Fire Safety Systems

INDUCTION COURSE ON
FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS
Presented by: VT Thin

INTRODUCTION
Rules and Regulations Governing Fire Fighting and Alarm

Systems
Passive Fire Safety Provisions (Architectural Scope of
Responsibility)
Overview of Active Fire Protection Systems
INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION
Fire Protection Systems
- External Fire Hydrant - Fire Detection and Alarm
- Hose Reel System System
- Dry and Wet Riser System - Public Address System
- Automatic Sprinkler System - Firemen Intercom System
- Portable Fire Extinguisher - Smoke Control System
- Gaseous Extinguishing - Interfaces between
System Systems

RULES AND REGULATIONS
Relevant Laws
Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974
Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984

Part VII - Fire Requirements
Part VIII - Fire Alarm, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting
Access
Fire Services Act, 1988

Fire Services (Fire Certificate) Regulations, 2001
Fire Services (Designated Premises) Order, 1998

Relevant Standards
Malaysian Standards (MS)
British / European Standards (BS:EN)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Approval Process
Authority : Bomba
Submittals:
Submission of Passive Fire Protection elements (Architect)
Submission of Active Fire Protection elements (Engineer)
Supervision, Testing and Commissioning, Certification:

Submission of Completion Forms
Certificate of Completion and Compliance

Certificate of Completion and Compliance
Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) has replaced
the Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (C.F.)
Primary Submitting Person Architect

Submitting Person Engineer
Total of 21 forms (G1 to G21) to be filled, signed and

submitted for CCC

Sample of Borang G8
Passive fire systems signed by:

a) Contractor
b) Architect / Civil Engineer

Sample of Borang G9
Active fire systems signed by:

a) Contractor
b) Mechanical Engineer

Responsibility and Liability
Line of responsibility and liability in case of failure:
1. Principal Submitting Person

2. Submitting Person
3. Contractor/Sub-contractor

PASSIVE FIRE SAFETY PROVISIONS
Passive Provisions by Architect
Fire fighting access
Compartmentation for fire separation
Emergency escape exits and staircases

ACTIVE FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS
Overview of Active Fire Safety Systems
Reference standards / codes
Description of main components of the system
Basic design criteria

External Fire Hydrants
System of pipe work connected to the water mains to provide
water for fire fighters to tap into the water supply to assist in
extinguishing a fire.
In the event that there is insufficient water from the mains, a

pressurised hydrant system can be provided.

1 Pillar hydrant
3
1 and valve
2 2 Hydrant cabinet
3 Pipe work
4 Water mains

Pillar hydrant and
valve chamber

Reference Standards
MS 1489-2 : 2012
Fire Extinguishing Installations
and Equipment Part 2: Wet
and Dry Firefighting Mains
MS1395 : Specification for

Pillar Hydrant

Location and Spacing of Fire Hydrants
Not Less than 6 m from the building
Not More than 30 m from the entrance of the building
Generally not more than 90 m apart.

Design Criteria for Pressurised Fire Hydrants
Flow rate of 1,000 L/min per hydrant
Pressure at hydrant between 4 bar and 7 bar
Pump to be sized to cater to 3 hydrants operating

simultaneously or as required
Water storage tank to be adequate for 1-hour operation

Hose Reel System
An installation of pipes, water supply, pumps and hose reels in a
building to provide a ready means by which a jet of water can
be delivered in any part of the building for the purpose of
fire fighting.
Hose reels provide an accessible and controlled supply of water

to combat a fire, and is intended for occupant use.

Hose Reel System
4 1 Water tank
1
2 Hose reel pumps
3 Pipe work
4 Hose reels

Hose Reel System
Reference Standards
MS 1489-1 : 2012
and Equipment Part 1: Hose
Reels and Foam Inlets

Hose Reel System
Hose reels

Hose Reel System
Location and Spacing of Hose Reels
1 hose reel every 800 m2
All spaces to be within reach of the hose (30 m hose and 6 m

water throw range)
Hose reels should be located in prominent and accessible

positions, generally adjacent to exits

Hose Reel System
Design Criteria for Hose Reel System
Flow rate of 30 L/min per hose reel
Minimum pressure of 2 bar at inlet to hose reel
Hose usually of 30 m length and 25 mm diameter

Hose Reel System
Capacity of hose reel tank specified in the UBBL:
No. of Hose Reels Capacity of Water Tank

1 hose reel 2,275 L
2 hose reels 3,413 L
7 hose reels and above 9,100 L

Hose Reel System
Type of Pipe Work
Steel pipe work to B.S.1387 Class B minimum for above
ground and Class C for underground piping.

Screwed joints for smaller pipes sizes and welded /
mechanical joints for larger pipe sizes

Dry Riser System
A vertical pipe installed for fire fighting purposes, fitted with inlet
connections and landing valves at specific locations.
The pipe is normally dry, but can be charged with water through
the inlet connections.

Dry Riser System
1 Breeching inlet
2 Landing valve
3 Hose and nozzle
3
4 Pipe work
1
2

Dry Riser System
Dry riser landing

valve

Dry Riser System
Reference Standards
MS 1489-2 : 2012

Dry Riser System
Location and Spacing for Dry Riser System
1 landing valve for every 900 m2
Rising mains not more than 60 m apart
All areas to be within 60 m from a landing valve
Hose connection to be provided in each fire fighting access

lobby

Dry Riser System
Design Criteria for Dry Riser System
2-way breeching inlet for 100 mm diameter dry risers
4-way breeching inlet for 150 mm diameter dry risers
100 mm diameter dry riser to be provided for buildings where

the highest outlet is 22.9 m or less above the pumping inlet,
150 mm diameter for outlets higher than this level.
Wet risers to be provided for top most floor is greater than

30.5 m above the fire appliance access level
Dry Riser System
Type of Pipe Work
Steel pipe work to B.S.1387 Class C

Wet Riser System
A vertical pipe installed for fire fighting purposes, permanently
charged with water, with landing valves at specific locations.

Wet Riser System
Requirements for type of rising mains dependent on the building
height:
Building with top 18.3 m or less More than 18.3 m More than 30.5 m
most floor at: above fire appliance above fire appliance above fire appliance
access level access level access level
Requirements for
Not required Dry risers required Wet risers required
rising mains

Wet Riser System
Main Components
3 4
1 Water tanks
2 Wet riser pumps
1
6 3 Landing valve
4 Hose and nozzle
5 Pipe work
6 Breeching inlet

Wet Riser System
Wet riser landing

valve and fire
hoses

Wet Riser System
Wet riser landing

valve and fire
hoses

Wet Riser System
Reference Standards
MS 1489-2 : 2012

Wet Riser System
Location and Spacing for Wet Riser System
1 landing valve for every 900 m2
Wet riser to be provided in every staircase which extends from

the ground floor to the roof and hose connection in each fire
fighting access lobby
Rising mains not more than 60 m apart
All areas to be within 60 m from a landing valve

Wet Riser System
Design Criteria for Wet Riser System
Minimum 150 mm diameter wet risers
500 L/min at each outlet, with 3 outlets operating

simultaneously
Required pressure between 4 bar and 7 bar at outlet
Minimum water tank capacity of 90 m3 if no automatic in-flow

to tank.

Wet Riser System
Design Criteria for Wet Riser System
Each stage of the wet riser system limited to 61 m (up to a

maximum of 70.15 m with the approval of the Authority)
Minimum break tank capacity of 11,375 L

Wet Riser System
Type of Pipe Work
Steel pipe work to B.S.1387 Class C

Automatic Sprinkler System
An automatic sprinkler system consists of a water supply system,
providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution
piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. In the
event of a fire, the sprinklers operate to control the fire.

Reference Standards
MS 1910 : 2006
Firefighting Systems Automatic
Sprinkler Systems Design,
Installation and Maintenance
NFPA 13 is also commonly

referred to

Sprinkler head
Alarm valves sets

1 Water tanks
1
6 2 Sprinkler pumps
3 Alarm valve
assembly
4 Sprinklers
5 Pipe work
4
5
6 Breeching inlet
1
3

Types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Wet pipe system pipe work is charged with water at all
times.
Dry pipe system pipe work is charged with air normally.

When the sprinklers operate, the air is vented out and this
allows water into the system.
Pre-action system the system is only charged with water in

the event that a separate detection system is activated.

Types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Deluge system the sprinklers connected to a deluge system
are of the open type. On activation, water is introduced to
the system and will discharge from all sprinklers.

Wet Pipe System
Most common and reliable type of system
Dry Pipe System

Used where the ambient temperature can result in the water
in the pipe work freezing
Delays in water discharging from the sprinklers that have
activated as the air needs to be vented first
Increased complexity compared to wet pipe systems

Pre-action System
Uses in locations where accidental activation of the sprinklers
is undesired (e.g. museums with rare art works that can be
damaged by water, data centers)
Requires separate detection system

Deluge System
These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire
spread is a concern, as they provide a simultaneous
application of water over the entire protected space.
Activation of the deluge system can be through a detection
system or the system can be manually operated (such as a
manual pull station

Sprinkler systems are classified by the hazards that are
protected:
Light Hazard
Ordinary Hazard (Group I to IV)
High Hazard
Process risks (HHP1 to HHP4)
Storage risks (HHS1 to HHS4)

Light Hazard
- Schools and offices (certain areas)
Ordinary Hazard
OH Group 1 Offices, restaurants
OH Group 2 Laundries, bakeries
OH Group 3 Departmental stores, car parks
OH Group 4 Exhibition halls, saw mills

High Hazard Process Risks
HHP1 Paint manufacture
HHP2 depots for buses, railway carriages
HHP3 cellulose nitrate manufacture
HHP4 Firework manufacture
High Hazard Storage Risks

The fire hazard will depend on the type of good stored
including the packaging and also the storage configuration.

Design Criteria
Design density the amount of water (in mm/min) that
needs to be delivered over the specified area
Area of operation the design area where the sprinklers

are assumed to operate
Pre-calculated systems also meet the design criteria and are a

common and easy way to design sprinkler systems

Pre-calculated Systems
Water flow rate and pressure required is given in Table 6 of
MS 1910 for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard systems.
For wet pipe systems, the requirements at the control valve is as

follow:
Hazard Class Required Flow Rate Required Pressure
OH 1 375 L/min 1.0 + ps bar
OH 2 725 L/min 1.4 + ps bar
OH 3 1,100 L/min 1.7 + ps bar
ps is the static head loss due to the height of the highest sprinkler above
the control valve

Volume of water storage required is given in Table 9 of MS
1910 for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard systems.
For wet pipe systems, the requirements are as follow:

Hazard Class Height h of the Highest Minimum Water
Sprinkler above the Lowest Volume
Sprinkler
h 15 m 135 m3
OH 3 15 m < h 30 m 160 m3
30 m < h 45 m 185 m3

Pump characteristics required are given in Table 15 of MS
1910 for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard systems.
For wet pipe systems, the requirements are as follow:

Hazard Class Sprinkler Height h Pump Nominal Data
above the Control
Valve Set(s)
h 15 m 2,250 L/min at 1.4 bar
OH 3 15 m < h 30 m 2,700 L/min at 2.0 bar
30 m < h 45 m 3,100 L/min at 2.5 bar

Pipe sizes for pre-calculated systems are determined from
Table 26 (for Light Hazard) and Table 29 and 30 (for
Ordinary Hazard) of MS 1910
The size of all pipes upstream of each design point needs to be

calculated. The location of the design points is given in Table 24
and 25 of MS 1910

Size of Installations
The maximum number of sprinklers controlled by a single alarm
valve for wet pipe systems is given in Table 16 of MS 1910
For wet pipe systems, the requirements at the alarm valve is as
follow:
Hazard Class Maximum Number of Sprinklers
per Alarm Valve
Light Hazard 500 sprinklers
Ordinary Hazard 1,000 sprinklers (except as
allowed for zoned installations)
High Hazard 1,000 sprinklers

Area of Coverage of Sprinkler
The maximum area that a sprinkler can cover is given in Table
18 of MS 1910
For sprinklers other than sidewall type:
Hazard Class Maximum Maximum Distance
Area per between Sprinklers
Sprinkler (Standard Layout)
Light Hazard 21 m2 4.6 m
Ordinary Hazard 12 m2 4.0 m
High Hazard 9 m2 3.7 m
The minimum distance between sprinklers is 2.0 m (except as

permitted in special cases)
Type of Pipe Work
Steel pipe work to B.S.1387 Class B minimum for above
ground and Class C for underground piping.


Type of Sprinkler Heads
The following characteristics define the type of sprinkler:
Thermal sensitivity
Temperature rating
Orifice size
Installation orientation
Water distribution characteristics
Special service conditions

Sprinklers with differing Side wall sprinkler

temperature ratings head

Portable Fire Extinguishers
Fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires.
often in emergency situations. Typically consists of a hand-held
cylindrical pressure vessel which contains the extinguishing agent
(such as water or carbon dioxide).

Common types of portable fire extinguishers used:
CO2 PORTABLE
DRY POWDER
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
PORTABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHER

Reference Standards
MS 1539 Part 3 : 2003
Specification for Portable Fire
Extinguishers Part 3: Selection
and Installation Code of
Practice

Design Criteria
Selection of portable fire extinguishers
Distribution of portable fire extinguishers
Siting of portable fire extinguishers

Selection of the portable fire extinguishers will depend on the
class of fires expected:
CLASS OF FIRES DESCRIPTION
Class A Fires involving solid materials
Class B Fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids
Class C Fires involving gases
Class D Fires involving metals
Class E Fires involving electrical equipment
Class F Fires involving fats and cooking oils

The portable fire extinguisher selected needs to be suitable for
the potential fire.
Class A materials are generally found in all occupancies.
For fires in electrical equipment (Class E fires), fire extinguishers

selected must be selected to prevent the dangers of electric shock.
Water or foam type extinguishers will generally not be

suitable

Fire extinguishers are marked with number and letters to indicate
the relative maximum size and type of fires that can be
extinguished
EXTINGUISHER TYPE
TYPICAL RATING
& CAPACITY
6 kg dry powder 27 A, 144 B
extinguisher
4 kg dry powder 13 A, 70 B
extinguisher
2 kg CO2 extinguisher 21 B
5 kg CO2 extinguisher 55 B

How many portable fire extinguishers are required?
For Class A fires, minimum level of provision can be calculated as

follow:
Total A rating = 0.065 x floor area (m2)
Conditions:
Minimum A rating is 26A
For single occupancy buildings with upper floor areas not
exceeding 100 m2 the minimum rating is 13A

For Class B fires, minimum level of provision is given in Table 1 of
MS 1539 : Part 3
Extinguishe Maximum area Maximum area Maximum area

r rating for for for
3 extinguishers 2 extinguishers 1 extinguisher
(foam only)
21 B 0.42 m2 0.26 m2 0.14 m2
34 B 0.68 m2 0.42 m2 0.23 m2
55 B 1.10 m2 0.69 m2 0.37 m2
70 B 1.40 m2 0.88 m2 0.47 m2
. . . .
Part of Table 1 of MS 1539 : Part 3

Siting of Extinguishers
Extinguishers should be located in conspicuous positions on
brackets or stands where they will readily seen by persons
following an exit route.
Portable fire extinguishers located at the following areas are

suitable:
Room exits
Corridors
Stairways
Lobbies

Siting of Extinguishers
Extinguishers should be sited so that the maximum travel distance
from the fire to reach an extinguisher should not be more than 20
m.
Extinguishers with a total weight up to 4 kg should be mounted

with the handle about 1.5 m from the floor.
Extinguishers with a total weight exceeding 4 kg should be

mounted with the handle about 1.0 m from the floor.

Typical installation detail

Gas Extinguishing Systems
Gas extinguishing systems are used where water is an

unsuitable medium of extinguishment for the protected space
(e.g. electrical equipment, data centers)
The system consists of the agent, agent storage containers, fire

detection system, agent delivery piping and nozzles.
NFPA 12
Standard on Carbon Dioxide
Extinguishing Systems
2011 Edition
NFPA 2001
Standard on Clean Agent Fire
Extinguishing Systems
2012 Edition
Common clean agents used:

1. HFC-227ea (Heptafluoropropane)
2. FK-5-1-2 (Dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one)
1. IG-541 (Nitrogen 52%, Argon 40% and CO2 8%)
2. IG-55 (Nitrogen 50%, Argon 50%)
Brand name for clean agents : FM200, Novec 1230, Inergen,

Argonite
Fires need 4 elements to be sustained:
Heat
Oxygen HEAT
CHAIN
Fuel REACTION
OXYGEN FUEL
Chain reaction
FIRE TETRAHEDRON
Removal of any of the above elements will cause a fire to be

extinguished
Carbon dioxide extinguishing systems work by reducing or
isolating the oxygen levels in a fire.
As such, CO2 systems are

used at normally unoccupied
HEAT areas due to the risk of
CHAIN suffocation.
REACTION
OXYGEN FUEL
Clean agent extinguishing systems work by reducing or isolating
the oxygen levels in a fire or by interfering with the chain reaction
process.
Depending on the
concentration of agent
HEAT required, clean agent
CHAIN systems can be used at
REACTION normally occupied areas.
OXYGEN FUEL
Types of carbon dioxide extinguishing systems:
Total flooding systems
Local application systems
Hand hose line systems
Standpipe systems and mobile supply
Marine systems
Total Flooding System

Consists of a fixed supply of carbon dioxide / clean agent
permanently connected to fixed piping and nozzles to discharge
the gas extinguishing agent into an enclosed space or enclosure
about the hazard.
1 CO2 / clean agent storage
2 Distribution pipe work

3
3 Discharge nozzle
4
4 Detection system
2
7 5 Control panel
8 6 Emergency manual operation
5
7 Visual alarm
6
1 8 Audible alarm
Carbon Dioxide Storage

The carbon dioxide can be stored under high pressure or low
pressure:
High pressure cylinders where the CO2 is stored in liquid form

at room temperature
Low pressure storage containers where the

CO2 is stored at 300 psi, approx. -180C
Clean Agent Storage

Clean agent is stored under pressure that varies depending on the
type of agent.
High pressure storage

cylinders
NFPA 12 2005 ed.

Low pressure storage

containers
NFPA 12 2005 ed.

Detection, Actuation and Control System

Generally, the gas extinguishing system uses:
Automatic detection
Automatic actuation
Emergency manual operation

Detection System
Smoke and / or heat detectors are used for automatic detection
of fire in the protected space.
Typically 2 detectors need to be in alarm mode prior to the

actuation of the extinguishing system.
AUDIBLE ALARMS
SMOKE HEAT VISUAL ALARMS

DETECTOR DETECTOR
CONTROL PANEL
DISCHARGE
SIGNAL
Types of pipes for high pressure fixed CO2 systems:

PIPE TYPE STANDARDS
Black or ASTM A53 seamless or electric welded,
galvanised steel pipe Grade A or B
ASTM A 106 Grade A, B or C
Stainless steel pipe TP304 or TP316
(threaded connections)
Stainless steel pipe TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP316L
(welded connections)
Pipe wall thickness and below - Schedule 40

1 through 4 - Schedule 80
Types of pipe fittings for high pressure fixed CO2 systems:

SIZE PIPE FITTING TYPE
Up to 2 internal pipe size Class 300 malleable or ductile iron
fittings
More than 2 internal pipe Forged steel fittings
size
Stainless steel fittings Type 306 or 316 wrought or forged in
up to 4 accordance with ASTM A 182, Class
3000
Similar pipe and fittings can be used for the clean agent system,
depending on the system operating pressures.
CO2 Extinguishing Systems
For dry electrical hazards in general (deep-seated fires), the
design criteria are as follow:
DESIGN CRITERIA REQUIREMENTS
Design concentration 50% by volume
Flooding factor 1.60 kg CO2/m3

(Spaces up to 2,000 ft3)
Flooding factor 1.33 kg CO2/m3 with a
(Spaces greater than 2,000 ft3) minimum of 91 kg
Clean Agent Extinguishing Systems
Design concentration for clean agent systems will depend on the
type of agent used and the hazards protected.
Can range from 6 7% to 50% or more.

Detection System
Smoke and heat detectors shall be provided to ensure complete
coverage of the protected space:
DESIGN CRITERIA COVERAGE (FLAT CEILING)

7.5 m radius coverage per
Smoke detector
detector
5.0 m radius coverage per
Heat detector
detector
The coverage for the detectors must overlap to ensure that there are no blind
spots.
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
A fire detection and alarm system is designed to detect the
unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes
associated with combustion.
In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either
automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both.

A fire detection and alarm system typically consist of the
following:
Fire alarm control panel
Primary power supply and back-up power supply for the
connected devices / equipment
Initiating devices
Notification appliances
Interfaces with building services

Requirements of UBBL 1984
Under Section 237, fire alarm systems are required for
buildings defined under the 10th Schedule
Under Section 238, a fire command center is required for all

large premises or buildings above 30.5 m.

Reference Standards
MS 1745-14: 2009
Fire Detection and Fire Alarm
Systems Part 14: Guidelines
for Planning, Design, Installation,
Commissioning, Use and
Maintenance

Smoke and Heat Detectors
Smoke and heat

detectors

Special Detectors
Beam detector UV flame detector

Siting of Detectors
DETECTOR TYPE COVERAGE

7.5 m radius coverage per detector up
Smoke detector
to 11 m ceiling height
Heat detector
to 8 m ceiling height
Beam detector to11 m ceiling height, but additional
layer of detectors might be required

Factors affecting detector spacing:
Sloping ceiling and other ceiling features
Wall, partitions and other obstructions
Ventilation and air movement

Manual call points

(breakglass)

Alarm bell and

sounder

Siting of manual call points
Manual call points to be located along escape corridors or
beside exit and staircase doors, such that no occupant need
travel more than 30 m to reach a call point.
Requirements for audible alarms

Minimum sound level of 65 dBA or 5 dBA above the normal
noise levels.
For areas with sleeping people, the minimum sound level at the
bed head should be 75 dBA.
Fire alarm control

panels

Conventional Fire Alarm System
A conventional fire alarm control panel employs one or more
circuits, connected to sensors (initiating devices) wired in
parallel. In a conventional fire alarm system, the information
density is limited to the number of such circuits used.
Addressable Fire Alarm System

An addressable fire alarm system has component with discreet
identification that can have its status individually identified, or
that is used to individually control other functions.

SMOKE DETECTORS AT LEVEL 1
ZONE 1
CONVENTIONAL
FIRE ALARM
PANEL
LOOP 1
ADDRESSABLE
FIRE ALARM
PANEL

Fire Detection and Alarm System
Monitoring of other fire safety system
Generator sets providing emergency power supply
Fire pumps
Valves controlling water supply to fire protection systems
Gas extinguishing control panels
Water flow in automatic sprinkler systems
Low water levels in storage tanks providing water to fire

protection systems
Other fire protection systems (e.g. wet chemical system
protecting kitchens)

Public Address and Intercom Systems
A public address system is a sound amplification and
distribution system with a microphone, amplifier and
loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address the public.
A fireman intercom system is a stand-alone voice

communications system for use by fire fighting personnel within
a building or small collection of buildings, functioning
independently of the public telephone network.

Fireman intercom panel

and handset

Speakers and amplifier

for public address
system

INTERCOM HANDSETS
FIREMAN INTERCOM
PANEL INTERCOM HANDSETS
INTERCOM HANDSETS

Design Criteria
Under Section 239 of the UBBL 1984, two voice communication
systems are required for all large buildings and high rise
buildings:
1. Public address system
To guide the occupants in an orderly manner during evacuation upon
detection of fire.
2. Fire brigade intercom system

Allows firemen to communicate with one another during fire fighting
operations.

Firemen intercom hand sets should be located at:
Fire escape staircases
Fire fighting lobbies
Fire pump rooms
Emergency generator room
Lift machine rooms
Main electrical switch room

Smoke Control Systems
To control the spread of smoke from the source of fire to other
occupied spaces and maintain visibility as much as possible for
evacuation and fire fighter access.
Smoke control needs to be designed in conjunction with other

fire safety systems, for example:
a) Means of escape
b) Compartmentation
c) Active suppression systems

Method of Smoke Control
Smoke containment (passive method)
Smoke dilution
Smoke reservoir exhaust ventilation
Depressurisation
Pressurisation

Reference Standards
MS 1780: 2005
Smoke Control System using
Natural (Displacement) or
Powered (Extraction) Ventilation

Reference Standards
MS 1472: 1999
Code of Practice for Fire
Precautions in the Design of
Buildings Smoke Control in
Protected Escape Routes using
Pressurisation

Design Criteria for Pressurisation Systems
Under UBBL clauses 196 and 197 requires fire fighting access
lobbies and smoke lobbies to be pressurized if natural
ventilation cannot be provided.
Under UBBL clauses 200, 201 and 202 requires escape

staircases to be pressurized if natural ventilation cannot be
provided.

Design Criteria for Pressurisation Systems
Pressurized compartment to be 50 Pa above space on fire.
Air velocity across any open door to be 1 ms-1 from

protected space into fire zone.
Fan to be sized for doors to be opened for access to

staircases or lobbies (typically 2 doors or no. of doors for
10% of the total floors, whichever is higher)

Ventilation fan for

pressurisation
system

Smoke Dilution
Typical application are basement car parks, where the ceiling
height is usually low.
Smoke is extracted from the zone on fire.
Make-up air is provided to mix and dilute the smoky gases.

Design Criteria Smoke Dilution System
Smoke extract fan to be sized for min. 10 air change
Outdoor air for make-up to be min. 50% and max. 75% of

air extracted.

Smoke Depressurisation
Typical application are multi-storey office buildings, where it is
not practical to introduce replacement air at low level.
Zone on fire is maintained under negative pressure by

extracting the smoke laden air.
Make-up air is not required, but pressure differential is

required between the depressurised zone and the adjacent
zones.

Design Criteria Smoke Dilution System
Smoke extract fan to be sized for min. 10 air changes
Outdoor air not required.
Pressure differential between depressurised zone and

adjacent zone to be maintained between 10 Pa to 50 Pa.

Fire Mode Interface Operations
During a fire, various other systems need to operate or shut
down.
Interfaces with other fire safety systems include:

1. Lifts
2. Air conditioning and ventilation systems
3. Centralised gas system
4. Voice evacuation system
5. Fire doors / roller shutters
6. Smoke control systems

LIFT HOMING
SMOKE
CONTROL GAS SHUT
SYSTEMS OFF VALVE
FIRE ALARM
SYSTEM
ACMV VOICE
SYSTEMS EVACUATION
SYSTEM
FIRE DOORS
/ FIRE
SHUTTERS

Lifts to return to designated floor upon

fire alarm.
Lifts cannot be operated during a fire
alarm
Fire lifts to be operational during fire
alarm only on operation of the fire
switch

Central gas supply to be disconnected

by shutting off the supply valves
Air conditioning and mechanical

ventilation systems to be shut down

In the event of a fire alarm, pre-

recorded voice messages can be
broadcasted over the public address
system
Staged evacuation in large buildings or
high rise buildings
Transmission of alarm to central

monitoring system

In the event of a fire, signals to be

transmitted to release fire doors that
have been held open and fire shutters
for fire compartmentation
Other elements for compartmentation

such as fire dampers

Smoke control systems such as staircase

pressurisation systems to be started
In large buildings or high rise buildings,
the starting of smoke control systems will
depend on the location where a fire is
detected

Security systems
Alarm notification systems
Etc

QUESTIONS?

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Fire Safety Systems

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INDUCTION COURSE ON

FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Presented by: VT Thin

Rules and Regulations Governing Fire Fighting and Alarm

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984

Fire Services Act, 1988

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

British / European Standards (BS:EN)

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Supervision, Testing and Commissioning, Certification:

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Primary Submitting Person Architect

Total of 21 forms (G1 to G21) to be filled, signed and

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Passive fire systems signed by:

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Active fire systems signed by:

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

1. Principal Submitting Person

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Compartmentation for fire separation

Emergency escape exits and staircases

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Description of main components of the system

Basic design criteria

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

In the event that there is insufficient water from the mains, a

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

MS1395 : Specification for

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Not Less than 6 m from the building

Not More than 30 m from the entrance of the building

Generally not more than 90 m apart.

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Flow rate of 1,000 L/min per hydrant

Pressure at hydrant between 4 bar and 7 bar

Pump to be sized to cater to 3 hydrants operating

Water storage tank to be adequate for 1-hour operation

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Hose reels provide an accessible and controlled supply of water

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

1 hose reel every 800 m2

All spaces to be within reach of the hose (30 m hose and 6 m

Hose reels should be located in prominent and accessible

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

Flow rate of 30 L/min per hose reel

Minimum pressure of 2 bar at inlet to hose reel

Hose usually of 30 m length and 25 mm diameter

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

No. of Hose Reels Capacity of Water Tank

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

ground and Class C for underground piping.

mechanical joints for larger pipe sizes

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

INDUCTION COURSE ON FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS