyl acetate
and isopropanol. The nal concentration of silica particles P
dispersed in dodecane was 10.0 mM and the concentration
ratio of octadecanol to silica was 2.0. The concentration ratio
between octadecanol and silica was kept constant for all other
dispersions of silica colloids in dodecane. Figure 3 | 0.2% SiO wear track.
RESULTS
After testing, an optical microscope was used to visually ana-
lyze the wear tracks. Figures 2 and 3 show two example wear
tracks. The base uid showed signs of possible adhesive and
abrasive wear because of the wear particles present. The 0.2
weight percent uid had multiple grooves congruent with
what is seen in abrasive wear. The silicon particles probably
acted as an abrasive in the oil.
The disks were then analyzed using a Bruker Dektak 150
stylus prolometer with a 2.5 micron tip which produced a
Figure 1 | Testing conguration. wear prole. The wear width was manually measured from
REFERENCES
1. Ghaednia, H., R.L. Jackson, and J.M. Khodadadi, Experi-
mental analysis of stable CuO nanoparticle enhanced lubri-
cants. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2015. 10(1):
p. 1-18.
2. Gu, C.-x., et al., Tribological effects of oxide based nanopar-
ticles in lubricating oils. Journal of Marine Science and Ap-
plication, 2009. 8(1): p. 71-76.
3. Wang, X.-B. and W.-M. Liu, Nanoparticle-Based Lubricant
Additives, in Encyclopedia of Tribology, Q.J. Wang and Y.-W.
Chung, Editors. 2013, Springer US. p. 2369-2376.
4. Deneen Nowak, J., et al., Fracturing a nanoparticle. Phili-
Figure 6 | Wear volume results. sophical Magazine, 2007. 87(1): p. 29-37.
5. Lockwood, A.J. and B.J. Inkson, In situ TEM nanoindenta-
tion and deformation of Si-nanoparticle clusters. Journal of
Physics D: Applied Physics, 2009. 42(3): p. 5.
6. Scherge, M., et al. Multi-Phase Friction and Wear Reduction
by Colloidal Copper Additive. in 20th International Colloqui-
um Tribology: Industrial and Automotive Lubrication. 2016.
Ostldern, Germany.
7. Gulzar, M., et al., Tribological performance of nanoparticles
as lubricating oil additives. Journal of Nanoparticle Re-
search, 2016. 18(8): p. 223.
8. Sasaki, A., et al., A Study of the Colors of Contamination in
Used Oils. Tribology Transactions, 2013. 57(1): p. 1-10.
Figure 7 | The average coefcient of friction.
Friction Reducer
hemic
ilt C a
rb
de
ls
,
Van
LLC
UL
1
IS
O 46
90 02
01:2
008 100
30 Winfield Street, PO Box 5150, Norwalk, CT 06856-5150 (203) 853-1400 F: (203) 853-1452
petro@vanderbiltchemicals.com www.vanderbiltchemicals.com
Registered and pending trademarks appearing in these materials are those of R.T. Vanderbilt Holding Company, Inc. or its respective wholly owned subsidiaries. For complete listings,
please visit this location for trademarks, www.rtvanderbiltholding.com.
LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS
Dr. Robert M. Gresham / Contributing Editor
The tribology-energy
The U.S. Dept. of Energy issues a new report to answer the question,
Can Tribology Save a Quad?
IN PAST ISSUES OF TLT weve discussed for energy technologies across a wide The report states that a total of 22-
STLEs efforts in support of the mission range of practical application sectors. plus quads of energy (out of approxi-
by the U.S. Department of Energys Ad- Attendees met during the two-day mately 100 quads usage in the U.S.)
vanced Research Projects Agency-Ener- period to discuss industry needs and could be saved annually through vari-
gy (ARPA-E) to overcome long-term where new tribological science and ous technologies enabled by targeted
and high-risk technological barriers in engineering principles might assist research support in tribology. More
the development of energy technolo- in helping to accelerate technological broadly, recommendations were made
gies that ensure Americas energy secu- advances in how surfaces and lubri- to expand the topic of tribology to a
rity and technological lead. cants interact during relative motion national call to action that will take
STLE hosted a workshop titled for energy savings. The workshop was an entirely new approach to reducing
Tribological Opportunities May 19- augmented by an online survey and energy use and improving energy man-
20, 2016, following our 71st Annual now a new report titled, Can Tribology agement or generation systems. The
Meeting & Exhibition in Las Vegas. Save a Quad? which was distributed to report also identies energy-efciency
The purpose of the workshop was to the broader tribology community and stretch goals to challenge the tribology
explore opportunities in advanced in consultation with STLE and other research community at large companies
tribological science and engineering professional societies. and the extended industrial network.
36 When the New York World newspaper offered $10,000 for the rst successful ight between
A new report from the U.S. Dept. of Energy examines how energy can be saved in such areas
as transportation, power generation and manufacturing.
connection
Can Stock Photo / CreativeNature
Albany and New York City, Curtiss won the prize money and nationwide recognition. 37
WEBINARS
Debbie Sniderman / Contributing Editor
Lubricant
contamination
control
OVER TIME, ALL ASSETS REQUIRING LUBRICATION suffer a loss of
If you can identify usefulness. They break, become obsolete or, most often, stop
performing at their intended levels because of surface dete-
the source, you can rioration from corrosion or some type of physical wear. The
largest share of failures is from some type of contaminant that
create a strategy accelerates processes already going on.
That was the focus of a February 2016 Webinar by Evan
for dealing with it. Zabawski, CLS, the senior technical advisor at TestOil. See the
box for Evans full biography.
Contaminants have been called the single greatest cause of
lubricant malfunction and excessive wear of parts by the Mobil
Oil Co. They can have serious adverse effects on physical and
chemical properties of hydraulic and lubricant uids, includ-
ing accelerated oxidation of uid base stocks and premature
additive depletion due to additive precipitation or chemical
reaction involving additives.
The importance of removing particulate and water con-
tamination cannot be understated. Repeated studies and eld
experiences demonstrate that doing so can extend uid service
lives, with Pall Corp., a ltration company, realizing this by
KEY CONCEPTS
factors of four to six. Contamination may be our greatest foe.
What is clean enough? Lubricant But its the easiest to work against to prevent or at least reduce
its severity, says Zabawski.
and equipment cleanliness
cl l s
First, its important to understand where contaminants can
standards are poor.
come from so effective remediation plans can be put in place.
Particle size matters more than
STANDARDS FALL SHORT
quantity. Smaller
Sm ll r particles are
Every year failures occur because of contamination. This is not
killers.
e s. surprising given that new equipment cleanliness and industrial
uid cleanliness standards are inadequate, Zabawski says.
Can Stock Photo / nikkytok
Be aware
a a e of contaminants from all
The API Standard 614/ISO 10438-2 dictates the cleanliness
th eee source categories: self-
three sel - of new equipment during its commissioning phase but falls
generated, external and built-in. short in helping to dene what clean actually is. It prescribes
This article is based on a Webinar originally presented by STLE Education on Feb. 17, 2016. It also was presented
at the 2011 STLE Condition Monitoring Course in Atlanta. Lubricant Contamination Control: Contaminant Sources
is available at www.stle.org: $39 to STLE members, $59 for all others.
Evan Zabawski, CLS, is the senior technical advisor at TestOil. He has extensive experience training trades-
men and professionals in a variety of elds, including lubrication fundamentals, contamination control, condi-
tion monitoring, RCM/FMEA and used oil analysis. A member of STLE for more than 18 years, Zabawski is editor
of TLT and served as the editor for the STLE Alberta Sections Basic Handbook of Lubrication, Third Edition, and
contributed as one of the editors for STLE/CRCs Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology, Volume II: Theory and
Design, Second Edition. He has written several technical publications and is a member of API and ASTM. You can
reach Zabawski at ezabawski@testoil.com.
Evan Zabawski
faces and becomes loose and lost in- metallic parts dont contact each other ing damage. Particles larger than the
side the system. Adhesive wear causes directly, but wear occurs through shear clearance size wont enter the system.
signicant material loss that can lead with particles of the right size (see Fig- But those that are at or near the clear-
to further wear. ure 4). Particles smaller than a systems ance size will enter the system and con-
In the abrasive wear mechanism, clearance pass through it without caus- tact both surfaces, scufng and dragging
42 On at least two occasions, Curtiss offered to partner with the Wright Brothers, who were still using outdated engines on their aircraft. The notoriously
Zabawski says. As long as water, tem-
perature and metals are in the system,
oxidation will be activated in the uid.
Contaminants act as catalysts that ac-
celerate oxidation, creating tar, lacquers
and varnishes that become sticky and
reduce clearances, increasing friction.
Mixing oils that arent compatible
with each other is another source of
internal contamination. When oils are
mixed that arent meant to be, they
form oil-insoluble substances. Even if
they are clean, incompatible oils create
other serious side effects like additive
dropout, negative synergies or gelling
uids depending on the base stocks
used. When this happens, theres not Figure 9 | Airborne contaminants. (Figure courtesy of STLE Condition Monitoring Course during
only a loss of usefulness to the uid, the 2008 Annual Meeting.)
but the parts wont function the way
they are designed.
There are several reasons oils are where oil vapors can settle on top of allowing the system to be ushed out
mixed when they shouldnt be. People tanks, airborne contaminants stick to to make sure it is clean before lling
make up for shortcomings because of it and build up on surfaces and can fall a pail. Think of these types of sources
lack of inventory or not having the in open holes. when considering contaminants.
right oil in the quantity needed or Many facilities use the correct ex- Skipping small steps can render
readily available by using whatever is clusion equipment but could prevent the proper equipment useless. When
available. They also dont know that allowing a lot of contamination from breathers are installed on tank nipples
mixing oils is a big concern. Sometimes entering their equipment by making but tank lids arent sealed, or the tanks
oil jugs are not labeled correctly, and several simple xes. Barrel pumps on are missing gaskets so there is no seal-
sometimes systems arent labeled with oil drums should be sealed. If theyre ing effect, the breathers are not effec-
specic needs. Encouraging accurate not, as the oil is pumped out, the air tive. Tanks that have properly sealed
labeling and good training practices breathers but improperly sealed lids
make it easier to be sure the right oil are not effective at stopping contamina-
gets to the right application. tion. When a tank breathes, the air will
go through the path of least resistance,
EXTERNAL SOURCES Contamination may be the improperly sealed lid. Take steps to
Contamination from sources outside the our greatest foe. But its make sure the air moving in and out is
process environment is often ignored. going through the breather.
Airborne contaminants (see Figure 9),
the easiest to work against It is common to see breathers on
moisture and contamination caused by to prevent or at least many gearboxes shipped from an
adding oil are important to consider. OEM lled with brass wool, which
Taking a ash photograph in a dark area
reduce its severity. looks like coarse steel wool. Although
of a plant will show contaminants in the these devices are designed to exclude
air that can only be seen with a camera particulates, they only block very large
ash. They are common in any environ- particles and arent effective at protect-
ment and they are damaging. that enters the drum wont be ltered ing against airborne particulates. They
When proper exclusion hardware and contamination will enter. In stor- should not be considered adequate for
isnt placed properlycaps arent age rooms with new oil drums, 90-de- particle exclusion.
screwed in, collars are purposely gree elbows and caps could make a Moisture is another source of exter-
moved out of the way, lids dont close signicant improvement on standard nal contamination. Moisture contami-
or are propped open, baskets meant to gate valves. Or, rather than using gate nation compromises viscosities, reduces
catch particles are missing or holes are valves, which are slow acting, hard the effectiveness of additives and pro-
cut to enable some other type of moni- to ush properly and pick up a lot of motes the formation of acids. During
toringmore contamination is allowed contaminants, faster-acting valves like storage, it is specied that horizontal
into a system. In dirty environments quarter-turn ball valves could be used, drums have bungholes at the 3:00 and
secretive brothers declined, thereby establishing their ercest rival. The brothers would le dozens of patent-infringement lawsuits against Curtiss. 43
Savant Group
Trust is
something
earned
Visit us at booth #712 at the
STLE 2017 Annual Meeting
S A V A N T L A B . C O M
Participant in ASTM Cross Check and TMC Monitoring Programs Q ISO 9001:2008 Certified
A W O R L D O F L U B R I C A T I O N U N D E R S T A N D I N G
9:00 positions to reduce the amount of as best as possible. Which are gener-
debris that can form and build up. ated internally? Which are generated or
Other external sources of contami- Its not possible to leave drawn in from the outside? And which
nation are from transfer containers were there before we started?
that are open or dirty. Pouring oil from
the particles in the bottom As long as we can identify the
open containers where large particles of the container and pour source of contamination, we can create
are visible will contaminate a system a strategy for dealing with it, Zabawski
with small particles that also are always
only the clean oil. says.
there. They wont be caught by lters.
Its not possible to leave the particles in Debbie Sniderman is an engineer and CEO of VI
the bottom of the container and pour or paint particles are common sources. Ventures, LLC, an engineering consulting com-
only the clean oil. Containers should Preservation materials that are pany. You can reach her at info@vivllc.com.
be completely ushed and sealed be- shipped with large assets to keep them
fore each use. Dont add contamination from corroding are other sources of con-
even before the chance to use the uid. taminants. They need to be completely FOR MORE INFORMATION:
ushed out before the assets are used. ANSI/AGMA Industrial Gear Lubrica-
BUILT-IN SOURCES Efforts to remove known contamina- tion Standard 9005-E02: www.agma.org/
There are many built-in sources of tions also can cause contamination it- standards/store/
particulate contamination, including self. Cleaning agents can leave residues API Standard 614/ISO 10438-2
residues from manufacturing processes, that have detrimental effects. Rag bers Standard: Petroleum, petrochemical
residual casting (foundry) sand adher- that are left behind when wiping down and natural gas industries Lubrica-
ing to machines that are built with cast surfaces also can create contaminants. tion, shaft-sealing and control-oil sys-
parts and even cleaning procedures. There are many sources of contami- tems and auxiliaries Part 2: Special-
Residues from welding or machining, nation, and its important to understand purpose oil systems: www.iso.org/obp/
metals like turnings, lings or shav- what the sources of contamination are ui/#iso:std:iso:10438:-2:ed-2:v1:en
ings, bead blasting materials, lacquer in your environment and address them TestOil: http://testoil.com
10
particle
analysis
tests
Whatever the test and
test frequency, the
goal for end-users
is cost-effective
machine reliability
at the lowest cost.
KEY CONCEPTS
KEY
While
h lee particle
partic
t le analysis
an ly is tests
t ts have
h ve changed
chan d little
l ttl over the years,
ye s, end-users
eendd user
users are becoming more
mooree aware of their
the r signicant
th signica t
benets.
Tests range from
from basic article
t cle count too leading-edge
l d d SEM-EDX, which can measure
measure
easu e and report
re rtt the size, shape,
h q
quantity andd
composition off particulate.
In isolation, each test iss usually not enough to provide a complete picture of what is happening inside the machinery.
48 Curtiss developed the rst simulated bombing runs from an aircraft in 1910. Later
indicate the nature and distribution lter patch. If signicant wear is detect- DS and DL are used to calculate wear
of the particulate contamination, the ed, it may require analysis by analytical particle count used for trending.
gravimetric method should be supple- ferrography. FPT is most appropriate DR ferrography should be routine
mented by occasional particle counts for turbines, compressors, water glycols for large gearboxes and other compo-
of typical samples. and natural gas engines and is typically nents prone to wear that produces large
Gravimetric analysis in uids re- used for ISO 16232/4406/4407 cleanli- quantities of ferrous particles. The test
quires less skill and equipment than ness standards. is limited to magnetic particles and
microscopic particle counting. Once may not indicate problems with non-
the specication has been established 6. FERROUS INDEX/PQ ferrous components.
by weight, the gravimetric method PQ (particle quantier) is a quick and Because DR ferrography is relative-
provides a simple, inexpensive and inexpensive test that is easily incorpo- ly inexpensive and quick, it is a good
highly reproducible routine control rated into routine trending analysis. screening tool for analytical ferrogra-
measure. This is a quick and inexpen- The PQ instrument is a magnetom- phy. It also is excellent for trending fer-
sive analysis that requires basic lab eter that measures the mass of fer- rous wear particles.2
equipment, but it only provides par- rous particles and displays this as a
ticle load by weight. PQ Index. Results are reported as a 8. ANALYTICAL FERROGRAPHY
relative number of ferrous materials Analytical ferrography is the most
5. FILTER PATCH TEST (FPT)/ within a sample; the results can be powerful diagnostic tool in oil analysis
OPTICAL MICROSCOPY trended. This test does not differenti- (see When is Analytical Ferrography Ap-
For this test membranes are prepared ate between large and small particles, propriate?). It is the only test that can
similar to gravimetric but for the pur- but it can be used to justify analytical justify shutting down a piece of equip-
pose of microscopic inspection. The de- ferrography. ment. For this test, a dilution of sample
bris is assessed and the particles graded. and solvent ows across a slide resting
Observations are usually accompanied 7. DR (DIRECT READ) FERROGRAPHY on top of a magnet, causing the par-
by a photo of the wear material on a test During this test, the sample passes ticles to line up. The slide is viewed un-
report. This method provides a means through a tube over a magnet. Parti- der a microscope where detected par-
of accurate detection, counting, classi- cles gather at two points (ve microns ticle types are analyzed and the overall
cation and measuring of ferrous and and greater gather at the entry point; condition is determined. This produces
non-ferrous particles quickly. smaller particles gather further down). a very detailed analysis of the particles
For the micro-patch technique, a The amount of light cut off by parti- within a sample. However, it requires
uid sample is mixed with solvent and cles is used to determine density large highly trained technicians to analyze
then vacuumed through a 0.8-micron (DL) and density small (DS) numbers. and report results.
that year the rst rearm use from aircraft occurs in a plane piloted by Curtiss. 49
a sequence of steps, searching for a
specic particle and then moving to
the next eld. When the contrast level
of the particle exceeds the predened
threshold background limit set for each
analysis, it detects a particle. The sys-
tem automatically generates reports of
the analyses and a database stores all
analysis results for trend monitoring.
This test provides high detail re-
garding morphology and elemental
Trending analysis is credited with preventing catastrophic failure of, in many cases,
very costly machines.
SEM-EDX AND
PART CLEANLINESS TESTING
A detailed microscopic examination and/or SEM-EDX. These advanced
of a slide will determine: methods help us better predict failures Melissa James, lead imaging techni-
Particle size and relative and in some cases prevent them. We cian for Engineered Lubricants Co. in
concentration also use these advance methods for St. Louis, says she and her people are
Metallurgy, both ferrous and root-cause analysis when questions or increasingly using automatic optical
non-ferrous problems do arise. microscopy and SEM-EDX for parts
The wear mechanism indicating cleanliness testing, especially for ISO
root cause 9. LASERNET FINES LASER
16232. As this standard is more widely
The component that is the source IMAGING PARTICLE ANALYSIS
implemented, more manufacturers are
of wear Developed in 1998 by Lockheed Martin required by their customers to imple-
Identication of contaminants.4 with the Naval Research Laboratory for ment parts-cleanliness programs.
military applications, LaserNet Fines James says that parts cleanliness is
Analytical ferrography is most use- uses direct digital imaging. During driving the SEM-EDX market.
ful for trending samples and preven- the test, a pulsed laser diode passes
tive/predictive maintenance. Because of through the sample with a camera re- For example, one of our custom-
the time and skill required to perform cording the images where the particles ers had a problem they believed was
the test, it is usually considered too ex- are classied by shape and size. Test caused by a grease product, she
pensive for routine oil analysis. results classify particles larger than 20 explains. They used the grease to
Bill Quesnel, president of Wear- microns into cutting wear, severe slid- pack bearings, purchased from a sup-
Check Canada Inc., explains, The ing wear, fatigue wear, non-metallic plier, before installing into their nal
best application of particle analysis is material, bers and water droplets. The product. These bearings were failing
where customers are using analytical analysis cost effectively combines fea- quickly once in use and, when opened,
ferrography on critical systems and are tures of particle count with quantifying they found lots of debris.
using the wear particle information to wear particle classication. They were concerned the grease
make informed maintenance decisions Its main advantage over optical par- was not meeting the needs of this
such as when to take a machine out of ticle counters is the ability to run both application, James continues. We
service for an inspection. dark and water-contaminated samples. asked for samples of bearings as
Melissa James, lead imaging techni- It can be used as a precursor to analyti- our customer received them. They
cian for Engineered Lubricants Co. in cal ferrography, which provides more sent unopened examples from two
St. Louis, says that analytical ferrogra- in-depth evaluation. different suppliers. Both of these
phy and SEM-EDX are excellent follow- were prepared as the lter above.
up tools. 10. SEM-EDX5 ANALYSIS The bearing from one supplier had
Most often we use advanced par- For this, test samples are prepared on signicantly heavier debris in size
ticle analysis as part of our used oil a lter similar to optical analysis, but classes that would certainly predict
testing program, James explains. We SEM-EDX allows for magnication up failure. At that time, ISO 16232 and
use faster and more affordable particle- to 40,000 times, along with the elemen- the idea of standardized parts cleanli-
counting methods for trending contam- tal analysis of individual particles (see ness was still something new that our
ination levels over time. When results SEM-EDX and Part Cleanliness Test- customer hadnt considered for their
from these show a potential issue, we ing). Once loaded, analyzers move the own business.
follow up with analytical ferrography electron beam across the eld through
ExxonMobil Basestocks
B
B
information, but it requires special-
ized equipment and highly trained INTEGRATING PARTICLE ANALYSIS WITH OTHER CONDITION MONITORING
technicians. TECHNIQUES6
The biggest advantage SEM-EDX
For critical and expensive machinery, it makes sense to supplement particle analysis
has over analytical ferrography is
with the following complementary condition monitoring technologies.
the ability to get complete elemen-
tal composition for each individual Vibration analysis. Particle analysis and vibration analysis complement
particle, James explains. Every fer- each other well. Vibration analysis monitors and controls balance, looseness
rography analyst at some point has and alignment while particle analysis monitors and controls lubricant quality
proclaimed, I wish I knew exactly and contamination.
what this particle is made of. While Thermography. This detects issues that particle analysis cant, such as the
heat treatment of the slide and visual degree of deposit build-up in tanks and the condition of couplings, rollers and
inspection allows for some identica- high-speed bearings.
tion of composition, the ability to tell
Ultrasound. This compliments vibration analysis well. Trending values will
with certainty that the abrasive wear
point to potential bearing defects caused by contact conditions such as
particles are nickel alloy steel versus
rubbing and friction.
chromium alloy steel, or the crystals
are primarily calcium, can be incred-
ibly valuable. The fact that it does this
also while measuring each particle on
multiple axes giving detailed mor- clude a number of factors such as the available. More likely, customers have
phology also is quite amazing. SEM- expected cost/benet, the value of the become more aware of the particle
EDX can accurately count and cat- machinery, the importance of the ma- analysis testing capabilities of commer-
egorize all particles by customizable chinery and OEM recommendations/ cial oil laboratories and are beginning
size, class, shape or elemental com- requirements. to take advantage of these useful tests.
position, which makes it unmatched While each test has value in isola- An improved direct imaging instrument
for trending wear. tion, establishing historical baselines could easily be a game changer for the
She continues, For some systems and running consistent testing proto- oil analysis industry, and many of us
analytical ferrography and SEM-EDX cols will indicate changes in the status are waiting for this improved technol-
will continue to only be done when and rate of wear. This trending analysis ogy to arrive.
unusual results from other trending is a key component of predictive main- For end-users like Derra, the an-
methods trigger the need for further tenancewhich is credited with pre- swers provided by particle analysis are
investigation. But increasingly, for more venting catastrophic failure of, in many leading to cleaner manufacturing uids
sensitive systems and those deemed cases, very costly machines. and better products. Particle analysis
necessary, these will be the tools of Quesnel says that while the tests has shown how relatively minor chang-
choice in predictive maintenance. themselves have changed little over es to the system provided a large differ-
There are other particle analysis the years, end-users are becoming ence in cleanliness of the assembly line
tests, but these are the 10 most com- more aware of the signicant benets. oils, he says. It also has guided the
mon (see Integrating Particle Analysis A lot of the particle analysis methods system maintenance schedule needed
with Other Condition Monitoring Tech- available today have been available for to maintain reasonable cleanliness. As
niques). Considerations for choosing more than 10 years, he says. There a result, our product is much improved
the types and frequency of tests in- has been little change to the methods and more consistent.
REFERENCES
1. While elemental analysis is generally limited to analysis of smaller micron sizes, X-ray analysis (XRF-ED) is not.
2. From Improving Predictive Maintenance Through Wear Debris Analysis. Available at www.maintenancetechnology.com/2006/11/improv-
ing-predictive-maintenance-through-wear-debris-analysis.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. SEM: scanning electron microscope; EDX: energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
6. Van Rensselar, J. (2014), Leveraging the power of oil analysis, TLT, 70 (1), pp. 36-46.
52 In 1910 the rst radio communication from an aircraft occurs in a Curtiss biplane.
PLUS
Free lead-retrieval
system for
exhibitors and
Hundreds attendees!
of events.
One app.
Available Now: STLE Annual Meeting App
STLEs 2017 Annual Meeting mobile app lets you track, schedule 1. Download at:
and connect with: www.tripbuildermedia.com/apps/stle
2. Scan the QR code on this page
Nearly 500 technical session abstractspush a button and its
on your itinerary! 3. Download from The App Store
(Apple products)
Paper presenterseasily find your favorite authors
12 education courses 4. Download from The Play Store
150-exhibitor trade show (Android products)
Special events and networking opportunities
Floor plans of Hyatt and exhibition
1,600 other attendees
Meeting sponsors
Local dining
Meeting updatesstay on top of late-breaking news. Sponsored by Sea-Land Chemical
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068
Phone: 847-825-5536 Fax: 847-825-1456 info@stle.org www.stle.org
PEER-REVIEWED
54 Curtiss trained Blanche Stuart Scott, the rst American female pilot, in 1910.
origin of the observed friction reduction: i.e. as ZDDP lms ef-
fectively roughen the rubbing surfaces, a thicker hydrodynamic
lm is needed before full separation of the solid surfaces by a
uid lm, with consequent low friction, can be achieved (9).
The current paper presents new work suggesting that this
interpretation of the friction-increasing properties of ZDDP
additives is not fully correct. It is shown that even when
ZDDP forms quite smooth reaction lms, friction is still in-
creased in mixed lubrication conditions.
BACKGROUND
Although ZDDPs have been used and researched since the
1940s, only in the last decade has consensus been reached
on the origin of their antiwear capability. It is now known
that ZDDPs react in rubbing contacts to form quite thick (up
to 200 nm) coatings on steel surfaces (9). These reaction Figure 1 | Friction coefcient vs. entrainment speed plot for com-
lms have a complex structure, with a thin layer of zinc and mercial ZDDP solutions, ZDDPl = C8 primary, ZDDP2 = C6-C6 second-
iron sulde-rich material next to the metal, on top of which ary, ZDDP3 and ZDDP4 = primary + secondary mix, (14).
is a much thicker layer of amorphous metal (primarily Zn)
phosphate, (2), (16). The outermost few nanometers of the
phosphate layer consist of longer chain polyphosphates (6), ZDDP could be mitigated by the addition of some polymeric
(17). ZDDP reaction lms are essentially solid-like rather than lubricant additives (8).
viscous and the phosphate layers have an elastic modulus of Figure 1 shows the characteristic friction behavior found
10 to 40 GPa (1), (15). Work using a rubbing nanoindentor with some ZDDP solutions after rubbing, based on data taken
has also suggested that, within an oil environment, the solid from (14). To produce this, a lubricated ball-on-disc contact
phosphate coating is overlaid with a thick, viscous lm con- was rubbed in thin lm, sliding/rolling conditions at a xed
sisting of oil enriched with organophosphate (1). temperature, load and entrainment speed for ten minutes and
The antiwear properties of ZDDP are believed to arise be- then friction coefcient was measured as a function of en-
cause ZDDPs form chemical reaction lms on each surface trainment speed at 50% slide roll ratio.
that prevent direct contact of the rubbing metals, thereby Since uid lm thickness increases with entrainment speed
preventing adhesive wear. These reaction lms arc continu- in EHD lubrication, the friction plots shown in Figure 1 are
ally being reformed and lost by abrasion or fatigue. However Stribeck-type curves, with boundary lubrication (and corre-
despite this, so long as sufcient lm is present, metal-metal spondingly high friction) at slow speeds and EHD lubrication
contact is minimal. Furthermore, because the ZDDP reaction (and low friction) at high speeds. Between the two is a transi-
lms contain only very small proportions of iron, the attri- tion region of mixed lubrication where the developing EHD
tion of the rubbing bodies by loss of reaction lm (corrosive- lm gradually supports more and more of the load, thereby
abrasive wear) is also small. progressively lowering the friction. It can be seen that the
Although the nature of antiwear lms has been heavily primary ZDDP gives friction behavior after rubbing similar
researched and is now well understood, the frictional prop- to the base oil. However the three secondary or mixed ZDDPs
erties of ZDDP have received far less attention until quite all show much larger friction at intermediate speeds, with the
recently. In a study of engine friction in 1996 it was noted level of friction coefcient found in boundary friction persist-
that two of the ASTM Sequence VI reference oils gave strik- ing to higher speed. The practical effect of this on friction in
ingly higher friction coefcients than the other reference oils components such as cams and pistons in an engine is likely
and this was ascribed to the nature of the ZDDP antiwear to be considerable, since it means that these components will
additivese employed (4). In the same year, the inuence of spend a larger proportion of the engine cycle in the high fric-
entrainment speed on friction of solutions of ZDDPs in base tion regime.
oil was studied in a ball-on-disc rolling/sliding test and three Recently, an optical interferometric technique was devel-
secondary or mixed ZDDPs were found to produce higher oped by the authors which enables the thickness and mor-
friction at intermediate speeds than a primary ZDDP solution phology of ZDDP lms formed in steel-on-steel rolling/slid-
or the base oil alone (14). A number of explanations were ing contacts to be monitored over time while simultaneously
suggested for this behavior, including enhanced starvation measuring their friction properties, (9). This has shown that
due to a ZDDP lm, the formation of a viscous surface coating ZDDP reaction lms produced in the ball on disc test are, in-
with high traction or roughening of the rubbed surfaces due deed, solid-like and also generally quite rough, forming lms
to the formation of an uneven, solid-like ZDDP reaction lm. with root mean square roughness reaching 60 nm. A simple
Further work showed that this friction-enhancing behavior of quantitative analysis was developed to support the hypothesis
56 Also in 1910, the rst successful takeoff from a U.S. Navy ship takes place using a
motion was halted and an optical measurement of reaction the remaining separation between the glass disc and ball
lm thickness taken from the ball wear track as described in results from the ZDDP reaction lm. Optical interferometry
the section below. The optical system was then withdrawn, is then used to map the thickness of this reaction lm at
a Stribeck friction curve measured and another period of the test temperature of 100C. The use of the silica spacer
rubbing carried out. This procedure was repeated to obtain layer means that thin reaction lm, in the range 5 to 200
friction curves and lm thickness measurements at succes- nm thickness can be measured. The method is described in
sive intervals throughout a sliding/rolling test lasting several more detail in (11).
hours. Periodically throughout a test, a Stribeck friction
curve, as shown in Figure l, was obtained. This consisted of MTM Test Conditions
measuring friction coefcient at a xed 50% slide roll ratio A new steel ball and disc were used for each test. Both were
over a series of entrainment speeds between 3500 mm/s to of AISI 52100 steel with hardness 750 VPN. The root mean
5mm/s, to determine how friction varied with entrainment square roughness of the balls was approximately 8 nm and
speed and thus with EHD lm thickness. that that of the discs was 15 nm. The applied load was 31 N,
corresponding to an initial mean Hertz pressure of 0.95 GPa.
Reaction Film Thickness Mapping The slide roll ratio employed was always 50%, where this is
To monitor the thickness of ZDDP reaction lm generated dened as the ratio of the sliding speed (ball speed minus disc
during rubbing, an in-situ spacer layer imaging (SLIM) at- speed) to the entrainment speed (the mean of the ball and
tachment was employed (5), (11). This set-up is also shown disc surface speeds). All tests were carried out at a controlled
in Figure 2. A microscope tube with video camera is mount- bulk oil temperature of 100C. For the prolonged, rubbing
ed on a frame above the MTM. On the lower end of this stages of each test, the entrainment speed was held xed at
tube is a small glass disc coated with a semi-reective layer 0.1 m/s, which, from optical lm thickness measurements at
and a silica space layer. When the ball is halted, this glass 50% slide roll ratio with the base oil, gave an average central
disc is loaded against the wear track on the stationary ball. EHD lm thickness of approximately 10 nm at 100C for the
This displaces any liquid lubricant from the ball so that solutions studied.
SYNTHETIC BASE STOCKS ADDITIVE COMPONENTS & PACKAGES We specialize in meeting unique
needs like small volumes, custom
With The Personal Touch blends, special packaging and more.
So you can meet tight deadlines, solve
problems and reduce your costs.
Technical Service
On-Sta Chemists
Formulation Assistance
Logistics Expertise
orderentry@soltexinc.com | soltexinc.com
Curtiss plane. Two months later a Curtiss plane makes the rst landing on a Navy ship. 57
Figure 3 | Serles of Strlbeck-type plots at 10OC,
50% SRR showing the variation of friction coefcient
with entrainment speed during prolonged rubbing.
(a) base mineral oil
(b) ZDDP solution
(c) ZDDP + DlSP
(d) ZDDP + DET
(e) ZDDP + GMO
MTM RESULTS probably due to wear (Figure 5(a)) and is believed to result
MTM Friction from the consequent surface roughening, although the forma-
Figures 3(a) to 3(e) show sets of Stribeck friction curves ob- tion of a thin reaction lm from the parafnic base oil cannot be
tained from each of the ve uids listed in Table 2. The friction ruled out. Figure 3(b) shows friction behavior of ZDDP solution
coefcient data were repeatable within 5%. Figure 3(a) shows similar to that reported previously (9). (12). As rubbing time
the base oil response. There is a small increase in friction after progresses, the boundary friction region appears to extend to
between ve and twenty minutes rubbing, followed by no fur- progressively higher and higher entrainment speeds, resulting
ther change. This was associated with grooving of the surface in a large increase in friction in the intermediate speed region.
58 In 1911 Curtiss develops the rst successful pontoon aircraft in the U.S., designs the rst dual-piloted aircraft and engineers the rst retractable landing gear.
The addition of dispersant or detergent to ZDDP solu-
tion does not alleviate the ZDDP friction rise at intermediate
speed. Indeed, as can be seen in Figures 3(c) and 3(d), the
effect of both of these two additives is to increase the bound-
ary friction coefcient, while failing to prevent the extension
of the increased friction to intermediate speed conditions.
Figure 3(e) shows that the GMO additive postpones the in-
crease in friction due to ZDDP for about one hour, but that,
after three hours rubbing, friction increases to approach that
of the GMO-free ZDDP solution.
To condense the effect of additives on friction over the
whole entrainment speed range into one value, a parameter
known as the friction index, I, has been developed (8). This
is the ratio of the summed friction coefcient values over the
entrainment speed range for an additivated oil compared to
that of the same sum for the base oil at the same test tempera-
ture (and at zero rubbing time). Figure 4 | Friction index variation with rubbing time at 50% SRR,
100C for ve test uids. The lines between data points are intended
Ulow to serve only as a guide for the eye.
BLEND,T
Y
Uhigh
I = Such a measure is only meaningful if the same number
Ulow of friction measurements are taken at the same entrainment
BASE,T speeds for all the test uids. However the programmable na-
Y ture of the MTM tester meant that this was straightforward.
Uhigh
LEADING EDGE
People and specialty products
you can count on.
Figure 4 shows the variation of friction index with rubbing Reaction Film Thickness
time for the base oil and the four additivated oils at 100C. It Figures 5(a) to 5(e) show maps of reaction lm thickness ob-
can be seen that the ZDDP and ZDDP+DlSP and ZDDP+DET tained by optical interferometry from within the wear tracks
solutions all develop a similar, high friction within 30 minutes on stationary steel balls after three hours rubbing for the ve
of rubbing. The base oil shows a small increase after 20 min- uids listed in Table 2. The images span an area of approxi-
utes, but no further increase occurs. The ZDDP+GMO blend mately 75 m by 200 m, with the shorter distance being in
remains at low friction, (lower than the initial base oil value of the direction of rolling/sliding: (the total contact diameter
unity), for about 90 minutes at which point the friction index was 250 m). The image for the ZDDP solution is quite un-
starts to rise towards the ZDDP solution value. even, indicating a reaction lm of irregular thickness, with
60 Starting in 1909, patent lawsuits the Wright Brothers led against Curtiss stie advances in aviation technology in the U.S. The situation would go on for years.
Figure 6 | Variation of mean reaction lm thickness with rubbing Figure 7 | Variation of root mean square roughness of reaction lm
time at 50% SRR, 100C for all ve test uids. The lines between thickness with rubbing time at 50% SRR, 100C for all ve test uids.
data points are intended to serve only as a guide for the eye. The lines between data points are intended to serve only as a guide
for the eye.
grooving in the sliding direction. The dispersant and GMO- reduced by the presence of each of the other three additives.
containing solutions form much smoother lms, while that The detergent and GMO additives are especially effective at
of the detergent-containing uid is intermediate. The base oil promoting the formation of a smooth reaction lm. These
forms a thin, heavily ridged separation, which is probably due lms are still primarily ZDDP reaction lms, since no such
to roughening of the ball due to wear and consequent lack thick lms were formed by the ZDDP-free detergent, disper-
of conformity of the glass window with the wear track rather sant or GMO solutions.
than the development of a transparent reaction lm, (9).
Figure 6 shows how the mean reaction lm thickness DISCUSSION
changes with rubbing time for the ve test uids. The ZDDP This work has conrmed the very large friction-enhancing
solution forms the thickest lm (reaching 150 nm after about effect of ZDDP in mixed lubrication conditions. It has also
one hour of rubbing at 100C). The effect of the three addi- demonstrated, in conrmation of previous work (1), (9), (12),
tives, DISP, DET and GMO is to reduce the mean steady-state (14), that the reaction lms formed in rubbing contacts by
reaction lm thickness formed in the wear track and also to simple solutions of ZDDP in base oil are quite rough, reaching
result in this steady-state lm thickness being reached more a root mean square roughness of 60 nm.
slowly. It was also noted that the extent of friction rise during The addition of three other engine oil additives to ZDDP
reaction lm formation tended to increase with the thickness solution only very slightly mitigates the friction-enhancing
of reaction lm formed for all of the test uids (12). effect of ZDDP. However two of these additives, a dispersant
The friction modier GMO had the greatest effect on re- and a friction modier result in the ZDDP reaction lm be-
ducing reaction lm formation, as it did on postponing the in- coming quite smooth. This suggests that, contrary to previous
crease in friction by ZDDP in mixed lubrication (Figure 3(e)). interpretation that was based solely on simple ZDDP solu-
It should be noted that no attempt was made to monitor any tions, friction enhancement is not generated solely or primar-
change or concentration of the additives during testing and ily from a surface-roughening effect. Despite this, the shapes
it is thus possible that some additive may have oxidised over of the friction-entrainment speed curves obtained with ZDDP
the test duration. Signicant evaporation is unlikely, since the solutions still imply that the presence of the ZDDP reaction
test chamber was quite small and enclosed, and the quite low lm has the effect of shifting the Stribeck curve to higher
sliding speed used during prolonged rubbing, of 0.05 m/s, speed; i.e. to maintain boundary lubrication conditions to
meant that there was negligible ash or bulk temperature rise higher speed than is the case in the absence of ZDDP. If this
above the test temperature of 100C. does not result from an increase in surface roughness, then it
Figure 7 shows how the root mean square (rms) values may result from a decrease in the thickness of the EHD lm
of the thickness of the reaction lms (since the substrate is entrained. In order to investigate this possibility it was neces-
smooth these are effectively their roughness) vary through- sary to measure the EHD lm-forming properties of rubbed
out rubbing tests. It can be seen that with the ZDDP solu- surfaces coated with ZDDP reaction lms. This is described
tion, an nns roughness of 60 nm is reached but that this is in a companion paper, Part II (13).
REFERENCES
(1) Bec. S., Tonck, A,. George, J. -M., Coy, R. C., Bell. J. C. and (9) Taylor, L., Dratva, A. and Spikes, H. A. (2000). Friction
Roper, G. W. (1999). Relationship between Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate addi-
Properties and Structures of Zinc Dithiophosphate Anti- tive. Trib. Trans., 43, pp 469-479.
Wear Films, in Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., A455, pp 4181-4203.
(10) Taylor. L. J., Camenzind, H. and Spikes, H. A. (2000).
(2) Bell. J. C., Delargy. K. M. and Seeney, A. M. (1992). The Film-Forming Properties of Zinc-Based and Ashless Anti-
Removal of Substrate Material Through Thick Zinc Di- wear Additives. SAE Tech. Paper 2000-01-2030.
thiophosphate Anti-Wear Films. in Proc. 18th Leeds/Lyon
Symp., Sept., 1991, Wear Particles, Dowson, et al., ed., Else- (11) Taylor, L . A., Glovnea. R., Ribeaud. M. and Spikes. H. A.
vier, pp 387-396. (2001). The Nature and Properties of Antiwear Additive
Films. in Proc. ITC Conference, Nogusuki, Oct. 2000, 2, pp
(3) Bell, J. C. and Delargy, K. M. (1993), The Composition and 1257-1262, JST, Tokyo.
Structure of Model Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate Anti-Wear
Films. in Proc. 6th Int. Congress on Tribology, Eurotrib 93, (12) Taylor, L. J., (2001), The Film-Forming and Wear Producing
Budapest, Aug.-Sept., Kozma, M., ed., 2. pp 328-332. Properties of Antiwear Additives, PhD Thesis, University of
London.
(4) Bovington, C. and Spikes. H. A. (1996), Prediction of
the Inuence of Lubricant Formulation on Fuel Economy, (13) Taylor. L. J. and Spikes, H. A. (2003), Friction-Enhancing
From Laboratory Bench Tests, in Proc. of the Int. Trib. Conf., Properties of ZDDP Antiwear Additive: Part IIInuence
Yokohama, October 1995, pp 817-822. JST. Tokyo. of ZDDP Reaction Films on EHD Lubrication, Trib. Trans.
(5) Cann, P. M., Hutchinson, J. and Spikes, H. A. (1996). The (14) Tripaldi, G., Vettor, A. and Spikes, H. (1996), Friction Be-
Development of a Spacer Layer Imaging Method (SLIM) for haviour of ZDDP Films in the Mixed, Boundry/EHD Re-
Mapping Elastohydrodynamic Contacts, Trib. Trans., 39, gime, SAE Tech. Paper 962036.
pp 915-921. (15) Warren, O. L., Graham, J. F., Norton, P. R., Houston, J. E.
(6) Fuller, M., Yin, Z., Kasrai, M., Bancroft, G. M., Yamaguchi, and Michalske, T. A. (1998), Nanomechanical Propenies
E., Ryason, P. R., Willermet, P. A. and Tan, K. H. (1997). of Films Derived from Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate, Trib.
Chemical Characterization of Tribochemical and Thermal Lett., 4, pp 189-198.
Films Generated from Neutral and Basic ZDDPs using X- (16) Willermet, P. A., Caner, R. O., III, Schmitz, P. J., Everson.
ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Trib. Int., 30, pp 305-315. M., Scholl, D. J. and Weber, W. H. (1997), Formation,
(7) Kano, M., Mabuchi, Y., Ishikawa, T., Sano, A. and Waki- Structure, and Properties of Lubricant-Derived Antiwear
zono, T. (1999), The Effect of ZDDP in CVT Fluids on Films, Lubr. Sci., 9, pp 325-348.
Increasing the Traction Capacity of Belt-Type Continuously (17) Yin, Z., Kasrai, M., Fuller, M., Bancroft, G. M., Fyfe, K., Ya-
Variable Transmissions. Lubr. Sci., 11, pp 365-377. maguchi, E., Ryason, P. R., Willermet, P. A. and Tan, K. H.
(8) Smeeth, M. (1998), The Behaviour of Viscosity Index Im- (1997), Application of Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
provers in Lubricated Contacts, PhD Thesis, University of in Chemical Characterization of Antiwear Films Generated
London. by ZDDP: Pan IThe Effect of Physical Parameters, Wear,
202, pp 172-191.
62 After spending years engaged in patent lawsuits against Curtiss, Wilbur Wright dies of
NEWSMAKERS
TOP STORIES additives, refrigerant lubricants and attended the event in person, while
novel base uids. other nalists and their parents joined
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING Throughout her career she has sup- via global webcast.
ELECTS SELDA GUNSEL ported STLE as a committee member, Each of these students have dem-
STLE Past President and Life Mem- Tribology Transactions associate editor onstrated their intellectual capability,
ber Selda Gunsel has been elected to and as president in 2003-2004. She also personal drive and commitment need-
The National Academy of Engineering is an STLE Fellow. ed to make a powerful, positive dif-
(NAE), one of the highest honors that The NAE elected 84 new members ference, says Timken. The Timken
can be bestowed upon an engineer. and 22 foreign members, announced Global Scholars program encourages
Gunsel was chosen for her leadership NAE president C.D. Mote, Jr. This these young people to explore new op-
in developing and manufacturing ad- brings NAEs total U.S. membership to portunities and share their talents with
vanced fuels and lubricants to meet 2,281 and the number of foreign mem- the world.
growing global energy demand while bers to 249.
reducing CO2 emissions. EXXONMOBIL SINGAPORE REFINERY
Gunsel is vice president, technolo- TIMKEN AWARDS 17 SCHOLARSHIPS TO EXPAND GROUP II BASE STOCK
gy, for Shell. She received her bachelors TO CHILDREN OF EMPLOYEES PRODUCTION
degree in chemi- North Canton, Ohio-based, The Timken Irving, Texas-based, ExxonMobil an-
cal engineering in Co., a global leader in bearings and me- nounces the expansion of its Singapore
1981, graduating chanical power transmission products, renery to support the production of
rst in her class awarded college scholarships to 17 the companys EHC Group II base
at Istanbul Tech- sons and daughters of Timken associ- stocks, which will strengthen the global
nical University. ates in 11 locations around the world. supply of these products and enhance
She then moved Valued at up to $540,000 over a the Singapore facilitys competitiveness.
to Pennsylvania four-year period, these scholarships Construction is expected to begin dur-
where she re- are funded by The Timken Co. Chari- ing the second quarter of 2017 with
ceived her mas- table and Educational Fund, Inc. The completion anticipated in 2019.
ters and doctorate Selda Gunsel program has awarded more than $23 In a press statement, the company
degrees under the million in scholarships since its incep- said: We continue to invest in our
supervision of tribologist and educa- tion in 1958. Singapore facility to improve supply
tor Dr. Elmer Klaus with Pennsylvania Chairman John M. Timken, Jr., to customers and the competitiveness
State University. hosted the recognition event for stu- of our manufacturing assets, all with a
She then began a 20-year career dents and their families at The Timken focus on long-term business growth in
with Pennzoil Products Co., rising to Co. world headquarters in North Can- Asia Pacic.
the post of vice president of Technol- ton, Ohio. Local scholarship nalists ExxonMobils EHC product line
ogy and Innovations. Since Shells ac-
quisition of Pennzoil, Gunsel has held
a series of increasingly senior positions.
She is now in Houston but previously
spent two years in Shanghai, China,
where she was responsible for setting
up Shells new Research and Develop-
ment Center.
Gunsel has received nine patents
and received nearly a dozen industry
citations and awards, including an
R&D 100 Innovation Award and STLEs
Capt. Alfred. E. Hunt Award for pub-
lishing excellence. In 2015 she received
the STLE International Award, the
highest honor the society can bestow.
Gunsel has published and presented
more than 50 technical papers and has
made signicant research contributions
in the areas of liquid crystal lubrica-
tion, boundary lm-forming polymer ExxonMobil Singapore renery.
typhoid fever in May 1912. Orville Wright forever blamed Curtiss for the death of his brother. 63
has been designed to maximize the performance of all ma-
jor automotive engine oil grades and to enhance the perfor-
mance of nished lubricants used in multiple industries.
Our new investment in Group II base stocks will enable
our customers to blend lubricants that satisfy more strin-
gent specications, help reduce emissions and improve fuel
economy and low-temperature performance, says Ted Walko,
global basestock and specialties marketing manager. This
project, combined with the companys construction of a hy-
drocracker unit currently under way in Rotterdam, demon-
strates ExxonMobils commitment to delivering value to our
customers through industry-leading, globally consistent base
stock quality and supply reliability.
The expansion project represents the latest in a series of
recent ExxonMobil investments in base stock production,
including a previous expansion of capacity at the Singapore
renery in 2014, a recently commissioned project at the
Spectros FluidScan portable oil analyzer.
companys major integrated facility in Baytown, Texas, and
introduction of Group II base stocks into European markets
ahead of the anticipated completion of the new Rotterdam in our Singapore facility to improve supply to customers and
hydrocracker unit in 2018. the competitiveness of our manufacturing assets, all with a
Our latest investment afrms our condence in Singa- focus on long-term business growth in Asia Pacic.
pore, where we have a strong manufacturing base and operate
ExxonMobils largest integrated rening and petrochemical SPECTRO SCIENTIFIC WINS U.S. PATENT FOR
complex, says Gan Seow Kee, chairman and managing direc- WATER CONTAMINATION MEASUREMENT METHOD
tor of ExxonMobil Asia Pacic Pte Ltd. We continue to invest Chelmsford, Mass.-based, Spectro Scientic, one of the worlds
largest suppliers of oil, fuel and processed water analysis in-
strumentation and software, has been awarded a U.S. pat-
ent for a company-developed method to measure water con-
tamination in turbine and other industrial oils. The patent is
Method of measuring water contamination in turbine and
other industrial oils, patent No. US9500638.
The measurement method, in which a small sample of
industrial oil is homogenized and analyzed using infrared
spectroscopy, is employed using Spectros FluidScan portable
oil analyzer. The latest version of FluidScan software can de-
tect total water presence as low as 300 ppm in turbine oils.
The method provides an alternative to laboratory tests such
as Karl Fischer titration when fast, simple and reagent-free
analysis is needed.
In addition to measuring water contamination, the Fluid-
Scan analyzer provides immediate, reagentless measurement
of acid number (AN), base number (BN), oxidation, glycol
and other parameters. Its ip-top oil cell enables chemical-free
analysis and cleanup, using only one drop of oil. The analyzers
on-site analysis capability, speed and convenience eliminate the
Making Our Mark On The Specialty Hydrocarbon Market wait associated with outsourcing laboratory analyses.
Our mission is to provide innovative, unmatched customer service and be the best in
class operation, delivering quality products that meet your unique needs. Spectro senior applications chemist Dr. Randi Price is the
inventor of Method of measuring water contamination in tur-
bine and other industrial oils, patent no. US9500638. Spectro
president and CEO Brian Mitchell says, This patent award
1.800.437.3188 | 317.328.5660 | 011-317-328-5660 recognizes the efforts of Dr. Price and the Spectro product
www.calumetspecialty.com | customerservice@clmt.com | international@clmt.com
development team, and reinforces Spectros role as a world
TM
64 When WW I erupts, Germanys aircraft proves far superior to the U.Ss., a direct result of the Wright-Curtiss patent lawsuits deterring new technology. In
CLARIANT SIGNIFICANTLY
INCREASES OPERATING CASH FLOW
Charlotte, N.C.-based, Clariant, a world leader in specialty
chemicals, announces full year 2016 sales of CHF 5.847 bil-
lion compared to CHF 5.807 billion in 2015. This corresponds
to a 2% growth in local currency driven by higher volumes.
For the full year, local currency growth was strongest in
Asia and the Middle East and Africa at 4%. In Asia the strong
growth was mainly supported by China and India. In North
America and Europe sales growth was 2%. Latin America grew
at a level of 1%.
The improved sales performance for the full year resulted
from strong growth in care chemicals and plastics and coat-
ings. In care chemicals, sales in local currency increased by
5%. In plastics and coatings, sales in local currency progressed
by 4%. The good sales performance in plastics and coatings NORTH TEXAS STUDENT SECTION
was seen across all regions. HOLDS FIRST MEETING
Operating cash ow rose signicantly by 29% to CHF 646 With 25 attendees and 11 submitters, STLEs North
million compared to CHF 502 million in the previous year. This Texas Student Section held its rst meeting and poster
improvement is primarily attributable to higher prot, lower competition Feb. 7 at the University of North Texas.
cash out for exceptional items and lower income taxes paid. The STLE North Texas Chapter awarded $500 in prize
The continued improvement in performance that Clariant money to the top three poster submitters plus three
achieved, despite the difcult economic environment, allows honorable mentions. Plans are underway to fund two
the board of directors to propose a dividend of CHF 0.45 per scholarships to University of North Texas and Univer-
share to the Annual General Meeting. This sum reects an sity of Texas at Arlington students in the fall. For more
increase of 12.5% compared to the previous year. The distri- information on the newly formed section, contact Tom
bution is proposed to be made from the capital contribution Scharf at Thomas.scharf@unt.edu.
reserve, which is exempt from Swiss withholding tax.
Clariant considerably expanded its operating cash ow
in 2016 while reporting sales growth and protability im- economic environment.
provement, says CEO Hariolf Kottmann. Our good business PROMOTIONS & TRANSITIONS
performance was primarily achieved by means of a continued
shift to high margin specialties, the impact of the differenti- PILOT CHEMICAL NAMES NEW SALES MANAGER
ated steering in plastics and coatings as well as good cost Bert Gutierrez is Pilot Chemical Co.s (based in Cincinnati, Ohio)
management. For 2017 we are condent that we will achieve new general manager for Latin America, where he will oversee
our targets, i.e., growth in local currency, progression in op- the growth of products and technology in all Latin American
erating cash ow and absolute EBITDA and EBITDA margin territories. He will support various functions within sales,
before exceptional items in spite of a continued challenging business line management, technical and marketing. He re-
1916 the U.S. government intervenes, resolving the lawsuits between Curtiss and the Wright Brothers and unleashing the creativity of U.S. aviation engineers. 6 5
places Sarah Mes- from Stanford University and a masters
ter, who moved to of business administration from the Uni-
director of corpo- versity of Southern California.
rate development
in January. IN MEMORIAM
Gutierrez has
more than 30 GEORGE L. EGGER II
years of experi- Former STLE member George L. Egger II,
ence in chemical 62, of Washington, Ill., passed away on
distribution man- Bert Gutierrez Oct. 10, 2016, in Peoria, Ill.
agement and most Egger earned his bachelors degree
recently served as vice president of in chemistry from Bradley University in
with Ken Hope, Ph.D. sales for SolvChem, Inc. His extensive Peoria. He was employed at Caterpillar
chemical sales experience and knowl- for 30 years, retiring in 2010. During
Q:
automotive fuel efficiency, can
With all the talk about more
stringent regulations on
edge of such markets as disinfecting,
sanitizing and cleaning; oil and gas;
that time, he was a professional trou-
bleshooter dealing with lubrication and
metalworking and emulsion polym- remediation.
Chevron Phillips Chemicals Synfluid
erization markets will support Pilots Egger had a lifelong love of Mother
help me get an edge up?
efforts to expand key markets across Earth. He studied, practiced and taught
Yes our Synfluid PAOs can help!
A: Friction is a good measure for fuel
the globe. He received his bachelors
degree in communications from Texas
alchemy and was active in the Peoria
Academy of Sci-
efficiency. Lower friction means less work for the State University. ences Geology
cars moving parts. A Stribeck curve shows the Mester is Pilot Chemical Co.s di- Group. After retir-
traction coefficient as a function of relative speed rector of corporate development, ing from Caterpil-
between moving surfaces. where she will oversee future strate- lar, he pursued
gic acquisitions and partnerships. She writing, consulting
.09
joined Pilot Chemical in 2012 and was (industrial equip-
.08 5W-30 (Mineral)
appointed to the ment purchase,
.07 5W-30 (PAO)
leadership team waste disposal and
Traction Coefcient
.06
.05 in January as a recycling systems) George L. Egger II
.04 third-generation and teaching.
.03 member of the Egger was involved with the STLE
.02 Morrisroe family. Central Illinois Local Section. He re-
.01 She will report ceived the Wilbur Deutsch Memorial
0
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 directly to Mike Award at the 2011 STLE Annual Meet-
Log of Rolling Speed (mm/s)
Scott, president ing in Atlanta, which recognizes an
of Pilot Chemical. outstanding paper written on the prac-
As the graph shows, when comparing the PAO-based Sarah Mester
Prior to join- tical aspects of lubrication published by
5W-30 oil to a mineral oil-based 5W-30, PAO has
ing Pilot Chemi- the society during the prior year. The
an inherent energy advantage due to the friction
cal, Mester worked as a project engineer paper, published in Tribology Transac-
reduction.
for John A. Martin & Associates, Inc., tions, is titled Real-Time Testing of Bio-
in Los Angeles. She received her bach- burdens in Metalworking Fluids Using
Give us a call so we can talk more about how
elors degree in civil engineering from Adenosine Triphosphate as a Biomass
Synfluid PAOs can help you pull away from the
the University of Southern California, a Indicator. He also was a Certied Met-
pack by making a more energy efficient product.
masters degree in structural engineering alworking Fluids Specialist.
Exhibitor
Appreciation Hour
Monday and Tuesday
May 22 & 23, 2017, 3-4 pm
Come view the newest products and services from the lubricant industrys leading
companies. More than 150 exhibitors are in Atlanta looking to do business with you.
As part of the Exhibitor Appreciation Hour, Evonik Oil Additives is holding a rafe on
Monday, May 22, at 3:30 pm in the exhibit hall. You must be present to win.
To reserve a spot at the 2018 STLE exhibition at the Minneapolis Convention Center in
Minneapolis, Minn., contact Tracy Nicholas VanEe at (630) 922-3459, tnicholas@stle.org.
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, 847-825-5536, www.stle.org, info@stle.org.
SOUNDING BOARD
Please describe
a problem you
solved through
tribology testing
using bench top
rigs.
Bench tests for lubricants can be extremely helpful but only if you can properly replicate eld
conditions, which is far from an easy task. That was the consensus from TLT readers answering
this months questions, 90% of whom say bench testing saves them both time and money.
These tests afford an opportunity to test technology on a smaller, safer and more cost-
effective scale instead of running risky, potentially expensive eld tests that could result in
failure, reported one reader. But readers also warned of the great in the lab, failed in the
eld syndrome, noting the difculty in accurately duplicating such factors as load, speed,
materials, temperature, HZ and the human interaction that invariably accompanies real-life
work situations. Several readers say they successfully develop their own bench test
procedures. In the cases where we solved application issues with bench tests, it has never
been with standard tests, said one reader. Bottom line? The pros outweigh the cons, as one
reader noted.
We have looked at creep feed A student of mine modeled trans- Useful bench top tests are hot plate,
grinding uids with some modied mission clutch material testing using patch test and a microscope. Ive
Falex pin and vee testing. We also a pin-on-disc, making samples from found water ingress, fuel/glycol
have evaluated the best EP additives the pin side out of the clutch and abnormal wear caught in lters
through the same testing. Variations material (running against a separator from them.
of the step up and run up test were disc made of steel).
used along with studying different I wanted to solve the compressor
plateau regions and wear on the In the cases where we solved gelation problem. I checked
pin. (Example: More wear with application issues with bench tests, oxidation stability, but this property
better surface wear was actually it has never been with standard tests. is not a problem. The problem was
better in some cases, depending Always with tests simulating the low-friction property. I now use
on the metal removal operation.) application conditions. SRV to check friction property.
68 In 1917 the U.S. military commissions Curtiss to design and build innovative aircraft. Curtiss, who twice had
A customer had an issue with the Many problems solved: relative wear
rolls for their sheeting machines. Does tribology testing using rates, comparative coefcient of
Their challenge was shortened bench top rigs save you time? friction, lube studies, material
bearing life due to cement and characterizations.
silica dust as well as caustic water Yes 89%
getting into the bearings. They had No 11% In my experience, bench-scale and
been using lithium complex standard testing is used for a variety
thickened grease with no success, Based on responses sent to 13,000 TLT readers. of purposesbasic research,
as the thickener was breaking down material development and specic
due to the caustic water and the applications problem solving.
ingression of destructive particu- We frequently diagnose contamina- For the latter, after a detailed
lates. Due to the contamination tion problems using ASTM methods tribosystem analysis, including the
issues, they were over-greasing on our bench top equipment. We type of wear/lubrication regime
daily to try and push out the most commonly use results from our common to the application, a test
contamination. Our company ran a FT-IR to determine the percentage of method was selected or developed
rheology study that established that water, fuel and coolant contamina- to produce that type of wear or
the best thickener option would be tion in used oil. friction. Reference samples of
a polyurea-thickened grease. current materials were tested in
Rheometric analysis enabled a We used a hard ball sliding against the same way and compared to
conclusion to be reached without a hard steel at bench test to try to candidate materials. Multiple
further costly eld tests. understand the difference in the repetitions were used to establish
performance of two gear oils and condence in results.
In the process of redesigning a different surface roughness of the
pipe-threading product for environ- steel. Load and speed were designed We were looking at developing
mental reasons, we were stumped to duplicate known conditions in the low-friction greases for CV joint
going from bench test to actual hypoid gear set, which was wearing applications. We took a CV joint, cut
threading because the new products prematurely with a new gear oil. DOE out tracks and mounted them on a
looked great in the lab but failed in helped sort out whether gear surface reciprocating friction and wear
the eld. After studying the nuances roughness or the type of gear oil was tester, applied grease and ran a ball
in the test results of the product that the most important cause of high bearing ball against the track. We
was working in the eld, we were wear. The at steel surface was of the monitored the friction coefcient
able to tweak the test conditions same metallurgy as the gears and the throughout the test and wear on the
to more accurately replicate the roughness chosen reected the ball and track at the end of the test.
eld and successfully redesigned extremes of gear roughness. DOE did We then tested a series of greases
the product. help eliminate some potential causes and used the data to develop a
of the early wear out condition. low-friction grease additive system.
In the early and mid-90s wind
turbine gearboxes failed regularly
despite oil samples showing good
element levels. The FZG rig test on
used oil checks the load carrying
after several years. Oil samples show
elements but do not show clearly if
the additives are still functional. It
was a standard test. Based on the
results we tested the oils to FZG 14,
which was not at all standard at
that time. The FZG >14 is now a
standard requirement.
Can Stock Photo / Reeed
been nearly bankrupted by the Wright Brothers, amasses a net worth of $32 million, about $300 million today. 69
Understanding of interactions and Developing low-friction engine oils Wear/erosion of conduits by nano-
change in coefcient of friction as with a specically designed tester uid ow. New ad-hoc test rigs used.
rotating parts interact with each that simulates the ring on liner First test rig was a multiple-nozzle
other over time under given condi- conditions. This was achieved by jet impingement set up; second one
tions. Testing was accomplished taking the actual rings and liner was a ow-through system with a
using a milling machine with custom components and by replicating the pipe-chamber.
furniture. mid-stroke speed and high speed in
the tester. Designed a bespoke piece of test
We solved a journal bearing reliabil- equipment to accurately simulate a
ity problem with custom testing for Wear of valve train component. We very specic tribological problem.
rotating loads in a refrigerant developed our own procedure. This improved the correlation
atmosphere. The bench tester between lab data and eld data.
allowed control of loads, speeds, Comparing and contrasting surface Subsequently we used this test
viscosities, bearing sizes and duty coating treatments. method to produce signicantly
cycles. Once fully developed, the improved lubricants for this system.
tester was able to duplicate multiple Rolling-elements bearing friction
failure mechanisms. test of lubrication regimes.
Pros outweigh the cons. These tests Advantages: quick and controlled
afford an opportunity to test tech- comparisons can be made, key Does tribology testing
nology on a smaller, safer and more parameters can be isolated, and u
using bench
b h top
t p rigs save
e
cost-effective scale instead of having some rigs can be adapted to suit a you money?
to run risky, potentially expensive wide variety of tribological condi-
eld tests that could result in failure. tions. Some service cycles in the Ye
Yes 90%
90%
eld can last >10 years. Accelerated No 10%
10%
Difcult to directly replicate eld development tests are crucial.
Based on responses sent to 13,000 TLT readers.
conditions, so you need to make Disadvantages: there is a trade-off
assumptions on what matters between tailored accuracy of test
which can be subjective! parameters to the specic applica-
tion versus the benets of generic Pros: standardized equipment, small
Pro: the small scale makes it easy to comparison (e.g., 4-ball wear scar). sample size for larger series. Results
use in a laboratory setting. Con: it is Most bench top rigs (by denition) that are comparable but with
difcult to replicate real-life prob- aim to remove the human inuence different studies. Also useful for
lems encountered by full-scale from the system to improve accuracy standards and norms. Con: nding
equipment. whereas the human/operational a rig yielding results bearing a
inuences are often key parameters meaningful connection to real-life
They can save money and time, but in industrial environments. systems. In other words, a
its really hard to calculate load, representative model.
temperature and Hz (that can Test rigs allow us to validate our seal
simulate real compressor condition). designs. Pros: full control of test variables,
Im not sure that the condition I easy measurement of wear from
calculated is really representative of Availability of rigs either at commer- simple specimens. Cons: results
real condition. So I have to test using cial labs, educational institutions or might not be extrapolated to
real compressor. elsewhere. actual systems.
70 In 1929 after a lifetime of court battles, the Wright Aeronautical Corp. and the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Co.
Pro: they save time and resources. The pros are knownfast, small Tribology testers need to operate
Con: not enough people realize how volume of sample needed, exibility with correlation to the actual system
benecial they are. of hardware to screen uids and in the contact geometry, type of
materials. Cons are applicability to motion and materials and typical
It cannot completely duplicate the transmission and axle level tests and conditions for speed, loads, etc.
actual environment in a working to ASTM tests. Pros: faster and cheaper testing than
mechanical assembly. It does offer a eld testing. Cons: the further the
look at specic variables, which It is difcult to trend data using conditions are removed from the
may contribute to component those methods. Lab-in-a-box actual operating parameters, the less
wear and life. methods dont work very well. meaningful are the results up to the
point to get a lot of data that has no
real use.
merge to become the second-largest rm in the U.S. The Curtiss-Wright Co. is still in business today. 71
This is the subject of a book, but modes that do not occur in the
here it is briey. Pros: variables eld, simple tests like the pin on
more controllable, usually lower disk fail to provide a good simula-
cost, repeatability obtained with tion of the problem and give
multiple runs, small sample size, misleading rankings. Test selection
standards available for specic requires careful comparison with
72 On July 23, 1930, Curtiss dies in Buffalo, N.Y., following an appendectomy. He was 52.
TLT ADVERTISERS INDEX
APRIL 2017 VOL. 73, NO. 4
Reach
a technical Company
Acme-Hardesty Co.
Page
26
Chemtura 9
ExxonMobil Basestocks 51
More products & services to come from STLE Education. Please visit www.stle.org.
ARTICLES WEBINARS
TECHNICAL BOOKS
76 Curtiss was posthumously elected into the National Aviation Hall of Fame, the Motorsports
STLE LOCAL SECTION MEETING CALENDAR Events listed here are local section programs. For further details and a full listing of other upcoming
section events in your area, visit www.stle.org. Meeting announcements can be sent to TLT Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, rfowler@stle.org.
APRIL 2017 STLE Louisiana Section: Topic and Speaker TBD, Apr. 20.
More information to come.
STLE Northern California Section Education Seminar: Lubrica-
tion Fundamentals and Fluid Management, Apr. 5, 8 a.m. to 5 STLE Virginia Section: Topic and Speaker TBD, Apr. 20. More
p.m. Red Lion Hotel Oakland International Airport, 150 information to come.
Hegenberger Rd., Oakland, Calif. Contact: Paula Vettel at
(510) 597-5512 or email stle.norcal@gmail.com. STLE Philadelphia Section: Education Course Honoring George
Arbocus, Apr. 20, 12 to 4 p.m. More information to come.
STLE Joint Canton and Cleveland Section: Topic TBD (Speaker:
Dr. Ali Erdemir, STLE President), Apr. 18, 5:30 p.m. (registra- STLE Detroit Section Brunch: Engine Friction and Wear Investiga-
tion and networking), 6 p.m. (dinner), 6:45 p.m. (speak- tions with Bench Tests; Eaton Supercharger Lubrication Consid-
er presentation), Courtyard Canton, 4375 Metro Cir. NW, erations and Challenges; and DLC Coatings - Unique Properties
North Canton, Ohio. Contact: Young Sup Kang, young. and Multiple Applications (Speakers: Rob Zdrodowski, Ph.D., Ford
kang@timken.com. Motor Co.; Jason Brady, Eaton Corp.; and Ton Hurkmans, Ph.D.,
IHI Ionbond Inc.), Apr. 26, 7:30 a.m. (registration and con-
STLE Pittsburgh Section: Compressor Lubricants (Speaker: tinental breakfast), 8 a.m. (speaker presentations), 11:30
Steele Glenn, Summit Industrial Products), Apr. 18, 5:30 a.m. (brunch), Eaton Corp., 26201 Northwestern Hwy,
p.m. (networking), 6:30 p.m. (dinner), 7 p.m. (speaker Southeld, Mich. Contact: Beth Zou, qzou@oakland.edu.
presentation), Atrias Restaurant, 1374 Freeport Rd.,
Pittsburgh, Pa. Contact: Joe Cepec, jcepec@oils.com. MAY 2017
STLE Hamilton Section: Awards and Appreciation - Bursaries, STLE Houston Section Lunch Seminar: Topic and Speaker TBD,
Past Chair, Sponsors New Executive Announcement, Apr. 18, May 12, 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., Bradys Landing Restaurant,
5:15 p.m. (happy hour), 6:15 p.m. (dinner), 7:15 p.m. 8505 Cypress St., Houston, Texas. For more information,
(presentation), The Scottish Rite Club of Hamilton, visit www.stlehouston.com/2HoustonSTLE/index.shtml.
4 Queen St. South, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Contact: STLE Hamilton Section Golf Social, May 26, Burlington
Chris Webb, cwebb@hydrafab.com. Springs Golf Club, 5235 Cedar Springs Rd., Burlington,
STLE Chicago Section: Tour, Apr. 20. More information to Ontario, Canada. More information to come. Contact:
come. Mike Deckert or Greg Pottruff, (905) 671-2355.
Hall of Fame of America, the Motorcycle Hall of Fame and the National Inventors Hall of Fame. 77
AUTOMOTIVE TRIBOLOGY
Dr. Edward P. Becker
Large international company has a newly created position Global leader in manufacturing of metalworking fluids, metal
available for a senior level global market strategist to lead forming lubricants, and metal cleaners has created a new
continued fast-paced growth in a diverse specialty chemical position for a sales professional to target Tier I & Tier II
business unit. Desire an individual with extensive M&A accounts with potential business in the $10 million+ range.
background to lead organic and inorganic growth in markets
such as lubricants, asphalt, coatings, and urethanes. Must *PROCESS ENGINEER*
be promotable to Managing Director role. 20-25% travel. (Midwest Region)
*NATIONAL SALES MANAGER*
Well-established manufacturer of metalworking fluids needs
(Midwest Region) a chemical engineer to be responsible for continuous
improvement in production, maintenance, new projects and
Established private label manufacturer / contract blender / operating processes. This person will identify and implement
packager of lubricants and coolants seeks a sales efficiency, quality, and cost improvement initiatives.
professional with managerial background to identify new
market opportunities, make sales presentations, and manage *TERRITORY SALES & ACCOUNT MANAGERS*
expanding business. Focus will be on lubricants for retail,
wholesale, jobber, OEM, and industrial markets. Several high priority sales opportunities are listed below:
1) Account Managers - Industrial Lubricants (2) - Omaha,
*REGIONAL SALES MANAGER* NE & Kansas City, KS
(Ontario, Canada) 2) Sales Representative - Lubricants & Antifreeze (Retail &
Wholesale accounts) - Midwest region
Leading manufacturer of metalworking fluids, metal forming 3) Account Managers - Metalworking Fluids (6) - IL/IN,
lubricants, and metal cleaners needs a sales professional KY/TN, OH/KY/WV, Cleveland/Toledo, OH, Northeast region,
with leadership skills to manage 3 sales representatives and & Texas region
also sell directly to key accounts in the Ontario region. 4) Sales Representative - Oil Reclamation - Midwest region
U.S. market leading metalworking fluids supplier is searching If you plan to attend the STLE Annual Meeting in Atlanta
for a sales professional to lead national sales efforts May 21-25, please contact me in advance or during the
(including Canada and Mexico) for lubricants and equipment meeting to arrange a time to meet and discuss your career
in the high-pressure die casting industry. situation or your company's hiring plans.
A thought for
your pennies
The wear rate of coins increases with
time in circulationwhy?
Removing part of a coin and passing it off coin decreases in thickness by a. The rate of long the life of coins is obviously of interest
at face value used to be a lucrative crime, change of thickness is then equal to ba, which to government mints, since longer circulation
since coins were once made of precious met- is the wear rate and life leads to cost savings. Second, there is an
als. In London in 1690, for example, Thomas interest among numismatists in being able to
and Anne Rogers were executed in grue- ba = K/H quantify the condition of coins, and this would
some fashion for clipping the edges off 40 most easily be performed by weighing them.
pieces of silver.1 An alternative to clipping was This immediately tells us that harder Third, the approach developed for coins could
sweating, which involved shaking coins in a coins are going to last longer! For a totally potentially be applied to other wearing tri-
bag and collecting the precious wear particles at coin, a stochastic differential equation bological systems, such as tires or tribolms.
that were generated. This, of course, is a tri- can be constructed of the form
bological phenomenon that not only occurs
as a result of criminal intent but is currently dh(t) = -c dt + ` dW(t)
taking place innocently in our pockets, albeit
at a lower rate. where h(t) is the coin thickness, c = ba =
Edward AllenEmeritus Professor of Math- K/H, and ` dW(t) is a term that derives from
ematics at Texas Tech University, in Lubbock, the standard Wiener (or Brownian Motion) pro-
Texashas been giving some thought to the cess, where ` = 3(a 2b) = K/(H3b).
wear processes taking place on coins in cir- The solutions to the equation yield thick-
culation.2 The principal assumption in Dr. Al- ness values with time that can be readily (via
lens work is that the coin is being worn (by density) converted into mass loss.
rubbing, rather than corrosion, attening or The next step is the incorporation of the Eddy Tysoe (left) is a distinguished professor of
marring) at two different rates, since the high- two-level relief of the coin into the model us- physical chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-
er regions are protecting the lower regions ing the assumption that high regions wear Milwaukee. You can reach him at wtt@uwm.edu.
from contact. Based on this, he could derive faster than low regions, such that the wear
Nic Spencer (right) is professor of surface science
a stochastic differential equation, involving rate scales with the difference in the heights. and technology at the ETH Zurich, Switzerland. You
the assumption of Archard that a, the coin- This also can be thought of as the normal can reach him at nspencer@ethz.ch.
thickness loss, can be expressed as: force (in the Archard equation) scaling with
Both serve as editors-in-chief of STLE-afliated
the height difference. The result is that, in the
Tribology Letters journal.
a = CFL/H two-level system, the wear rate increases with
time as the shadowing effect of the higher
where F is a normal force on the coin level becomes less signicant as it is worn
FURTHER READING
surface, L is a sliding distance of the force away. A quantitative measure for coin wear
(across the surface), H is the hardness of the is the ratio of current mass to initial mass, al- 1. The Proceedings of the Old Bai-
ley (ref. t16901015-36). Available at
coin material, and C is a constant depending though this is only useful once the mass loss
www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.
on conditions of coin circulation. In order is signicantly greater than the variability in
jsp?div=t16901015-36.
to introduce the time factor, b is dened as the mass of the minted coins, which can be
2. Allen, E. (2016), Stochastic differential
the rate at which the force is applied to the around 0.5%!
equation models for the wear of coins in
surface to lead to a decrease by a, i.e., the These results are interesting for a number
circulation, Trib. Lett. 64: 45.
number of times per day, for example, that the of reasons. First, understanding how to pro-
USA : +1-281-719-7780
EMEA : +32-2-758-9595
APAC : +86-21-3357-2609
HPPorders@huntsman.com