FLUKE 87 TRUE RMS MULTIMETER

AUTO DC

0 0 00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
V

A L
4
IC S
T R L E
MIN MAX RANGE HOLD

E C I P
REL Hz
L D N C
Peak Min Max

C E N R I

S I A P
---
mV

B A I C
---
O N
V mA
A
T R
V A
E C
OFF
EL
A mA A COM V-

400mA MAX
FUSED

10A MAX 1000V MAX

FUSED
COMPARISONS
ELECTRONICS
VS
HYDRAULICS
 CIRCUITS

TYPICAL ELECTRICAL TYPICAL HYDRAULIC

CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
I Q

LOAD LOAD
POS NEG

SOURCE SOURCE
OPPOSITIONS TO FLOW

(I) (Q)
+ High High
Vd P

- Low Low

RESISTOR ORIFICE
 STORAGE DEVICES

Plate Gas Piston

Oil
P

Dielectric
Plate
Fluid Input
CAPACITOR ACCUMULATOR
DIRECTIONAL CONTROLS

(I) (Q)
+ Anode

?
Cathode
-
DIODE CHECK VALVE
 (I)
+

Anode

SOURCE
Band
Cathode

-
FORWARD BIASED
 -

Polarity
SOURCE
Reversed

+
(I)
REVERSE BIASED
 L

HY
CA
I

DR
TR

AU
EC

LI
L

C
E
MEASUREMENTS
 BASIC

ELECTRONIC

THEORY
Current--
The Flow of Electricity
The Flow of Electricity
The Flow of Electricity
CONVENTIONAL
and
ELECTRON
 THE

METRIC SYSTEM
OF

MEASURE
Prefix Symbol Multiplication Factor
giga G = 1,000,000,000
mega M = 1,000,000
kilo k = 1,000
hecto h = 100
deca da = 10

(unit) 1

deci d = 0.1
centi c = 0.01
milli m = 0.001
micro = 0.000001
nano n = 0.000000001
OHM'S LAW

I R
 ? mA
I = ____
A
E
I R E = 24 V

I= E
R

Filament Resistance = 240

 V1 V2 V3

8 24 16
A
R1 R2 R3

POS NEG POS NEG

12V 12V
 SERIES CIRCUITS

R1 R2 R3

RULES

Sum of all voltage drops equal source voltage

Current flow through each load is the same
Total resistance is equal to sum of all the resistors

POS NEG POS NEG

12V 12V
 PARALLEL CIRCUITS

R1 R2 R3

RULES
POS NEG POS NEG
Voltage drop across each resistor is the same
Current flow through each resistor is
12V 12V
different if the resistor values are different
The sum of the separate currents equals the
total current flow in the circuit
 R1 R2 R3

3 6 2
A
V1 V2 V3

A1 A2 A3

POS NEG POS NEG

12V 12V
 SERIES-PARALLEL

R1

R3

12V
POS NEG R2
 R1

12V R2
R3
SERIES-PARALLEL
POS NEG

R1

R3

Re

12V R2
R1 x R2 Re + R3 = Rt
Step 1 POS NEG
Re =
R1 + R2
Re R3

12V
Equivalent Circuit Rt
POS NEG
Step 2

Solve by drawing 12V

Equivalent Circuit
equivalent circuits Step 3
POS NEG
 R1
R3
12V R2
POS NEG SERIES-PARALLEL
R1 = 6

R3 = 2

12V R2 = 3
2+2=4
Step 1 POS NEG
Re =
6 x 3 18
= = 2
6+3 9
Re= 2 R3 = 2

12V
Equivalent Circuit Rt = 4
POS NEG

Step 2

Solve by drawing 12V

Equivalent Circuit
equivalent circuits Step 3
POS NEG
BASIC ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES

SIGNALS

COMPONENTS

CIRCUITS
 BASIC
ELECTRONIC
SIGNALS
DC SIGNALS

SINE WAVES

ANALOG SIGNALS

PULSE TYPE SIGNALS

 Fixed Positive Fixed Negative
+ 12V 0

7V
6V 6V

7V

0 - 12V
Time Time
(A) (B)
DC
+ Varying Positive Positive Pulse
Signals
+ 12V

6V

0 0
Time Time
(C) (D)
 One Hertz

SINE
WAVES 0

Time
 +
PEAK VOLTAGE RMS VOLTAGE

.707 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SINE
WAVES 0

.707 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Time
-
 ANALOG SIGNALS
+
DC volts

0
Pressure ( kPa)
 DIGITAL SIGNALS
High

TWO DISTINCT

AMPLITUDE
LEVELS
Low
 PULSE WIDTH MODULATED
"DUTY CYCLE"
TIME ON vs TIME OFF
+ ON

0
OFF ONE PERIOD
 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Amplifiers Oscillators

Power Supplies

Converters
ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS

PASSIVE TYPE
AND
ACTIVE TYPE
Typical Diode

I Anode
Cathode

DIODES
Transistor Symbols
e c e c

PNP NPN Typical

b b Power Transistor

TRANSISTORS emitter

base collector