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DESIGN GUIDE
for midas Civil
Second Edition
DESIGN The objective of this design guide is to outline the design
GUIDE
algorithms which are applied in midas Civil nite element
analysis and design system. The guide aims to provide
sucient information for the user to understand the
scope, limitations and formulas applied in the design
features and to provide relevant references to the clauses
Second Edition
DESIGN GUIDE Prestressed Box Girder Design : EN 1992-2 The design guide covers prestressed box girder, composite
for midas Civil steel box girder, composite plate girder, steel frame and
Contents RC frame as per Eurocode.
RC Frame Design
Developers and distributors shall not be liable for loss of prot, loss of business, or nancial loss which may be
caused directly or indirectly by the MIDAS package, when used for any purpose or use, due to any defect or
deciency therein. Accordingly, the user is encouraged to fully understand the bases of the program and
become familiar with the users manuals. The user shall also independently verify the results produced by the
program.
Foreword
The objective of this design guide is to outline the design algorithms
which are applied in midas Civil nite element analysis and design
system. The guide aims to provide sucient information for the user to
understand the scope, limitations and formulas applied in the design
features and to provide relevant references to the clauses in the Design
standards.
The design guide covers prestressed box girder, composite steel box
girder, composite plate girder, steel frame and RC frame as per Eurocode.
Organization
This guide is designed to help you quickly become productive with
the design options of EN 1992-2, EN 1993-2 and EN 1994-2.
As the table of contents is printed on the folded ap, the readers can
access the table of contents easily from any page of the book.
Contents
01 Chapter 1.
Prestressed Box Girder Design (EN 1992-2)
Ultimate Limit States
1. Moment Resistance 02
2. Shear Resistance 12
3. Torsion Resistance 19
46 Chapter 2.
Composite Steel Box Girder Design (EN 1994-2)
Ultimate Limit States
1. Bending Resistance 46
2. Resistance to Vertical Shear 64
3. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear 71
82 Chapter 3.
Composite Plate Girder Design (EN 1994-2)
128 Chapter 4.
Steel Frame Design (EN 1993-2)
Classication of Cross Section
1. Classication of Cross Sections 128
2. Calculate eective cross-section for Class 4 section 131
3. Plate Elements without Longitudinal Stieners 132
Ultimate Limit States
1. Torsion 135
2. Compression 135
3. Bending Moment 136
4. Shear 136
5. Bending and Shear 142
6. Bending and Axial Force 142
7. Bending, Shear and Axial Force 144
8. Buckling Resistance of Members 145
Serviceability Limit States
1. Deection 152
154 Chapter 5.
RC Frame Design (EN 1992-2)
Ultimate Limit States
1. Moment Resistance 154
2. Shear resistance 163
3. Verication of moment and shear resistance 168
Prestressed Box
Girder Design
EN 1992-2
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Box Girder Design (EN 1992-2)
Prestressed box girder needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.
Shear Resistance
Torsion Resistance
UltimateLimitStates
1.Momentresistance
Limitstateofmomentresistanceshouldsatisfythecondition,MEdMRd.
Momentresistance,MRd,iscalculatedusingthestraincompatibilitymethodasshownbelow.
1.1Designstrengthofmaterial
(1)Designcompressivestrengthofconcrete
f cd cc f ck / c
EN199211:2004
(1.1) 3.1.6(1)
where,
cc: The coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive strength and of unfavourable
effects resulting from the way the load is applied.
fck : The characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days.
c : The partial safety factor for concrete.
(2)Designyieldstrengthofreinforcement
f yd f yk / s (1.2) EN199211:2004
3.2.7(2)
where,
fyk: The characteristic yield strength of reinforcement.
s : The partial safety factor for reinforcement or prestressing steel.
(3)Designtensilestrengthoftendon.
f pd f p 0 ,1k / s (1.3) EN199211:2004
3.3.6(6)
where,
fp0,1k: The characteristic 0.1% proof-stress of prestressing steel.
s : The partial safety factor for reinforcement or prestressing steel.
Partialfactorsformaterialsc,s
If User Input Data option is checked on, the partial factors will be applied as the user
definedvalue.However,iftheoptionischeckedoff,thevaluesinTable1.1willbeapplied.
[Table1.1]PartialfactorsformaterialsforULS
sforreinforcing sforprestressing
DesignSituations cforconcrete EN199211:2004
steel steel
Table2.1N
Persistent&Transient 1.5 1.15 1.15
Accidental 1.2 1.0 1.0
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 2
Partialsafetyfactorc,s /Coefficientforlongtermcc,ct
MaindesignparametersformaterialscanbeenteredinModifyDesignParametersdialogbox.
Amongtheinputvalues,ccisconsideredwhencalculatingmomentresistanceinUltimateLimit
Stateanditisappliedas1.0forshearandtorsionalresistance.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignParameters>ModifyDesignParameters
c,s
cc,ct
[Fig.1.1]ModifyDesignParametersInputDialog
When defining partial factors for materials, Persistent & Transient and Accidental design
situationscanbespecifiedasshowninTable1.2.
[Table1.2]Classificationofdesignsituations
Designsituations Description
Persistent&Transient LoadcombinationnotAccidentalsituation
Loadcombinationincludefollowingloadcase type,
LiveLoadImpact(IL,IM)
Accidental CollisionLoad(CO)
VehicularCollisionForce(CT)
VesselCollisionForce(CV)
LoadcasetypeneedtobespecifiedinStaticLoadCasesdialogbox.
Load>StaticLoadCases
[Fig.1.2]StaticLoadCasesInputDialog
3 DesignGuideformidasCivil
StrengthofConcrete/Reinforcement
DefinethematerialstrengthsofconcreteandsteelinPSCDesignMaterialdialogbox.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignMaterial
fck
fyk
fywk
[Fig.1.3]Definefck,fyk,fywk
Select'None'intheCodefieldandenterthenameofthematerialtobeusedintheNamefield.
Then,eachdatafieldisactivatedandthestrengthofmaterialscanbeentered.
StrengthofTendon
DefinethestrengthoftendoninTendonPropertydialogbox.
Load>PrestressLoads>TendonProperty
fpk
fp0,1k
[Fig.1.4]Definefpk,fp0.1k
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 4
1.2Calculateneutralaxisdepth
Calculatethepositionofneutralaxisbyiterativeapproachasshowninthefigurebelow.
[Fig.1.5]Flowcharttocalculateneutralaxisdepth,x
(1)Calculateforceofconcrete,Fc.
Fc f cd x (1.4)
dA
where,
: The effective height of the compression zone factor.
: The effective strength factor.
EN199211:2004
Condition (3.19)~(3.22)
fck50MPa 0.8 1.0
50<fck90MPa 0.8(fck50)/400 1.0(fck50)/200
fck>90MPa 0.7 0.8
EN199211:2004
Figure3.5
[Fig.1.6]Rectangularstressdistribution
5 DesignGuideformidasCivil
(2)Calculateforceofreinforcement,Fs,Fs.
where,
As, As: The cross sectional area of tensile and compressive reinforcement.
fs , fs : The stress of tensile and compressive reinforcement.
Inordertocalculatethestressofreinforcingsteel,fsandfs,calculatetheappropriatestrainby
thestraincompatibilitycondition.Andthencalculatethecorrespondingstressesinthestress
straindiagram.
Calculationmethodofstrainandstressisasfollow.
Calculatethestrainsofreinforcementbyassumingalinearstraindistributionandthestrainof
cu3attheextremefiberoftheconcreteincompression.
dt x x dc
s cu , s ' cu (1.6)
x x
where,
s : The strain of tensile reinforcement.
s: The strain of compressive reinforcement.
cu: The ultimate compressive strain in the concrete. (cu = cu3)
x : The neutral axis depth.
dt : Distance from the tensile rebar to the extreme top fiber of the element
dc : Distance from the compressive rebar to the extreme top fiber of the element
EN199211:2004
Figure6.1
[Fig.1.7]Possiblestraindistributionsintheultimatelimitstate
Calculatethereinforcementstressesappropriatetothecalculatedreinforcementstrains.
(fromthestressstrainidealizations)
s Es ( s yd ) s ' Es ( s ' yd )
fs , f s ' (1.7)
f yd ( s yd ) f yd ( s ' yd )
yd f yd / E s (1.8)
f yd f yk / s (1.9)
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 6
where,
Es : The design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcement.
fyd : The design yield strength of reinforcement. (See 1.1(2))
yd : The yield strain of reinforcement.
EN199211:2004
Figure3.8
[Fig.1.8]Idealizedanddesignstressstraindiagramforreinforcingsteel
(3)Calculateforceoftendon,Fp.
Fp Api f pi (1.9)
where,
Api : The cross sectional area of tendon.
fpi : The stress of tendon.
Inordertocalculatethestressoftendon,fpi,calculatetheappropriatestrainbythestrain
compatibilitycondition.Andthencalculatethecorrespondingstressesinthestressstrain
diagram.
Calculationmethodofstrainandstressisasfollow.
Calculatethestrainsofreinforcementbyassumingalinearstraindistributionandthestrainof
cu3attheextremefiberoftheconcreteincompression.
d x eff
p p p ( 0) cu (1.10)
x Ep
where,
p : The change in strain in prestressing steel.
p(0): The initial strain in prestressing steel.
eff : The stress under the effective prestress, Pe
Ep : The design value of modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel.
EN199211:2004
Figure6.1
[Fig.1.9]Possiblestraindistributionsintheultimatelimitstate
7 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Calculatethereinforcementstressesappropriatetothecalculatedreinforcementstrains.
(fromthestressstrainidealizations)
EN199211:2004
Figure3.10
[Fig.1.10]Idealizedanddesignstressstraindiagramsforprestressingsteel
[Table1.3]Stressoftendon,fp
EN199211:2004
TendonType BondType fp
5.10.8(2)
Internal(Pretension) Bonded f p p E p p p ( 0) E p f pd
Bonded
f p p E p p p ( 0) E p f pd
Internal(Posttension)
Unbonded f p f pe p ,ULS f pe 100MPa
External Unbonded f p f pe p ,ULS f pe 100MPa
where,
p,ULS : The increase of the stress from the effective prestress to the stress in the ultimate limit state. The
recommended value is 100MPa.
(4)Checkifresultantforceiszero.
Determinetheneutralaxispositionbyiterativeapproachoftheclause(1)to(3)untilthe
compressivestrength(C=Fc+Fs)andtensilestrength(T=Fs+Fp)becomeidentical.InmidasCivil,
convergenceconditionforC=Tisappliedasfollows.
Convergencecondition:
C
1.0 0.001 (Tolerance) (1.11)
T
where,
C Fc Fs ', T Fs Fp (1.12)
ReassumeneutralaxisdepthbyBisectionmethod(Numericalanalysis)beforemeet
followingstopcondition.
[Table1.4]Stopconditionforiterativeapproach
Stopcondition Description
C
Converge 1.0 0.001
T
Repeatcount>20
OutputNotconvergeinMessagewindow.
Needtomodifymodelasfollowing.
Notconverge
Increasesectionsize.
Modifyprestressingforcesintendons.
Modifythepositionoftendons.
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 8
TendonType
DefinethetendontypeandbondtypeinTendonPropertydialogbox.
Load>PrestressLoads>TendonProperty
[Fig.1.11]TendonPropertyInputDialog
1.3CalculatemomentresistanceMRd
Oncetheneutralaxisiscalculated,momentresistancecanbecalculatedbymultiplyingtheaxial
forcesandeccentricityfromtheneutralaxis.
M Rd Fc a c Fs ' a s ' Fs a s F pi a pi (1.13)
where,
ac, as, as, api : The distance from neutral axis depth, x to concrete, reinforcement rebar, tendon.
[Fig.1.12]ForcesanddistancesfromneutralaxisdepthforMRd
1.4Checkmomentresistance
M Ed M Rd (1.14)
where,
MEd : Design value of the applied internal bending moment.
MRd : Design moment resistance.
Designloadcombination
InmidasCivil,loadcombinationtobeusedinPSCdesigncanbedefinedinResults>Load
combinations>ConcreteDesigntab.Momentresistanceisverifiedwiththemostcriticalpositive
andnegativedesignmomentamongtheloadcombinationsspecifiedasStrength/Stressin
Activecolumn.
9 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Results>LoadCombinations
[Fig.1.13]LoadCombinationsInputDialog
1.5Verificationofmomentresistance
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>CheckFlexuralStrength
[Fig.1.14]Resulttableformomentresistance
Elem:Elementnumber
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement.
Positive/Negative:Positivemoment,negativemoment.
LComName:Loadcombinationname.
Type:Displaysthesetofmemberforcescorrespondingtomovingloadcaseorsettlementloadcasefor
whichthemaximumstressesareproduced.
CHK:Flexuralstrengthcheckforelement
M_Ed:Designmoment
M_Rd:Momentresistance.
M_Ed/M_Rd:Theratioofdesignmomenttomomentresistance.
Aps:Crosssectionalareaoftensiletendons.
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 10
ByExcelReport
Detaildesignresultsincludingappliedequationsanddesignparameterscanbefoundinthe
ExcelReport.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignCalculation
[Fig.1.15]Excelreportformomentresistance
11 DesignGuideformidasCivil
2.Shearresistance
Limitstateofshearresistanceshouldsatisfythecondition,VEdVRd.
Shearresistance,VRd,iscalculatedasfollows.
2.1Designstrengthofmaterial
(1)Designcompressivestrengthofconcrete.
EN199211:2004
f cd cc f ck / c (1.15) 3.1.6(1)
Usingcc=1.0forshearregardlessofinputvalue.
(2)Designyieldstrengthofreinforcement.
f yd f yk / s (1.16) EN199211:2004
3.2.7(1)
(3)Designtensilestrengthoftendon.
f pd f p 0 ,1k / s (1.17) EN199211:2004
3.3.6(6)
Refertotheclause1.1fordetailexplanationofmaterialstrength.
2.2CalculateshearresistanceVRd
[Fig.1.16]FlowcharttocalculateVRd
(1)CalculateVRd,c
[Table1.5]Shearstrengthbyconcrete,VRd,c
Flexuraltensilestress VRd,c
1
V Rd ,c C Rd , c k
100 l f ck 3 k1 cp bw d EN199211:2004
fctk,0.05/c (6.2.a),(6.2.b)
V Rd , c v min k1 cp b w d
Ibw
<fctk,0.05/c VRd ,c f ctd 2 l cp f ctd EN199211:2004
(6.4)
S
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 12
where,
VRd,c : The design shear resistance without shear reinforcement.
bw : The smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area. When the user specifies the web
thickness directly in PSC tap of Section Data dialog box, the minimum value among the specified
values will be applied. When Auto option is selected in Web Thick. Field, the program can
automatically calculate the section size and apply the minimum value.
d : The effective depth of cross-section. In midas Civil, the value of d is calculated as the maximum
value of [dp, ds, 0.85h].
dp : Distance from the centroid of tendon to the extreme fiber of cross-section
ds : Distance from the centroid of tensile rebar to the extreme fiber of cross-section
h : Height of section.
[Fig.1.17]Parameterstocalculated
fctk,0.05 : The characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete (5% fractile).
EN199211:2004
f ctk , 0.05 0 .7 f ctm (1.18)
Table3.1
fctm : The mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
[Table1.6]Meanvalueofaxialtensilestrengthofconcrete,fctm
Condition fctm
EN199211:2004
C50/60 0.3fck2/3 Table3.1
>C50/60 2.12ln(1+(fcm/10)),fcm=fck+8MPa
0.18 EN199211:2004
C Rd ,c (1.19) 6.2.2(1)
c (6.3N)
Asl
l 0.02 (1.21)
bw d
k1 0.15 (1.22)
N Ed
cp 0.2 f cd (1.23)
Ac
1/ 2
vmin 0.035k 3 / 2 f ck (1.24)
ct f ck
f ctd (1.25)
c
InmidasCivil,thevalueof lisappliedas1.0regardlessofthetendontype.
13 DesignGuideformidasCivil
(2)CalculateVRd,s
Shearresistanceofmemberswithshearreinforcementcanbecalculateddependingonthetype
ofshearreinforcement.
[Table1.7]VRd,sandVRd,max,Asw,max
Type Verticalshearreinforcement Inclinedshearreinforcement
Asw Asw EN199211:2004
VRd,s zf ywd cot zf ywd cot cot sin (6.8),(6.13)
s s (6.9),(6.14)
cwbw zv1 f cd cwbw zv1 f cd
VRd,max cot cot (6.12),(6.15)
cot tan 1 cot 2
Asw,max f ywd 1 Asw, max f ywd 1 cwv1 f cd
Asw,max cwv1 f cd
bw s 2 bw s 2 sin
where,
VRd,s : The design value the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear reinforcement.
: The angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear
force.
: The angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force.
EN199211:2004
Figure6.5
[Fig.1.18]Trussmodelandnotationforshearreinforcedmembers
Asw : The cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.
s : The spacing of stirrups.
z : Inner lever arm, z=0.9d.
fywd : The design yield strength of the shear reinforcement.
1 : Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.
[Table1.8]Strengthreductionfactorforconcretecrackedinshear,v1
fywd<0.8fywk
NationalAnnex fywd0.8fywk
fck60MPa fck60MPa
f f ck
Recommended 0.61 ck 0 .6 0 .9 0 .5 EN199211:2004
250 200 (6.10.aN),(6.10.bN)
f f
UK 0.61 ck 0 .54 1 0 .5 cos 0.84 ck (1 0.5 cos ) 0.5
250 200
f ck
f 0 .9
Italy 0.71 ck 0 .7 200 0.5
250
0.85
cw : Coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord.
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 14
[Table1.9]Coefficientcw
EN199211:2004
Condition cw (6.11.aN)~(6.11.cN)
0<cp0.25fcd 1+cp/fcd
0.25fcd<cp0.5fcd 1.25
0.5fcd<cp1.0fcd 2.5(1cp/fcd)
cp : The mean compressive stress, measured positive, in the concrete due to the design axial force.
(3)CalculateshearresistanceVRd.
Theshearresistanceofamemberwithshearreinforcement.
EN199211:2004
V Rd V Rd , s V ccd V td (1.26)
(6.1)
where,
Vccd : The design value of the shear component of the force in the compression area, in the case of an
inclined compression chord.
Vtd : The design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile reinforcement, inthe case of an
inclined tensile chord.
EN199211:2004
Figure6.2
[Fig.1.19]Shearcomponentformemberswithinclinedchords
Inmidascivil,inclinedchordisnotconsidered.Thereforetheshearresistanceiscalculatedusing
shearreinforcementonly.
V Rd V Rd , s
EN199211:2004
InregionsofthememberwhereVEdVRd,cnocalculateshearreinforcementisnecessary. 6.2.1(3)
V Rd V Rd ,c
Shearreinforcement
InmidasCivil,shearreinforcementinformationcanbedefinedinSectionManager.
When the shear rebar angle is entered as 90 degree, it is considered as vertical shear
reinforcement. For the angle other than 90 degree, it is considered as inclined shear
reinforcement.
15 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Model>Properties>SectionManager
s
Asw
[Fig.1.20]Inputshearreinforcement
Strutangleforshearresistance,
The angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the
shearforcecanbeenteredinPSCDesignParametersdialogbox.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignParameters
[Fig.1.21]Inputstrutangleforshearresistance,
Smallestwidthofthecrosssection,bw
ShearforcesarecalculatedatthepartscriticaltoshearinthePSCsection.
Theusercandirectlyentertheposition.IftheAutooptionischeckedon,theprogramchecks
shearatthetopandbottomendsofthewebs(Z1andZ3inthePSCViewerdialog).
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 16
Model>Properties>Section>PSCtab
[Fig.1.22]Inputbwforshearresistance
2.3Checkshearresistance
V Ed V Rd
where,
VEd : Design value of the applied shear force.
VRd : Design shear resistance.
Designloadcombination
InmidasCivil,loadcombinationtobeusedinPSCdesigncanbedefinedinResults>Load
combinations>ConcreteDesigntab.Shearresistanceisverifiedwiththemostcriticalminimum
andmaximumdesignshearforceamongtheloadcombinationsspecifiedasStrength/Stress
inActivecolumn.
2.4Checktheratioandspacingofshearreinforcement
Whennoshearreinforcementisrequired,minimumshearreinforcementshouldbeprovided.
Asw 0.08 f ck EN199211:2004
w w, min (1.27) (9.4),(9.5N)
sbw sin f yk
s s l , max 0 .75 d 1 cot
EN199211:2004
(1.28)
(9.6N)
17 DesignGuideformidasCivil
2.5Verificationofshearresistance
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>CheckShearStrength
[Fig.1.23]Resulttableforshearresistance
Elem:Elementnumber
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement
Max./Min.:Maximumshear,minimumshear
LCom.Name:Loadcombinationname.
Type:Displaysthesetofmemberforcescorrespondingtomovingloadcaseorsettlementloadcasefor
whichthemaximumstressesareproduced.
CHK:Shearstrengthcheckforelement
V_Ed:MaximumshearforceamongStrength/Stressloadcombinations
V_Rd:Shearresistance.
V_Rd,c:Shearresistanceofconcrete.
V_Rd,s:Shearresistanceofshearreinforcement.
V_Rd,max:MaximumV_Rd,s
V_Ed/V_Rd:Theratioofshearforcetoshearresistance.
ByExcelReport
Detail design results including applied equations and design parameters can be found in the
ExcelReport.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignCalculation
[Fig.1.24]Excelreportforshearresistance
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 18
3.TorsionResistance
Themaximumresistanceofamembersubjectedtotorsionandshearislimitedbythecapacity
oftheconcretestrut.Inordernottoexceedthisresistancethefollowingconditionshouldbe
satisfied.
T Ed V Ed EN199211:2004
1 .0 (1.29) (6.29)
T Rd , max V Rd , max
3.1Designstrengthofmaterial
(1)Designcompressivestrengthofconcrete.
f cd cc f ck / c
EN199211:2004
(1.30) 3.1.6(1)
Usingcc=1.0fortorsionregardlessofinputvalue.
(2)Designyieldstrengthofreinforcement.
f yd f yk / s (1.31) EN199211:2004
3.2.7(1)
(3)Designtensilestrengthoftendon.
f pd f p 0 ,1k / s (1.32) EN199211:2004
3.3.6(6)
Refertotheclause1.1toseethedetailexplanationofmaterialstrength.
3.2Calculatetorsionalresistance
(1)Checksectiontypefortorsion.
If the section is complex shapes, such as Tsections, it may be divided into a series of sub
sections.
[Table1.10]Sectiontypefortorsion
EN199211:2004
ClosedSectionType OpenSectionType 6.3.1(3)
subsections.
(2)Calculatethetorsionalmomentsoverthesubsections.(OnlyOpensectiontype)
I xx ,i EN199211:2004
T Ed ,i T Ed (1.33) 6.3.1(3),(5)
I xx
19 DesignGuideformidasCivil
where,
TEd,i : The torsional moments of sub-section.
Ixx : The uncracked torsional stiffness of whole section.
Ixx,i : The uncracked torsional stiffness of sub-section.
(3)Calculatethetransversereinforcementrequired.
[Fig.1.24]Ak,ukinclosedsection
(4)Calculatethelongitudinalreinforcementrequired.
A sl f yd
TEd T u
cot Asl , req Ed k cot (1.35)
EN199211:2004
(6.28)
uk 2 Ak 2 Ak f yd
where,
Asl : The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement.
uk : The perimeter of the area Ak.
Ak : The area enclosed by the centre-lines of the connecting walls, including inner hollow areas.
(5)Calculatedesigntorsionalresistancemoment.
[Fig.1.25]Notationsanddefinitionfortorsion
where,
: Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 20
[Table1.11]Strengthreductionfactorforconcretecrackedinshear,v
NationalAnnex
f EN199211:2004
Recommended 0.61 ck
250 6.2.2(6),(6.6N)
f
UK 0.61 ck
250
f
Italy 0.71 ck
250
cw : Coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord.
[Table1.12]Coefficientcw
Condition cw EN199211:2004
(6.11.aN)~(6.11.cN)
0<cp0.25fcd 1+cp/fcd
0.25fcd<cp0.5fcd 1.25
0.5fcd<cp1.0fcd 2.5(1cp/fcd)
Ak : The area enclosed by the centre-lines of the connecting walls, including inner hollow areas.
tef,i : The effective wall thickness
A EN199211:2004
t ef ,i (1.37) 6.3.2(1)
u
A : The total area of the section within the outer circumference, including inner hollow areas.
u : The outer circumference of the section.
21 DesignGuideformidasCivil
SectionTypefortorsion
In midas Civil,closedtypeandnumber of division for PSC DB sections are shown in the table
below. Closed type section has zero number of divisions since it is considered as a unified
section.
[Table1.13]Sectiontypeandsubsectionsfortorsion
SectionShape ClosedType Noofdivisions
PSC1CELL Closed
PSC2CELL Closed
PSC3CELL Closed
PSCnCELL Closed
PSCnCELL2 Closed
None Open 0
PSCMID Circle Open 3
Polygon Open 3
PSCI Open 3
None Open 2
PSCHALF Circle Open 3
Polygon Open 3
PSCTEE Open 2
Half Open 3
PSCPLAT 1Cell Closed
2Cell Closed
T1>0andHT>0 Closed
T1>0andT2>0 Open 3
PSCVALUE T1>0andT2=0,
Open 2
T1=0andT2>0
T1=0andT2=0 Open 0
PSCCMPWEB Closed
PSCSectionType
[Fig.1.26]PSCsectiontypelistinprogram
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 22
Subtypeofeachsectiontype.
[Fig.1.28]Subtypeofsection
Parametersfortorsion
In midas Civil, when calculating Ak and uk, section area and perimeter of closed section are
calculatedbasedonthecoverthicknessenteredinSectionManager.Inordertocalculatethem
based onthecenter lineasspecified inEurocode, enterthecover thickness value as section
thickness*.
Transverseandlongitudinalreinforcementfortorsioncanalsobedefined.
23 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Model>Properties>SectionManager>Reinforcements
st
Ast
Asl
Coverthickness
forAk,uk.
(atCenterline)
[Fig.1.29]SectionManagerDialog
3.3Checktorsionalmomentresistance
T Ed V Ed
1 .0 (1.39)
T Rd , max V Rd , max
where,
TEd : The design torsional moment.
VEd : The design transverse force.
TRd,max : The design torsional resistance moment.
VRd,max : The maximum design shear resistance.
Designloadcombination
In midas Civil, load combination to be used in PSC design can be defined in Results>Load
combinations>Concrete Design tab. Torsional resistance is verified with the most critical
minimum and maximum design torsional force among the load combinations specified as
Strength/StressinActivecolumn.
3.4Checkreinforcement
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 24
3.5Verifytorsionalresistance
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>CheckCombinedShearandTorsionStrength
[Fig.1.30]Resulttablefortorsionresistance
Elem:Elementnumber
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement
Max./Min.:Maximumtorsion/shear,minimumtorsion/shear
LComName:Loadcombinationname.
Type:Displaysthesetofmemberforcescorrespondingtomovingloadcaseorsettlementloadcasefor
whichthemaximumstressesareproduced.
CHK:Shearandtorsionstrengthcheckforelement
T_Ed:MaximumtorsionalmomentamongStrength/Stressloadcombinations
T_Rd,max:Designtorsionalresistancemoment.
V_Ed:MaximumshearforceamongStrength/Stressloadcombinations
V_Rd,max:Themaximumshearresistanceofthesection.
Ratio:TheratioTEd/TRd,max+VEd/VRd,max
ByExcelReport
Detail design results including applied equations and design parameters can be found in the
ExcelReport.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignCalculation
[Fig.1.31]Excelreportfortorsionresistance
25 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922
ServiceabilityLimitStates
1.Stressforcrosssectionataconstructionstage
Forstressverificationintheconstructionstage,thefollowingconditionshouldbesatisfied.
The most critical compressive stress during the construction stage Allowable compressive
stressofconcretebeforelosses:cca
The most critical tensile stress during the construction stage Allowable tensile stress of
concretebeforelosses:tta
1.1Allowablestressofconcrete
(1)Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete
[Table1.14]Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete,ca
TendonType EN199211:2004
ca 3.1.2(5)
Posttension k1fck(t)
Pretension k6fck(t)
where,
k1, k6 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficients of k1 and k6 will be applied as
the user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, the values in Table 1.15 will be
applied.
[Table1.15]Coefficientk1,k6
NationalAnnex k1 k6
Recommended 0.6 0.7
UK 0.6 0.7
Italy 0.65 0.65
[Table1.16]Concretecompressivestrengthatt,fck(t)
EN199211:2004
Condition fck(t)
Table3.1
3<t<28days fcm(t)8MPa
t28days fck
EN199211:2004
f cm (t ) cc (t ) f cm (1.43)
(3.1)
EN199211:2004)
f cm f ck 8MPa (1.44) Table3.1
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 26
28
1/ 2
EN199211:2004
cc (t ) exp s 1 (1.45)
(3.2)
t
where,
fctm(t) : The mean concrete tensile strength of concrete at an age of t days.
f ctm (t ) cc (t ) f ctm (1.46)
EN199211:2004
(3.4)
[Table1.19]Meanvalueofaxialtensilestrength,fctm
Condition fctm EN199211:2004
Table3.1
C50/60 0.30fck2/3
>C50/60 2.12ln(1+(fcm/10))
[Fig.1.32]InputCementClass
Coefficientk1,k6forConcrete
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignParameters>ModifyDesignParameters
[Fig.1.33]Inputcoefficientk1,k6forstresslimitation
Ageofconcrete
Ageofconcrete,t,willbeappliedasthedayinthedurationfieldinComposeConstruction
Stagedialogbox.
Loads>ConstructionStageAnalysisData>DefineConstructionStage>ComposeConstruction
Stage
[Fig.1.34]Inputageofconcrete
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 28
1.2Checkstressforcrosssectionataconstructionstage
c ca , t ta (1.47)
1.3Verificationofstressforcrosssectionataconstructionstage
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checkstressforcrosssectionataconstruction
stage
[Fig.1.35]Resulttableforstressataconstructionstage
Elem:Elementnumber
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress
Stage:Constructionstageatwhichstressesaremaximumatthecorrespondingsection.
CHK:Combinedstresscheckforconstructionstages
FT:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatTopfiber
FB:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatBottomfiber
FTL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopLeftfiber
FBL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomLeftfiber
FTR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopRightfiber
FBR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomRightfiber
FMAX:Maximumcombinedstressoutoftheabovesixcomponents.
ALW:Allowablestressofcrosssectionatconstructionstage.
29 DesignGuideformidasCivil
2.Stressforcrosssectionatserviceloads
Stressduetoserviceloadcombinationsafterlossesshouldsatisfythefollowingconditions:
MaximumcompressivestressofconcreteafterlossesAllowablecompressivestressof
concrete:cca
MaximumtensilestressofconcreteafterlossesAllowabletensilestressofconcrete:tta
2.1Allowablestressofconcrete
(1)Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete
[Table1.21]Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete,ca
TendonType ca
Posttension k1fck
Pretension k6fck
(2)Allowabletensilestressofconcrete
[Table1.22]Allowabletensilestressofconcrete,ta
TendonType ta
Posttension k1fctm
Pretension k1fctm
Refertotheclause1.1forthedetailedexplanation.
2.2Checkstressforcrosssectionataserviceloads
c ca , t ta (1.48)
2.3Verificationofstressforcrosssectionataserviceloads
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checkstressforcrosssectionatserviceloads
[Fig.1.36]Resulttableforstressataserviceloads
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress
Type:Displaysthesetofmemberforcescorrespondingtomovingloadcaseorsettlementload
caseforwhichthemaximumstressesareproduced
FT:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatTopfiber
FB:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatBottomfiber
FTL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopLeftfiber
FBL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomLeftfiber
FTR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopRightfiber
FBR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomRightfiber
FMAX:Maximumcombinedstressoutoftheabovesixcomponents.
ALW:Allowablestressinconcreteatservicelimitstate.
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 30
3.TensilestressforPrestressingtendons
Verifytheinducedstressandallowablestressoftendonbytendongroups.
Beforelosses,tendonstressattheanchorrightaftergroutingAllowablestress
Afterimmediatelosses,maximumtendonstressAllowablestress
Afteralllosses,maximumtendonstressAllowablestress
3.1Allowablestressoftendon
(1)Allowablestressintendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetatanchorages
EN199211:2004
p ,max
min k1 f pk , k2 f p 0.1k (1.49)
5.10.2.1(1)
where,
k1, k2 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficients of k1 and k2 will be applied as the
user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, the values in Table 1.23 will be applied.
[Table1.23]Coefficientk1,k2
NationalAnnex k1 k2
Recommended 0.8 0.9
UK 0.8 0.9
Italy 0.8 0.9
where,
k7, k8 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficients of k7 and k8 will be applied as the
user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, the values in Table 1.24 will be applied.
[Table1.24]Coefficientk7,k8
NationalAnnex k7 k8
Recommended 0.75 0.85
UK 0.75 0.85
Italy 0.75 0.85
31 DesignGuideformidasCivil
[Table1.25]Coefficientk5
NationalAnnex k5
Recommended 0.75
UK 0.75
Italy 0.6
Coefficientfortendons
Parameters used in calculating tendon stress can be defined in PSC Design Parameters dialog
box.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignParameters>ModifyDesignParameters
[Fig.1.37]InputcoefficientofprestressingsteelinSLS
Strengthoftendon
Load>PrestressLoads>TendonProperty
TendonstrengthcanbeenteredinTendonPropertiesdialogbox.
fpk
fp0,1k
[Fig.1.38]Inputtendonstrength,fpk,fp0,1k
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 32
3.2Checktensilestressforprestressingtendons
(1)Posttensiontendon
Stressintendonatanchoragesmin[k1fpk,k2fp0.1k]
Maximumtressintendonalongthelengthofthememberawayfromanchorages
min[k7fpk,k8fp0.1k]
Maximumstressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage k5fpk
(2)Pretensiontendon
Stressintendonmin[k1fpk,k2fp0.1k]
Stressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage k5fpk
3.3Verificationofstressforcrosssectionataserviceloads
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checktensilestressforprestressingtendons
[Fig.1.39]Resulttablefortensilestressforprestressingtendons
Tendon:Tendonprofilename.
ForPosttensioned:
FDL1:Stressintendonatanchorages.
FDL2:Maximumstressintendonalongthelengthofthememberawayfromanchorages,
immediatelyafteranchorset.
FLL1:Maximumstressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage.
AFDL1:Allowablestressintendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetatanchorages.
AFDL2:Allowablestressintendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetelsewhere.
AFLL1:Allowablestressintendonatservicelimitstateafterlosses.
ForPretensioned:
FDL1:Stressintendon.
FDL2:
FLL1:Maximumstressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage.
AFDL1:Allowablestressintendonpriortotransfer.
AFDL2:
AFLL1:Allowablestressintendonatservicelimitstateafterlosses.
33 DesignGuideformidasCivil
4.Principalstressataconstructionstage
Verify the principal stress during the construction stage at the stress verification point 1~10
definedinSectionManagerdialogbox.
MaximumprincipalstressduringtheconstructionstageAllowablestress
4.1Allowabletensilestress
ca k t f ctm (t ) (1.52)
where,
kt = If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of kt will be applied as the user defined
value. However, if the option is checked off, 0.6 will be applied.
fctm(t) : The mean compressive strength at an age of t days. Refer to the clause 1.1 for the calculation of
fctm(t).
4.2Maximumprincipalstress
Maximum principal stress during the construction stage can be calculated as the following
equation.
1 2
x z x z 4 s t p
2
(1.53)
2
ps
where,
x : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
z : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
s : Shear stress due to shear.
t : Shear stress due to torsion.
p : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
BeamstressesofPSC
Stresscomponenttocalculatethemaximumprincipalstresscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Results>ResultTables>Beam>Stress(PSC)
[Fig.1.40]Resulttableforbeamstress
Sigxx(Axial):Axialstressduetotheaxialforce(Fx)intheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momenty):StressduetoMy(momentabouttheECSyaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momentz):StressduetoMz(momentabouttheECSzaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Bar):AxialstressduetoshearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Summation):SumoftheaxialstressintheECSxdirectionandtheaxialstressdueto
shearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigzz:StressintheECSzdirection
Sigxz(shear):Sumofshearstressesduetoshearforceandshearsteelbars
Sigxz(torsion):Shearstressduetotorsion
Sigxz(bar):Shearstressduetoshearsteelbars
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 34
SigIs(shear):Diagonalstressduetoshearforce
SigIs(shear+torsion):Diagonalstressduetotorsionandshearforce
SigPs(Max):Maximumprincipalstress
SigPs(Min):Minimumprincipalstress
4.3Checkprincipalstressataconstructionstage
ps ta kt f ctm (t ) (1.54)
4.4Verificationofprincipalstressataconstructionstage
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Principalstressataconstructionstage
[Fig.1.41]Resulttableforprincipalstressataconstructionstage
Elem:Elementnumber.
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement.
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress.
Stage:Constructionstage.
CHK:Principalstresscheckforconstructionstages.
Sig_P1:PrincipalStressatthelefttopoftopflange.
Sig_P2:PrincipalStressattherighttopoftopflange.
Sig_P3:PrincipalStressattherightbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P4:PrincipalStressattheleftbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P5:PrincipalStressatthetopofleftweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P6:PrincipalStressatthetopofrightweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P7:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinleftweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P8:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinrightweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P9:PrincipalStressatthebottomofleftweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_P10:PrincipalStressatthebottomofrightweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_MAX:ThemaximumPrincipalstressamongP1P10.
Sig_AP:Allowableprincipalstressatneutralaxisintheweb.
35 DesignGuideformidasCivil
5.Principalstressatserviceloads
Verify the principal tensile stress at the stress verification point 1~10 defined in Section
Managerdialogbox.
MaximumprincipalstressundertheserviceabilityloadcombinationAllowablestress
5.1Allowabletensilestress
ca kt f ctm (1.55)
where,
kt : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of kt will be applied as the user defined
value. However, if the option is checked off, 0.6 will be applied.
fctm : The mean compressive strength at 28 days. Refer to the clause 1.1 for the calculation of fctm
5.2Maximumprincipalstress
Themaximumprincipalstressattheservicestatecanbecalculatedasthefollowingequation.
1 2
ps 2 x z x z 4 s t p
2
(1.56)
where,
x : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
z : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
s : Shear stress due to shear.
t : Shear stress due to torsion.
p : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
BeamstressesofPSC
Stresscomponentstocalculatethemaximumprincipalstresscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Results>ResultTables>Beam>Stress(PSC)
[Fig.1.42]Resulttableforbeamstress
Sigxx(Axial):Axialstressduetotheaxialforce(Fx)intheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momenty):StressduetoMy(momentabouttheECSyaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momentz):StressduetoMz(momentabouttheECSzaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Bar):AxialstressduetoshearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Summation):SumoftheaxialstressintheECSxdirectionandtheaxialstressdueto
shearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigzz:StressintheECSzdirection
Sigxz(shear):Sumofshearstressesduetoshearforceandshearsteelbars
Sigxz(torsion):Shearstressduetotorsion
Sigxz(bar):Shearstressduetoshearsteelbars
SigIs(shear):Diagonalstressduetoshearforce
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 36
SigIs(shear+torsion):Diagonalstressduetotorsionandshearforce
SigPs(Max):Maximumprincipalstress
SigPs(Min):Minimumprincipalstress
5.3Checkprincipalstressataserviceloads
ps ta kt f ctm (1.57)
5.4Verificationofprincipalstressataserviceloads
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Principalstressataserviceloads
[Fig.1.43]Resulttableforprincipalstressataserviceloads
Elem:Elementnumber.
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement.
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress.
LCom.Name:Loadcombinationname.
Type : Displays the set of member forces corresponding to moving load case or settlement
loadcaseforwhichthemaximumstressesareproduced
CHK:Principalstresscheckforserviceloadsatmaximumshearforce.
Sig_P1:PrincipalStressatthelefttopoftopflange.
Sig_P2:PrincipalStressattherighttopoftopflange.
Sig_P3:PrincipalStressattherightbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P4:PrincipalStressattheleftbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P5:PrincipalStressatthetopofleftweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P6:PrincipalStressatthetopofrightweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P7:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinleftweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P8:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinrightweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P9:PrincipalStressatthebottomofleftweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_P10:PrincipalStressatthebottomofrightweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_MAX:ThemaximumPrincipalstressamongP1P10.
Sig_AP:Allowableprincipalstressatneutralaxisintheweb.
37 DesignGuideformidasCivil
6.Checkcrackwidth
Crackingshallbelimitedtosatisfythefollowingcondition.
Crackwidth,wkCrackwidthlimit,wmax
6.1Calculatecrackwidths
(1)Determinesmcm
f ct ,eff
s kt
p ,eff
1
e p ,eff
s
EN199211:2004
(7.9)
sm cm Es
0.6
Es
(1.58)
where,
sm : The mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant combination of loads, including the effect of
imposed deformations and taking into account the effects of tensile stiffening.
cm : The mean strain in the concrete between cracks.
s : The stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section.
e : The ratio of Es/Ecm.
Es : The design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel.
Ecm : The secant modulus of elasticity of concrete.
EN199211:2004
f ct ,eff f ctm (1.59) (7.10)
As 12 Ap '
p ,eff Ac ,eff (1.60)
hx h EN199211:2004
hc ,ef min 2.5 h d , 3
,
2
(1.61) 7.3.2(3)
EN199211:2004
Figure7.1
[Fig.1.44]Effectivetensionarea(typicalcases)
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 38
s
(1.62)
p
1
Ifonlyprestressingsteelisusedtocontrolcracking,1=
:theratioofbondstrengthofprestressingandreinforcingsteel.
[Table1.26]Ratioofbondstrength,
EN199211:2004
Table6.2
PrestressingSteel Bonded,posttensioned
Pretensioned
C50/60 C70/80
Smoothbarsandwires Notapplicable 0.3 0.15
Strands 0.6 0.5 0.25
Indentedwires 0.7 0.6 0.3
Ribbedbars 0.7 0.35
[Table1.27]Factork
Condition kt
EN199211:2004
Shorttermloading 0.6 7.3.4(2)
Longtermloading 0.4
DefinitionofShortandLongtermloads
[Table1.28]Definitionofdurationoftheload
Condition Description
Longtermloading Loadcombinationcomposedoflongtermloadcasesonly
Shorttermloading Loadcombinationsotherthanlongtermloadcombination
Whentheuserdoesnotdefinethelongtermorshorttermloadcase,itwillbeclassifiedas
showninthefollowingtable.
[Table1.29]Classificationfordurationoftheload
Durationoftheload Description
Followingstaticloadcase
D:DeadLoad
DC:DeadLoadofComponentandAttachments.
Longtermloadcase
DW:DeadLoadofWearingSurfacesandUtilities.
L:LiveLoad.
LR:RoofLiveLoad.
Shorttermloadcase Loadcasesotherthanlongtermloadcases
39 DesignGuideformidasCivil
(2)Determinesr,max
Themaximumcrackspacing,sr,maxiscalculatedasshowninthetablebelow.
[Table1.30]Maximumcrackspacing,sr,max
Condition sr,max
EN199211:2004
k1k 2 k4
Spacing5(c+/2) k 3c (7.12)
p , eff
EN199211:2004
Spacing>5(c+/2)or
1.3h x (7.14)
Nobondedreinforcement
EN199211:2004
Figure7.2
[Fig.1.45]Crackwidth,w,atconcretesurfacerelativetodistancefrombar
where,
: The bar diameter. Where a mixture of bar diameters is used in a section, an equivalent diameter, eq,
should be used.
Forasectionwithn1barsofdiameter1andn2barsofdiameter2.
n112 n222
eq n n (1.63)
1 1 2 2
k3, k4 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of k3 and k4 will be applied as the
user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, it will be applied as the following value.
k3 = 3.4
k4 = 0.425
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 40
(3)Calculatethedesigncrackwidth,wk
wk sr ,max sm cm
EN199211:2004
(1.64)
(7.8)
Coefficientk3,k4forcrack
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignParameters
[Fig.1.46]Inputcoefficientk3,k4forcrack
Prestressingsteeltypefor
InmidasCivil,thefollowingprestressingsteeltypesareavailable.
[Table1.33]Prestressingsteeltypesupportedinprogram
PrestressingSteel Description
Smoothbarsandwires OtherthanStrands
Whenthematerialpropertiesoftendonisspecified
asfollows:
Strands
Standard=EN05(S)
DB=Y1670Series,Y1770Series,Y1860Series
Load>PrestressLoads>TendonProperty
[Fig.1.47]Definematerialoftendon
41 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Model>Properties>Material
[Fig.1.48]SteelmateriallistofEN05(S)standard
Durationofload(Short/Longterm)
Design>CommonParameter>Short/LongtermLoadCase
[Fig.1.49]Defineshort/longtermloadcase
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 42
6.2Getalimitingcalculatedcrackwidth,wmax
(1)Recommendedvaluesofwmax(mm)
[Table1.34]Limitingcrackwidth,wmax
Exposure Unbonded Bonded EN199211:2004
Others Table7.1N
Class Quasi Frequent Quasi Frequent
X0 Not Not Not
0.3 0.2
XC1 Checked Check Check
XC2 0.0
Not
XC3 (Decom 0.2
Checked
XC4 Pression)
Not
0.3
XD1 Checked
Not Decom Not
XD2
Check pression Checked
XD3
XS1 0.0
Not Not Not
XS2 0.3 (Decom
Checked Checked Checked
XS3 pression)
XF1*
XF2*
XF3*
Not Not Not
XF4* 0.3 0.3
Checked Checked Checked
XA1*
XA2*
XA3*
(*)InmidasCivil,thelimitvalueofFreeze/Thawattackclass(XF1~XF4)andChemicalattack
class(XA1~XA3)isappliedas0.3mm.
ExposureClass
Exposureclasscanbedefinedbymembersinthefollowingdialogbox.
Design>PSCDesign>ExposureClass
[Fig.1.50]Defineexposureclassforcrack
43 DesignGuideformidasCivil
6.3Checkcrackwidthatserviceloads
wk wmax (1.65)
6.4Verificationofcrackwidthatserviceloads
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checkcrackwidthatserviceloads
[Fig.1.51]Resulttableforcrackwidthatserviceloads
Elem:Elementnumber
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement
Top/Bottom:Attopofelement,atbottomofelement
LCom.Name:Loadcombinationname.
ServiceabilityLoadType:Frequent/QuasiStatic
Type:producemaximumandminimummemberforcecomponentsfortheloadcombinations
includingmovingloadcasesorsettlementloadcases.
Check:OK/NG
M_Ed:MaximumMomentintheSection.
Sig_T:Stressatthetop.
Sig_B:Stressatthebottom.
wk:Crackwidth
wmax:Allowablecracklimit
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 44
Chapter 2.
Composite
Steel Box
Girder Design
EN 1994-2
Chapter 2.
Composite Steel Box Girder Design (EN 1994-2)
Composite steel box girder needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.
Resistance to Fatigue
UltimateLimitStates
1.Bendingresistance
LimitstateofBendingResistancewillsatisfythecondition,MEdMRd.
Momentresistance,MRd,shallbecalculatedasfollows:
1.1Designvaluesofmaterial
(1)Partialfactorsformaterials
Partialfactorformaterialsconsideredinultimatelimitstatesareshowninthetablebelow.
InmidasCivil,partialfactorformaterialscanbespecifiedbytheuserinDesignParameter
dialogbox.ThedefaultvaluesaredeterminedasbelowasperEurocode4.
[Table2.1]Partialfactorformaterials
EN19942:2005
Materials Condition PartialFactor 2.4.1.2
Persistent&Transient c=1.5
Concrete
Accidental c=1.2
Persistent&Transient s=1.15
Reinforcingsteel
Accidental s=1.0
Crosssections M0=1.0
Structuralsteel
Memberstoinstabilityassessed M1=1.0
Shearconnection memberstoinstability V=1.25
Fatigueverification Strength Mf=1.0
ofheadedstuds Strengthofstudsinshear Mf,s=1.0
(2)Designcompressivestrengthofconcrete.
f cd f ck / c (2.1) EN19942:2005
(2.1)
where,
fck : The characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days.
c : The partial safety factor for concrete.
(3)Designyieldstrengthofsteelreinforcement.
f sd f sk / s (2.2)
where,
fsk : The characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
s : The partial factor for reinforcing steel.
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 46
(4)Designyieldstrengthofstructuralsteel.
f yd f y / M 0 (2.3)
where,
fy : The nominal value of the yield strength of structural steel.
M0 : The partial factor for structural steel applied to resistance of cross-sections.
Thenominalvaluesoftheyieldstrengthfyandtheultimatestrengthfuforstructuralsteel
shallbeobtainedbyusingthesimplificationgiveninFig.2.1.
EN199311:2005
Table3.1
[Fig.2.1]Nominalvaluesofyieldstrengthfyandultimatetensilestrengthfu
Partialsafetyfactor
Parametersrelatedtothematerialsuchaspartialfactors,damageequivalencefactors,and
shear resistance reduction factor can be defined in Composite Steel Girder Design
Parameters dialogbox.
Thedefaultvaluesofpartialfactorsaredefinedas 1.0.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignParameters
[Fig.2.2]DesignParametersDialog
47 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Designstrengthofmaterials
Design strength of concrete, reinforcement, and steel can be defined in Modify SRC
Materialdialogbox.
In Steel Design Selection field, when Code is entered as EN05, Fy1 is tensile strength of
thesteelforwhichthethicknessislessorequalto40mmandFy2istensilestrengthofthe
steelforwhichthethicknessislargerthan40mm.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignMaterial
[Fig.2.3]Compositesteelgirderdesignmaterial
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 48
1.2Classificationofcrosssection
The classification system defined in EN199311:2005, 5.5.2 applies to crosssections of
compositebeams.
[Table2.2]Classesofcrosssections
EN199311:2005
Class Definedas 5.5.2
whichcanformaplastichingewiththerotationcapacityrequiredfrom
1
plasticanalysiswithoutreductionoftheresistance
whichcandeveloptheirplasticmomentresistance,buthavelimited
2
rotationcapacitybecauseoflocalbuckling
inwhichthestressintheextremecompressionfibreofthesteelmember
assuminganelasticdistributionofstressescanreachtheyieldstrength,
3
butlocalbucklingisliabletopreventdevelopmentoftheplasticmoment
resistance
inwhichlocalbucklingwilloccurbeforetheattainmentofyieldstress
4
inoneormorepartsofthecrosssection
(1) The classification of a crosssection depends on the width to thickness ratio of the parts
subjecttocompression.
ClassificationofClassinflange
Classofflangecanbeclassifieddependingonthepositiveandnegativemoment.
[Table2.3]Classofcompressionflange
Moment Position Classofcompressionflange
Asteelcompressionflangethatisrestrainedfrombucklingby
Top
Positive effectiveattachmenttoaconcreteflangebyshearconnectors
Flange
maybeassumedtobeinClass1.
CompositeI:CheckforoutstandflangesinFig.2.4.
Bottom CompositeBox : Check for outstand flanges and internal
Negative
Flange compressionpartinFig.2.5.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.2.4]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsOutstand
49 DesignGuideformidasCivil
ClassificationofClassinweb:CheckforinternalcompressionpartinFig. 2.5.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.2.5]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsInternal
(2)Classificationofacrosssection:Acrosssectionisclassifiedaccordingtothehighest(least EN199311:2005
favorable)classofitscompressionpartsasfollows. 5.5.2(6)
[Table2.4]Classofsectionaccordingtoclassofcompressionparts
ClassofFlange
ClassofSection
1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4
Classof 2 1 2 3 4
Web
3 3 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4
*:CrosssectionswithwebsinClass3andflangesinClass1or2maybetreatedasan
effectivecrosssectionsinClass2withaneffectivewebinaccordancewithEN199311:2005, EN199311:2005
5.5.2(11)
6.2.2.4.(Thisclauseisappliedtoboxgirder.)
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 50
1.3Calculateplasticbendingresistance,Mpl,Rd.
Forpositivemoment:Compressiverebarinthedeckwillbeignored.
Fornegativemoment:Concreteareaofdeckwillbeneglectedandonlythetensilerebarin
thedeckwillbeconsidered.
EN199311:2005
Figure6.2
[Fig.2.6]Plasticstressdistributionsforacompositebeam
1.4Calculateelasticbendingresistance,Mel,Rd
Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed (2.4)
[Fig.2.7]CalculationofMel,Rd
where,
Ma,Ed : The design bending moment applied to structural steel section before composite behavior.
Bending moment obtained during the construction stage analysis is used in midas Civil.
Mc,Ed : The part of design bending moment acting on the composite section. Bending moment obtained
from the final construction stage is used in midas Civil.
k : The lowest factor such that a stress limit in EN1994-2:2005, 6.2.1.5(2) is reached. In midas Civil,
the value of k is calculated as below.
[Table2.5]Calculationofk
Type ForPositiveMoment ForNegativeMoment
f yd M a , Ed ( z a / I y ,a ) f yd M a , Ed ( z a / I y ,a )
SteelGirder ka ka
M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c ) M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c )
f cd
Slab kc
M c, Ed ( z c ,slab / I y ,c,slab )
f sd
Reinforcement ks
M c , Ed ( z c ,bar / I y ,c ,bar )
k min[ka,kc] min[ka,ks]
51 DesignGuideformidasCivil
1.5CalculateeffectivecrosssectionforClass4section
(1)Calculateeffectivecrosssection
For crosssections in Class4, the effective structural steel section should be determined in
accordancewithEN199315,4.3.
InmidasCivil,theeffectofsharelagisnotconsideredinthecalculationofeffectivearea.Only
theplatebucklingeffectisconsidered.
TheeffectiveareaAeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionissubjectonlyto
stressesduetouniformaxialcompression.
EN199315:2006
Figure4.1
[Fig.2.8]Class4crosssectionsaxialforce
TheeffectivesectionmodulusWeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionis
subjectonlytobendingstresses.
EN199315:2006
Figure4.2
[Fig.2.9]Class4crosssectionsbendingmoment
Thecalculationofeffectiveareadependingonthelongitudinalstiffenerwillbeexplainedinthe
clause1.6and1.7inthismanual.
(2)Considerationofadditionalmomentduetotheeccentricityofgravitycenterbetweenthe
grossareaandtheeffectivearea
In case of the section with Class 4 classification under the compressive force, the additional EN199311:2005
momentduetothedifferentgravitycenterbetweengrossareaandeffectiveareaistakeninto 6.2.2.5(4)
accountinthedesignmoment.
M Ed NEdeN NEd Cz,c Cz,c,eff (2.5)
where,
eN : Eccentricity between the gross area and effective area
Cz,c : Gravity center of the gross area
Cz,c,eff : Gravity center of the effective area
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 52
1.6Plateelementswithoutlongitudinalstiffeners
TheeffectiveareasofflatcompressionelementsshouldbeobtainedusingTable2.7forinternal EN199315:2006
elementsandTable2.8foroutstandelements.Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneof 4.4
plateshouldbeobtainedfrom:
Ac,eff Ac (2.6)
where,
Ac,eff : The effective cross sectional area.
Ac : The gross cross sectional area.
: The reduction factor for plate buckling.
(1)Effectivewidthbeff
Refer to thefollowing table and figure to see thedefinition of internal element and outstand
elementinmidasCivil.
[Table2.6]Definitionofinternalandoutstandelement
Type Shape Definedas
Internal I Web
element Box Web/Flangesbetweenweb
I Flange
Outstand
element Box Outstandflangewhichistheoutsideofwebs
[Fig.2.10]Internalandoutstandelement
Forinternalcompressionelements
[Table2.7]Internalcompressionelements
EN199315:2006
Table4.1
53 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Foroutstandcompressionelements
[Table2.8]Outstandcompressionelements
EN199315:2006
Table4.2
(2)Reductionfactor
[Table2.9]Calculationofreductionfactor
Type Condition
p 0.673 1.0
Internal EN199315:2006
p 0.673 p 0.0553 4.4(2)
element 2
1.0
where, 3 0 p
p 0.748 1.0
Outstand
p 0.188
element p 0.748 2
1.0
p
where,
f bt
p 28.4 k
y
(2.7)
cr
b : The appropriate width to be taken as follow.
bs : For webs
b : For internal flange elements.
c : For outstand flanges.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.2.11]Dimensionofoutstandflanges
: The stress ratio.
k : The buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio and boundary conditions.
t : The thickness.
cr : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.
235
(2.8)
f y N mm2
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 54
1.7Stiffenedplateelementswithlongitudinalstiffeners
The effective section area of each subpanel should be determined by a reduction factor in EN199315:2006
accordancewith1.6toaccountforlocalbuckling.Thestiffenedplatewitheffectivesectionarea 4.5
forthestiffenersshouldbecheckedforglobalplatebucklingandareductionfactorshouldbe
determinedforoverallplatebuckling.
Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneofthestiffenedplateshouldbetakenas:
Ac,eff c Ac,eff ,loc bedge, off t (2.9)
EN199315:2006
55 DesignGuideformidasCivil
where,
I sl ,1b12b22
ac 4.334 (2.12)
t3b
Asl,1 : The gross area of the column.
Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the gross cross-section of the column.
b1, b2 : The distances from the longitudinal edges of the web to the stiffener.
EN199315:2006
FigureA.2
[Fig.2.13]Notationsforawebplatewithsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone
withtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone
cr,pshouldbetakenasthelowestofthosecomputedforthe3casesusingequation(2.13)
withb1=b1*,b2=b2*,b=B*.Thestiffenersintensionzoneshouldbeignored.
cr , p min cr , sl , I , cr , sl , II , cr , sl ,lumped (2.13) EN199315:2006
A.2.1(7)
EN199315:2006
FigureA.3
[Fig.2.14]Notationsforplatewithtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone
Itisassumedthatoneofstiffenersbuckleswhiletheotheroneactsasarigidsupport.
Bucklingofboththestiffenerssimultaneouslyisaccountedforbyconsideringasinglelumped
stiffenerthatissubstitutedforbothindividualonessuchthat:
(a)itscrosssectionalareaanditssecondmomentofareaIstarerespectivelythesumoffor
theindividualstiffeners.
(b)itispositionedatthelocationoftheresultantoftherespectiveforcesintheindividual
stiffeners.
withatleastthreestiffenersinthecompressionzone
cr, p k , p E
(2.14)
EN199315:2006
A.1(2)
where,
2Et2
E (2.15)
12(1 2 )b2
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 56
k,p : The buckling coefficient.
b is defined in Fig. 2.15.
t : The thickness of the plate.
E : The modulus of elasticity of structural steel.
: The poissons ratio
EN199315:2006
FigureA.1
[Fig.2.15]Notationsforlongitudinallystiffenedplates(1)
k,pmaybeapproximatedasshowninthefollowingtable.
[Table2.11]Calculationofk,p
EN199315:2006
Condition k,p (A.2)
2 1 2 1
2
4
2 11
4
4 1
11
where,
2
0.5 (2.16)
1
I sl
(2.17)
Ip
Asl
(2.18)
Ap
a
0 .5 (2.19)
b
Isl : The sum of the second moment of area of the whole stiffened plate.
Asl : The sum of the gross area of the individual longitudinal stiffener.
Ip : The second moment of area for bending of the plate.
bt 3
Ip (2.20)
12(1 2 )
Ap : The gross area of the plate = bt.
1 : The larger edge stress.
2 : The smaller edge stress.
a, b, t : As defined in Fig. 2.16.
57 DesignGuideformidasCivil
EN199315:2006
FigureA.1
[Fig.2.16]Notationsforlongitudinallystiffenedplates(2)
(3)Platetypebehavior.
Therelativeplateslenderness p oftheequivalentplate
A, c f y
p (2.21) EN199315:2006
cr , p
4.5.2(1)
where,
Ac , eff ,loc
A, c (2.22)
Ac
Ac : The gross area of the compression zone of the stiffened plate except the parts of subpanels
supported by an adjacent plate.
Ac,eff,loc : The effective area of the same part of the plate with due allowance made for possible plate
buckling of subpanels and/or of stiffened panels.
Thereductionfactor
[Table2.12]Calculationof
EN199315:2006
Element Condition 4.4(2)
p 0.673 1.0
Internal
p 0.673 p 0.0553
element 2
1.0
where, 3 0 p
p 0.748 1.0
Outstand
p 0.188
element p 0.748 2
1.0
p
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 58
(4)Columntypebehavior.
Theelasticcriticalcolumnbucklingstresscr,c
EN199315:2006
2 Et 2
(a)Unstiffenedplate: cr ,c (2.23) 4.5.3(2),(3)
12(1 2 )a 2
bc
(b)Stiffenedplate: cr ,c cr , sl (2.24)
bsl ,1
where,
a : Length of a stiffened or unstiffened plate.
2 EI sl ,1
cr ,sl (2.25)
Asl ,1a2
Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the stiffener, relative to out-of-plane bending of the plate.
Asl,1: The gross cross-sectional area of the stiffener and the adjacent parts of the plate.
Therelativecolumnslenderness c
p 0.673
(a)Unstiffenedplate: (2.26)
A, c f y EN199315:2006
(b)Stiffenedplate: c (2.27)
cr , c 4.5.3(4)
where,
Asl ,1, eff
A, c (2.28)
Asl ,1
Asl,1,eff : The effective cross-sectional area of the stiffener with due allowance for plate buckling.
Thereductionfactorc
1 EN199311:2005
c 1 .0
2 (2.29) 6.3.1.2
c 2
0.51 c 0.2 c
2
(a)Unstiffenedplate: (2.30)
where, = 0.21
(b)Stiffenedplate:
0.51 e c 0.2 c
2
(2.31)
where,
0.09 EN199315:2006
e (2.32) 4.5.3(5)
i/e
I sl ,1
i (2.33)
Asl ,1
e = max(e1, e2) is the largest distance from the respective centroids of the plating and the one-sided
stiffener (or of the centroids of either set of stiffeners when present on both sides) to the neutral axis of
the column.
= 0.34 (for closed section stiffener), 0.49 (for open section stiffener)
59 DesignGuideformidasCivil
(5)Finalreductionfactorc frominteractionbetweenplateandcolumnbuckling.
c c 2 c
(2.34)
EN199315:2006
4.5.4(1)
where,
cr, p
1 (2.35)
cr,c 0 1 .0
,
cr,p : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.
cr,c : The elastic critical column buckling stress.
c : The reduction factor due to column buckling.
Longitudinalstiffener
Longitudinalstiffenersofboxgirderneedtobeenteredbysectionproperties.Flat,Tee,URib
typestiffenercanbedefined.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>LongitudinalStiffener
[Fig.2.17]SectionManager,LongitudinalstiffenerDialog
1.8Calculatebendingresistance,MRd
Bendingresistance,MRd,canbecalculatedasfollowsbasedonitsclass.
Class1or2crosssectionscanbecheckedbyusingtheplasticorelasticbendingresistance.
Class3crosssectionsarecheckedwiththeelasticbendingresistance,orpossiblyreclassifiedas
effectiveClass2crosssectionandthencheckedwiththeplasticbendingresistance.
Class 4 crosssections are also checked with the elastic bending resistance but by using the
effectivecrosssection,reducedtotakeaccountofbuckling.
(1)Class1and2+PositiveMoment.
Thestrengthofthereinforcingsteelbarsincompressionisneglected.
Generalcase: M Rd M pl, Rd (2.36)
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 60
ForthestructuralsteelgradeS420orS460,MRd iscalculatedasshowninthetablebelow.
[Table2.13]CalculationMRd
Condition MRd
EN19942:2005
xpl0.15h M pl , Rd 6.2.1.4(6)
M pl , Rd
0.15h<xpl0.4h
NcNc,el
M a, Ed M el , Rd M a, Ed NNc
c , el
xpl>0.4h
N c , el
Nc,el<NcNc,f
M el , Rd M pl , Rd M el , Ed NN c
N c , el
c, f
where,
Mpl,Rd : Design value of the plastic resistance moment of the composite section with full shear
connection.
Mel,Rd : Design value of the elastic resistance moment of the composite section.
: The reduction factor.
Nc : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange.
Nc,el : Compressive normal force in the concrete flange corresponding to Mel,Rd.
Nc,f : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange with full shear connection.
[Fig.2.18]ReductionfactorforMpl,Rd
(2)Class1and2+NegativeMoment.
Thestrengthoftheconcreteintensionisneglected.
Bendingresistance
M Rd M pl, Rd
(2.37)
(3)Class3
Bendingresistance
M Rd Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed EN19942:2005
(2.38)
(6.4)
(4)Class4
Section properties should be calculated by considering the effective area. If the section is
under the compression, the additional moment must be taken in to account due to the
eccentricitybetweenthegravitycenterofgrosssectionandeffectivesection.
Refertotheclause1.5toseehowtocalculatetheeffectiveareaandadditionalmoment.
Bendingresistance
M Rd Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed EN19942:2005
(2.39) (6.4)
61 DesignGuideformidasCivil
1.9Checkbendingresistance
M Ed M Rd
(2.40)
where,
MEd : Design bending moment.
MRd : Design moment resistance.
Loadcombination
In midas Civil, bending resistance will be verified for the load combinations that the Active
columnisspecifiedasStrength/StressinResults>Loadcombinations>SteelDesigntab.
1.10VerificationofBendingResistance
ByResultTable
Bendingresistancecanbeverifiedinthetableformatasshownbelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>BendingResistance
Elem:Element
Position:I/Jend
Positive/Negative:Positive/Negativemoment
Lcom:Loadcombination
Type:Loadcombinationtype(Fxxmax,Fxxmin,...Mzzmin)
TopClass:Classoftopflange
BotClass:Classofbottomflange
WebClass:Classofweb
Sect.Class:Classofcrosssection
Ma,Ed:Thedesignbendingmomentappliedtostructuralsteelsectionbefore
compositebehavior
Mc,Ed:Thepartofthedesignbendingmomentactingonthecompositesection
Mpl,Rd:Designvalueoftheplasticresistancemomentofthecompositesection
Mel,Rd:Designvalueoftheelasticresistancemomentofthecompositesection
M_Rd:Designvalueoftheresistancemomentofacompositesection
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 62
ByExcelReport
DetailresultswithappliedequationsandparameterscanbecheckedintheExcelReport.
63 DesignGuideformidasCivil
2.Resistancetoverticalshear
Limitstateofverticalshearresistancewillsatisfythecondition, VEd VRd .
Shear resistance, VRd , will be determined as smaller value between Vpl,Rd and Vb,Rd when
consideringshearbuckling.Whentheshearbucklingisnotconsidered,Shearresistance, VRd ,
will be determined as Vpl,Rd. The plastic resistance and buckling resistance are calculated as
follows.
2.1Plasticresistancetoverticalshear
Av ( f y / 3 ) EN19942:2005
Vpl, Rd Vpl,a, Rd (2.41) 6.2.2.2
M0 EN199311:2005
(6.18)
where,
M0 : The partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is.
Av : The shear area. In midas Civil, only welded I, H and box sections are considered.
Av hwt w (2.42)
EN199311:2005
6.2.6(3)d)
hw : The depth of the web
tw : The web thickness
: The coefficient that includes the increase of shear resistance at web slenderness
[Table2.14]Coefficient
SteelGrade
S235toS460 1.20
OverS460 1.00
2.2Shearbucklingresistance
hw 72 h 31
Plateswith foranunstiffenedweb,or w k forastiffenedweb,shouldbe
t t
checkedforresistancetoshearbucklingandshouldbeprovidedwithtransversestiffenersat
thesupports.
EN19942:2005
f ywhwt
Vb, Rd Vbw, Rd Vbf , Rd (2.43) 6.2.2.3
3 M 1 EN199315:2006
(5.1)
(1)ContributionfromthewebVbw,Rd
w f yw hwt
Vbw, Rd (2.44)
3 M 1 EN199315:2006
(5.2)
where,
fyw : Yield strength of the web.
hw : Clear web depth between flanges.
t : Thickness of the plate.
M1 : Partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.
w : Factor for the contribution of the web to the shear buckling resistance.
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 64
[Table2.15]Contributionfromthewebw
EN199315:2006
Condition Rigidendpost Nonrigidendpost Table5.1
w 0.83/
0.83/ w 1.08 0.83/ w 0.83/ w
w 1.08 1.37/(0.7 w ) 0.83/ w
EN199315:2006
Figure5.1
[Fig.2.19]Endsupports
w : Slenderness parameter.
[Table2.16]Calculationofw
EN199315:2006
Condition w 5.3(3)
Transversestiffenersatsupportsonly. hw
w
(InmidasCivil,whenlongitudinalstiffenerexistsonly) 86.4t
Transversestiffenersatsupportsandintermediatetransverse hw
orlongitudinalstiffenersorboth(InmidasCivil,exceptforthe w
37.4t k
conditionwhenlongitudinalstiffenerexistsonly)
For webs with longitudinal stiffeners,
hwi
w (2.45) EN199315:2006
37.4t ki 5.3(5)
hwi and ki refer to the subpanel with the largest slenderness parameter w of all subpanels within the web
panel under consideration. (kst = 0)
235
(2.46)
fy
k : The minimum shear buckling coefficient for the web panel.
[Table2.17]Calculationk
No.oflongitudinal
Condition k EN199315:2006
stiffeners A.3
a/hw1.0 k 5.34 4.00(hw / a)2 kst
=0or>2
a/hw<1.0 k 4.00 5.34(hw / a)2 kst
=a/hw3.0 k 5.34 4.00(hw / a)2 kst
I sl
1or2 6.3 0.18 3
=a/hw<3.0 t hw I sl
k 4.1 2.23
2 t 3hw
65 DesignGuideformidasCivil
2 3
h I 2.1 I sl
kst 9 w 4 sl 3
t 3h (2.47)
a w t hw
a : The distance between transverse stiffeners.
EN199315:2006
Figure5.3
[Fig.2.20]Webwithtransverseandlongitudinalstiffeners
Isl : The second moment of area of the longitudinal stiffener about z-axis. The value of Isl will be
multiplied by 1/3 when calculating k.
: The coefficient that includes the increase of shear resistance at web slenderness
[Table2.18]Calculation
SteelGrade
S235toS460 1.20
OverS460 1.00
(2)Calculationoftheshearstressintheflange Ed,max
Structuralsteelboxsection
VEd ,a Q f ,a
Ed ,a (2.48)
Ia t f
Compositeboxsection
VEd ,c Q f ,c
Ed ,c (2.49)
Ic t f
Ed ,max Ed ,a Ed ,c (2.50)
f yf
Rd (2.51)
3 M 1
where,
Qf,a : Geometric moment of area in flange before composite
Qf,c : Geometric moment of area in flange after composite
Ia : Second moment of area in flange before composite
Ic : Second moment of area in flange after composite
fyf : Yield strength of the flange.
VEd,a : Shear force of girder before composite
VEd,c : Shear force of girder after composite
M1 : Partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.
: Apply the value of 1.2.
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 66
In case of box girder, shear resistance verification in flange will be done by comparing the
maximumshearforce, Ed,max,totheshearresistance, Rd.
Transversestiffener
Transversestiffenerscanbespecifiedbymembers.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffener
a:Spacingofrigidtransverse
stiffeners
[Fig.2.21]Transversestiffener
Transversestiffenerofendsupport
Transversestiffenerofendsupportcanbeenteredfromthefollowingdialogbox.Endsupport
typebynodesandrelatedparametercanbedefined.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport
Typeofendsupport
(SeeFig.2.17)
[Fig.2.22]TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport
67 DesignGuideformidasCivil
2.3Resistancetoverticalshear
VRdiscalculateddependingonthevalueofhw/tasshowninthetablebelow.
[Table2.19]CalculationofVRd
Condition VRd
hw 72
VRd V pl, Rd
t
Unstiffened
hw 72
VRd Vb, Rd
t
hw 31
k VRd V pl, Rd
t
Stiffened
hw 31
k VRd Vb, Rd
t
where,
Vpl,Rd : The plastic resistance to vertical shear.
Vb,Rd : The shear buckling resistance.
2.4Interactionbendingandverticalshear
(1)Verificationconditionofinteractionbetweensearforceandbendingmoment
When the following condition is satisfied, combined effects of bending and shear need to be EN19942:2005
verified. 6.2.2.4(1)
VEd
3 0.5 (2.52)
Vbw, Rd
where,
VEd : The design shear force including shear from torque.
Vbw,Rd : The design resistance for shear of contribution from the web.
(2)ForcrosssectionsinClass1or2
Applythereduceddesignsteelstrength(1)fydinthesheararea.Itisnotconsideredinmidas
Civil.
2
2VEd
1 (2.53)
VRd
EN19942:2005
6.2.2.4(2)
Figure6.7
[Fig.2.23]Plasticstressdistributionmodifiedbytheeffectofverticalshear
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 68
(3)ForcrosssectionsinClass3and4
3 0.5 :MRd,NRdneednotbereduced.
3 0.5 :ThecombinedeffectsofbendingandshearinthewebofanIorboxgirdershould
satisfy.
1 1
M f , Rd 2
23 1 1.0
M pl , Rd
(2.54)
EN199315:2006
7.1(1)
where,
M Ed M f , Rd
1 (2.55)
M pl , Rd M pl , Rd
VEd
3 (2.56)
Vbw, Rd
2.5Checkresistancetoverticalshear
VEd VRd
(2.57)
where,
VEd : Design value of the shear force acting on the composite section.
VRd : Design value of the resistance of the composite section to vertical shear.
2.6Verificationofverticalshearresistance
ByResultTable
Theverificationresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoVerticalShear
Position:I/Jend
Lcom:Loadcombination
Type:Loadcombinationtype(Fxxmax,Fxxmin,...Mzzmin)
TopClass:Classoftopflange
BotClass:Classofbottomflange
WebClass:Classofweb
Sect.Class:Classofcrosssection
N_Ed:Designvalueofthecompressivenormalforce
M_Ed:Designbendingmoment
V_Ed:Designvalueoftheshearforceactingonthecompositesection
Vpl,Rd:Designvalueoftheplasticresistanceofthecompositesectiontoverticalshear
Vb,Rd:Designvalueoftheshearbucklingresistanceofasteelweb
69 DesignGuideformidasCivil
ByExcelReport
DetailresultswithappliedequationsandparameterscanbecheckedintheExcelReport.
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 70
3.Resistancetolongitudinalshear
ResistancetolongitudinalisverifiedonlyfortheplateIgirderandthefollowingconditionmust
besatisfied.
L, Ed L, Rd
L, Ed , L, Rd shallbecalculatedasfollows.
3.1Designshearresistanceofheadedstud
EN19942:2005
PRd minPRd 1 , PRd 2
(2.58)
6.6.3.1(1)
0.8 fud 2 / 4
PRd1 (2.59)
V
0.29d 2 fck Ecm
PRd 2 (2.60)
V
where,
V : The partial factor.
d : The diameter of the shank of the stud.
fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud.
fck : The characteristic cylinder compressive strength of the concrete at the age considered.
hsc : The overall nominal height of the stud.
EN19942:2005
[Table2.20]Calculationof (6.20),(6.21)
3hsc/d4 hsc/d>4
hsc
0.2 1 =1
d
Shearconnector
Forshearconnectors,enterthenumberofconnectors,tensilestrength,dimension,height(hsc),
transversespacing(st),andlongitudinalspacing(sc).
[Fig.2.24]Notationofshearconnector
71 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>ShearConnector
[Fig.2.25]ShearconnectorInputDialog
3.2Bearingshearstressofshearconnector,L,Rd
PRd N
L, Rd (2.61)
sc
where,
N : The number of the shear connector.
sc : The space of the shear connector.
3.3Shearstressattheconnectionbetweengirderanddeck,L,Ed
(1) Beams with crosssections in Class 1 or 2 and under the sagging moment and inelastic
behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd)
VL , Ed
L , Ed (2.62)
Lv
where,
N c, f Nc,el M ED M el , Rd EN19942:2005
VL,Ed M pl , Rd M el , Rd (2.63)
6.6.2.2
Lv : Length of shear connection. (Lv = beff = Bc)
(2)Othercases
VEdQs
L, Ed (2.64)
Iy
where,
Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab)
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 72
[Table2.21]CalculationofQs
Condition Qs
Gravitycenterofcompositesection Calculatethegeometricmomentofarea
<Heightofgirder withslab
Gravitycenterofcompositesection Calculatethegeometricmomentofarea
Heightofgirder withgirder
3.4Checkresistancetolongitudinalshear
L, Ed L, Rd
(2.65)
where,
L,Ed : Design longitudinal shear force per unit length at the interface between steel and concrete.
L,Rd : Resistance to longitudinal shear.
3.5Verificationoflongitudinalshearresistance
ByResultTable
Verificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>Composite Steel Girder Design>Design Result Tables>Resistance to Longitudinal
Shear
Elem:Element
Position:I/Jend
Lcom:Loadcombination
Type:Loadcombinationtype(Fxxmax,Fxxmin,...Mzzmin)
V_L,Ed:Longitudinalshearforceactingonlength oftheinelasticregion
v_L,Ed:Designlongitudinalshearforceperunitlengthattheinterfacebetweensteelandconcrete
P_Rd:Designvalueoftheshearresistanceofasingleconnector
v_L,Rd:
v_Ed:Designlongitudinalshearstress
73 DesignGuideformidasCivil
ByExcelReport
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 74
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942
ServiceabilityLimitStates
1.Stresslimitation
Forthestresslimitcheckofboxgirder,thefollowingstresswillbecalculatedandcomparedto
itsallowablestress:Normalstressofgirders,Shearstressofgirders,Combinedstressofgirders,
stressinslab,andstressinrebar.Eachstresscanbecalculatedasfollows.
1.1Stresslimitationforgirder
(1)NormalstressEd,ser
fy
Ed , ser allow (2.66)
M , ser
Stressingirder,Ed,ser,iscalculatedbythestressessummationofbeforecompositeandafter
compositestateat4differentpoints.Memberforcesandsectionpropertiesarecalculatedas
showninthetablebelow.
[Table2.22]Memberforcesforcalculatinggirderstress
Type Beforecomposite Aftercomposite
Section
Girder Saggingmoment:Deckconcrete+Girder
Properties
Member
Calculateusinggirderonly Calculateconsideringdeckconcreteandgirder
Force
In midas Civil, applied section properties can be verified in the excel report. The section
propertiesofbeforecompositeactionisshownasBefore,aftercompositeactionisshown
asAfter,negativemomentwithconsideringcrackedsectionisshownasCrack.
(2)ShearstressEd,ser
fy EN19932:2006
Ed , ser allow (2.67)
3 M , ser (7.2)
where,
VEd
Ed , ser (2.68)
Av
VEd : Shear force after composite action
Av : Shear area. For I-girder, Av = hwtw. For the other sections, Av = Aweb.
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 76
(3)CombinedstressEd,com,ser
EN19942:2005
fy 7.2.2(5)
Ed ,com, ser allow (2.69)
M ,ser EN19932:2006
(7.1)
where,
EN19932:2006
Ed ,com, ser Ed
2
, ser 3 Ed
2
, ser (2.70) (7.3)
Stresslimitationparameters
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignParameters
M,ser
k1,k2,k3
[Fig.2.26]CompositeGirderDesignParameters
1.2Stresslimitationforconcreteofslab
c allow kf ck
(2.71)
where,
k : It is used as the user defined value.
[Table2.23]Recommendedvalueofkforconcrete
ServiceabilityLoad k EN19942:2005
combinationType 7.2.2(2)
Applied Recommended
Characteristic k1 0.6
Quasipermanent k2 0.45
fck : The characteristic value of the cylinder compressive strength of concrete at 28 days.
77 DesignGuideformidasCivil
1.3Stresslimitationforreinforcementofslab
s allow k3 f sk
(2.72)
where,
k3 : It is used as the user defined value.
[Table2.24]Recommendedvalueofkforreinforcement
EN19942:2005
ServiceabilityLoad k 7.2.2(4
combinationType
Applied Recommended
Characteristic k3 0.45
fsk : Characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
1.4Verificationofstresslimitationresistance
ByResultTable
Theverificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>StressLimitation
Sigma_Ed,ser,Tau_Ed,ser:Nominalstressesinthestructuralsteelfromthecharacteristic
loadcombination.RefertoEN199327.3.
ALW:Stresslimit.
Sigma_c:Stressintheconcretedeck.
k*fck:Stresslimit.
Sigma_s:stressinthereinforcement.
k*fsk:stresslimit.
ByExcelReport
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 78
2.LongitudinalshearinSLS(ServiceabilityLimitStates)
ResistancetolongitudinalshearcanbeverifiedfortheIgirderandfollowingconditionmustbe
satisfied.
L, Ed L, Rd
L, Ed , L, Rd shallbecalculatedasfollows.
2.1Designshearresistanceofheadedstud
PRd minPRd 1 , PRd 2
(2.73)
EN19942:2005
6.6.3.1(1)
0.8 fud 2 / 4
PRd1 (2.74)
V
0.29d 2 fck Ecm
PRd 2 (2.75)
V
where,
V : The partial factor.
d : The diameter of the shank of the stud, 16mm d 25mm.
fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud, 500N/mm2.
fck : The characteristic cylinder compressive strength of the concrete at the age considered. EN19942:2005
hsc : The overall nominal height of the stud. (6.20),(6.21)
: Refer to Table 2.20.
Shearconnectorparameters
Shearconnectorisenteredbymembers.Refertotheclause3.1fortheinputmethod.
2.2Bearingshearstressofshearconnector,L,Rd
k s PRd N conn
L, Rd (2.76)
sconn
where,
ks : Reduction factor for shear resistance of stud connector.
Nconn : The number of the shear connector.
sconn : The space of the shear connector.
79 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Reductionfactorks
Reductionfactorforstud,ks,canbeenteredinCompositeSteelGirderDesignParametersdialog
box.
[Fig.2.27]CompositeGirderDesignParameters
2.3Shearstressattheconnectionbetweengirderanddeck,L,Ed
(1) Beams with crosssections in Class 1 or 2 and under the sagging moment and inelastic
behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd).
VL , Ed
L , Ed (2.77)
Lv
where,
N c, f Nc,el M ED M el , Rd
VL,Ed
EN19942:2005
(2.78)
M pl , Rd M el , Rd 6.6.2.2
Lv : Length of shear connection. (Lv = beff = Bc)
(2)Othercases
VEdQs
L, Ed (2.79)
Iy
where,
Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab).
Refer to Table 2.21 to see the calculation method.
2.4CheckresistancetolongitudinalshearinSLS
L, Ed L, Rd
(2.80)
where,
L,Ed : Design longitudinal shear force per unit length at the interface between steel and concrete.
L,Rd : Resistance to longitudinal shear.
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 80
2.5VerificationoflongitudinalshearinSLS
ByResultTable
Verificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>LongitudinalshearinSLS
81 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Chapter 3.
Composite Plate
Girder Design
EN 1994-2
Chapter 3.
Composite Plate Girder Design (EN 1994-2)
Composite Plate needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.
Resistance to Fatigue
UltimateLimitStates
1.Bendingresistance
LimitstateofBendingResistancewillsatisfythecondition,MEdMRd.
Momentresistance,MRd,shallbecalculatedasfollows:
1.1Designvaluesofmaterial
(1)Partialfactorsformaterials
Partialfactorformaterialsconsideredinultimatelimitstatesareshowninthetablebelow.
InmidasCivil,partialfactorformaterialscanbespecifiedbytheuserinDesignParameter
dialogbox.ThedefaultvaluesaredeterminedasbelowasperEurocode4.
[Table3.1]Partialfactorformaterials
EN19942:2005
Materials Condition PartialFactor 2.4.1.2
Persistent&Transient c=1.5
Concrete
Accidental c=1.2
Persistent&Transient s=1.15
Reinforcingsteel
Accidental s=1.0
Crosssections M0=1.0
Structuralsteel
Memberstoinstabilityassessed M1=1.0
Shearconnection memberstoinstability V=1.25
Fatigueverification Strength Mf=1.0
ofheadedstuds Strengthofstudsinshear Mf,s=1.0
(2)Designcompressivestrengthofconcrete.
f cd f ck / c (3.1)
EN19942:2005
(2.1)
where,
fck : The characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days.
c : The partial safety factor for concrete.
(3)Designyieldstrengthofsteelreinforcement.
f sd f sk / s
(3.2)
where,
fsk : The characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
s : The partial factor for reinforcing steel.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 82
(4)Designyieldstrengthofstructuralsteel.
f yd f y / M 0
(3.3)
where,
fy : The nominal value of the yield strength of structural steel.
M0 : The partial factor for structural steel applied to resistance of cross-sections.
Thenominalvaluesoftheyieldstrengthfyandtheultimatestrengthfuforstructuralsteel
shallbeobtainedbyusingthesimplificationgiveninFig.3.1.
EN199311:2005
Table3.1
[Fig.3.1]Nominalvaluesofyieldstrengthfyandultimatetensilestrengthfu
Partialsafetyfactor
Parameters related to the material such as partial factors, damage equivalence factors, and
shear resistance reduction factor can be defined in Composite Steel Girder Design
Parametersdialogbox.
Thedefaultvaluesofpartialfactorsaredefinedas1.0.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignParameters
[Fig.3.2]DesignParametersDialog
83 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Designstrengthofmaterials
Designstrengthofconcrete,reinforcement,andsteelcanbedefinedinModifySRCMaterial
dialogbox.
In SteelDesign Selection field, when Code is entered asEN05,Fy1 istensile strength of the
steelforwhichthethicknessislessorequalto40mmandFy2istensilestrengthofthesteelfor
whichthethicknessislargerthan40mm.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignMaterial
[Fig.3.3]Compositesteelgirderdesignmaterial
1.2Classificationofcrosssection
The classification system defined in EN199311:2005, 5.5.2 applies to crosssections of
compositebeams.
[Table3.2]Classesofcrosssections
Class Definedas EN199311:2005
5.5.2
whichcanformaplastichingewiththerotationcapacityrequiredfromplastic
1
analysiswithoutreductionoftheresistance
whichcandeveloptheirplasticmomentresistance,buthavelimitedrotation
2
capacitybecauseoflocalbuckling
inwhichthestressintheextremecompressionfibreofthesteelmemberassuming
3 anelasticdistributionofstressescanreachtheyieldstrength,butlocalbucklingis
liabletopreventdevelopmentoftheplasticmomentresistance
inwhichlocalbucklingwilloccurbeforetheattainmentofyieldstressinoneor
4
morepartsofthecrosssection
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 84
(1) The classification of a crosssection depends on the width to thickness ratio of the parts
subjecttocompression.
ClassificationofClassinflange
ClassofflangecanbeclassifieddependingonthePositiveandnegativemoment.
[Table3.3]Classofcompressionflange
Moment Position Classofcompressionflange
Asteelcompressionflangethatisrestrainedfrombucklingby
Top
Positive effectiveattachmenttoaconcreteflangebyshearconnectors
Flange
maybeassumedtobeinClass1.
CompositeI:CheckforoutstandflangesinFig. 3.4.
Bottom CompositeBox : Check for outstand flanges and internal
Negative
Flange compressionpartinFig.3.5.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.3.4]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsOutstand
85 DesignGuideformidasCivil
ClassificationofClassinweb:checkforinternalcompressionpartinFig. 3.5.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.3.5]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsInternal
(2)Classificationofacrosssection
Acrosssectionisclassifiedaccordingtothehighest(leastfavorable)classofitscompression EN199311:2005
5.5.2(6)
partsasfollowingtable.
[Table3.4]Classofsectionaccordingtoclassofcompressionparts
ClassofFlange
ClassofSection
1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4
Classof 2 1 2 3 4
Web 3 2* 2* 3 4
4 4 4 4 4
*: Crosssections with webs in Class3 and flanges in Class1 or 2 may be treated as an EN199311:2005
effectivecrosssectionsinClass2withaneffectivewebinaccordancewithEN199311:2005, 5.5.2(11)
6.2.2.4.ThisclauseisappliedtoIshapesectiononly.
EffectiveClass2crosssection
Theproportionofthewebincompressionshouldbereplacedbyapartof20twadjacentto
EN199311:2005
thecompressionflange,withanotherpartof20twadjacenttotheplasticneutralaxisofthe 6.2.2.4(1)
effectivecrosssectioninaccordancewithfollowingfigure.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 86
EN199311:2005
Figure6.3
[Fig.3.6]Effectiveclass2web
1.3Calculateplasticbendingresistance,Mpl,Rd.
Forpositivemoment:Compressiverebarinthedeckwillbeignored.
Fornegativemoment:Concreteareaofdeckwillbeneglectedandonlythetensilerebarin
thedeckwillbeconsidered.
EN19942:2005
Figure6.2
[Fig.3.7]Plasticstressdistributionsforacompositebeam
ForIshapegirderundersaggingmoment,Mpl,Rdcanbecalculateddependingonthepositionof
plasticneutralaxis.
(1)Locatedintheslabdepthforpositivemoment
[Fig.3.8]PNAintheslabdepthforpositivemoment
[Table3.5]Mpl,Rdintheslabdepthforpositivemoment
Part Force Distance
Slab Nc 0.85 fcd Bc x pl
TopFlange Na,top f ydbtf ttf atop tc Hh 0.5ttf 0.5x pl
Web Na,web f ydtwhw aweb tc Hh ttf 0.5tw 0.5x pl
Na,bot f ydbbf tbf abot tc Hh t f tw 0.5tbf 0.5x pl
BottomFlange
Mpl,Rd M pl, Rd Na,topatop Na,webaweb Na,botabot
87 DesignGuideformidasCivil
(2)Locatedinthewebofsteelgirderforpositivemoment
[Fig.3.9]PNAinthewebofsteelgirderforpositivemoment
[Table3.6]Mpl,Rdinthewebofsteelgirderforpositivemoment
Part Force Distance
Slab N c 0.85 f cd Bc t c
TopFlange Na,top f ydbtf ttf atop 0.5tc Hh 0.5ttf
Web(Comp) Na, web,c f yd tw ( x pl tc H h ttf ) aweb,c 0.5( x pl Hh ttf )
Web(Tens) Na, web,t f ydtw (tc Hh ttf hw x pl ) aweb,t 0.5( x pl Hh ttf hw )
BottomFlange Na,bot f ydbbf tbf abot 0.5tc Hh ttf tw 0.5tbf
Mpl,Rd M pl, Rd Na,topatop Na, web,caweb,c Na, web,t aweb,t Na,botabot
ForIshapegirderunderhoggingmoment,whenplasticneutralaxisislocatedintheweb,Mpl,Rd
canbecalculatedasfollows.Themomentiscalculatedbasedonthepositionofplasticneutralaxis.
(3)Locatedinthewebofsteelgirderfornegativemoment
[Fig.3.10]PNAinthewebofsteelgirderfornegativemoment
[Table3.7]Mpl,Rdinthewebofsteelgirderfornegativemoment
Part Force Distance
SlabRebar N si f sd Asi asi x pl d si
TopFlange Na,top f yd Btf ttf atop x pl tc H h 0.5ttf
Web(Tens) Na,web,t f yd ( x pl tc H h ttf )t w aweb,t 0.5( x pl tc H h ttf )
Web(Comp) Na,web,c f yd (tc H h ttf hw x pl )t w aweb,c 0.5(tc H h ttf hw x pl )
BottomFlange Na,bot f yd Bbf tbf abot tc H h ttf hw 0.5tbf x pl
Mpl,Rd M pl ,Rd N si asi N a,top atop N a,web,t aweb,t N a,web,c aweb,c N a,bot abot
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 88
1.4Calculateelasticbendingresistance,Mel,Rd
EN19942:2005
Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed (3.4)
(6.4)
[Fig.3.11]CalculationofMel,Rd
where,
Ma,Ed : Design bending moment applied to structural steel section before composite behavior. Bending
moment obtained during the construction stage analysis is used in midas Civil.
Mc,Ed : The part of design bending moment acting on the composite section. Bending moment obtained
from the final construction stage is used in midas Civil.
k : The lowest factor such that a stress limit in EN1994-2:2005, 6.2.1.5(2) is reached. In midas Civil,
the value of k is calculated as below.
[Table3.8]Calculationofk
Type ForPositiveMoment ForNegativeMoment
f yd M a , Ed ( z a / I y ,a ) f yd M a , Ed ( z a / I y ,a )
SteelGirder ka ka
M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c ) M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c )
f cd
Slab kc
M c ,Ed ( z c,slab / I y ,c ,slab )
f sd
Reinforcement ks
M c , Ed ( z c ,bar / I y ,c ,bar )
k min[ka,kc] min[ka,ks]
1.5CalculateeffectivecrosssectionforClass4section
(1)Calculateeffectivecrosssection
For crosssections in Class4, the effective structural steel section should be determined in
EN199315:2006
accordancewithEN199315,4.3. 4.3
InmidasCivil,theeffectofsharelagisnotconsideredinthecalculationofeffectivearea.Only
theplatebucklingeffectisconsidered.
TheeffectiveareaAeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionissubjectonlyto
stressesduetouniformaxialcompression.
EN199315:2006
Figure4.1
[Fig.3.12]Class4crosssectionsaxialforce
89 DesignGuideformidasCivil
TheeffectivesectionmodulusWeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionis
subjectonlytobendingstresses.
EN199315:2006
Figure4.2
[Fig.3.13]Class4crosssectionsbendingmoment
Thecalculationofeffectiveareadependingonthelongitudinalstiffenerwillbeexplainedinthe
clause1.6and1.7inthismanual.
(2)Considerationofadditionalmomentduetotheeccentricityofgravitycenterbetweenthe
grossareaandtheeffectivearea
In case of the section with Class 4 classification under the compressive force, the additional
EN199311:2005
momentduetothedifferentgravitycenterbetweengrossareaandeffectiveareaistakeninto
6.2.2.5(4)
accountinthedesignmoment.
M Ed NEdeN NEd Cz,c Cz,c,eff (3.5)
where,
eN: Eccentricity between the gross area and effective area
Cz,c: Gravity center of the gross area
Cz,c,eff: Gravity center of the effective area
1.6Plateelementswithoutlongitudinalstiffeners
TheeffectiveareasofflatcompressionelementsshouldbeobtainedusingTable2.8forinternal EN199315:2006
elementsandTable2.9foroutstandelements.Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneof 4.4
plateshouldbeobtainedfrom:
Ac,eff Ac (3.6)
where,
Ac,eff : Effective cross sectional area.
Ac : The gross cross sectional area.
: The reduction factor for plate buckling.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 90
(1)Effectivewidthbeff
Refertothefollowingtableandfiguretoseethedefinitionofinternalelementandoutstand
elementinmidasCivil.
[Table3.9]Definitionofinternalandoutstandelement
Type Shape Definedas
Internal I Web
element Box Web/Flangesbetweenweb
Outstand I Flange
element
Box Outstandflangewhichistheoutsideofwebs
[Fig.3.14]Internalandoutstandelement
Forinternalcompressionelements
[Table3.10]Internalcompressionelements
EN199315:2006
Table4.1
Foroutstandcompressionelements
[Table3.11]Outstandcompressionelements
EN199315:2006
Table4.2
91 DesignGuideformidasCivil
(2)Reductionfactor
[Table3.12]Calculationofreductionfactor
Type Condition EN199315:2006
4.4(2)
p 0.673 1.0
Internal
p 0.673 p 0.0553
element 2
1.0
where, 3 0 p
p 0.748 1.0
Outstand
p 0.188
element p 0.748 2
1.0
p
where,
fy b/t
p (3.7)
cr 28.4 k
b : The appropriate width to be taken as follow.
bw : For webs
b : Forinternal flange elements.
c : For outstand flanges.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.3.15]Dimensionofoutstandflanges
: The stress ratio.
k : The buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio and boundary conditions.
t : The thickness.
cr : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.
235
(3.8)
f y [ N/mm2 ]
1.7Stiffenedplateelementswithlongitudinalstiffeners
The effective section area of each subpanel should be determined by a reduction factor in
accordance with 1.6 to account for local buckling. The stiffened plate with effective section EN199315:2006
area for the stiffeners should be checked for global plate buckling and a reduction factor 4.5
shouldbedeterminedforoverallplatebuckling.
Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneofthestiffenedplateshouldbetakenas:
Ac ,eff c Ac,eff ,loc bedge,off t (3.9)
EN199315:2006
(4.5),(4.6)
Ac,eff ,loc Asl ,eff locbc,loct
c
(3.10)
where,
Ac,eff,loc : The effective section areas of all the stiffeners and subpanels that are fully or partially in the
compression zone except the effective parts supported by an adjacent plate element with the
width bedge,eff.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 92
applies to the part of effective section according to 1.6 of all longitudinal stiffeners with gross area
Asl located in the compression zone.
bc,loc : The width of the compressed part of each subpanel.
loc : The reduction factor from 1.5 for each subpanel.
EN199315:2006
Figure4.4
[Fig.3.16]Stiffenedplateunderuniformcompression
(1)Effectivewidthandreductionfactorforindividualsubpanelsbetweenstiffeners.
Calculatetheeffectivewidthofsubpanelsbetweenstiffenersaspertheclause1.6.
Thevalueof b istakenasthesmallervaluebetweenthefollows:
Clearspacingbetweenflangeandstiffener
Clearspacingbetweenstiffeners
(2)Elasticcriticalplatebucklingstresscr,pforstiffenedweb.
withsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone
cr,pcanbecalculatedasfollowsignoringstiffenersinthetensionzone:
cr, p cr, sl (3.11)
EN199315:2006
A.2.2(1)
[Table3.13]Calculationofcr,sl
Condition cr,sl
1.05E I sl ,1t 3b
aac
Asl ,1 b1b2 EN199315:2006
(A.4)
2 EI sl ,1 Et 3ba 2
a<ac 4 2 1 2 Asl ,1b12b22
2
Asl ,1a
where,
I sl ,1b12b22
ac 4.334 (3.12)
t3b
Asl,1 : The gross area of the column.
Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the gross cross-section of the column.
b1, b2 : The distances from the longitudinal edges of the web to the stiffener.
EN199315:2006
FigureA.2
[Fig.3.17]Notationsforawebplatewithsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone
93 DesignGuideformidasCivil
withtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone
cr,pshouldbetakenasthelowestofthosecomputedforthe3casesusingequation(3.13)
withb1=b1*,b2=b2*,b=B*.Thestiffenersintensionzoneshouldbeignored.
cr , p min cr ,sl , I , cr ,sl , II , cr ,sl ,lumped (3.13) EN199315:2006
A.2.1(7)
EN199315:2006
FigureA.3
[Fig.3.18]Notationsforplatewithtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone
Itisassumedthatoneofstiffenersbuckleswhiletheotheroneactsasarigidsupport.
Bucklingofboththestiffenerssimultaneouslyisaccountedforbyconsideringasinglelumped
stiffenerthatissubstitutedforbothindividualonessuchthat:
(a)ItscrosssectionalareaanditssecondmomentofareaIstarerespectivelythesumofforthe
individualstiffeners.
(b) It is positioned at the location of the resultant of the respective forces in the individual
stiffeners.
withatleastthreestiffenersinthecompressionzone
EN199315:2006
cr, p k , p E (3.14) A.1(2)
where,
2 Et2
E (3.15)
12(1 2 )b2
k,p : The buckling coefficient.
b is defined in Fig. 3.19.
t : The thickness of the plate.
E : The modulus of elasticity of structural steel.
: The poissons ratio
EN199315:2006
FigureA.1
[Fig.3.19]Notationsforlongitudinallystiffenedplates(1)
k,p may be approximated as in the following table.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 94
[Table3.14]Calculationofk,p
EN199315:2006
Condition k,p (A.2)
4
2 1 2 1
2
2 11
41
4
11
where,
2
0.5 (3.16)
1
I sl
Ip (3.17)
Asl
(3.18)
Ap
a
0.5 (3.19)
b
Isl : The sum of the second moment of area of the whole stiffened plate.
Asl : The sum of the gross area of the individual longitudinal stiffener.
Ip : The second moment of area for bending of the plate.
bt 3
Ip (3.20)
12(1 2 )
Ap : The gross area of the plate = bt.
1 : The larger edge stress.
2 : The smaller edge stress.
a, b, t : as defined in Fig.3.20.
EN199315:2006
FigureA.1
[Fig.3.20]Notationsforlongitudinallystiffenedplates(2)
95 DesignGuideformidasCivil
(3)Platetypebehavior.
Therelativeplateslenderness p oftheequivalentplate
A, c f y
p (3.21) EN199315:2006
cr , p 4.5.2(1)
where,
Ac,eff ,loc
A,c (3.22)
Ac
Ac : The gross area of the compression zone of the stiffened plate except the parts of subpanels
supported by an adjacent plate.
Ac,eff,loc : The effective area of the same part of the plate with due allowance made for possible plate
buckling of subpanels and/or of stiffened panels.
Thereductionfactor
[Table3.15]Calculationof
Element Condition
EN199315:2006
p 0.673 1.0 4.4(2)
Internal
p 0.0553
p 0.673
element 2
1.0
where, 3 0 p
p 0.748 1.0
Outstand
p 0.188
element p 0.748 2
1.0
p
(4)Columntypebehavior.
Theelasticcriticalcolumnbucklingstresscr,c
2 Et 2
(a)Unstiffenedplate: cr ,c (3.23)
12(1 2 )a 2
bc
(b)Stiffenedplate: cr ,c cr, sl (3.24)
bsl ,1
EN199315:2006
4.5.3(2),(3)
where,
a : Length of a stiffened or unstiffened plate.
2 EI sl ,1
cr ,sl (3.25)
Asl ,1a2
Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the stiffener, relative to out-of-plane bending of the plate.
Asl,1 : The gross cross-sectional area of the stiffener and the adjacent parts of the plate
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 96
Therelativecolumnslenderness c
fy EN199315:2006
(a)Unstiffenedplate: c (3.26)
cr,c 4.5.3(4)
A,c f y
(b)Stiffenedplate: c (3.27)
cr,c
where,
Asl ,1,eff
A,c (3.28)
Asl ,1
Asl,1,eff : The effective cross-sectional area of the stiffener with due allowance for plate buckling.
Thereductionfactorc
1 EN199311:2005
c 1.0 6.3.1.2
2 (3.29)
2 c
(3.30)
where, = 0.21
(3.31)
where,
0.09
e
(3.32) EN199315:2006
i/e 4.5.3(5)
I sl ,1
i
(3.33)
Asl ,1
e = max(e1, e2) is the largest distance from the respective centroids of the plating and the one-sided
stiffener (or of the centroids of either set of stiffeners when present on both sides) to the neutral axis of
the column.
= 0.34 (for closed section stiffener), 0.49 (for open section stiffener)
(5)Finalreductionfactorcfrominteractionbetweenplateandcolumnbuckling.
EN199315:2006
c c 2 c
(3.34) 4.5.4(1)
where,
cr , p
1 , 0 1.0 (3.35)
cr ,c
cr,p : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.
cr,c : The elastic critical column buckling stress.
c : The reduction factor due to column buckling.
97 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Longitudinalstiffener
Longitudinal stiffeners of plate girder need to be entered by section properties. Flat type
stiffenercanbedefined.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>LongitudinalStiffener(PlateGirderOnly)
[Fig.3.21]LongitudinalstiffenerDialog
1.8Calculatebendingresistance,MRd
Bendingresistance,MRd,canbecalculatedasfollowsbasedonitsclass.
Class1or2crosssectionscanbecheckedbyusingtheplasticorelasticbendingresistance.
Class3crosssectionsarecheckedwiththeelasticbendingresistance,orpossiblyreclassified
aseffectiveClass2crosssectionandthencheckedwiththeplasticbendingresistance.
Class 4 crosssections are also checked with the elastic bending resistance but by using the
effectivecrosssection,reducedtotakeaccountofbuckling.
(1)Class1and2+PositiveMoment.
Thestrengthofthereinforcingsteelbarsincompressionisneglected.
Generalcase: M Rd M pl, Rd (3.36)
ForthestructuralsteelgradeS420orS460,MRdiscalculatedasshowninthetablebelow.
[Table3.16]CalculationMRd
Condition MRd
xpl0.15h M pl , Rd
0.15h<xpl0.4h M pl , Rd
EN19942:2005
NcNc,el
M a , Ed M el , Rd M a , Ed NNc 6.2.1.4(6)
c , el
xpl>0.4h
N c , el
Nc,el<NcNc,f
M el , Rd M pl , Rd M el , Ed NN c
N c , el
c, f
where,
Mpl,Rd : Design value of the plastic resistance moment of the composite section with full shear
connection.
Mel,Rd : Design value of the elastic resistance moment of the composite section.
: The reduction factor.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 98
Nc : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange.
Nc,el : Compressive normal force in the concrete flange corresponding to Mel,Rd.
Nc,f : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange with full shear connection.
[Fig.3.22]ReductionfactorforMpl,Rd
(2)Class1and2+NegativeMoment.
Thestrengthoftheconcreteintensionisneglected.
Bendingresistance
M Rd M pl, Rd (3.37)
(3)Class3
Bendingresistance
M Rd Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed (3.38)
(4)Class4
Section properties should be calculated by considering the effective area. If the section is EN19942:2005
under the compression, the additional moment must be taken in to account due to the (6.4)
eccentricitybetweenthegravitycenterofgrosssectionandeffectivesection.
Refertotheclause1.5toseehowtocalculatetheeffectiveareaandadditionalmoment.
Bendingresistance
EN19942:2005
M Rd Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed (3.39) (6.4)
1.9Checkbendingresistance
M Ed M Rd
(3.40)
where,
MEd : Design bending moment.
MRd : Design moment resistance.
Loadcombination
InmidasCivil,bendingresistancewillbeverifiedfortheloadcombinationsthattheActive
columnisspecifiedasStrength/StressinResults>Loadcombinations>SteelDesigntab.
99 DesignGuideformidasCivil
1.10Verificationofbendingresistance
ByResultTable
Bendingresistancecanbeverifiedinthetableformatasshownbelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>BendingResistance
Positive/Negative: Positive/Negative moment
Lcom: Load combination
Type: Load combination type (Fxx-max, Fxx-min, ... Mzz-min)
Top Class: Class of top flange
Bot Class: Class of bottom flange
Web Class: Class of web
Sect. Class: Class of cross section
Ma,Ed: The design bending moment applied to structural steel section before composite behavior
Mc,Ed: The part of the design bending moment acting on the composite section
Mpl,Rd: Design value of the plastic resistance moment of the composite section
Mel,Rd: Design value of the elastic resistance moment of the composite section
M_Rd: Design value of the resistance moment of a composite section
ByExcelReport
DetailresultswithappliedequationsandparameterscanbecheckedintheExcelReport.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 100
2.Resistancetoverticalshear
Limitstateofverticalshearresistancewillsatisfythecondition, VEd VRd .
Shear resistance, VRd , will be determined as smaller value between Vpl,Rd and Vb,Rd when
consideringshearbuckling.Whentheshearbucklingisnotconsidered,Shearresistance, VRd ,
will be determined as Vpl,Rd. The plastic resistance and buckling resistance are calculated as
follows:
2.1Plasticresistancetoverticalshear
EN19942:2005
Av ( f y / 3 ) 6.2.2.2
V pl , Rd V pl , a, Rd (3.41) EN199311:2005
M0
(6.18)
where,
M0 : The partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is.
Av : The shear area. In midas Civil, only welded I, H and box sections are considered.
EN199311:2005
Av hwt w (3.42) 6.2.6(3)d)
hw : The depth of the web
tw : The web thickness
: The coefficient that includes the increase of shear resistance at web slenderness
[Table3.17]Coefficient
SteelGrade
S235toS460 1.20
OverS460 1.00
2.2Shearbucklingresistance
hw 72 h 31
Plateswith foranunstiffenedweb,or w k forastiffenedweb,should
t t
becheckedforresistancetoshearbucklingandshouldbeprovidedwithtransversestiffeners
atthesupports.
f ywhwt EN19942:2005
Vb, Rd Vbw, Rd Vbf , Rd (3.43) 6.2.2.3
3 M 1 EN199315:2006
(5.1)
(1)ContributionfromthewebVbw,Rd
w f yw hwt EN199315:2006
Vbw, Rd (3.44) (5.2)
3 M 1
where,
fyw : Yield strength of the web.
hw : Clear web depth between flanges.
t : Thickness of the plate.
M1 : Partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.
w : Factor for the contribution of the web to the shear buckling resistance.
101 DesignGuideformidasCivil
[Table3.18]Contributionfromthewebw
EN199315:2006
Condition Rigidendpost Nonrigidendpost Table5.1
w 0.83/
0.83/ w 1.08 0.83/ w 0.83/ w
w 1.08 1.37/(0.7 w ) 0.83/ w
EN199315:2006
Figure5.1
[Fig.3.23]Endsupports
w : Slenderness parameter.
[Table3.19]Calculationofw
EN199315:2006
Condition w 5.3(3)
Transversestiffenersatsupportsonly. hw
w
(InmidasCivil,whenlongitudinalstiffenerexistsonly) 86.4t
Transversestiffenersatsupportsandintermediate
transverseorlongitudinalstiffenersorboth hw
w
(InmidasCivil,exceptfortheconditionwhenlongitudinal 37.4t k
stiffenerexistsonly)
Forwebswithlongitudinalstiffeners,
hwi EN199315:2006
w (3.45) 5.3(5)
37.4t ki
hwi and ki refer to the subpanel with the largest slenderness parameter w of all subpanels
withinthewebpanelunderconsideration.(kst=0)
235
(3.46)
fy
k : The minimum shear buckling coefficient for the web panel.
[Table3.20]Calculationk
Longitudinal
Condition k EN199315:2006
stiffenersnum. A.3
a/hw1.0 k 5.34 4.00(hw / a)2 kst
=0or>2
a/hw<1.0 k 4.00 5.34(hw / a)2 kst
=a/hw3.0 k 5.34 4.00(hw / a )2 kst
I sl
1or2 6.3 0.18
=a/hw<3.0 t 3hw I sl
k 4.1 2.23
2 3
t hw
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 102
2 3
h I sl 2.1 I sl
kst 9 w
t 3h t h
4 3 (3.47)
a w w
a : The distance between transverse stiffeners.
EN199315:2006
Figure5.3
[Fig.3.24]Webwithtransverseandlongitudinalstiffeners
Isl : The second moment of area of the longitudinal stiffener about z-axis. The value of Isl will be
multiplied by 1/3 when calculating k.
: The coefficient that includes the increase of shear resistance at web slenderness
[Table3.21]Calculation
SteelGrade
S235toS460 1.20
OverS460 1.00
(2)ContributionfromtheflangeVbf,Rd
EN199315:2006
b f t 2f f yf M Ed
2
Vbf , Rd 1 5.4(1)
c M 1 M f , Rd (3.48) EN199315:2006
(5.8)
where,
bf and tf are taken for the flange which provides the least axial resistance.
bf being taken as not larger than 15tf on each side of the web.
fyf : Yield strength of the flange.
1.6b f t 2f f yf
c a 0.25 (3.49)
thw2 f yw
M1 : Partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.
MEd : Design bending moment.
Mf,Rd : The moment of resistance of the cross section consisting of the area of the effective flanges only.
103 DesignGuideformidasCivil
[Table3.22]CalculationofMf,Rd
Condition Mf,Rd
NEd=0 Mf,RdiscalculatedasMpl,Rdbutneglectingthewebcontribution.
Itiscalculatedbymultiplyingthereductionfactorfromthevalue
ofMf,RdwhenNEd=0.
NEdispresent N Ed EN199315:2006
1
( A f 1 A f 2 ) f yf (5.9)
M0
Transversestiffener
Transversestiffenerscanbespecifiedbymembers.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffener
a:Spacingofrigid
transversestiffeners
[Fig.3.25]Transversestiffener
Transversestiffenerofendsupport
Transversestiffenerofendsupportcanbeenteredfromthefollowingdialogbox.Endsupport
typebynodesandrelatedparametercanbedefined.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport
Typeofendsupport
(SeeFig.3.23)
[Fig.3.26]TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 104
2.3Resistancetoverticalshear
VRdiscalculateddependingonthevalueofhw/tasshowninthetablebelow.
[Table3.23]CalculationofVRd
Condition VRd
hw 72
VRd Vpl, Rd
t
Unstiffened
hw 72
VRd Vb, Rd
t
hw 31
k VRd Vpl, Rd
t
Stiffened
hw 31
k VRd Vb, Rd
t
where,
Vpl,Rd : The plastic resistance to vertical shear.
Vb,Rd : The shear buckling resistance.
2.4Interactionbendingandverticalshear
(1)Verificationconditionofinteractionbetweensearforceandbendingmoment EN19942:2005
Whenthefollowingconditionissatisfied,combinedeffectsofbendingandshearneedtobe 6.2.2.4(1)
verified.
VEd
3 0.5 (3.50)
Vbw, Rd
where,
VEd : The design shear force including shear from torque.
Vbw,Rd : The design resistance for shear of contribution from the web.
(2)ForcrosssectionsinClass1or2
Applythereduceddesignsteelstrength(1)fydinthesheararea.
2
2V
Ed 1 (3.51)
V
Rd
EN19942:2005
6.2.2.4(2)
Figure6.7
[Fig.3.27]Plasticstressdistributionmodifiedbytheeffectofverticalshear
105 DesignGuideformidasCivil
(3)ForcrosssectionsinClass3and4
3 0.5 :MRd,NRdneednotbereduced.
3 0.5 :ThecombinedeffectsofbendingandshearinthewebofanIorboxgirdershould
satisfy.
1 1
M f , Rd 2
23 1 1.0
M pl , Rd (3.52)
EN199315:2006
7.1(1)
where,
M f , Rd
M Ed
1
M pl , Rd M pl , Rd (3.53)
VEd
3 (3.54)
Vbw, Rd
2.5Checkresistancetoverticalshear
VEd VRd
(3.55)
where,
VEd : Design value of the shear force acting on the composite section.
VRd : Design value of the resistance of the composite section to vertical shear.
2.6Verificationofverticalshearresistance
ByResultTable
Theverificationresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoVerticalShear
Position: I/J-end
Lcom: Load combination
Type: Load combination type (Fxx-max, Fxx-min, ... Mzz-min)
Top Class: Class of top flange
Bot Class: Class of bottom flange
Web Class: Class of web
Sect. Class: Class of cross section
N_Ed : Design value of the compressive normal force
M_Ed: Design bending moment
V_Ed : Design value of the shear force acting on the composite section
Vpl,Rd: Design value of the plastic resistance of the composite section to vertical shear
Vb,Rd: Design value of the shear buckling resistance of a steel web
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 106
ByExcelReport
DetailresultswithappliedequationsandparameterscanbecheckedintheExcelReport.
107 DesignGuideformidasCivil
3.Resistancetolateraltorsionalbuckling
Resistance to lateraltorsional buckling is verified only for the plate girder. The following
conditionsmustbesatisfied.
6.4.2(1)
M Ed Mb, Rd
NEd M
Ed 1.0
Nb, Rd M b, Rd
Nb, Rd , Mb, Rd shallbecalculatedasfollows.
EN199311:2005(E)
3.1DesignbucklingresistancemomentMb,Rd
6.3.2.2
Mb, Rd LT M Rd (3.56) EN19942:2005
6.4.2(1)
where,
LT : The reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling corresponding to the relative slenderness LT
MRd : The design resistance moment at the relevant cross-section.
EN199311:2005(E)
Table6.4
(1)ThereductionfactorLT
1
LT 1.0 EN199311:2005
2 (3.57)
6.3.2.2
LT 2LT LT
where,
EN199311:2005(E)
LT 0.51 LT LT 0.2 LT
2
Table6.3
(3.58)
[Table3.24]Lateraltorsionalbucklingcurveforcrosssection
EN199311:2005
Crosssection Limits BucklingCurve Table6.4
h/b2 c
WeldedISection
h/b>2 d
InmidasCivil,plateIgirderisconsideredasweldedsection.Rolledsectionisnotconsidered.
DesignersGuideto
EN19942,(D6.14)
LT : An imperfection factor.
[Table3.25]Imperfectionfactorforlateraltorsionalbucklingcurves
BucklingCurve LT EN199311:2005
Table6.3
a 0.21
b 0.34
c 0.49
d 0.76
L fy A
LT 1.103 1 wc (3.59) DesignersGuideto
b Em 3 Af EN19942,(D6.14)
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 108
L : The span length between the rigid supports.
B : The width of the compression flange.
Awc : The area of the compression zone of the web.
Af : The area of the compression flange.
m min[m1 , m2 ]
3 2
m1 1.0 0.441 1,5 (3.60)
350 50
0.5
m2 1.0 0.441 1,5 0.195 0.05
(3.61)
100
cL4
(3.62)
EI
Cd
c (3.63)
l
Cd : The spring stiffness.
L : The distance between the springs.
V2
V2 V1
V1
,
[Table3.26]Calculationof
Bendingmoment
2
Changesign
1
21 M 2 / M1
Notchangesign M 2 M1
1 ,
(2)ThedesignresistancemomentMRd
[Table3.27]Designresistancemomentforsectionclass
SectionClass MRd
1,2 Mpl,Rd
3 Mel,Rd=Ma,Ed+kMc,Ed
InmidasCivil,theverificationoflateraltorsionalbucklingforClass4isdonebyapplyingthe
identicalequationasClass3.
109 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Lateraltorsionalbucklingdata
Parameters required for the verification of lateral torsional buckling can be entered in the
followingdialogbox.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>LateralTorsionalBucklingData(PlateGirderOnly)
[Fig.3.28]Lateraltorsionalbucklingdata
3.2AxialbucklingresistanceofthecrackedcompositecrosssectionNb,Rd
Nb, Rd LT NRd (3.64)
where,
LT : The reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling corresponding to the relative slenderness LT
NRd : The design resistance moment at the relevant cross-section.
(1)ThereductionfactorLT
Thereductionfactor,LT,iscalculatedaspertheclause3.1.Whenthereductionfactordueto
axialforce,LT,iscalculated,m=1.0willbeapplied.
(2)ThedesignresistanceaxialNRd
NRd Af yd (3.65)
where,
A : Cross-sectional area of the effective composite section neglecting concrete in tension.
fyd : The design value of the yield strength of structural steel.
3.3Checkresistancetolateraltorsionalbuckling
M Ed Mb, Rd (3.66)
NEd M
Ed 1.0 (3.67)
Nb, Rd M b, Rd
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 110
3.4Verificationoflateraltorsionalbucklingresistance
ByResultTable
Verificationresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoLateralTorsional
buckling
Elem: Element
Position: I/J-end
Lcom: Load combination
Type: Load combination type (Fxx-max, Fxx-min, ... Mzz-min)
Sect. Class: Class of cross section
N_Ed: Design value of the compressive normal force
M_Ed: Design bending moment
Nb,Rd: Design buckling resistance of the compression member
Mb,Rd: Design buckling resistance moment
Interaction Ratio: NEd/Nb,Rd+MEd/Mb,Rd 1.0
ByExcelReport
111 DesignGuideformidasCivil
4.Resistancetotransverseforce
ResistancetotransverseforcecanbeverifiedforplateIgirder.
Thefollowingconditionmustbesatisfied.
2 1 .0
2 0.81 1.4
1 , 2 shallbecalculatedasfollows.
4.1Typeofloadapplication
EN199315:2006
Figure6.1
[Fig.3.29]Bucklingcoefficientsfordifferenttypesofloadapplication
Typesofloadapplication
Typesofloadapplicationandtherelatedparameterscanbespecifiedasfollows.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TypeofLoadApplication(PlateGirderOnly)
Typeofloading
(SeeFig.2.25)
[Fig.3.30]TypeofloadapplicationInputDialog
4.2DesignresistancetolocalbucklingundertransverseforcesFRd
f ywLeff tw EN199315:2006
FRd (3.68) (6.1)
M1
where,
fyw : The yield strength of the web.
Leff : The effective length for resistance to transverse forces.
tw : The thickness of the web.
M1 : The partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 112
(1)EffectivelengthLeff
Leff F l y (3.69) EN199315:2006
(6.2)
where,
ly : The effective loaded length.
F : The reduction factor due to local buckling.
(2)Effectiveloadedlengthly
[Table3.28]Calculationofly
Typeofloading ly
(a),(b)
l y ss 2t f 1 m1 m2
EN199315:2006
(c)
l y min l y1, l y 2 , le 6.5(2),(3)
where,
ss : The length of stiff bearing.
hw : Clear web depth between flanges.
EN199315:2006
Figure6.2
[Fig.3.31]Lengthofstiffbearing
tf : The thickness of the flange
f yf b f
m1 (3.70) EN199315:2006
f ywtw 6.5(1)
h
2
0.02 w (F 0.5)
m2 t (3.71)
0 (F 0.5)
2
hw
InmidasCivil,only m2 0.02 isapplied.
t
2 EN199315:2006
m1 le 6.5(3)
l y1 le t f m2 (3.72)
2 t f
l y 2 le t f m1 m2 (3.73)
k F Etw2
le ss c (3.74)
2 f ywhw
113 DesignGuideformidasCivil
(3)ReductionfactorforeffectivelengthforresistanceF
0.5 EN199315:2006
F 1.0 (3.75) 6.4(1)
F
where,
l ytw f yw
F (3.76)
Fcr
tw3
Fcr 0.9kF E (3.77)
hw
kF : The buckling coefficient for concentrated load.
b1 : The depth of the loaded subpanel taken as the clear distance between the loaded flange and the
stiffener.
3
I sl ,1 a b EN199315:2006
s 10.9 3
13 210 0.3 1 (3.78) 6.4(2)
hwt w hw a
Isl,1 : The second moments of area of the stiffener closest to the loaded flange including contributing
parts of the web.
[Table3.29]CalculationofkF
Typeofloading Condition kF
2
0.05b1/hw0.3 h b
kF 6 2 w 5.44 1 0.21 s
andb1/a0.3 a a
(a)
2
h
Others kF 6 2 w
a
2
h
(b) kF 3.5 2 w
a
s c
(c) k F 2 6 s 6
hw
4.3Verificationfortransverseforce
FEd EN199315:2006
2 1.0 (3.79) 6.6
FRd
where,
FEd : The design transverse force.
FRd : The resistance to transverse force.
4.4Verificationforuniaxialbending
N Ed M N Ed eN
1 Ed 1.0 EN199315:2006
f y Aeff f yWeff
(3.80) 4.6
M0 M0
where,
NEd : The design axial force.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 114
MEd : The design bending moment.
eN : The shift in the position of neutral axis.
fy : The yield strength of girder.
Aeff : The effective cross-section area.
Weff : The effective elastic section modulus.
M0 : The partial factor.
4.5Checkresistancetotransverseforce
2 1 .0 (3.81)
EN199315:2006
6.6and7.2
2 0.81 1.4 (3.82)
4.6Verificationoftransverseforceresistance
ByResultTable
Verificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>Composite Steel Girder Design>Design Result Tables>Resistance to Transverse
Force
Lcom: Load combination
Type: Load combination type (Fxx-max, Fxx-min, ... Mzz-min)
F_Ed: Design transverse force
N_Ed: Design value of the compressive normal force
My,Ed: Design bending moment applied to the composite section about the y-y axis
Mz,Ed: Design bending moment applied to the composite section about the z-z axis
F_Rd: Design resistance to local buckling under transverse forces
Eta2: FEd/FRd 1.0
Eta1: Member verification for uniaxial bending (EN 1993-1-5, (4.14))
Interaction Ratio: 2+0.81 1.4
ByExcelReport
115 DesignGuideformidasCivil
5.Resistancetolongitudinalshear
Resistance to longitudinal shear is verified only for the plate Igirder and the following
conditionmustbesatisfied.
L, Ed L, Rd
L, Ed , L, Rd shallbecalculatedasfollows.
5.1Designshearresistanceofheadedstud
EN19942:2005
PRd minPRd 1 , PRd 2 (3.83) 6.6.3.1(1)
0.8 fud 2 / 4
PRd1 (3.84)
V
0.29d 2 f ck Ecm
PRd 2 (3.85)
V
where,
V : The partial factor.
d : The diameter of the shank of the stud.
fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud.
fck : The characteristic cylinder compressive strength of the concrete at the age considered.
hsc : The overall nominal height of the stud.
[Table3.30]Calculationof
EN19942:2005
3hsc/d4 hsc/d>4 (6.20),(6.21)
hsc
0.2 1 =1
d
Shearconnector
Forshearconnectors,enterthenumberofconnectors,tensilestrength,dimension,height(hsc),
transversespacing(st),andlongitudinalspacing(sc).
[Fig.3.32]Notationofshearconnector
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 116
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>ShearConnector
[Fig.3.33]ShearconnectorInputDialog
5.2Bearingshearstressofshearconnector,L,Rd
PRd N EN19942:2005
L, Rd (3.86) 6.6.2.2
sc
where,
N : The number of the shear connector.
sc : The space of the shear connector.
5.3Shearstressattheconnectionbetweengirderanddeck,L,Ed
(1) Beams with crosssections in Class 1 or 2 and under the sagging moment and inelastic
behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd).
VL , Ed
L, Ed (3.87)
Lv
where,
VL, Ed
N c, f Nc,el M ED M el , Rd
(3.88)
M pl , Rd M el , Rd
Lv : Length of shear connection. (Lv = beff = Bc)
(2)Othercases
VEdQs
L, Ed
Iy (3.89)
where,
Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab)
117 DesignGuideformidasCivil
[Table3.31]CalculationofQs
Condition Qs
Gravitycenterofcompositesection Calculatethegeometricmomentofarea
<Heightofgirder withslab
Gravitycenterofcompositesection Calculatethegeometricmomentofarea
Heightofgirder withgirder
5.4Checkresistancetolongitudinalshear
L, Ed L, Rd (3.90)
where,
L,Ed : Design longitudinal shear force per unit length at the interface between steel and concrete.
L,Rd : Resistance to longitudinal shear.
5.5Verificationoflongitudinalshearresistance
ByResultTable
Verificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>Composite Steel Girder Design>Design Result Tables>Resistance to Longitudinal
Shear
Elem: Element
Position: I/J-end
Lcom: Load combination
Type: Load combination type (Fxx-max, Fxx-min, ... Mzz-min)
V_L,Ed: Longitudinal shear force acting on length of the inelastic region
v_L,Ed: Design longitudinal shear force per unit length at the interface between steel and concrete
P_Rd: Design value of the shear resistance of a single connector
v_Ed: Design longitudinal shear stress
ByExcelReport
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 118
6.Resistancetofatigue
Resistancetofatigueshouldsatisfythefollowingcondition.
c
Ff E,2
Mf , s
E,2 , c willbecalculatedasfollows.
6.1Partialfactorsforfatigue
(1)PartialfactorforfatigueresistanceMf
[Table3.32]Recommendedvaluesforpartialfactor
EN199319:2005
Assessment Consequenceoffailure Table3.1
Method Lowconsequence Highconsequence
Damagetolerant 1.00 1.15
Safelife 1.15 1.35
(2)PartialfactorforfatigueloadsFf
Recommendvalue=1.0
Designparametersforfatigue
Partial factor and design life of the bridge in year can be entered in Composite Steel Girder
DesignParametersdialogbox.
Mf,Mf,s
tLd
[Fig.3.34]CompositeSteelGirderDesignParameters
119 DesignGuideformidasCivil
6.2Equivalentconstantrangeofshearstressfor2millioncyclesE,2
EN19942:2005
E,2 v
(3.91)
6.8.6.2(1)
where,
v :The damage equivalent factor depending on the spectra and the slope m of the fatigue strength
curve.
: The range of shear stress due to fatigue loading.
(1)Damageequivalentfactorv
v v,1v,2v,3v,4 (3.92) EN19942:2005
6.8.6.2(3)~(5)
where,
v,1 : The factor for the damage effect of traffic and depends on the length of the critical influence line or
area.
v,2 : The factor for the traffic volume.
v,3 : The factor for the design life of the bridge.
1/ 5
t EN19932:2006
v,3 Ld (3.93) 9.5.2(5)
100
tLd : The design life of the bridge in years.
v,4 : The factor for the traffic on other lanes.
InmidasCivilv,1isappliedas1.55andtLdforcalculatingv,2,v,4,andv,3canbeenteredby
theuser.Refertotheclause6.1fortheinputparameter.
(2)Rangeofshearstress
Calculatetheshearstressperashearconnector.
Damageequivalentfactor
Thevaluesforv,2andv,4canbespecifiedbythemembersasshowninthefigurebelow.
[Fig.3.35]DamageEquivalenceFactors
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 120
6.3Referencevalueoffatiguestrengthat2millioncyclesc
2
EN19942:2005
Thevalueofcisappliedas90N/mm . 6.8.3(3)
6.4Checkresistancetofatigue
c EN19942:2005
Ff E,2 (3.94)
Mf , s 6.8.7.2
where,
Ff : The partial factor for fatigue loading.
Mf,s : The partial factor for head studs in shear.
6.5Verificationoffatigueresistance
ByResultTable
Theverificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoFatigue
Elem: Element
Position: I/J-end
Lcom: Load combination
Type: Load combination type (Fxx-max, Fxx-min, ... Mzz-min)
lamda_v: Damage equivalent factors
delta Tau: Range of shear stress for fatigue loading
delta Tau_E,2: Equivalent constant amplitude range of shear stress related to 2 million cycles
delta Tau_c: Reference value of the fatigue strength at 2 million cycles
Ratio: delta Tau_E,2/ delta Tau_c
ByExcelReport
121 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942
ServiceabilityLimitStates
1.Stresslimitation
Forthestresslimitcheckofplategirder,thefollowingstresswillbecalculatedandcomparedto
itsallowablestress:Normalstressofgirders,Shearstressofgirders,Combinedstressofgirders,
stressinslab,andstressinrebar.Eachstresscanbecalculatedasfollows.
1.1Stresslimitationforgirder
(1)NormalstressEd,ser
EN19942:2005
fy 7.2.2(5)
Ed , ser allow (3.95)
M , ser
EN19932:2006
(7.1)
Stressingirder,Ed,ser,iscalculatedbythestressessummationofbeforecompositeandafter
compositestateat4differentpoints.Memberforcesandsectionpropertiesarecalculatedas
showninthetablebelow.
[Table3.33]Memberforcesforcalculatinggirderstress
Type Beforecomposite Aftercomposite
Section Saggingmoment:Deckconcrete+Girder
Girder
Properties Hoggingmoment:Deckrebar+Girder
Member
Calculateusinggirderonly Calculateconsideringdeckconcreteandgirder
Force
In midas Civil, applied section properties can be verified in the excel report. The section
propertiesofbeforecompositeactionisshownasBefore,aftercompositeactionisshown
asAfter,negativemomentwithconsideringcrackedsectionisshownasCrack.
(2)ShearstressEd,ser
fy
Ed , ser allow EN19932:2006
3 M , ser (3.96) (7.2)
where,
VEd
Ed , ser (3.97)
Av
VEd : Shear force after composite action
Av : Shear area. For I-girder, Av = hwtw. For the other sections, Av = Aweb.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 122
(3)CombinedstressEd,com,ser
fy
Ed ,com, ser allow (3.98)
M , ser
where,
EN19932:2006
Ed ,com, ser Ed
2
, ser 3 Ed , ser
2
(3.99) (7.3)
Stresslimitationparameters
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignParameters
M,ser
k1,k2,k3
[Fig.3.36]CompositeGirderDesignParameters
1.2Stresslimitationforconcreteofslab
c allow kf ck (3.100)
where,
k : It is used as the user defined value. Refer to 3.1.1.1 for the input parameter of k1, k2.
[Table3.34]Recommendedvalueofkforconcrete
ServiceabilityLoad k EN19942:2005
combinationType Applied Recommended 7.2.2(2)
Characteristic k1 0.6
Quasipermanent k2 0.45
fck : The characteristic value of the cylinder compressive strength of concrete at 28 days.
123 DesignGuideformidasCivil
1.3Stresslimitationforreinforcementofslab
s allow k 3 f sk (3.101)
where,
k3 : It is used as the user defined value.
[Table3.35]Recommendedvalueofkforreinforcement
ServiceabilityLoad k EN19942:2005
combinationType 7.2.2(4)
Applied Recommended
Characteristic k3 0.45
fsk : Characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
1.4Verificationofstresslimitationresistance
ByResultTable
Theverificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>StressLimitation
Sigma_Ed,ser, Tau_Ed,ser: Nominal stresses in the structural steel from the characteristic load
combination. Refer to EN 1993-2 7.3.
ALW: Stress limit.
Sigma_c: Stress in the concrete deck.
k*fck: Stress limit.
Sigma_s: stress in the reinforcement.
k*fsk: stress limit.
ByExcelReport
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 124
2.LongitudinalshearinSLS(ServiceabilityLimitStates)
ResistancetolongitudinalshearcanbeverifiedfortheIgirderandfollowingconditionmustbe
satisfied.
L, Ed L, Rd
L, Ed , L, Rd shallbecalculatedasfollows.
2.1Designshearresistanceofheadedstud
PRd minPRd 1 , PRd 2 (3.102)
EN19942:2005
6.6.3.1(1)
0.8 fud / 4
2
PRd1 (3.103)
V
0.29d 2 f ck Ecm
PRd 2 (3.104)
V
where,
V : The partial factor.
d : The diameter of the shank of the stud, 16mm d 25mm.
fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud, 500N/mm2.
fck : The characteristic cylinder compressive strength of the concrete at the age considered.
hsc : The overall nominal height of the stud.
EN19942:2005
: Refer to Table 3.30. (6.20),(6.21)
Shearconnectorparameters
Shearconnectorisenteredbymembers.RefertoFig.3.33fortheinputmethod.
2.2Bearingshearstressofshearconnector,L,Rd
k s PRd N conn
L, Rd (3.105)
sconn
where,
ks : Reduction factor for shear resistance of stud connector.
Nconn : The number of the shear connector.
sconn : The space of the shear connector.
125 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Reductionfactorks
Reduction factor for stud, ks, can be entered in Composite Steel Girder Design Parameters
dialogbox.
[Fig.3.37]CompositeGirderDesignParameters
2.3Shearstressattheconnectionbetweengirderanddeck,L,Ed
(1) Beams with crosssections in Class 1 or 2 and under the sagging moment and inelastic
behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd)
VL , Ed
L , Ed (3.106)
Lv
where,
VL, Ed
N c, f Nc,el M ED M el , Rd
(3.107)
EN19942:2005
6.6.2.2
M pl , Rd M el , Rd
Lv : Length of shear connection. (Lv = beff = Bc)
(2)Othercases
VEdQs
L, Ed (3.108)
Iy
where,
Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab).
Refer to Table 3.31 to see the calculation method.
2.4CheckresistancetolongitudinalshearinSLS
L, Ed L, Rd (3.109)
where,
L,Ed : Design longitudinal shear force per unit length at the interface between steel and concrete.
L,Rd : Resistance to longitudinal shear.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 126
2.5VerificationoflongitudinalshearinSLS
ByResultTable
Verificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>LongitudinalShearinSLS
127 DesignGuideformidasCivil
Chapter 4.
Steel
Frame Design
EN 1993-2
Chapter 4.
Steel Frame Design (EN 1993-2)
Steel girder and column need to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.
Compression
Bending Moment
Shear
Horizontal Deection
Chapter 4. Steel Frame Design: EN1993-2
Class Definition
which can form a plastic hinge with the rotation capacity required from
1
plastic analysis without reduction of the resistance
which can develop their plastic moment resistance, but have limited
2
rotation capacity because of local buckling
in which the stress in the extreme compression fibre of the steel member
assuming an elastic distribution of stresses can reach the yield strength, but
3 local buckling is liable to prevent assuming an elastic distribution of stresses
can reach the yield strength, but local buckling is liable to prevent
development of the plastic moment resistance
in which local buckling will occur before the attainment of yield stress
4
in one or more parts of the cross-section
1 1 2 3 4
Class of 2 1 2 3 4
Web 3 3 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4
[Fi g. 4.1] Ma ximum width-to-thi ckness ratios for compression pa rts Outstand
EN1993-1-1:2005
Table 5.2
[Fi g. 4.2] Ma ximum width-to-thi ckness ratios for compression pa rts - Outs tand
[Fi g.4.3] Ma xi mum width-to-thi ckness rati os for compression pa rts - Internal
[Ta ble 4.3] Section types whi ch a re not provided in Eurocode specifi ca tion
Ratio
Section Element Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Checked
The effective section modulus W eff should be determined assuming that the cross section is EN1993-1-5:2004
subject only to bending stresses. Figure 4.2
(2) Additional moment due to eccentricity of center of effective section under compression EN1993-1-1:2005
In the section Class 4, additional moment due to changes of c entroid between gross section 6.2.2.5(4)
and effective section is added in design moment.
(
M Ed = N Ed eN = N Ed C z , c C z , c , eff ) (4.1)
where,
eN : Eccentricity between centroid of gross section and c entroid of effective section
Cz,c : Centroid of Gross Section
Cz,c,eff : Centroid of Effective Section
internal elements and Table 4.5 for outstand elements. The effective area of the compression
zone of plate should be obtained from :
Ac ,eff = Ac (4 .2)
where,
Ac,eff : effective cross sectional area
Ac : the gross cross sectional area
: the reduction factor for plate buckling
: Internal element
: Outstand element
[Fi g.4.6] Internal and outstand element
p 0.748 1.0
Outstand
p 0.188
element p > 0.748 2
1.0
p
where,
fy b/t
p = = (4.3)
cr 28.4 k
235
= (4 .4)
f y [ N/mm2 ]
For sections with holes the design tension resistance Nt,Rd should be taken as the smaller of
N t , Rd = min( N pl , Rd , N u , Rd ) (4.6)
Af y
N pl , Rd = (4.7)
M0
0.9 Anet f u
N u , Rd = (4.8)
M2
midas Civil does not consider fastener holes.
2. Compression
EN1993-1-1:2005
The design value of the compression force NEd at each cross section shall satisfy: 6.2.4
N Ed
1.0 (4.9)
N c , Rd
Af y
N c , Rd = For class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections (4.10)
M0
Aeff f y
N c , Rd = For class 4 cross-sections (4 .11)
M0
where, Mc,Rd is determined considering fastener holes, see EN 1993-1-1:2005 (4) to (6). midas Civil does
not consider fastener holes.
(1) The design resistance for bending about one principal axis of a cross-section
W pl f y
M c , Rd = M pl , Rd = for class 1 or 2 cross sections (4.13)
M0
Wel ,min f y
M c , Rd = M el , Rd = for class 3 cross sections (4.14)
M0
W eff ,minf y
M c , Rd = for class 4 cross-sections (4.15)
M0
where, Wel,min and Weff,min corresponds to the fiber with the maximum elastic stress.
4. Shear
Resistance to vertical shear needs to satisfy the following condition:
Av ( f y / 3 )
V pl , Rd = (4 .17) EN1993-1-1:2005
M0 (6.18)
where,
M0 : the partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is.
Av : Refer to the tab le below
hw : the depth of the web.
tw : the web thickness.
: the coefficient that includ es the increase of shear resistance at web slend erness
f ywhwt
Vb, Rd = Vbw, Rd + Vbf , Rd (4 .18)
3 M 1 EN1993-1-5:2004
(5.1)
w f yw hwt
Vbw, Rd = (4.19)
3 M 1 EN1993-1-5:2004
(5.2)
where,
fyw : yield strength of the web.
hw : clear web depth between flanges.
t : thickness of the plate.
M1 : partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.
w : factor for the contribution of the web to the shear buckling resistance. In midas Civil, it is calculated
by assuming the end support as non-rigid end post.
w : slenderness parameter.
EN1993-1-5:2004
Figure 5.1
hwi
w (4.20)
37.4t ki EN1993-1-1:2004
5.3(5)
hwi and ki refer to the subpanel with the largest slenderness parameter w of all subpanels
within the web panel under consideration. (kst = 0)
235
= (4.21)
fy
EN1993-1-1:2004
Figure 5.3
b f t 2f f yf M Ed
2
Vbf , Rd = 1 (4 .23) EN1993-1-1:2004
c M 1 M f , Rd
5.4(1)
EN1993-1-1:2004
(5.8)
where,
bf and tf are taken for the flange which provides the least axial resistance.
bf being taken as not larger than 15tf on each side of the web.
fyf : yield strength of the flange.
1.6b f t 2f f yf
c = a 0.25 + (4 .24)
thw2 f yw
where,
Vpl,Rd : the plastic resistance to vertical shear.
Vb,Rd : the shear buckling resistance.
VEd
3 = > 0.5 (4 .25)
Vbw, Rd
where,
VEd : the design shear force including shear from torque.
Vbw,Rd : the design resistance for shear of contribution from the web.
2
2V
= Ed 1 (4 .26)
VRd
[Fi g. 4.13] Plasti c stress distribution modi fied by the effect of verti cal shea r
3 > 0.5 : The combined effects of bending and shear in the web of an I or box girder should
satisfy.
1 + 1
M f , Rd
( )
23 1 1.0
M pl , Rd
2
(4 .27) EN1993-1-1:2004
(7.1)
M Ed M f , Rd
1 = (4 .28)
M pl , Rd M pl , Rd
VEd
3 = (4 .29)
Vbw, Rd
where,
VEd : Design value of the shear force acting on the composite section.
VRd : Design value of the resistance of the composite section to vertical shear.
(1) If VEd < 0.5V pl , Rd , the effect of shear on moment r esistance may be neglected.
(2) If VEd 0.5V pl , Rd , Yield strength should be reduced (1-)fy for the shear area EN1993-1-1:2005
6.2.8
where,
2
2VEd
=
and V pl , Rd is calculated based on the equation (4.17).
V
pl , Rd 1
(3) if VEd 0.5V pl , Rd , for an I section with equal flange and bending about major axis
Aw2
pl , y
W fy
M y ,v , Rd = 4t w
but, M y ,V , Rd M y ,c , Rd (4.31)
M0
Aw = hwtw
If Aw cannot be calculated, it is applied as Asz (shear area) as per Eurocode3-1.
For equal flange H, T, B, P, SR, SB, 2L and 2C sections, verify the bending and shear. If the
reduced moment resistance is calculated as negative value, the resistance will be applied as
very small value and the results will be deter mined as NG. Torsion is not considered in midas
Civil.
If the reduced moment resistance is calculated as negative value, the resistance will be applied
as very small value and the results will be determined as NG. Doubly symmetrical I, H and other
flanged sections, allowance for axial force need not be made if,
(1) Along Y-Y axis : must be satisfied both following two equations.
N Ed 0.25 N pl , Rd (4.34)
0.5hwt w f y
N Ed (4.35)
M0
hwt w f y
N Ed (4.36)
M0
(3) For cross-sections where bolt holes are not to be accounted for, the following
approximations may be used for standard rolled I or H sections and for welded I or H sections
with equal flanges:
for na:
M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd (4.38) EN1993-1-1:2005
(6.36)
for n>a:
n a 2
M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd 1 (4.39)
1 a
where,
n = N Ed / N pl , Rd
a = ( A 2bt f ) / A but a 0.5
(4) For rectangular structural hollow sections of uniform thickness and for welded box sections
with equal flanges and equal webs:
where,
a w = ( A 2bt ) / A but aw 0.5 for hollow sections
M y , Ed M z , Ed
+ 1 (4.42)
M N , y , Rd M N , z , Rd
where
I and H sections :
=2 ; = 5n 1
but EN1993-1-1:2005
(6.41)
circular hollow sections:
=2 ; =2
rectangular hollow sections:
1.66
= = ; but = 6
1 1.13n 2
n = N Ed / N pl , Rd
fy
x , Ed (4.43) EN1993-1-1:2005
M0 6.2.9.2, 6.2.9.3
where, x, Ed is the design value of the local longitudinal stress due to moment and axial force.
For Class 4 sections, effective cross sections are applied for calculating stresses.
N Ed M + N Ed eNy M z , Ed + N Ed eNz
+ y , Ed + 1 (4.44)
Aeff f y MO Weff , y ,min f y MO Weff , z ,min f y MO EN1993-1-1:2005
(6.44)
where,
Aeff is the effective area of the cross-section when subjected to uniform compression.
Weff,min is the effective section modulus (corresponding to the fiber with the maximum elastic stress) of the EN1993-1-1:2005
cross-section when subjected only to moment about the relevant axis. 6.2.10
eN is the shift of the relevant centroidal axis when the cross-section is subjected to compression only.
(1) If VEd < 0.5V pl , Rd , The effec t of shear on moment resistance may be neglected
(2) If VEd 0.5V pl , Rd , Yield strength should be reduced (1-)fy for the shear area
where,
2
2VEd
= and V pl , Rd are calculated based on the equation (4.12).
V pl , Rd 1
(3) If VEd 0.5V pl , Rd , for an I section with equal flange and bending about major axis
Aw2
pl , y
W fy
M y ,v , Rd = 4t w
but M y ,V , Rd M y ,c , Rd (4.45)
M0
N Ed
1 (4.46)
N b , Rd
Af y
N b , Rd = for Class 1, and 3 cross-sections (4.47)
M1
Aeff f y
N b , Rd = for Class 4 cross-sections (4.48)
M1
where
[
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + 2 ]
Af y
= for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections
N cr
Aeff f y
= for Class 4 cross-sections
N cr
is an imperfection factor
N cr is the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross
sectional properties.
Aeff
Aeff f y Lcr A
= = for Class 4 cross-sections (4.51)
N cr i 1
E
1 = = 93.9
fy
Af y
T = for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections (4.52)
EN1993-1-1:2005
N cr 6.3.1.4
Aeff f y
T = for Class 4 cross-sections (4 .53)
N cr
M Ed
1.0 (4.54)
M b , Rd EN1993-1-1:2005
6.3.2
fy
M b , Rd = LT W y (4.55)
M1
1
LT = 1.0 (4.56)
LT + LT LT
2 2
EN1993-1-1:2005
6.3.2.2
where [
LT = 0.5 1 + LT (LT 0.2) + LT
2
]
LT is an imperfection factor
Wy f y
LT =
M cr
M cr is the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
2) M cr is based on gross cross sectional properties and takes into account the loading
conditions, the real moment distribution and the lateral restraints.
[Ta ble 4.16] Imperfection fa ctors for lateral torsional buckling curves
Buckling curve a b c d
Imperfection factor 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76 EN1993-1-1:2005
Table 6.3
N Ed M y , Ed + M y , Ed M + M z , Ed
+ k yy + k yz z , Ed 1.0 (4.57)
y N Rk M y , Rk M z , Rk EN1993-1-1:2005
LT (6.61)
M1 M1 M1
N Ed M y , Ed + M y , Ed M + M z , Ed
+ k zy + k zz z , Ed 1.0 (4.58)
z N Rk M y , Rk M z , Rk
LT
M1 M1 M1
where
N Ed , M y ,Ed and M z , Ed are the design values of the compression force and the maximum moments
about the y-y and z-z axis along the member, respectively
If flexural buckling check is determined as NG, the verification above will not be applied.
z z 1 w
Cmy CmLT Cmz CmLT 0, 6 y
k zy N N Ed Czy wz
1 Ed 1
N cr , y N cr , y
z z 1
Cmz Cmz
k zz N N Ed Czz
1 Ed 1
N cr , z N cr , z
where,
N Ed N
1 1 Ed
N cr , y N cr , z
=y = , z
N Ed N
1 xy 1 xz Ed
N cr , y N cr , z
W pl , y W pl , z
wy = 1,5, wz = 1,5
Wel , y Wel , z
N Ed
n pl =
N Rk / M 1 , Cmy see Table A.2.
2
with c = 10a 0 M y , Ed
LT LT 4
5 + Cmy xLT M pl , y , Rd
z
2
C 2 max w W
1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 my 5
Czy = n pl d LT 0, 6 y el , y
wy wz W pl , y
0 M y , Ed M z , Ed
with d LT = 2aLT 4
0,1 + Cmy xLT M pl , y , Rd Cmz M pl , z , Rd
z
1, 6 2 1, 6 2 2 W
Czz =
1 + ( wz 1) 2 Cmz max Cmz max n pl eLT el , z
wz w z W pl , z
0 M y , Ed
with eLT = 1,7 aLT 4
0,1 + Cmy xLT M pl , y , Rd
z
y
max = max
z
0 = non-dimensional slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling due to uniform bending moment. i.e.
y =1, 0 in Table A.2 In Gen, calculated like LT .
LT = non-dimensional slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling
N N
If 0 0, 2 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N =
N cr , z cr ,TF Cmy C=
my ,0 =
Cmz Cmz ,0 CmLT 1.0
,
N N Ed y aLT
If 0 > 0, 2 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Cmy= Cmy ,0 + (1 Cmy ,0 )
N N
cr , z cr ,TF 1 + y aLT
,
Cmz = Cmz ,0
aLT
= 2
CmLT Cmy 1
N Ed N Ed
1 1 N
N cr , z cr ,T
M y , Ed A
y = for class 1,2 and 3 cross-sections
N Ed Wel , y
M y , Ed Aeff
y = for class 4 cross-sections
N Ed Weff , y
N cr , y = elastic flexural buckling force about the y-y axis
N cr , z = elastic flexural buckling force about the z-z axis
N cr ,T = elastic torsional buckling force
IT = St. Venant torsional constant
Iy = second moment of area y-y axis
M i , Ed ( x) M y , Ed M z , Ed
M ( x) is the maximum moment or
x
is the maximum member displacement along the
member.
N
Cmi ,0 = 1 0,18 Ed
N cr ,i
N Ed
Cmi ,0 = 1 + 0, 03
N cr ,i
1 2 EI z a 2 2 EI w
N=
crT 2 2
+ 2 + GI t (4 .59)
is Lt Lt
where:
is2 = iy2 + iz2 + a 2
a=
2
y02 + z02
I w is warping constant.
I t is St. Venant torsional constant.
y0 , z0 are the coordinates of the shear centre with respect to the centroid (see Figure 2.1). For a doubly
symmetric cross-section, the shear centre coincides with the centroid; then yo = 0 and zo = 0
E
G=
2(1 + )
is Poissons ratio.
Lt Max[ Ly , Lz ] for Column.
;
Ly for beam.
Ly , Lz is unbraced lengths.
max = 1 + 2 0 (4.60)
where,
max is the sagging in the fina l state relative to the straight line joining the suppor ts.
0 is the pre-camber (hogging) of the beam in the unloaded state, (state0).
1 is the variation of the deflection of the beam due to the permanent loads immediately after loading,
(state1).
2 is the variation of the deflection of the beam due to the variable loading plus any time dependent
deformations due to the permanent load, (state2).
C.L
(0)
1 0
(1)
(2)
2 max
L
[Fi g. 4.14] Verti cal deflections to be considered
[Ta ble 4.21] Recommended limi ting values for verti cal deflections
Limits
Conditions
max 2
-Roofs generally L/200 L/250
-Roofs frequently carrying personnel other than for L/250 L/300
maintenance
-Floors generally L/250 L/300
-Floors and roofs supporting plaster or other brittle finish or L/250 L/350
non-flexible partitions
-Floors supporting columns (unless the deflection has been L/400 L/500
included in the global analysis for the ultimate limit state)
-where max can impair the appearance of the building L/250 -
where, L is the span of the beam.
In midas Civil, only max is verified.
[Ta ble 4.22] Recommended li miting values for hori zontal deflections
Conditions Limits
-Portal frames without gantry cranes h/150
-Other single storey buildings h/300
-In a multistory building
-In each storey h/300
-On the structure as a whole h0/500
where h is the height of the column or of the storey
And h0 is the overall height of the structure.
Reinforced
Concrete
Frame Design
EN 1992-2
Chapter 5.
RC Frame Design (EN 1992-2)
RC girder and column need to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.
Shear Resistance
Crack Width
Deection
Chapter 5. RC Frame Design: EN1992-2
1. Moment resistance
Limit state of moment resistance should satisfy the condition, MEdMRd.
Moment resistance, MRd, is calculated using the strain compatibility method as shown below.
EN1992-1-1:2004
f cd = cc f ck / c (5.1)
3.1.6(1)
where,
cc : The coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive strength and of unfavorable
effects resulting from the way the load is applied.
fck : The characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days.
c : The partial safety factor for concrete.
f yd = f yk / s (5.2) EN1992-1-1:2004
3.2.7(2)
where,
fyk : The characteristic yield strength o f reinforcement.
s : The partial safety factor for reinforcement or prestressing steel.
cc
Partial factors for materials for persistent & transient and Accidental design situations are
given in the table 5.2.
Load case type need to be specified in Static Load Cases dialog box.
fck
fyk
fywk
Select 'None' in the Code field and enter the name of the material to be used in the Name
field. Then, each data field is activated and the strength of materials can be enter ed.
In midas Civil, characteristic strength (fck) in concrete is limited by national annex as shown
below. If the strength of the material exceeds the permitted range, the corresponding
members are excluded in concrete code design.
Initial x = H/2
Assume neutral axis depth, x
(H=Section Height)
(1)
Calculate Cc (Concrete)
(2)
Calculate Ts (Reinforcement)
(3)
Cc - Ts=0?
NO
YES
Cc = f cd x (5.3)
dA
where,
: The effective height of the compression zone factor.
: The effective strength factor.
x: The neutral axis depth.
[Ta ble 5.4] Effecti ve hei ght and strength fa ctor by compressive s trength
Condition
fck 50MPa 0.8 1.0
50 < fck 90MPa 0.8-(fck-50)/400 1.0-(fck-50)/200
fck > 90MPa 0.7 0.8
In midas Civil, a rectangular stress distribution is used as shown in the figure below.
(Ultimate strain of concrete cu= cu1 )
Ts = As f s (5.4)
where,
As,: The cross sectional area of tensile reinforcement.
fs ,: The stress of tensile and compressive reinforcement.
In order to calculate the stress of reinforcing steel, fs , calculate the appropriate strain by the
strain compatibility condition. And then calculate the corresponding stresses in the stress-
strain diagram.
Calculation method of strain and stress is as follow.
Calculate the strains of reinforcement by assuming a linear strain distribution and the strain
of cu3 at the extr eme fiber of the concrete in compression.
dt x
s = cu (5.5)
x
where,
s : The strain of tensile reinforcement.
cu: The ultimate compressive strain in the concrete. (cu = cu1)
EN1992-1-1:2004
[Ta ble 5.5] Effecti ve hei ght and strength fa ctor by compressive s trength Table 3.1
Condition cu1
fck 50MPa 0.0035
4
50 < fck 90MPa [2.8+27{(98-fcm)/100} ]/1000, fcm=fck+8MPa
fck > 90MPa 0.0028
x : The neutral axis depth.
dt : Distance from the tensile rebar to the extreme top fiber of the element
dc : Distance from the compressive rebar to the extreme top fiber of the element
EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 6.1
[Fi g. 5.6] Possible s train dis tributions in the ul tima te limi t s tate
s E s ( s yd )
fs = (5.6)
f yd ( s > yd )
yd = f yd / E s (5.7)
where,
Es : The design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcement.
fyd : The design yield strength of reinforcement. (See 1.1(2))
yd : The yield strain of reinforcement.
EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 3.8
[Fi g. 5.7] Idealized and design s tress-s train dia gram for reinforcing steel
Convergenc e condition :
=C C=
c, T Ts (5.10)
Reassume neutral axis depth by Bisection method (Numerical analysis) before meet
following stop condition.
Where, Dt and Db represent the distance from the rebar center to top and bottom fiber
respectively.
=
M Rd Cc ac + Ts as (5.11)
where,
ac , as, : The distance from neutral axis depth(or centroid), x to concrete, reinforcement rebar.
fcd
As
x
Cc
ac
as
As
Ts
[Fi g. 5.10] Forces and distances from neutral a xis depth for MRd
In midas Civil, singly reinforced beam design method is applied for conservative design.
Flexural moment is calculated from Cc and Ts which generate the same amount of moment
about neutral axis. Theoretically the flexural moment will be identical at any position of the
cross section. In midas Civil, flexural moment is calculated at the centroid of the cross section.
M Ed M Rd (5.12)
where,
MEd : Design value of the applied internal bending moment.
MRd : Design moment resistance.
f
As ,min = Min 0.26 ctm bt d , 0.0013bt d (5.13) EN1992-1-1:2004
f yk 9.2.1.1(1)
where,
bt : The mean width of the tension zone. For T-shape beam when top flange is in compression, bt is
applied as web width.
The verification of minimum rebar ratio can be selectively performed based on the option in
Limiting Maximum Rebar Ratio dialog box.
f cd = cc f ck / c (5.15)
f yd = f yk / s (5.16)
YES NO
VEd>VRd,c?
When design shear reinforcement is not required in the verification of shear, shear resistance is
calculated by concrete only. If design shear force exceeds shear resistance calculated from
concrete, the shear resistance is calculated by shear reinforcement only.
( )
VRd ,c vmin + k1 cp bw d (5.18)
where,
VRd,c : The design shear resistance without shear reinforcement.
bw : The smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area.
d : The effective depth of cross-section.
ds : Distance from the centroid of tensile rebar to the extreme fiber of cross-section
h : Height of section.
cp : NEd /Ac, In beam design, cp is applied as zero since axial force is not considered.
Asl
l = 0.02 (5.21)
bw d
v min = 0.035k 3 / 2 f ck
1/ 2
(5.22)
ct f ck (5.23)
f ctd =
c
where,
VRd,s : The design value the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear reinforcement.
: The angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear
force.
: The angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force. In
midas Civil, is always applied as 90 degree.
EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 6.5
[Fi g. 5.14] Truss model and nota tion for shea r reinforced members
f f
British 0.61 ck 0.54(1 0.5 cos ) 0.84 ck (1 0.5 cos ) > 0.5
250 200
[Ta ble 5.9] Strength reduction fa ctor for concrete cra cked in shea r, 1
fywd 0.8 fywk fywd< 0.8 fywk
National Annex
fck 70MPa fck > 70MPa fck < 60MPa fck 60MPa
f 0.9
f ck
Italy 0.5 0.7 1 ck 0.7 200 > 0.5
250 0.85
cw : Coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord. cw is always applied
as 1.0 in beam design.
cp : The mean compressive stress, measured positive, in the con crete due to the design axial force. In
beam design, cp is applied as zero since axial force is not considered.
(5.24) EN1992-1-1:2004
V Rd = V Rd , s + Vccd + Vtd (6.1)
where,
Vccd : The design value of the shear component of the force in the compression area, in the case of an
inclined compression chord.
Vtd : The design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile reinforcement, in the case of an
inclined tensile chord.
EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 6.2
In midas civil, inclined chord is not considered. Therefore the shear resistance is calculated
using shear reinforcement only.
V Rd = V Rd , s (5.25)
EN1992-1-1:2004
6.2.1(5)
Shear reinforcement
Angel between concrete compr ession strut and beam axis, , is entered in Concrete Design
Code dialog box.
Design>RC Design> Design Code
Stirrup data is entered in Beam Section Data for Design dialog box.
In midas Civil, the angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis is always applied as
90 degree.
where,
Size : Diameter of shear reinforcement
Number : Leg number of shear reinforcement
Dt : Distance from the center of top rebar to top fiber of the cross section
Db : Distance from the center of bottom rebar to bottom fiber of the cross section
V Ed V Rd (5.27)
where,
VEd : Design value of the applied shear force.
VRd : Design shear resistance.
By Report
Design results can be verified in Graphic Report, Detail Report, and Summary Report.
Default value of ratio is entered as Es/Ec for short term and 2(Es/Ec) for long term respectively.
The value can be specified by the user directly.
where,
h : The total member depth
fctm : The mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete.
f cm = f ck + 8MPa (5.31)
cm = k1 f ck (5.32)
where,
fck : The concrete compressive strength
k 1,~ k 4 is applied as shown in the table below. The user can directly enter the values for k 1~k 4.
sa = k3 f yk (5.33)
where,
fyk : The characteristic yield strength o f reinforcement.
(1 + )
f ct ,eff
s kt p ,eff EN1992-1-1:2004
p ,eff s
e
(7.9)
sm cm = 0.6 (5.34)
Es Es
where,
sm : The mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant combination of loads, including the effect
of imposed deformations and taking into account the effects of tensile stiffening.
cm : The mean strain in the concrete between cracks.
s : The stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section.
e : The ratio of Es/Ecm.
Es : The design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel.
Ecm : The secant modulus of elasticity of concrete.(MPa)
0.3
f (5.35) EN1992-1-1:2004
Ecm = 22 cm Table 3.1
10
As + 12 Ap ' As
p ,eff
= = (5.37)
Ac ,eff Ac ,eff
Ap : The area of pre or post-tensioned within Ac,eff. In midas Civil, Ap is applied as zero since tendon is
not considered.
Ac,eff : The effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement of prestressing tendons of
depth, hc,ef.
h x h (5.38)
hc ,ef = min 2.5(h d ),
EN1992-1-1:2004
, 7.3.2(3)
3 2
Load combinations
Long term loading
composed of long-term load cases only
Load combinations
Short ter m loading Other than long-term loading
excepting for the long-term loading
If the user does not specify the long-term or short-term load case, the load cases are
classified as shown in the table below.
EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 7.2
[Fi g. 5.25] Cra ck width, w, a t concrete surface relati ve to dis tance from ba r
where,
: The bar diameter. Where a mixture of bar diameters is used in a section, an equivalent diameter, eq,
should be used.
n112 + n 2 22 (5.40)
eq = EN1992-1-1:2004
n11 + n 2 2 (7.12)
wk = s r , max ( sm cm ) (5.41)
EN1992-1-1:2004
(7.8)
(*) For Freeze/Thaw attack class(XF1~XF4) and Chemical attack class(XA1~XA3), midas Civil
applies the limiting crack width as 0.2mm under the characteristic load combinations.
Serviceability limit state is changed depending on the load combination type (Quasi-permanent,
Frequent and Characteristic). The service load combinations can be classified in Serviceability
Load Combination Type dialog box. Stress, Crack, and Deflection verifications are performed for
the classified load combinations.
wk wmax (5.42)
Chapter 2.
Composite Steel Box Girder Design (EN 1994-2)
Ultimate Limit States
46 1. Bending Resistance
64 2. Resistance to Vertical Shear
71 3. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear
Serviceability Limit States
76 1. Stress limitation
79 2. Longitudinal shear in SLS
Chapter 3.
Composite Plate Girder Design (EN 1994-2)
Ultimate Limit States
82 1. Bending Resistance
101 2. Resistance to Vertical Shear
108 3. Resistance to Lateral-Torsional Buckling
112 4. Resistance to Transverse Forces
116 5. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear
119 6. Resistance to Fatigue
Serviceability Limit States
122 1. Stress limitation
125 2. Longitudinal shear in SLS
Chapter 4.
Steel Frame Design (EN 1993-2)
Classication of Cross Section
128 1. Classication of Cross Sections
131 2. Calculate eective cross-section for Class 4 section
132 3. Plate Elements without Longitudinal Stieners
Ultimate Limit States
135 1. Torsion
135 2. Compression
136 3. Bending Moment
136 4. Shear
142 5. Bending and Shear
142 6. Bending and Axial Force
144 7. Bending, Shear and Axial Force
145 8. Buckling Resistance of Members
Service Limit States
152 1. Deection
Chapter 5.
RC Frame Design (EN 1992-2)
Ultimate Limit States
154 1. Moment Resistance
163 2. Shear resistance
168 3. Verication of moment and shear resistance
Service Limit States
170 1. Stress for cross section
172 2. Crack width
177 3. Deection
177 4. Verication of Stress, Crack, Deection