Cuba to legalize small and medium-sized private businesses

HAVANA Cuba announced Tuesday that it will legalize small- and medium-sized private businesses
in a move that could significantly expand private enterprise in one of the world's last communist
countries.
Cuban business owners and economic experts said they were hopeful the reform would allow
private firms to import wholesale supplies and export products to other countries for the first time,
removing a major obstacle to private business growth.
"This is a tremendously important step," said Alfonso Valentin Larrea Barroso, director-general
of Scenius, a cooperatively run economic consulting firm in Havana. "They're creating, legally speaking,
the non-state sector of the economy. They're making that sector official."
While the government offered no immediate further details, the new business categories appear to
be the next stage in reforms initiated by President Raul Castro after he took over from his brother Fidel
Castro in 2008. While those reforms have allowed about half a million Cubans to start work in the private
sector, the process has been slow and marked by periodic reversals.
The government has regularly cracked down on private businesses that flourish and compete with
Cuba's chronically inefficient state monopolies. The latest backlash came after President Barack Obama
met private business owners during his March 20-22 visit to Cuba, prompting hard-line communists to
warn that the U.S. wants to turn entrepreneurs into a tool to overturn the island's socialist revolution.
The Communist Party documents, published in a special tabloid sold at state newsstands Tuesday,
said a category of small, mid-sized and "micro" private business was being added to a master plan for
social and economic development approved by last month's Cuban Communist Party Congress. The
twice-a-decade meeting sets the direction for the single-party state for the coming five years.
The 32-page party document published Tuesday is the first comprehensive accounting of the
decisions taken by the party congress, which was closed to the public and international press. State media
reported few details of the debate or decisions taken at the meeting but featured harsh rhetoric from
leading officials about the continuing threat from U.S. imperialism and the dangers of international
capitalism.
That tough talk, it now appears, was accompanied by what could be a major step in Cuba's
ongoing reform of its centrally planned economy.
"Private property in certain means of production contributes to employment, economic efficiency
and well-being, in a context in which socialist property relationships predominate," reads one section of
the "Conceptualization of the Cuban Economic and Social Model of Socialist Development."
Vanessa Arocha, a 56-year-old architect who makes hand-made purses and bags at home under a
self-employed worker's license, said she dreamed of forming a legally recognized small business that
could import supplies and machinery and hire neighbors looking for extra income.
"I could import fittings, zippers, vinyl," she said. "Being a small business would be a new
experience, one we know little about, but something very positive."
The government currently allows private enterprise by self-employed workers in several hundred
job categories ranging from restaurant owner to hairdresser. Many of those workers have become de-facto
small business owners employing other Cubans in enterprises providing vital stimulus to Cuba's stagnant
centrally planned economy.
The Cuban government blames the half-century-old U.S. trade embargo on Cuba for strangling
the island's economy. Cuba's new class of entrepreneurs say the embargo is a major obstacle but also
lodges frequent, bitter complaints about the difficulties of running a business in a system that does not
officially recognize them.
Low-level officials often engage in crackdowns on successful businesses for supposed violations
of the arcane rules on self-employment. And the government maintains a monopoly on imports and export
that funnels badly needed products exclusively to state-run enterprises.
Due to its dilapidated state-run economy, Cuba imports most of what it consumes, from rice to air
conditioners. Most private businesses are forced to buy scarce supplies from state retail stores or on the
black market, increasing the scarcity of basic goods and driving up prices for ordinary Cubans. Many
entrepreneurs pay networks of "mules" to import goods in checked airline baggage, adding huge costs and
delays. The latest change will almost certainly take months to become law. Such reforms typically require
formal approval by Cuba's National Assembly, which meets only twice a year.

What does the author mean when saying The government has regularly cracked down on private
businesses that flourish and compete with Cuba's chronically inefficient state monopolies?
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What sector (primary, secondary, tertiary) will be most affected by these changes? Why?
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What are the possible effects on private sector businesses due to these changes?
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Discuss the possible reasons why Cuba has moved some way towards a market economy.
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