2004-01-1601

Modelling and Simulation of Variable Displacement

Vane Pumps for IC Engine Lubrication

S. Manc, N. Nervegna and M. Rundo

Politecnico di Torino

G. Armenio
Pierburg SpA
Copyright 2004 SAE International

ABSTRACT ring and the pump cover. Vanes are exposed at their roots
to delivery pressure via a narrow duct manufactured in the
The paper presents geometric, kinematic and fluid-dynamic case and are held in place by an inner ring to avoid possi-
modelling of variable displacement vane pumps for low ble stitching especially in cold start operating conditions.
pressure applications in internal combustion engines lubri-
cation. All these fundamental aspects are integrated in a
simulation environment and form the core of a design tool
leading to the assessment of performance, critical issues,
related influences and possible solutions in a well
grounded engineering support to decision.

INTRODUCTION

A significant effort in current automotive research is ori-

ented to identify areas where a potential exists for fuel con-
sumption and emissions reduction. Variable displacement
lubricating oil pumps can make a contribution in this direc-
tion owing to their intrinsic capability of matching oil con-
sumers demand at various operating conditions besides
the critical situation at hot engine idling. Accounting for low
pressure operation and additional constraints involving cost
and packaging criteria the vane pump type lends itself as
one of the most promising candidate. This is confirmed by
Figure 1: pump schematic
recent contributions in the technical literature and by a con-
sistent strive in prototypes development by car manufactur-
ers worldwide. However, time to market abbreviation MATHEMATICAL MODEL
requires powerful simulation tools for proper and preventive
appraisal of potential solutions and this presumes the avail- REFERENCE FRAMES
ability of careful modelling regarding the basic geometry
layout, the kinematic interrelations, the fluid-dynamic Considering O and O as the rotor and, respectively, the
aspects leading to internal pressure distribution and the stator centres, a vector ray [1] can be defined as the seg-
dynamic behaviour of displacement control systems. ment connecting a vane-ring contact point with centre O.
Fig. 1 shows the vane pump prototype. The stator ring pos-
Fig. 2 shows the rotor reference position (j = 0) where a
sesses two prismatic protrusions that fit and slide in cavi-
contact point indicated as P, belongs to the x-axis of the
ties of the case. Thus, two variable volume chambers
originate: the one to the right receives pilot pressure infor- reference frame x-y centred in O. Variable volume cham-
mations from the delivery line (pilot chamber), the other bers, contact points and vector rays are numbered with
houses a springs that keeps the ring at maximum eccen- increasing indices in the anti-clockwise direction. The pump
tricity (spring chamber). The spring chamber is drained to shaft also rotates anti-clockwise and, therefore, the delivery
the inlet volume through a small passage shaped in the phase evolves across the first and second quadrant.

1
 K = 2 + 5U = 2 & + UY 5U (5)

CHAMBER VOLUME DERIVATIVE

Consider the ABDC control volume (Fig. 4) where A and B

are contact points of two consecutive vanes j and j+1.

Figure 2: reference position and numbering of chambers

VECTOR RAY

To quantify the vector ray modulus r and its anomaly

(phase) y, the cosine theorem can be applied to the
OOP triangle (Fig. 3):

 
r = 2  & + U Y + 2  &U Y FRV d (1)

  
H +r 5
y = DFRV ----------------------------V-
Hr
Figure 3: vector ray
the length of the CO segment and the angle
obtained solving the OOC triangle:
 
2 & = H + ( 5 V U Y ) + H ( 5 V U Y ) FRV ( j + d )
H VLQ j
d = DVLQ ---------------
5 V U Y
Vane lift can be expressed as:
(2) Figure 4: control volume
In consequence of an infinitesimal shaft rotation dj, con-
tact points move in A and, respectively, in B while vector
rays rotate of an angle dy.
A volume variation dVi,j is observed in the control volume
that can be written as follows:
   
G9 L, M = --- +r M +  Gy M +  --- +r M Gy M (6)
 
being H the axial depth (vane thickness).
The variation in length that vector rays undergo as conse-
quence of this rotation is an infinitesimal of higher order
and can therefore be neglected. Let us consider the contact
point A as being integral with the vane; after rotation it
moves to A that does not coincide with the actual contact
point A (Fig. 5). An analogous reasoning is valid for point
B. For this reason the vane volume contained in the control
volume is varied due to rotation: to the right a portion
(referred to with 1 in Fig. 5) seen from the angle
Gg M = Gy M Gj leaves, while at left a portion seen from
d can be
angle Gg M +  = Gy M +  Gj enters. An additional variation
stems from the fact that vanes height is changed by the
quantity dh; more specifically, if the vane moves inward
(3) towards the centre of the rotor (negative dh) a portion of its
volume referenced as 2 in Fig. 5 leaves the control volume.
The angular extension g of the vane portion of height dh
(4)
varies of dg as consequence of the rotation dj, however,
this variation appears as a higher order infinitesimal and is
therefore neglected.

2
It is then possible to express the vane volume variation CHAMBER VOLUME

To evaluate the chamber volume it would be possible to

integrate numerically equation (9) but it is more convenient
to obtain an analytic approach. The simplest way is to eval-
uate the area contained between axes of two consecutive
vanes (as if these had zero thickness) and subtract the vol-
ume occupied by the vane. With reference to Fig. 6, the
infinitesimal area dA is so expressed:
  
G$ = --- ( r 5 U )Gj (14)


Figure 5: vane volume variation inside the control volume

contained in the control volume:

  
G9 Y, M = --- + ( r M +  Gg M +  r M Gg M ) + +5 U ( GK M +  g'' M +  + GK M g' M ) (7)

The chamber volume variation is given by the difference
between the control volume increase and the vane volume
increase contained within:
Figure 6: infinitesimal area dA
G9 M = G9 L, M G9 Y, M (8)
The volume contained between axes of two consecutive
By substitution of previously derived expressions and divi-
vanes separated by the angular pitch Dj is:
sion by dj the volume derivative of the j-th chamber is
obtained:  j + Dj  j + Dj  
9M = + G$ = --- + ( r 5 U ) Gj (15)
j  j
d9 M  dK M dK M + 
= --- + r M +  r M 5 U gM
 
+ gM +  (9)
dj  dj dj hence:

where:  H VLQ j
9 M = --- + [ H FRV j VLQ j + 5 V DVLQ -------------- +
  
 5V
H VLQ j
H ( 5 V U Y ) ( H FRV j + % ) VLQ j + DWDQ --------------
(16)
j + Dj
dK %     
= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (10) + H VLQ j 5V ( H VLQ j ) + --- + ( 5 V 5 U )Dj
dj j 
H VLQ j
% H ( 5 V U Y ) FRV j + DWDQ -------------- + H + ( 5 V U Y )
 
% To a reasonable accuracy, the volume occupied by half a
vane can be evaluated as sum of the trapeze and circular
with sector hatched in Fig. 7:
  
% = ( 5 V U Y ) H VLQ j (11) E E  d PD[
9 Y, M = ( K M U Y ) -----Y + U Y FRV d PD[ -----Y + U Y ---------- + (17)
  
With reference to Fig. 5 angles g are so written:
The volume of the j-th chamber (delimited by vanes j and
Dg j+1) becomes:
gM = ------ + [ j + ( M  )Dj y M ]

(12) 
Dg 9 M = 9 M 9 Y, M 9 Y, M +  (18)
g'' M = ------ [ j + ( M  )Dj y M ]

FLOW PASSAGE AREAS
with
EY To evaluate flow passage areas towards delivery consider
Dg =  DVLQ -------- (13) chamber 1 delimited by vanes 1 and 2 (Fig. 8); on a prelim-
5 U
inary basis we define the following rotor angular positions

3
 Figure 7: volume occupied by half a vane
in concert with conventions indicated in Fig. 2:
jEG and jHG when the left side of vane 1 falls in cor-
respondence of the begin and, respectively, the end of
the delivery rim
jEG and jHG when the right side of vane 2 falls in
correspondence of the begin and, respectively, the end
of the delivery rim
Figure 8: geometry for flow passage areas evaluation
An angular reference j = j - jEG is introduced so that
when j = 0 the begin of delivery starts.
Due to the change of reference, angles j and j referring
to vanes 1 and 2, re-considered in the interval 0 - 2p,
appear as indicated in Fig. 9.
The following intervals can be identified:
when 0 < j < jEG vane 2 has already uncovered the
begin of delivery rim, whereas vane 1 has not: the
chamber is connected with delivery but with a restricted
flow passage area
when jEG < j < jHG also vane 1 has uncovered the
rim: the chamber is fully connected
when jHG < j < jHG vane 2 is beyond the end of
delivery rim while vane 1 is not: the chamber is con-
nected with delivery but with a restricted flow passage
Figure 9: timing angles in auxiliary reference systems
area
when jHG < j < 2p also vane 1 is beyond the rim: the
chamber is fully disconnected from delivery.
In correspondence of j9PLQ and j9PD[ the minimum and,
respectively, maximum chamber volume is attained; angles
dHG and dEG express the overlap conditions.
For the evaluation of the flow passage areas equation (14)
is used and integration is performed between angles j$
and j% that can either identify the distribution rim, in the
case of a restricted flow passage area condition, or the
vane side:
j%
 j%  
$ ( j $, j % ) = j$ G$ = --- ( r 5 U ) Gj
 j$
(19)
An analogous procedure leads to the evaluation of the suc-
tion flow passage areas.
FORCES ACTING ON THE RING
The equilibrium equation of the ring (Fig. 10) is:
P V [ + F[ + N ( [ H  ) )  ) L, [ + ( S  E  S G E G S  E  )+ =  (20)
where F and k are respectively the preload and the stiff-
ness of the spring, e the maximum eccentricity and FL[
the force acting on the inside of the ring along the x-axis.
The force Fi is the resultant of three terms:
FS = due to chambers pressures
FFY = due to centrifugal effects on vanes
FFR = due to centrifugal effects on oil within chambers
To evaluate force FS (Fig. 11), the length Lj of the surface of
influence of the j-th chamber must first be assessed:
 
/M = ( [M [ M +  ) + ( \M \M +  ) (21)
4
 The centrifugal force acting on a vane of mass mY is:

O
) FY, M = P Y w K M + 5 U ---Y

(25)


Components of force FFY along x and y are:

) FY, [ = ) FY, M FRV [ j + ( M  )Dj ]

M=
(26)
1

) FY, \ = ) FY, M VLQ [ j + ( M  )Dj ]

M=

Figure 10: forces acting on the ring The centrifugal force acting on the mass of oil in each
chamber is:

) FR, M = r9 R, M w U *, M (27)

where r is the oil density, VRM is the volume of oil con-

tained in the j-th chamber and r*M is the centre of mass
radius. Components of force FFR along x and y are:

) FR, [ = ) FR, M FRV [ j + ( M   )Dj ]

M=
(28)
1

) FR, \ = ) FR, M VLQ [ j + ( M   )Dj ]

M=

Accordingly, force FL[ appearing in equation (20) is:

) L, [ = ) S, [ + ) FY, [ + ) FR, [ (29)

Figure 11: evaluation of forces LEAKAGE FLOWS

The exchanged force will be perpendicular to segment LM, The pump model accounts for the following leakage flows
will be applied at the mid point of LM with modulus towards chambers (Fig. 12):
1. between a chamber and the adjacent ones due to the
) S, M = / M S M + where pM is the chamber pressure. In addition
clearance between the vane tip and the stator ring
since the internal ring profile is a circle, the line of action (QI)
must go through O.
2. between a chamber and the adjacent ones due to the
The angle xM with the x-axis is: axial clearance hDY between the vane and the pump
case (QI)
[M +  [M
x M = -------------------
- + Dp (22) 3. between chambers and vane roots due to axial clear-
\M \M + 
ance hDU between rotor and pump case (QI)
where a is so expressed: 4. between chambers and volumes underneath vane
roots due to the clearance hYU between vanes and slots
 LI \M \M +  $1' [M +  [M
in the rotor (QI)

D =  LI \M +  < \M (23) The leakage flow at the tip of the j-th vane is evaluated

 LI \M \M +  $1' [M +  < [M through a flow equation in a laminar passage with variable
height:
Components of force FS along x and y are:
+ , YV ( SM  SM )
4 I, M = ---- --------
- ------------------------- (30)
1 1 ,  m
) S, [ = ) S, M FRV ( xM ) ) S, \ = ) S, M VLQ ( xM ) (24)
where I and I are written as integrals of the reciprocal of
M= M=
respectively the second and third power of the gaps height

5

Figure 12: leakage flows into chambers
(Fig. 13). Both definite integrals are taken with limit values
-a and a sufficiently far from the minimum height point hPLQ:
D D
 
,  = ------------- G[ , = K------------
- G[

K([ ) ([)
D D
while vV is the sliding velocity of the vane tip on the internal
ring profile and m is dynamic viscosity.
The variation of gaps height with position x is:
   
K ( [ ) = K PLQ + 5 V [ 5 V ( U Y [ U Y )
The vane tip clearance hPLQ is evaluated applying the equi-
librium equation of the j-th vane:
P Y \ + F\ ) FY + ( S M E Y + S M  E Y S L E Y )+ = 
Flow through clearance hDY at the j-th vane side is:
Figure 13: gap geometry at vane tip

K M K DY
4 I, M = ---------------- ( S M  S M ) (34)
mE Y
where hM is the vane lift evaluated with equation (5).
Flow going in the j-th chamber from the volume inside the
rotor through the axial gap hDU between rotor and case is:

E I K DU
4 I, M = ------------------ ( S L S M ) (35)
mE URW
where E I 5 U Dj .
Flow going in the j-th chamber from the volume inside the
rotor through the clearance hYU between the vane and the
slot is:

E I K YU
4 I, M = ------------------ ( S SM ) (36)
mE URW L
where E I +  .
The net flow into the chamber due to leakage contributions
is:
4 I, M = 4 I, M +  4 I, M + 4 I, M +  4 I, M + 4 I, M + 4 I, M (37)
(31)
SIMULATION
In Fig. 14 the simulation model in AMESim environment
is shown; it is constituted by the following components [3]:
a fixed restrictor OR000-2: associated with the inlet
duct;
(32)
the supercomponent SVANE: simulates the pump core;
a variable restrictor VOR00: load;
surface areas BAP11 and BAP12: supply the force on
the ring due to the pilot and delivery pressure
(33) spring BAP55; force on the ring due to the spring
fixed capacities BHC11: associated with the pilot and
spring chambers
laminar restrictors MLA51-1 and MLA51-2: simulate
the leakage flows from the delivery volume to the
spring chamber through the clearance between the
ring and the casing
laminar restrictor MLA51-3: simulates the leakage flow
from pilot chamber to the inlet volume through the
clearance between the ring and the casing
pump parameters PA510: supplies the main geometric
parameters to the components requiring them
PX53: supplies the shaft speed and the load
In Fig. 15 the structure of the supercomponent SVANE is
shown: the following components are identified:
fixed capacities HC00-3 and HC00-1: associated
respectively with the inlet and delivery volume
variable multiple restrictors (VOR52): evaluate the flow
rates to/from each chamber through the passage areas
AC100: calculates the passage areas with respect to
the shaft angular position and the ring eccentricity
variable volume chambers (VO59): associated with the
N chambers;
VC101: calculates the volumes and the volume deriva-
6

Figure 14: the simulation model
tives of each chamber with respect to the shaft angular
position and the ring eccentricity: it also evaluates the
absorbed torque and the internal forces on the ring
a fixed capacity HC00-2: associated with the volume
below the vanes: the volume is connected with the
delivery volume through a fixed restrictor OR00-1
vanes VAN53: simulate the leakage flow through the
vanes
laminar restrictor MEA105: simulates the leakage flow
between the volume below the vanes and the inlet vol-
ume through the rotor-casing axial clearance
annular orifice BAF13-1: evaluates the leakage flow
through the shaft-sleeve clearance
stator STA54: calculates the position of the ring
Figure 15: the SVANE supercomponent
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
The pump prototype has been characterized at steady-
7
state and dynamic operating conditions. Fig. 16 and Fig. 17
show the prototype with the locations of pressure and dis-
placement transducers: delivery and pilot pressures are
monitored by piezoresistive Kistler 4045-A20 units with 20
bar end-of-scale reading, the inlet pressure is measured
with a similar Kistler 4045-A5 module with 5 bar end-of-
scale. The stator ring position is detected by an inductive
HBM W20 displacement transducer. Flow rate was mea-
sured with a volumetric HELIX flowmeter featuring a mea-
suring range of 0,5-190 L/min. with an accuracy of 0,5%.
Tests were performed @40 C with HYDROBAK 10 (ISO
VG10) oil. Data acquisition in dynamic conditions was per-
formed with a NI DAQCard-6062E (12 bit resolution and
500 ksample/s rate), interfaced with a LabVIEW software
program.
inlet
pressure
delivery
pressure
Figure 16: pump cover
pilot
pressure
ring
displacement
Figure 17: pump view
Fig. 18 shows measured steady-state flow-pressure char-
acteristics (markers) contrasted with simulation results
(continuous lines).
Fig. 19 presents measured and simulated pressures at
pump delivery and in the pilot chamber.
Fig. 18 brings to evidence that the pressure level corre-
sponding to the onset of displacement reduction becomes
 80

70

60
flow rate [L/min]

50

40

30
2000 rpm
20 3000 rpm
4000 rpm
10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pilot pressure [bar]
Figure 20: internal pressure distribution
Figure 18: flow rate - pressure characteristics

80
12 16
experimental simulated
70
10 14
60
delivery pressure [bar]
pilot pressure [bar]

8 12
flow rate [L/min]

50

6 10 40

4 8 30

20 displacement 50%
2 6
displacement 75%
10 displacement 100%
0 4
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 0
angular position [deg] 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Figure 19: delivery and pilot pressure speed [rpm]

Figure 21: flow-speed characteristics

lower the higher is pump speed: this is ascribed to the
growth of the mean value of the resultant force Fi active on Fig. 21 shows measured flow rate at three displacement
the inside track of the stator ring originated by the phenom- values and constant delivery pressure of 4 bar as pump
enon of incomplete filling of pump chambers. speed is varied: for each characteristic a limit speed is
Under optimal operating conditions, the instantaneous observed that is lower the higher is displacement, beyond
force FL on the ring reaches the maximum positive compo- which incomplete filling effects become evident. Incomplete
nent along the x-axis when a chamber becomes connected filling can be rated by an index l defined by the ratio of the
with delivery (Fig. 20a), whereas the maximum negative actual to the flow rate available in complete filling condi-
component is attained just before a chamber leaves deliv- tions (Fig. 22).
ery (Fig. 20b). The mean pressure distribution is shown in The component FL[ in the x-axis direction, to a first approx-
Fig. 20c and the mean resultant force on the ring is on the imation can be expressed as the product of delivery pres-
y-axis and is therefore absorbed by the prismatic protru- sure pG times the internal surface of influence AL:
sions of the ring.
In defective (incomplete) filling conditions, when the con- ) L, [ = S G $ L = S G +5 V VLQ ( z ) (38)
nection with delivery is established, a backflow of oil into
the chamber is observed and pressure within does not Angle z is bound to the extent of incomplete filling. In fact,
increase until the chamber becomes filled after a rotation the greater the chamber volume to be filled, the greater is
angle z from the maximum volume position (Fig. 20d). the time needed and the corresponding rotor rotation. Fig.
Since from the end of delivery side (Fig. 20e) nothing is 23 presents simulation results relative to angle z as pump
changed, the average pressure distribution develops as in speed is varied and delivery pressure held constant at 3
Fig. 20f and the resultant has a negative component along bar: it can be noticed that z reaches angles of more than
the x-axis that acts in reducing pump displacement.
8
 1

0.9
incomplete filling index

0.8 displacement 50%

displacement 75%
displacement 100%
0.7

Figure 24: position of pressure transducer

0.6

9 delivery volume max volume

0.5 chamber
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
7 ]
speed [rpm]
10 7 16

pressure [bar]
Figure 22: incomplete filling index
5

to delivery
trapped
to inlet
ten degrees and, therefore, the component of force Fi along
the x-axis can become comparable with the spring preload. 3

50 1

45
-1 0 20 40 60 80 100
angular position [deg]
40
Figure 25: pressure in the trapped volume
35 simulated
experimental
)
S = ------------------------------------------------
- (39)
30 ( E  E G + 5 V VLQ z )+
[]

25 As displacement is reduced, filling is improved, force FL[

(acting against the spring) is diminished and, consequently,
20
the force that tends to increase displacement is aug-
mented: in this situation it is as if the spring had a quite high
15
stiffness resulting in a very low slope of the characteristic.
10
The pump undergoes a displacement reduction until at an
eccentricity e* a complete filling of chambers is achieved.
5 Once internal forces are zeroed, the only force increasing
pump displacement is that of the spring and as a conse-
0 quence a further increment in delivery pressure leads to
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000
speed [rpm] effective displacement control conditions at a pressure
value of:
Figure 23: angle z
)  + N ( H  H* )
S* = ------------------------------------ (40)
The experimental value shown in Fig. 23 has been ( E  E G )+
acquired by a Kistler 6031 transducer fitted in the pump
case to measure chamber pressure at maximum volume CONCLUSIONS
conditions (Fig. 24); Fig. 25 shows measured pressure
traces. It can be noticed that when, 7 after maximum vol- The developed mathematical model has demonstrated the
ume position, the connection with delivery commences, capability of portraying peculiar aspects of the steady-state
pressure in the chamber stays low while delivery pressure and dynamic pump performance. In more detail, simulation
continues to decline: in this situation backflow exists. After outcomes, validated through experimental tests, brought to
16 the chamber is filled and pressure within begins to rise evidence how incomplete filling at high pump speed is
again. responsible for an anticipated reduction of pump displace-
On the steady-state characteristic an initial value of pres- ment in respect to rated pressure. This behaviour is critical
sure p originating displacement control can be observed: and undesired due to the fact that, at high speed, pump

9
flow may be inadequate in fulfilling lubrication circuit vV sliding velocity tip vane - ring
demand owing to excessive displacement reduction. V volume
As already evidenced in previous studies [2], it is physically
impossible to significantly improve pump filling. A viable greek letters
compromise solution is to change the direct acting dis- dj infinitesimal rotation of the rotor
placement control with a piloted one. In this circumstance
the validated mathematical model is a very effective and
Dj angular pitch
powerful tool for dimensioning, predicting and comparing g angular extension of a vane portion
new possible solutions in terms of their individual perfor- d angular position of the contact point on the vane tip
mance. z angle bound to extent of incomplete filling
m dynamic viscosity
NOMENCLATURE x phase of the force FS
AL internal surface of influence r vector ray modulus
b witdh of the ring prismatic protusion spring side j rotor angular position
b witdh of the ring prismatic protusion pilot side
y vector ray phase
w angural velocity of the rotor
bG see Fig. 10
bURW see Fig. 12 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
bVWDW radial thickness of the stator
bY thickness of the vane The present work has been performed under a research
c viscous friction coefficient contract with Pierburg SpA. Authors acknowledge permis-
e eccentricity sion of publishing the present material.
e maximum eccentricity
CONTACT
e* eccentricity for complete filling achievement
FFY centrifugal force on the vane N. Nervegna: nicola.nervegna@polito.it
FFR centrifugal force on the oil within chambers S. Manc: salvatore.manco@polito.it
FL internal force M. Rundo: massimo.rundo@polito.it
FS force due the chambers pressures Web address: www.polito.it/fluidpower
h vane lift REFERENCES
hDY axial crearance between vane and pump case
hDU axial crearance between rotor and pump case 1. Fabiani, M., Manc, S., Nervegna, N., Rundo, M.: "Modelling
hYU clearance between vane and slot in the rotor and Simulation of Gerotor Gearing in Lubricating Oil Pumps",
SAE paper 1999-01-0626; 1999 SAE International Congress
H vane thickness and Exposition, Detroit, March 1-4, 1999. SAE Transactions,
k spring stiffness Journal of Engines, 1999.
lY lenght of the vane
L distance between two consecutives contact points 2. Manc, S., Nervegna, N., Rundo, M.: Effects of timing and
mV mass of the stator odd/even number of teeth on noise generation of gerotor
lubricating pumps for IC engines. SAE paper 2000-01-2630,
mY mass of the vane also in SAE Special Publication, Topics in Hydraulics (SP-
p pressure for initial displacement reduction 1554) ISBN 0-7680-0649-X; 2000 SAE International Off-
p* pressure for effective displacement reduction Highway & Powerplant Congress and Exposition, Milwaukee,
p pressure in the chamber of the spring WI, USA, September 11-13, 2000. SAE Transactions 2000 -
Journal of Commercial Vehicles ISBN: 0-7680-0841-7
p pressure in the pilot chamber
pG delivery pressure 3. Manc, S., Nervegna, N., Rundo, M.:A Contribution to the
pL pressure in the volume underneath vanes Design of Hydraulic Lube Pumps, The International Journal
of Fluid Power, vol. 3- Number 1, ISSN 1439 9776, pp. 21-31,
pM pressure in the j-th chamber
April 2002.
QI leakage flow at the tip of the vane
QI leakage through the clearance hDY
QI leakage through the clearance hDU
QI leakage through the clearance hYU
RU radius of the rotor
RV radius of the ring
rY radius of the vane tip

10