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LTE MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output Tutorial

- MIMO is used within LTE to provide better signal performance and / or higher data rates by the use of the radio path reflections that
exist.

IN THIS SECTION

LTE Introduction (3g-lte-basics.php) OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA (lte-ofdm-ofdma-scfdma.php) LTE MIMO (lte-mimo.php) TDD & FDD (lte-fdd-tdd-duplex.php)
Frame & subframe (lte-frame-subframe-structure.php) Physical logical & transport channels (physical-logical-transport-channels.php)
Bands and spectrum (lte-frequency-spectrum.php) UE categories (ue-category-categories-classes.php)
SAE architecture (sae-system-architecture-evolution-network.php) LTE SON (lte-son-self-organising-networks.php) VoLTE (voice-over-lte-volte.php)
SRVCC (srvcc-single-radio-voice-call-continuity.php) LTE-M (lte-m-m2m-machine-to-machine.php) LTE-U / LAA (lte-u-unlicensed-laa-license-assisted-access.php)
Security (lte-security-authentication.php)

See also
4G LTE Advanced (3gpp-4g-imt-lte-advanced-tutorial.php)

MIMO, Multiple Input Multiple Output is another of the LTE major technology innovations used to improve the performance of the system. This technology provides LTE
with the ability to further improve its data throughput and spectral efficiency above that obtained by the use of OFDM.

Although MIMO adds complexity to the system in terms of processing and the number of antennas required, it enables far high data rates to be achieved along with much
improved spectral efficiency. As a result, MIMO has been included as an integral part of LTE.

LTE MIMO basics

The basic concept of MIMO utilises the multipath signal propagation that is present in all terrestrial communications. Rather than providing interference, these paths can
be used to advantage.

General Outline of MIMO system

The transmitter and receiver have more than one antenna and using the processing power available at either end of the link, they are able to utilise the different paths that
exist between the two entities to provide improvements in data rate of signal to noise.

Note on MIMO:
Two major limitations in communications channels can be multipath interference, and the data throughput limitations as a result of Shannon's Law. MIMO provides a way of utilising the multiple
signal paths that exist between a transmitter and receiver to significantly improve the data throughput available on a given channel with its defined bandwidth. By using multiple antennas at the
transmitter and receiver along with some complex digital signal processing, MIMO technology enables the system to set up multiple data streams on the same channel, thereby increasing the data
capacity of a channel.

Click on the link for a MIMO tutorial (/info/antennas/mimo/multiple-input-multiple-output-technology-tutorial.php)

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MIMO is being used increasingly in many high data rate technologies including Wi-Fi and other wireless and cellular technologies to provide improved levels of efficiency.
Essentially MIMO employs multiple antennas on the receiver and transmitter to utilise the multi-path effects that always exist to transmit additional data, rather than
causing interference.

LTE MIMO
The use of MIMO technology has been introduced successively over the different releases of the LTE standards.

MIMO has been a cornerstone of the LTE standard, but initially, in releases 8 and 9 multiple transmit antennas on the UE was not supported because in the interested of
power reduction, only a single RF power amplifier was assumed to be available.

It was in Rel. 10 that a number of new schemes were introduced. Closed loop spatial multiplexing for SU-MIMO as well as multiple antennas on the UE.

LTE MIMO modes

There are several ways in which MIMO is implemented in LTE. These vary according to the equipment used, the channel function and the equipment involved in the link.

Single antenna: This is the form of wireless transmission used on most basic wireless links. A single data stream is transmitted on one antenna and received by
one or more antennas. It may also be referred to as SISO: Single In Single Out or SIMO Single In Multiple Out dependent upon the antennas used. SIMO is also called
receive diversity.
Transmit diversity: This form of LTE MIMO scheme utilises the transmission of the same information stream from multiple antennas. LTE supports two or four for
this technique.. The information is coded differently using Space Frequency Block Codes. This mode provides an improvement in signal quality at reception and does
not improve the data rate. Accordingly this form of LTE MIMO is used on the Common Channels as well as the Control and Broadcast channels.

Open loop spatial multiplexing: This form of MIMO used within the LTE system involves sending two information streams which can be transmitted over two or
more antennas. However there is no feedback from the UE although a TRI, Transmit Rank Indicator transmitted from the UE can be used by the base station to
determine the number of spatial layers.
Close loop spatial multiplexing : This form of LTE MIMO is similar to the open loop version, but as the name indicates it has feedback incorporated to close the
loop. A PMI, Pre-coding Matrix Indicator is fed back from the UE to the base station. This enables the transmitter to pre-code the data to optimise the transmission
and enable the receiver to more easily separate the different data streams.

Closed loop with pre-coding: This is another form of LTE MIMO, but where a single code word is transmitted over a single spatial layer. This can be sued as a fall-
back mode for closed loop spatial multiplexing and it may also be associated with beamforming as well.

Multi-User MIMO, MU-MIMO: This form of LTE MIMO enables the system to target different spatial streams to different users.
Beam-forming: This is the most complex of the MIMO modes and it is likely to use linear arrays that will enable the antenna to focus on a particular area. This will
reduce interference, and increase capacity as the particular UE will have a beam formed in their particular direction. In this a single code word is transmitted over a
single spatial layer. A dedicated reference signal is used for an additional port. The terminal estimates the channel quality from the common reference signals on the
antennas.

By Ian Poole (https://plus.google.com/104687638164370436625?rel=author)

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