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Basics of serial communication

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PARALLEL TO SERIAL DEVICE

PROCESSOR MODEM

(PARALLEL) (SERIAL)
SERIAL TO PARALLEL

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CLK

TRANSMITTER SYNC SYNC RECEIVER

DATA

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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION
Start and stop bits

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SYNCHRONOUS
BLOCK OF DATA TRANSMITTED ALONG WITH SYNC
INFORMATION
HIGH SPEED TRANSMISSION

ASYNCHRONOUS
CHARACTER CARRIES INFORMATION WITH START AND
STOP BITS
WHEN NO DATA IS TRANSMITTED RECEIVER STAYS AT
LOGIC 1 CALLED MARK ; LOGIC 0 CALLED SPACE
TRANSMISSION STARTS WITH ONE START BIT AND
ONE OR MORE STOP BITS . THIS IS FRAMING

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Serial Interfaces: RS-232

DB25S is a 25 pin connector with

full RS-232 functionality
The computer socket has a female
outer casing with male connecting
pins
The terminating cable connector
has a male outer casing with
female connecting pins

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TTL to RS-232

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Types of equipment
DTE Data Terminal Equipment
Originally applied to CRT terminals or other input devices
Today, DTE mainly applies to a computer
DCE Data Communication Equipment
Originally applied to modems or similar communications
equipment
Still applies today
A modem is a device that converts a digital signal (e.g. from
an RS232 interface) to an analogue signal for transmission
over a traditional telephone line (MODEM: MOdulator-
DEModulator)

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VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
LEVEL LEVEL
+3V TO +15 V -3V TO -15 V
LOGIC 0 LOGIC 1

BUT USUSALLY YEP. THATS RIGHT..

LOGIC 1 +12V HERE WE USE
LOGIC 0-12V NEGATIVE TRUE LOGIC
????!!!!!!

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TO MAKE RS 232 COMPATIBLE WITH TTL LOGIC ,
VOLTAGE TRANSLATORS CALLED LINE DRIVERS & LINE RECEIVERS
ARE USED

VOLTAGE TRANSLATORS
LINE DRIVERS LINE RECEIVERS
MC1488 CONVERTS MC1489 CONVERTS
LOGIC 1 -9V -9VLOGIC 1(+3.4V)
LOGIC 0+9V +9VLOGIC 0(0.2V)

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RS232 pins

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Data
signals

Contro
l
signals
SIGNALS
OF RS232
Timing
signals

ground
s

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11 bitswww.5starnotes.com
required to send a single character (10 if one stop
bits are used)
Bit rate (bits/sec): actual rate at which bits are transmitted
Baud rate: rate at which the signalling elements, used to
represent bits, are transmitted

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TX RX
2 2
DTE
MICRO 3
RX TX DCE
3
COMPUTER MODEM
GND
7 7

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TX TX
2 2

DTE 3
RX RX DTE
3

GND
7 7

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Typical System Connections

LOOP-
BACK used to test
CONNEC- hardware
TIONS

NULL
MODEM
Used for
COMMUNI
communica 7 7
-CATION
-tion

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SERIAL INTERFACES : 8251A USART
The functions and requirement for SERIAL I/O are,
Input port & Output port for interfacing
DATA TX MPU converts parallel to serial
DATA RX MPU converts serial to parallel
Synchronization between MPU and slow peripheral

USART Universal Synchronous /Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter

It incorporates all the above features in a single chip
and other sophisticated functions for serial communication.
It is a programmable device i.e its functions and
specifications for serial i/o can be determined by writing
instructions to its internal registers

8251A USART device widely used for serial i/o

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Programmable chip for

synchronous and
asynchronous
communication

28 pin DIP

Enhanced version of
8251

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www.5starnotes.com Interfaces 8251 with MPU
READ/WRITE Determines functions acc.
CONTROL LOGIC To control word
Monitors data flow

Converts parallel word

TRANSMITTER from MPU to serial bits

Converts serial bits to

RECEIVER parallel word

DATA BUS BUFFER 8 bit data bus

To establish
communication through
MODEM CONTROL modems over telephone
lines

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PIN DESCRIPTION PIN DESCRIPTION

D7-D0 DATA BUS C/D CONTROL/DATA

RD READ COMMAND WR WRITE COMMAND

CS CHIP SELECT CLK CLOCK PULSE

RESET RESET TxC TRANSMITTER CLOCK

TxD TRANSMITTER DATA RxC RECEIVER CLOCK

RxD RECEIVER DATA RxRDY RECEIVER READY

TxTDY TRANSMITTER READY DSR DATA SET READY

DTR DATA TERMINAL READY SYNDET/ SYNC DETECT/

BD BREAK DETECT
RTS REQUEST TO SEND DATA CTS CLEAR TO SEND DATA

TxE TRANSMITTER EMPTY Vcc +5V SUPPLY

GND GROUND

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SIX INPUT THREE BUFFER REGISTERS

SIGNALS STATUS REG.
CONTROL REG
DATA REG.
INPUT SIGNALS
CS CHIP SELECT
LOGIC 0 8251 is selected by the MPU
RD READ SIGNAL
LOGIC 0 The MPU reads the status from status register or accepts
input from data buffer
WR WRITE SIGNAL
LOGIC 0 The MPU writes in the control register or sends data to
output buffer

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C/D CONTROL / DATA
LOGIC 0 data buffer is addressed
LOGIC 1 control register or status
register is addressed
CONTROL REGISTER - ->WR
STATUS REGISTER -- > RD
RESET Reset
LOGIC 1 forces 8251 to RESET and enters
into idle mode
CLK - clock
REFERS TO SYSTEM CLOCK
Necessary for communication with the processor

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REGISTERS
CONTROL REGISTER
16 BIT REGISTER
first byte MODE INSTRUCTION ( WORD )
second byte COMMAND INSTRUCTION ( WORD )
Register can be accessed when C/D is HIGH and WR is
LOW
STATUS REGISTER
Input register that checks the READY status of the
peripheral
Register can be accessed when C/D is HIGH and RD is
LOW
DATA REGISTER
8 BIT bidirectional register addressed as input or
output
Register can be accessed when C/D is LOW
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TRANSMITTER - CONVERTS PARALLEL FROM MPU TO

SERIAL
TWO REGISTERS BUFFER REGISTER TO HOLD 8 BITS
- OUTPUT REGISTER TO CONVERT TO STREAM OF SERIAL
BITS
THREE OUTPUT AND ONE INPUT SIGNALS

INPUT SIGNAL :
TXC - TRANSMITTER CLOCK
CONTROLS THE RATE AT WHICH BITS ARE
TRANSMITTED BY USART
CLOCK FREQ 1/16/64 TIMES THE BAUD
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OUTPUT SIGNAL :
TXD - TRANSMIT DATA
SERIAL BITS ARE TRANSMITTED ON
THIS LINE
TxRDY TRANSMITTER READY
LOGIC 1 BUFFER EMPTY; USART
READY TO ACCEPT
TO INTERRUPT MPU or INDICATE
STATUS
TxE TRANSMITTER EMPTY
LOGIC 1 OUTPUT REGISTER IS
EMPTY
LOGIC 0 - BYTE IS TRANSFERRED
FROM BUFFER TO REG.
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RECEIVER - CONVERTS SERIAL TO PARALLEL

TWO REGISTERS - INPUT REGISTER TO HOLD SERIAL
8 BITS WITH START & STOP BITS AND
CONVERT THEM TO PARALLEL
- BUFFER REGISTER TO STORE
PARALLEL BITS
TWO INPUT AND ONE OUTPUT SIGNALS
INPUT SIGNAL :
RXC - RECEIVER CLOCK
CONTROLS THE RATE AT WHICH BITS ARE
RECEIVED BY USART
CLOCK FREQ 1/16/64 TIMES THE BAUD
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RXD - RECEIVE DATA

SERIAL BITS ARE RECEIVED ON
THIS LINE
OUTPUT SIGNAL :
RxRDY RECEIVER READY
LOGIC 1 USART HAS A
CHARACTER IN THE BUFFER
REGISTER NAD READY TO
TRANSFER TO MPU
TO INTERRUPT MPU or INDICATE
STATUS
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8251 mode register- MODE WORD

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Mode register

Number of Baud Rate

Stop bits
00: Syn. Mode
01: ASYNC x1
00: invalid PARITY CONTROL 10: ASYNC x16
01: 1 bit X0 NO PARITY 11: ASYNC x64
10: 1.5 bits 01 ODD PARITY Character length
11 EVEN PARITY
11: 2 bits
00: 5 bits
01: 6 bits
10: 7 bits
11: 8 bits
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Command Register

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Status Register

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MPU INFORMS 8251 MODE, BAUD, STOP BITS, PARITY

CONTROL WORDS TO BE LOADED FROM MPU TO 8251

COMMAND
MODE WORD STATUS WORD
WORD

SPECIFIES PROVIDES
CHARACTERISTI INFORMATION
CS ENABLES DATA REGARDING
TRANSMISSION REGISTER
BAUD, PARITY OR RECEPTION STATUS AND
NUMBER OF TRANSMISSION
STOP BITS ERRORS

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OPERATION FLOW

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