Answers

8A Food, glorious
4 It contains fat.
5 a iodine solution b It will go a blueblack colour.

food! 8Aa(10)
1 growth and repair, energy, health
2 a protein, carbohydrates, (sugar), fats, vitamin B1
8Aa Advertising food b 12 g c 25 (2 + 15 + 6) = 2 g
Pupils Book page 7 3 to keep your intestines healthy/stop constipation
1 a Children were being persuaded to eat unhealthy foods after 4 a fat, protein, sugar
seeing them advertised on TV. b Drop iodine solution onto bar and look for blue/black colour;
b They showed one group of children some adverts for foods rub bar onto a piece of paper and hold it up to the light to
and another group of children adverts for toys. They then look for a greasy mark.
offered all the children some food and watched to see what c The fat per 100 g should be 8 and not 6.
they ate. d nuts
c evidence for e It implies the bar contains lots of fibre when in fact it contains
2 a Children today do less exercise; food today is more fattening. hardly any.
b Pupils own responses should include an indication of a fair test.
3 High levels of fat although pupils are not expected to know 8Aa(11)
this yet. Fattening things, things that are bad for you, etc. are 1 A food allergy is a strong immediate reaction; a food intolerance is
appropriate answers. a longer-term feeling of being unwell.
2 a substances made by the body which stick to proteins
Pages 89 b proteins Antibodies only stick to proteins and in the test the
1 what you eat second antibody can stick to the first.
2 a protein, carbohydrate, fat, fibre, vitamins, minerals 3 Its quicker.
b 66.1 g 4 a If the blood were left there the second lot of antibodies would
4 a carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals all stick to the antibodies in the blood, whether they were
b fibre and water attached to the food or not.
c fibre for healthy intestines; water as a solvent/to fill up cells/ b All the wells would go red.
to keep cool c The enzyme that makes the red colour would still be in all the
5 starch wells.
6 a fizzy drink, chocolate 5 Boris shows an intolerance to peanuts and salmon and should
b starch be advised to cut these things out of his diet and see if that
makes a difference to his wellbeing.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack 6 a Any two from: fibre, water, vitamins, minerals, sugar, starch,
fat.
8Aa(1)
b They dont contain proteins.
1 nutrition information tables
2 a 9.2 g b 4 g
3 growth and repair, energy, health 8Ab Keeping it balanced
4 vitamins and minerals Pupils Book pages 1011
5 constipation 1 Eating a wide variety of foods (so that we get all the things we
6 starch need). Some pupils may mention the food pyramid in their
7 iodine solution explanation.
2 a carbohydrates
8Aa(8) b Any two sensible answers, e.g. bread, rice, pasta, potatoes.
1 a true c Any two sensible answers, e.g. sweets, cakes, fizzy drinks.
b false Meat contains a lot of protein. 3 storage of energy, heat insulation
c false Iodine solution can be used to test for starch. 4 a 5.15 g b 3.25 g c 19.2 g
d false Any two nutrients from: carbohydrate; sugar; starch; 5 a 760 kJ
fat; protein; vitamins; minerals. b The bread goes blue/black, but the butter does not.
e false It is very important to have a balanced diet. 6 a Any two sensible answers, e.g. meat, fish, eggs, cheese, beans,
2 protein is needed for growth and repair milk.
sugar is a type of carbohydrate b for growth and repair
water is needed for health 7 a 50 g b 4667 g
fibre is needed for healthy intestines 8 wholemeal bread
vitamins are needed for health 9 Any sensible answer based on an understanding of a balanced
Note that other permutations are possible (e.g. water is not a diet.
nutrient).
Page 12
8Aa(9) 1 It contains a wide variety of carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
1 carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins vitamins and minerals (and fibre in the whole rice).
2 what someone usually eats 2 a eating too much fat/sugar b eating too little c eating too little
3 a 2.6 g b 58 g c starch d (58 1) 2 = 114 g e vitamins and protein
minerals f expected answer is to move

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8A Answers
3 Fat is needed in the body as a raw material and to form a layer
under the skin that helps to keep you warm. You may become ill
if you dont have any fat in your diet.
4 Pupils own responses (e.g. Yes, so that people might eat more
healthily; Not because the advertisers are entitled to free speech
and people should take responsibility for themselves).
5 Pupils own respones (e.g. This was a good idea because it tries
to get the fashion industry to stop using very thin models and
making people worry about their weight too much and so make
themselves ill; This is a bad idea because it prevents fashion
designers creating the sort of look that they want).
Page 13
1 a Too much fat or sugar in the diet will make you fat and this
puts you at risk of developing type II diabetes.
b The glucose goes into the blood, insulin is produced but the
cells dont respond to it and so glucose stays in the blood. Or
the glucose goes into the blood, very little insulin is produced
and so only a small amount of glucose is taken into the cells.
2 They can cause blood glucose levels to rise quickly.
3 There is so much glucose in the blood that it gets into the urine/
the body puts it in the urine to get rid of it.
4 A fault with the pancreas was the cause of diabetes.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Ab(1)
starch (carbohydrate) provide energy bread, potatoes
sugar (carbohydrate) provide energy cakes, sweets
proteins to help us grow and repair our bodies fish, eggs, nuts
fats for warmth and energy butter, oil
vitamins and minerals to keep our bodies healthy fruit and
vegetables
8Ab(2)
1 a Too
Too Missing
Too little much of
Problem much a
food a problems when combined with other factors but one clipping
food nutrient
nutrient
anorexia
heart disease
kwashiorkor
obesity
starvation
b Any two from: on a diet, cannot afford food, crops failed.
2 a Milk is a good source of fat; rice is a good source of starch;
chicken is a good source of protein; fruit and vegetables are a
good source of vitamins and minerals.
b vitamins (Theres plenty of calcium in cheese and iron in the
meat.)
8Ab(3)
1 a Insulin controls the blood sugar levels.
b Diabetes is caused by too much sugar in the blood.
c Diabetes/too much sugar is caused by a malfunctioning
pancreas.
d Diabetes can be detected using ants.
2 a insulin made in pancreas
b insulin made in pancreas and cells take glucose out of blood
8Ab(7)
1 a carbohydrate; for energy
b protein; for growth and repair
c vitamins/minerals/fibre/water; for health
2 a fat b to store energy/for insulation
3 a water b sugar c turns to fat (which makes you fat)/causes
tooth decay
4 a no b There are not very many vegetables/the food does not
contain all the vitamins you need.
334 Exploring Science edition
8Ab(8)
1 eating a wide range of different foods, with more foods that
contain starch and only a small amount containing sugars, fats
and oils
2 a The Pasta Special; any sensible consideration of the range of
foods and the different food components present
b Both could go with fruit (salad) to make up for the fact that
they do not have much in the way of vitamins. Accept sensible
suggestions along those lines.
8Ab(9)
1 carbohydrates, fat
2 The postman uses up more energy by walking around.
3 a He eats too much.
b heart disease/diabetes or other sensible idea
c cut down on the amount he eats and cut down on the things
that contain the most fat and sugar (e.g. sweets, chocolate, ice
cream, cake)
d exercise
e He doesnt eat enough food.
f vitamins, protein (and a wide range of minerals)
g He may become ill/get kwashiorkor.
8Ab(10)
1 a one fact from the sources, e.g. They studied more than 14 000
people for nearly 20 years and found that overweight people
with the highest salt intake were 61% more likely to die from
a stroke or heart attack
b one opinion from the sources, e.g. Most of us consume too
much salt
c one claim from the sources, e.g. Now its an easy way to help
keep your heart healthy.
2 Any sensible answer backed up by a good reason, e.g. New
Scientist because they are experts at writing about science and
are not trying to please any one group of people.
3 No, some of the clippings suggest that salt may cause health
also points out how important salt is.
4 a The diets investigated were not compared to another group
of people eating an ordinary American diet that had the usual
levels of salt.
b No, the investigation as stated seems to suggest that both low
salt intake and the kind of diet lowers blood pressure.
c Any sensible answer but the use of a control diet (normal
American) in the investigation is the expected answer.
8Ab(11)
1 filtration
2 a 87 g
b There is also water in the food.
3 58%
4 1794 kJ/100 g
5 bomb calorimeter
6 1848 kJ/100 g
7 a higher
b The fibre will also burn and release energy but humans
cannot digest this.
8 so they can keep a watch on how much energy their food
contains and not eat foods containing more energy than they
will use (which will make them fat)
8Ac Youve got guts
Pupils Book pages 1415
1 digestion
2 begins at mouth and ends at anus
3 absorbs water
4 a gullet/food pipe, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum, anus
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8A
 b by muscles contracting (peristalsis) compared differently (e.g. the spaghetti might have been
c 2448 hours cooked for longer in one trial).
d Liver is the expected answer. b Use more than 10 volunteers to work out the average (mean)
5 a starch/carbohydrate GI numbers.
b vitamin C, glucose, water 7 If glucose is released into the blood more slowly, they have
c water enough insulin to cope with its quick removal.
d They have to be broken down into smaller molecules. 8 so that they can have a steady supply of glucose entering the
6 a small intestine blood rather than a spike
b They break down large insoluble food molecules into small,
soluble molecules. 8Ad Break down
7 a glucose/sucrose/sugars
Pupils Book pages 1617
b starch
1 a carbohydrate or starch b glucose
8 a by providing good bacteria that help stop the bad bacteria
2 a age of people, fitness of people, what they ate, what they did
causing problems
in terms of exercise, work, etc., medicines
c Pupils suggestions could involve testing the numbers/ratio
b Ask people whether they felt better taking the supplement.
of bad bacteria versus good bacteria in the guts of those
Point out to pupils that this would be done as a test in which
who drink Actimel or a bacteria-free yoghurt. Or finding out
some people took the supplement and others did not.
whether people who drink Actimel have less incidences of
3 pH 12
diarrhoea, etc. than those who dont drink Actimel.
4 a 37 C (body temperature) b proteins
5 They are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
6 a It shows that large molecules are split into smaller ones; it
8Ac(1)
shows that the enzymes dont get used up; it shows that
1 Large molecules such as starch, fats and proteins need to be
enzymes change shape as they work.
broken up into smaller soluble molecules byenzymes; Saliva
b It doesnt show that the enzyme works on a specific molecule.
helps to make the food moist so that it is easy toswallow; The
7 a It shows that large molecules are split into smaller ones; it
food is churned up and mixed with acid in thestomach; Food
shows that the enzymes dont get used up; it shows that the
that we cannot digest has water removed in thelarge intestine;
enzyme works on a specific molecule.
When food is broken down it is taken into the body through the
b It doesnt show that enzymes change shape as they work.
wall of thesmall inestine.
8 Each enzyme only works on one particular type of molecule
2 Drawing should show five squares.
and there are many different types of molecules and so many
different types of enzymes are needed.
8Ac(5)
1 correct labelling
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
2 aF bB cG dE eA fD gC
8Ad(1)
3 to break down large food molecules into small molecules that
1 a DJ labelled at mouth, stomach, small intestine
can be absorbed by the small intestine
b P labelled at stomach and small intestine
c S labelled at mouth, small intestine
8Ac(6)
1 Relevant linking phrases such as: Swallowing is when food 2 Place found
passes down the gullet; Strong acid is found in the stomach; Substance inside Visking outside Visking
small molecules are absorbed by the small intestine; Water is tubing tubing
removed from undigested food in the large intestine; Faeces starch
are stored in the rectum; Elimination (or egestion) of faeces enzymes
happens in the anus; Contracting muscles push food along the glucose
gut.
2 a The five smallest molecules circled.
8Ad(7)
b They will fit through the gaps in the model small intestine
1 stomach churns the food up/digests proteins; small intestine
wall.
digests foods and absorbs them
c water
2 i mouth; ii gullet; iii stomach; iv small intestine; vi large
d They must be broken down by enzymes to form small, soluble
intestine; vi rectum; vii anus
molecules, which can be absorbed by the small intestine.
3 Digestion starts in the mouth. During digestion, digestive juices
3 any one of: making useful substances; keeping harmful bacteria
are added to the food. These contain enzymes that break the
numbers down; helping to digest some foods
food down into smaller pieces.

8Ac(7)
8Ad(8)
1 Starch is the expected answer.
1 a carbohydrate/starch b fat c protein
2 The glucose is easily absorbed by the small intestine (and
2 yes and an explanation of balanced diet, or no and an
doesnt need to be broken down).
explanation of the lack of different sorts of vitamins there are
3 The large carbohydrate molecules are broken down by enzymes
other possible answers
into glucose, which is then absorbed by the small intestine.
3 mouth, gullet/food pipe, stomach, small intestine, large
4 Some carbohydrates are bigger than others, or more difficult
intestine, rectum, anus
for enzymes to break down (they may be protected by other
4 a mouth
substances or highly twisted shapes).
b small intestine more different enzymes are found there
5 41
c mouth bread; gullet bread; stomach ham; small
6 a Any one of: the foods may be slightly different (e.g. different
intestine ham, bread, butter
types of white bread will have different components); the
d glucose
trials are done on human volunteers and each persons body
e pH 12 thats the pH of the stomach
will digest things slightly differently; the foods may have been
f 37 C thats the temperature of the human body

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8A Answers
8Ad(9)
1 starch
2 a The starch had all turned into sugar.
b enzyme
3 The vertical axis should be something like The length of time it
took for no black colour to be formed.
4 a 65 C
b The heat destroyed the enzyme (in fact the enzymes shape
is changed making it unable to do its job) or the enzyme
could not work very fast at high temperatures. (This is a
simplification; in actual fact it is a population of enzymes,
some of which are working and others of which are not. At
higher temperatures, less enzyme molecules are working.)
5 a 35 C
b This is the closest temperature to body temperature.
8Ad(11)
1 a a suspension of one liquid mixed in with another
b bile
c It increases the surface area over which fat-digesting
enzymes can work.
2 a Drawing to show large protein being split by enzymes into
peptides and then further split by different enzymes into
amino acids.
b Different proteins contain different amino acids, some of
which are essential in our diets. If we only eat protein from
one source we may not get all of the essential amino acids.
3 a sucrase
b Suggestions might include looking it up on the internet.
4 fatty acids and glycerol
5 a The amylase from the salivary glands has stopped working
due to the acid conditions encountered in the stomach.
b Pepsin works at pH 12 (the pH of the stomach) but the bile
neutralises the acid in the small intestine and so an enzyme
that works at a more neutral pH is needed.
6 37 C (human body temperature) and pH 7 (because conditions
in the small intestine are neutral)
8Ae In the blood
Pupils Book pages 1819
1 a eat less fat (or do more exercise)
b to avoid health problems like heart disease
2 a taken in
b its wall is thin and it has villi to create a large surface area
3 The expected answer is that arteries take blood away from the
heart and veins carry it back.
4 the heart and blood vessels
5 Enzymes turn starch into glucose Glucose is absorbed
Glucose enters a capillary Glucose goes into a vein Glucose
goes to liver Glucose is pumped through the heart Glucose
is carried in the bloodstream to other parts of the body
Glucose comes out of blood in the tissue fluid in a leg muscle
Cell takes in the glucose Glucose is respired to release energy.
6 a glucose b respiration
7 a People take a greater interest in their health/dont have time
to see a doctor to get test done/prefer the anonymity of a
home test rather than going to a doctor.
b Results arent necessarily that accurate/causes people to panic
if the result comes back bad/lulls people into a false sense of
security if the test comes back OK.
Page 20
1 a Pupils should comment on making the packaging attractive,
easy to get the product out, resealable or recyclable.
b Pupils should select words such as organic, low fat, no salt, 1 0.0125 m
proven to reduce cholesterol, healthy choice or calcium. 2 0.5 m2 (or 0.51 or 0.512)
c scientific evidence to back up the idea
336 Exploring Science edition
d natural
e light, traditional style, finest, handmade
2 Pupils could include: wholegrain goodness, keeps the gut
healthy, naturally inspired.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Ae(1)
1 Across: 3 small intestine 5 digested 6 respiration. Down: 1
blood vessel 2 circulatory 4 heart
2 1 Enzymes turn starch into glucose; 2 Glucose is absorbed;
3 Glucose enters a capillary; 4 Glucose goes into a vein; 5
Glucose is carried in the bloodstream; 6 Glucose comes out
of blood in the tissue fluid in a leg muscle; 7 Cell takes in the
glucose; 8 Glucose is respired to release energy.
8Ae(2)
1 a fat amber, saturated fat amber, salt amber, sugar green
b fat amber, saturated fat amber, salt red, sugar green
c fat green, saturated fat green, salt amber, sugar green
d fat amber, saturated fat red, salt amber, sugar green
2 a fat 17.4 g (amber), saturated fat 14.5 g (red), salt 0.6 g
(amber), sugar 2 g (green)
b fat 9.6 g (amber), saturated fat 3.7 g (amber), salt 1 g
(amber), sugar 2.7 g (green)
c fat 10.6 g (amber), saturated fat 7.3 g (red), salt 0.26 g
(green), sugar 53.4 g (red)
8Ae(3)
1 a carbohydrate or sugar circled
b respiration
c 8545 kJ
d to make new substances
e could be low salt or high fibre or just healthy or good for
you
2 a blood vessels (or capillaries, veins, arteries) and heart labelled
b line from small intestine to liver to heart to arm inside the
blood vessels
8Ae(4)
Across: 3 carbohydrate 5 glucose 13 excretion 14 respiration
19 mineral 20 fibre 22 vitamin 23 small intestine 24 kilojoule.
Down: 1 saliva 2 digestion 4 rectum 6 stomach 7 protein
8 gullet 9 sugar 10 water 11 capillary 12 fat 13 enzyme
15 egestion 16 artery 17 ingestion 18 balanced 21 villi.
8Ae(5)
2 Villi increase the surface area; walls are thin.
3 a blood
b respiration
c energy
d It flows out of the capillaries in the tissue fluid.
8Ae(6)
1 a amino acids b muscle (cells)
2 a fatty acids (and glycerol) b cell membranes
3 a glucose and oxygen b in the blood
4 a carbon dioxide and water b Carbon dioxide is carried by the
blood to the lungs where it is breathed out.
5 Various possibilities but the expected answer involves using
radioactive carbon only in the protein component of a rats
diet. The radioactivity should be found in the body (muscles for
instance) and not in the breathed out air.
8Ae(7)
3 10 m2
4 3 000 m2
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8B
5 38 000 m or 38 km b The peas are dead and so not respiring and so not producing
Pupils will need to rearrange the equation into the form: h = heat.
surface area/(2r) 2 a pink
6 The digested food cannot be absorbed very well and so the b Tube 1 pink; Tube 2 yellow; Tube 3 pink
person does not get enough food for growth and repair into the c Tube 1
body. (The disease can often be halted by eating a gluten-free d Limewater goes cloudy when carbon dioxide is added and so
diet and is often called gluten intolerance.) could be used to show respiration but it is also alkaline and
will kill the pond snails.

8B Going for gold 8Ba(8)

1 same mass/amount of peas, same variety of peas, same soaking
time for peas, same size of vacuum flask, same amount of
8Ba Going for gold sterilisation
Pupils Book page 21 3 a Flask A at 36 hours does not fit the curve.
1 a Expected answers are: physiotherapist, sports scientist, b Whoever was recording the temperature misread the
dietician, engineer. thermometer; the thermometer was taken out of the
b Ideas might include: physiotherapist muscles, skeleton apparatus in order to read it.
and bones; sports scientist breathing rates, pulse rates, 4 The peas were respiring.
circulatory system; dietician digestive system, cells; engineer 5 The peas were dead so could not respire and release heat/
forces, energy. energy.
2 Ideas might include: wheelchair, running shoes, footballs, sports 6 Read from pupils curve should be about 25 C.
shirts. 7 33 C The temperature has stopped rising at the end of the
3 Lots of carbohydrates for energy and/or lots of proteins to keep experiment.
muscles strong. 8 The vacuum flasks are better at keeping the heat in, and less
likely to allow temperature changes of the room to affect the
Pages 2223 temperature of the peas.
1 To make new substances and to release energy using respiration 9 using a temperature probe and datalogger
(including heat). 10 a It is produced by a reaction between glucose and oxygen.
2 The carbohydrates are as sugars in solution so can be quickly b Respiration is much more controlled.
absorbed and used.
3 Air is needed to keep a candle burning and to keep animals 8Bb Round and round
alive. Pupils Book pages 2425
4 Not all the air was used up by the candle or the mouse. 1 a the smallest blood vessels
5 a digestive system b b They have thin walls with tiny gaps in.
breathing system c
2 that capillaries exist
circulatory system
3 through reading Harveys book (or through reading a paper in a
6 a oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water
journal)
b oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water
4 a small intestine capillary in small intestine vein
c Both use oxygen, produce carbon dioxide, produce water and right side of heart lungs left side of heart artery
release energy.
capillary in leg muscle leg muscle cell
d Respiration occurs more slowly/respiration is a series of
b lungs left side of heart artery capillary in leg
reactions/respiration is controlled; accept that in respiration
muscle leg muscle cell
the cells dont catch fire.
5 a the left side
e light
b because it has to be more powerful to pump blood around
7 a X because the peas are respiring, which produces heat.
the whole body (not just to the lungs)
b X because the peas are respiring, which produces carbon
c stop blood flowing the wrong way through the heart
dioxide.
6 a My pulse rate is 70 beats per minute.
b the number of times the heart beats in a minute
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack 7 a capillaries
8Ba(1) b tissue fluid
1 a drawn in candle with no flame c They are too large to pass through the tiny gaps in the
b Candles need air to burn. capillary walls.
c The snail will die.
2 a Water level drawn in higher than in diagram on left.
Page 26
b Burning only uses up a part of the air.
1 b volume of blood pulse rate = volume of blood per minute
3 a reactants: glucose, oxygen; products: carbon dioxide, water volume of blood per minute 60 = volume of blood per hour
b energy volume of blood per hour 24 = volume of blood per day
The total should be of the order of 8 000 000 cm3 or
8Ba(6) 8000 litres far more than the body could make/use
1 a Heat is produced by respiration. each day given the water intake.
b The carbon dioxide we breathe out is made by respiration. 2 His religious views were not shared by important people and so
c Respiration happens in all living cells. his science was also ignored.
2 glucose 3 a The drawing only has two chambers (in fairness, later da Vinci
3 The sparrow uses up the oxygen and dies when oxygen runs drawings showed four).
out. The sparrow produces carbon dioxide, which poisons it. b He assumed that Galen was correct. And Galen assumed that
people had the same heart structure as fish.
8Ba(7)
1 a The peas are respiring and respiration produces heat.

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 337

8B Answers
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack 2 Blood was pumped from the heart around the body, then
8Bb(1) returned to the heart to be re-circulated; there are valves in
1 a circulatory system veins that allow blood to flow in one direction only.
b heart 3 veins, blood, one
c label on diagram 4 a He predicted that capillaries must exist.
d blood b At the time microscopes were not generally available.
e to make sure all your tissues get glucose and oxygen 5 capillaries
f one other part labelled (e.g. blood vessel)
2 theory, theory, prediction 8Bb(8)
3 a pulse rate 1 a AEGB; DFHC
b Any one from: same person used; some method of measuring b B
pulse rate; person sitting in same position in same sort of c CDFH
chair; person completely at rest. d ABEG
e It needs to pump more powerfully to get blood to go around
8Bb(2) the rest of the body.
1 a and b 2 Galen: One type of blood is made in the liver and 2 a B
feeds the organs. Some 5 Harvey: Blood flows around b tissue fluid
the body in a continuous circuit, pumped by the heart. 1 c plasma
Erasistratus: Half the heart contains blood and the other half d any one from: carbon dioxide; glucose; food
contains air. 4 Servetus: Blood goes from the heart, through the e oxygen
lungs and back to the heart again. 3 Vesalius: If I put water or 3 a vena cava b pulmonary artery c aorta d pulmonary vein;
blood into a heart and try to encourage it e right atrium/auricle f left atrium/auricle g right ventricle
2 Theories change when new evidence is found that does not h left ventricle
support an existing theory.
3 Any one from: the scientist may have other views that people find 8Bb(9)
unacceptable; the theory is completely different to an existing 2 a 5000 cm3
theory; the scientist may not be good at telling others about a b 16000 cm3 (N.B. the amount of blood pumped out of the
theory. heart is not the same as the amount of blood supplied to the
heart muscle.)
8Bb(5) 3 a circulatory system
1 system, blood, blood, glucose, heart, veins b 70.4 cm3/beat
c 100 cm3/beat
8Bb(6) 4 a 550%
1 129200; Galen; arteries carried blood not air; measured pulse b The muscles need more oxygen and food/sugar for respiration.
rates to aid diagnosis; thought there were invisible holes between 5 a 400%
right and left sides of heart through which blood flowed; thought b to cool down the blood
the veins and arteries formed two separate systems, in which
blood flowed backwards and forwards; thought that blood was 8Bb(10)
made in the liver; thought that blood was used in organs; assumed 1 It is part of the haemoglobin molecule which is used to carry
that the internal anatomy of animals was the same as humans. oxygen.
12131288; Ibn al-Nafis; wall between right and left sides of 2 shape large surface area for oxygen absorption and allows all
heart was solid; blood flowed from right to left side of heart via haemoglobin molecules to be near the surface of the cell; no
lungs; coronary arteries carry blood to cardiac muscle. nucleus more room for haemoglobin molecules; haemoglobin
14521519; Leonardo da Vinci; his dissections and drawings to carry oxygen; flexible to fit through the smallest capillaries
described the heart in great detail, eventually showing it had 3 a 7.5 m
four chambers and valves. b to fit through very small capillaries
15111553; Michael Servetus; blood flows from the heart to c 5 000 000 000
the lungs and back to the heart; the change in colour in blood 4 a haemoglobin molecule with oxygen attached
happens in the lungs. 5 liver (or spleen)
15151559; Realdo Colombo; suggested the heart was a pump. 6 to carry soluble substances (e.g. carbon dioxide waste, glucose,
15141564; Vesalius; dissected human bodies to establish the other food molecules)
internal anatomy.
15331619; Girolamo Fabrici; showed valves in veins. 8Bb(11)
15781657; William Harvey; observed that the heart receives 1 a person who studies plants
and expels blood during each cycle; found valves in veins and 2 a digitalis b foxglove leaves
demonstrated that they prevented blood from flowing the wrong 3 poor heart function
way; identified that the heart pumped blood; developed the first 4 Two from: swollen limbs, weak heartbeart or pulse, shortness of
complete theory of the circulation of blood. breath (due to lungs filling with fluid).
17411799; William Withering; identified extract of foxglove 5 He systematically tested each herb in the recipe on his patients
leaves as a cure for dropsy. to see which one worked.
2 Harvey used a ligature tied around an arm, which caused 6 It makes it beat more forcefully.
the veins to become exposed. He demonstrated that if you 7 severe headaches, sickness, diarrhoea and even death
push on the skin between two valves with one finger to push 8 He gradually increased the dose until there were side effects. He
blood along the vein past the valve, the blood will flow past it. then gave a dose which was less than this.
However, when you remove this finger the blood will not flow 9 a digitoxin
back into the empty vein below it. b A sensible suggestion such as: it is a purified form of the
active ingredient so less likely to have side effects caused by
8Bb(7) other things in the mixture; it is cheaper to make rather than
1 He would only say something was a fact if he could prove it in crushing up lots of flowers.
his experiments

338 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8B
8Bc Into thin air 8Bc(2)
1 a capillary
Pupils Book page 27 b tissue fluid
1 a Exercises that are fast enough to make the body work hard, c oxygen and glucose (and water/plasma)
but slow enough to allow you to take in enough oxygen to d aerobic respiration
completely break down glucose in aerobic respiration. e diagram completed as for diagram A on page 28
b any three from walking, jogging, cycling, swimming 2 Large amounts stop aerobic respiration happening. carbon
2 a Blood vessels supplying the heart get blocked up. Tissues dioxide
cant get glucose and oxygen and so cells start to die. It stops one of the important reactions in aerobic respiration.
b so that the heart pumps less strongly, which means that it hydrogen cyanide
needs less glucose and oxygen, which means that it is less It stops red blood cells carrying oxygen. carbon monoxide
likely to run out of these things despite poor supply
c Beta blockers slow the heart and make it pump less strongly 8Bc(3)
and so even less blood gets to fingers and toes (through the 1 a glucose lactic acid
narrowed blood vessels leading to the skin). b glucose reactant; lactic acid product
c when doing hard exercise; when sprinting; when holding
Page 28 your breath for a very long time; when there is lots carbon
1 in the plasma monoxide in the blood
2 An increased breathing rate helps to get more oxygen into the 2 flowchart along these lines: hard exercise anaerobic
blood and so provide more oxygen for cells to use in aerobic respiration lactic acid builds up cramp
respiration. An increased breathing rate also helps to get more
carbon dioxide out of the blood and so ensure that this gas does
not stop aerobic respiration in the cells. hard anaerobic lactic acid
exercise respiration build up cramp
3 bright red

4 Advantage for meat packers in that it makes their products look
appetising and fresh. Disadvantage for people packing the meat 3 remaining perfectly still while holding his breath; breathing in
who may be exposed to carbon monoxide. Disadvantage for pure oxygen for 20 minutes before holding his breath
consumers because the colour may be hiding the fact that the
meat is old or has started to degrade.
8Bc(5)
5 The gas needs to be concentrated to work/it spreads out too
1 Condition Cause Symptoms Treatment
much in the open air.
hypercapnea lung disease breathing very breathing in
Page 29 (too much quickly 100% oxygen
1 Increased breathing rate to take in oxygen faster and excrete carbon
dioxide in the
carbon dioxide faster. Breathe deeper to exchange more
blood)
gas with each breath. Increased heart rate to pump blood
carbon breathing in parts of the breathing in
containing glucose and oxygen to the respiring cells faster and
monoxide poisonous skin go bright 100% oxygen
to take waste carbon dioxide away faster. poisoning gas red due to
2 without/not requiring oxygen (air) the poison
3 Any two from: aerobic respiration uses oxygen, anaerobic sticking to red
respiration does not; aerobic respiration releases more energy blood cells and
than anaerobic respiration; aerobic respiration produces carbon turning them
dioxide and water, anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid. bright red
4 Not all of the energy is released from a glucose molecule. hydrogen breathing in skin goes injecting a
5 a the amount of oxygen required to break down the lactic acid cyanide poisonous pink due to chemical
poisoning gas high oxygen that sticks to
in the muscles
concentration the poison
b to speed up the breaking down of lactic acid in blood and makes it
6 a Breathes deeply/breathes pure oxygen/remains very still. All harmless
these are appropriate answers. In fact he remains very still blue-baby too many the skin turns a in severe
and breathes pure oxygen for 20 minutes beforehand. syndrome chemicals bluish colour cases a blood
b remains very still called nitrates since the transfusion
7 He wants to increase the amount of oxygen in his blood in drinking blood cells (extra blood)
for respiration before he starts, and wants to reduce its water break apart is given
consumption during his breath-holding (movement requires and cannot
carry oxygen
extra energy, which requires respiration, which uses up oxygen).
2 Hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide poisoning. Pupils may
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
have included blue-baby syndrome if they make the reasoned
8Bc(1)
point that someone could have been giving the baby water
1 walking, jogging
containing excess nitrates on purpose.
2 emphysema Lungs cannot take much oxygen out of the air.
People feel short of breath and very tired. 8Bc(6)
heart disease Blood vessels get blocked up. Cells may die, 2 a It increased.
and people may have heart attacks. b Running needs more energy, which is supplied by increased
frostbite Blood vessels become narrow when it is very cold. respiration, which requires more oxygen, so breathing rate
Cells may die, and people may lose fingers or toes. increases.
3 the number of breaths you take in 1 minute 3 a Bhavesh
b His breathing rate did not increase as much as Michaels/His
breathing rate returned to normal faster than Michaels did.

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 339

8B Answers
8Bc(7)
1 Running needs more energy, which is supplied by increased
respiration, which requires more oxygen and glucose, which
is found in the blood, so the heart rate increases to pump the
blood faster.
2 a 12 400 = 4800 cm3/min
b 30 900 = 27 000 cm3/min
c 27 000 4800 = 22 200 cm3/min more
d More oxygen is needed as respiration is happening faster.
3 a (20/100) 4800 = 960 cm3
b (4/100) 960 = 38.4 cm3
c (20/100) 27 000 = 5400 cm3
(4/100) 5400 = 216 cm3
4 a It increased it.
b Aerobic respiration was happening faster so more energy was
released, some of this would be as heat.
8Bc(8)
1 The blue colour is caused by the blood not getting enough
oxygen. The blood in these babies does not get enough oxygen
because the artery taking blood to the lungs (where oxygen is
added) is narrowed and so less blood flows to the lungs, and
what blood is oxygenated returns to the left atrium where it
mixes with deoxygenated blood due to the hole in the heart.
2 It takes more effort to push the blood through the narrowed
opening of the artery leading to the lungs.
3 Many of the cells do not get enough oxygen and so use
anaerobic respiration, which produces lactic acid.
4 The cells are not getting enough oxygen and so the breathing
rate is increased to try to get more oxygen into the blood.
8Bd Exchange rates
Pupils Book pages 3031
1 a the movement of air into and out of the lungs
b muscles changing the size of your lungs
2 a to get rid of b carbon dioxide
3 a the uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide in the
lungs
b in the alveoli/air sacs
c large surface area, good blood supply, alveoli and capillaries
have thin walls
4 a carried on red blood cells
b dissolved in the blood/plasma
5 a bright red b dark red
c lack of oxygen due to lung problem
6 Carbon monoxide stops some red blood cells carrying oxygen;
mucus coats surfaces inside lung reducing surface area; alveoli
break down due to smoke irritation reducing surface area.
(Some pupils may mention lung cancer as that also reduces
surface area.)
7 a slide Y because the alveoli have broken down and formed
larger holes
b higher because they have less surface area in their lungs for
gas exchange and so need to breathe quicker to get enough
oxygen (Its slightly subtler than this in that the brain detects
lowered oxygen levels and makes the person feel out of
breath and so breathing rate is increased.)
8 Yes because it helps them know about the damage thats being
caused inside them even if they cant feel it. (There are other
answers.)
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Bd(1)
1 Correct labelling. Refer to picture A on page 30 of the Pupils Book.
2 a oxygen b glucose c carbon dioxide
3 They have a large surface area.
4 The person may get less oxygen in the blood.
340 Exploring Science edition
8Bd(3)
1 Clockwise from top: high oxygen because the blood has just
gone through the lungs and picked up oxygen; high oxygen
because the blood is returning from the lungs where it picked
up oxygen; high oxygen because the blood is still in an artery
and has not been through any capillaries yet; low oxygen
because the blood has just been through capillaries where
tissue fluid has leaked out taking oxygen to be used up by the
cells for aerobic respiration.
2 Parts that might be labelled include: heart, blood vessel, artery,
vein, ventricles, atria.
3 Blood vessels on the left are shaded one colour and those on
the right are shaded another colour, with a key given. A better
answer would show the blood vessels on the left as bright red,
and those on the right as dark red. The best answer would
show a gradual change in colour as the blood goes through the
capillary networks.
8Bd(4)
1 capillaries
2 a round blood cells drawn in the capillaries
b Dark red colour used to shade blood cells nearest the arrow
showing blood going to the air sac, bright red colour used to
shade blood cells nearest arrow showing blood leaving the air
sac. A better answer would show a gradual change in colour
as the blood goes through the capillary.
3 a labelled arrow from inside air sac into capillary
b labelled arrow from capillary into air sac
c gas exchange
d plasma
8Bd(5)
1 severe blow to head, disease, electric shock, great excess of
alcohol, heroin overdose
2 The brain doesnt get enough oxygen and so its cells start to die.
3 by keeping a supply of air getting into the lungs
4 mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
5 Make the windpipe as wide as possible.
6 Too strong a breath can damage the delicate parts of lungs,
especially in a young child.
7 The adults mouth is placed to cover both the mouth and nose.
8 anaphylactic shock (most commonly caused by an allergic
reaction to bee stings or peanuts)
8Bd(6)
1 Correct labelling. Refer to picture A on page 30 of the Pupils
Book.
2 Across: 2 ribs 6 carbon dioxide 9 heart 10 inhaling 11 lung.
Down: 1 air sac 2 respiration 3 blood vessel 4 windpipe
5 diaphragm 7 oxygen 8 exhaling.
3 clue such as: increases the surface area of the lungs
8Bd(7)
1 a A windpipe/trachea; B rib; C air sacs (accept alveoli); D
bronchus; E lung; F diaphragm
b Air sacs have thin walls and are supplied by capillaries.
c They sweep up the mucus that is made in the bronchioles that
has trapped the dirt. The mucus is swept up to the back of the
throat where it is swallowed.
2 a drawing P b They move up and outwards. c muscles
d It moves up.
3 a picking up of oxygen by the blood and getting rid of carbon
dioxide in the lungs
b any two from: large surface area; good blood supply; alveoli
and capillaries have thin walls
4 a ventilation b respiration c breathing d respiration
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8C
 8Bd(8) 8Be(6)
1 Hairs in nose, mucus traps dirt and microbes in nose, chemical Animals only: Oxygen is taken to the cells in the blood. Glucose
in mucus kills microbes, mucus in airways traps microbes, cilia is taken to the cells in the blood. Glucose is obtained from food.
clear mucus out of airways. Carbon dioxide is taken away in the blood.
2 a larynx b laryngitis c inflammation of larynx, sore throat, loss Plants only: Glucose is made by photosynthesis. Glucose is made in
of voice palisade cells.
3 because more mucus is produced that needs to be cleared from All other statements apply to both.
the system
4 infection of the pleural membranes They no longer move over 8Be(7)
each other easily. Across: 1 water 7 carbon dioxide 8 energy 9 higher 10 glucose.
5 a Muscles in walls of bronchial tubes contract and narrow the Down: 2 breathing 3 respire 4 limewater 5 longer 6 oxygen.
tubes.
b They contain a drug that relaxes the muscles so the tubes 8Be(8)
widen. 1 b The higher the temperature the faster the operculum flaps.
6 Cells in part of the lung grow and divide uncontrollably forming c You can easily see the line going upwards.
a lump. Cancerous cells may spread to other parts of the body 2 a fish type, fish size, fish age, fish health, water mineral content,
forming secondary growths. water temperature, light, size of bowl, volume of water,
starting oxygen content of water
8Be Respiration detection b all of the above apart from water temperature
3 Yes it is easy to count gill openings and you cant have half a
Pupils Book pages 3233
gill opening.
1 normal air/the air you breathe in
4 a 101 at 10 C
2 a candle X
b stopclock paused for a while, or lost count and counted too
b The candle is not burning as well as the other it is running
many
out of oxygen.
5 Do the same experiment with more fish.
3 Nitrogen is not used by the body.
6 a The warmer the temperature the more the fish flaps its
4 Some of the oxygen is used by the body in aerobic respiration.
operculum in order to pass more water over the gills. The
5 Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration and this is
higher the temperature of the water, the less oxygen is
excreted in exhaled air.
dissolved in it and so the more water the fish has to push
6 The body is kept warm as heat is released in respiration; air is
across its gills to get the oxygen it needs.
warmed as it passes out of the body.
b The higher water temperatures cause the fish stress. The
7 Dirt is filtered out of the air breathed in by hairs in the nose;
flapping of the operculum is a stress response.
mucus lining the air passages also traps dirt.
8 a two suitable pie charts one for inhaled and one for exhaled
8Be(9)
air
1 20 cm3
b It is easier to make comparisons between the relative
2 The percentage of carbon dioxide in normal air is too small to
amounts of gases.
register.
c Pie charts cant show that exhaled air is cleaner, warmer and
3 Normal air column: 100, 79, 79, 20, 0. Exhaled air column: 100,
contains more water vapour.
84, 80, 16, 4.
9 They have a large surface area and good blood supply.
4 16%
10 Through the gills it moves (diffuses) from the blood into the
5 4%
water.
6 79%
11 It reduces the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water so fish
8 Aerobic respiration uses up oxygen and produces carbon
die.
dioxide, which is removed via the lungs.
12 a yellow
9 The volume of oxygen will be greater because there is less
b Hydrogencarbonate goes yellow with increasing carbon
surface area for oxygen to be absorbed efficiently.
dioxide/exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide.
10 water vapour
13 It has allowed the fish populations to continue living.

8C Doctors and
Page 34
1 a The more red blood cells you have, the more oxygen your
blood can carry and so the more oxygen gets to the tissues for
respiration.
b high altitude diseases
2 The steroids can be abused by others, like athletes.
3 a Drugs would be more expensive to make. 8Ca Superbugs
b none although if they are paying for their own treatment it
Pupils Book page 35
may cost them more
1 so that trends can be seen and action can be taken to change
c They are more likely to be caught.
the trends if needs be
2 a 2003/2004
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack b Yes because there is now a downward trend. Or no because
8Be(1) three points does not provided enough data to be so confident.
1 a inhaled air 3 a The numbers of deaths from MRSA are rising.
b exhaled air b Graph B. It paints a better picture!
c diffusion 4 a It is very difficult to treat/get rid of.
d gills b newspapers (The term was first applied to bacteria that could
2 nitrogen, 21%, take, 4 %, put, into, water, warmer, warm resist antibiotics sprayed onto fields part of the genetic
modification debate in the mid-1980s.)

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 341

8C Answers
 c pupils own views (e.g. yes because it describes a bug that is
hard to destroy, just like a super hero, or no because a bug is
a specific type of insect in science)
Page 36
1 a sensitivity b excretion c nutrition
2 MRS GREN (although other mnemonics are quite possible)
3 any two from: move, sense things, respire, grow, excrete, use
food
4 bacterium
5 table comparing microbes in terms of size and what life
processes they can carry out
Page 37
1 protoctists and plants
2 Most scientists do not consider viruses to be living things.
3 a protein coat and a strand of genes
4 a the production of new virus particles inside a living cell
b The virus cannot make copies of itself (reproduce) using
itself or using other viruses. Only another living cell can make
copies of a virus. (Its a passive process and not an active
one.)
5 a nucleus b cytoplasm, cell membrane
6 Yeast cells have a nucleus and bacteria do not, yeast cells have
cell walls made mainly of chitin and bacterial cell walls are
made of glycoprotein.
7 a The cells have certain features that clearly identify them as
being in one kingdom. It is difficult to tell a yeast cell and a
large bacterium apart by looking at its outside.
b microscope
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Ca(1)
1 movement, reproduction, sensitivity, growth, respiration,
excretion, nutrition
2 a viruses, bacteria, yeasts b viruses, bacteria, yeasts
8Ca(2)
1 Labels should show the differences in cell wall structure,
structure of genetic material and cytoplasm contents.
2 a protoctist
b It is a single cell that can move (so its a microbe) but has a
chloroplast (so its a protoctist because there are no plants
that are microbes).
c clockwise from left vacuoles, flagellum, nucleus, cell wall
8Ca(3)
1 a yeasts, bacteria, viruses all circled
b elephants, humans, daffodils, earthworms, yeasts, bacteria,
viruses
c any one of the seven life processes
2 a i Coccus ii Salmonella iii Streptococcus iv Spirillum
b It should be shaped like a large comma with a tail
(flagellum) coming out of it.
8Ca(4)
1 a bacterium b yeast c virus
2 a virus b yeast
3 a organism b micro-organism c microscope d movement,
reproduction, sensitivity, growth, respiration, excretion,
nutrition e all except reproduction f reproduction g They
contain genes.
8Ca(5)
1 a 2003/2004 (also accept 2004/2005)
b The trend is reversed, and MRSA case numbers go down
because there is less dirt for them to live in.
342 Exploring Science edition
2 a C. difficile
b Whereas the MRSA case numbers go down, C. difficile ones
do not.
3 The number of C. difficile cases suddenly goes up quickly
between 2003 and 2004 because more cases are being
reported.
4 a bed linen b should include regular changes of linen and
gowns
5 They are too low.
8Ca(6)
1 a Thiomargarita namibiensis 1 mm; yeast 0.005 mm;
Escherichia coli 0.002 mm; Vibrio cholerae 0.0015 mm;
Ebola virus 0.0014 mm; retrovirus 0.0001 mm; adenovirus
0.00007 mm
b It is giant compared with other bacteria.
2 a See page 29 of the Pupils Book. b flagellum c It is incapable
of doing any of the seven life processes. d replication
8Ca(7)
1 a Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
b any sensible suggestion They were moving is the expected
answer.
2 a Euglena is the expected answer.
b many-celled
c Giant kelp or seaweed is the expected answer.
3 a Protoctists do not have cells grouped into tissues.
b Protoctists have nuclei, bacteria do not, is the expected answer.
4 a nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, cytoplasm
b chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole
c can move, has a specific region to detect light
5 They share features of both plants and animals.
8Cb Microbes in action
Pupils Book pages 3839
1 Any three from the photo: bread, wine, beer, yeast extract.
2 to get more air into it so the yeast cells have enough oxygen for
aerobic respiration
3 glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
4 a respiration that does not need oxygen b fermentation
5 the number of organisms of the same type in a certain place
6 a They were dividing/budding. b Something became a limiting
factor (e.g. the glucose supply ran out).
7 fermentation or anaerobic respiration
8 Diagram showing one yeast cell budding, and that bud then
forming another bud, or one yeast cell budding twice.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Cb(1)
1 bread, cheese, yoghurt
2 yeasts
3 a oxygen b carbon dioxide
4 damp, lots of sugar, warm temperature
8Cb(6)
bud nucleus
divides
into two
nucleus
cytoplasm
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8C
8Cb(7)
1 a flour, sugar and water (and yeast) (NB: sugar is not
usually added, a simplification has been made here to aid
understanding. See Background information.)
b folding and squashing the dough
c To get air trapped inside it. The yeast cells use the oxygen in
their respiration.
2 It cuts the dough into loaf-sized pieces.
3 a fungus b (aerobic) respiration c glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
4 yeasts grow and respire faster in the warmth
5 divider and moulder
6 a in an oven b They are killed.
7 e.g. cheese, Marmite, Quorn, yoghurt, vinegar, beer, wine
8Cb(8)
1 a 139, 66, 168, 111 b bar chart plotted
2 bakers yeast
3 a They would all increase apart from the yeast.
b The yeast produces carbon dioxide when kept in the warm
place before baking. The yeast is killed during baking and so
the dough rises no further. The others all contain a substance
that releases carbon dioxide when it is heated.
4 Compare the means to the results and see if they are close to
each other. If they are close, this is indicative of reliable results.
5 a baking powder
b Baking powder was the best of the agents that relied on
heat to produce carbon dioxide. The yeast would not have a
chance to produce carbon dioxide by respiration before being
killed by the heat of the oven.
6 a raising agent
b to make sure that it is the raising agent that is having the
effect and not something else
8Cb(9)
1 a when yeast use anaerobic respiration
b glucose carbon dioxide + ethanol (or alcohol)
2 budding
3 a 4000 b 250
4 a 1500 b 5050
5 1000 cells per day
6 a It would be less. b It would be greater.
7 a The food/sugar started to run out. b limiting factor
8 any sensible suggestion (sugar was all used up, ethanol
poisoned them)
8Cb(10)
1 lag: 03; log: 48, 9 or 10; stationary: 1011; death: 1114
2 a The death rate is the same as the reproduction rate.
b amount of food (sugar) (not oxygen if they are fermenting)
3 ethanol (alcohol)
4 a stationary and death b log
5 a It increases it. b better medicine, sanitation, food, etc.
c contraception, (epidemic) diseases, drought, famine, natural
disaster, legal restrictions, etc.
d There will be so many people that food will start to run out,
we will be overcrowded, etc.
6 a To stop China becoming overcrowded and running out of
resources for its population.
8Cc Under attack
Pupils Book pages 4041
1 any two from: runny nose, sore throat, slight increase in
temperature
2 a Athletes foot or thrush are expected answers. b Flu, measles,
chicken pox, colds are the expected range of answers.
c Food poisoning, impetigo, syphilis, tuberculosis (TB) are the
expected range of answers.
Pearson Education Limited 2008
3 by looking for symptoms like vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhoea
4 an increase in body temperature above 37 C
5 a disease that can be spread from person to person or from
animal to person
6 a Cold, flu, chickenpox, measles are expected answers.
b TB (tuberculosis) is the expected answer.
7 Overcrowding means that there is not enough space/time for
sewage to be disposed of properly.
8 Ideas could include regular washing of hands/using alcohol gel
by both staff and visitors, regular cleaning of floors, thorough
cleaning of equipment, regular changing of/washing of sheets,
regular changing of/washing of hospital staff uniforms.
9 If it does not keep getting ill, it is more likely to survive and
reproduce.
10 a E impetigo (as shown by the scabs); F measles (as
shown by the greater concentration of spots on the face); G
chickenpox (as shown by the greater concentration of spots
on the chest) (NB: Obviously these photos have been chosen
to show classic symptoms and a doctor will need to examine
the rashes more carefully before giving a diagnosis.)
b Pupils should suggest a specific example of how each person
got the disease but in general terms the answers are: E
touch, F air/droplets, G air/droplets.
Page 42
1 Neighbours share the same air but dont necessarily get cholera.
2 Cholera was spread by something in the water.
3 a a scientific idea that can be tested
b There were many deaths from cholera around the Broad
Street water pump and few around other pumps.
4 Farr allowed Snow to have all the data that he collected.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Cc(1)
1 virus: influenza, chickenpox, measles; bacteria: syphilis, cholera,
food poisoning, impetigo, TB; fungus: thrush, athletes foot
2 touch any one from: athletes foot, chickenpox, impetigo; air
any one from: TB, influenza, measles, chickenpox; water any
one from: cholera, food poisoning
8Cc(2)
1 Theory paragraph 2, sentence 3; test paragraph 4,
sentence 2; prediction paragraph 4, sentence 1; observations
paragraph 4, sentence 3.
2 Pupils own response but may include: saving millions of
peoples lives, how better to set up emergency camps in war-
torn parts of the world, cause of overpopulation.
8Cc(4)
Depending on the sources of information used, the descriptions of
the symptoms may be very detailed and only the classic symptoms
are listed here. It is worth noting that the symptoms of a disease
often change over the course of its duration and with its severity.
chickenpox air; cholera: bacterium water; common cold (sore
throat, runny nose): virus air (although some evidence suggests
that it might be contagious see Background information);
diphtheria: bacterium; mumps: virus air; polio: virus; rubella
(fever, slight rash): virus; scarlet fever (fever, bright red rash covering
whole body, tongue has a white coating with red spots); whooping
cough or pertussis: bacterium any sensible answers.
8Cc(5)
1 impetigo, syphilis, common cold, food poisoning, tuberculosis,
athletes foot, chickenpox, influenza, measles, cholera
2 a common cold b through the air (extra credit should be given
for mentioning droplets) c any two from: animals, food, sex,
touch, water
Exploring Science edition 343
8C Answers
3 The word is infected.
4 a influenza b tuberculosis
8Cc(6)
a false Viruses are not living things.
b true; B explains corrected A.
c true
d true; D explains C.
e true
f true; F does not explain E.
g false Yeast make alcohol by anaerobic respiration.
h false Beer is made from barley (or wine is made from grapes);
Corrected H does not explain corrected G.
8Cc(7)
1 Central Africa and Central and South America
2 high temperature, muscle aches, headaches, bleeding gums and
intestines, vomiting
3 a that yellow fever was spread by mosquitoes b Yellow fever
occurred when there were more mosquitoes around. Because
the disease caused bleeding, he thought that it was carried in
peoples blood. Mosquitoes have proboscises for sucking up
blood and so Finlay thought that this could transfer the organism
causing the disease. c proboscis
4 a There were no mosquitoes to carry the disease. b No,
because exposing people to deadly diseases is not allowed.
5 The disease is caused by something smaller than a bacterium (a
virus).
6 Ideas might include: using insecticide, draining still lakes and
ponds, covering any collected water stored in jars or butts, etc.
8Cc(8)
1 virus
2 from the Ebola river along the shores of which the disease was
first discovered
3 The disease causes a fever, muscle aching, very bad diarrhoea, a
rash, and eventually bleeding inside and outside the body.
4 by touch (NB: There are in fact four different strains of the virus
and some appear to be able to spread in the air.)
5 a World Health Organisation b look after the infected people,
give medicines to help counteract the symptoms until the body
can fight off the disease c wear protective clothing, e.g. gloves,
face masks d Sensible suggestions: avoid touching infected
people; not to bury their dead in the same way; avoid touching
blood, urine, faeces, saliva or vomit; call a doctor immediately
they suspect someone has the disease.
6 pupils own responses but their advert scripts must warn people
of the dangers of Ebola and advise them on how to avoid
getting it
8Cc(9)
1 a an organism that carries a disease-causing microbe b an
organism that lives on and feeds off another living organism
2 The Plasmodium destroys the liver cells.
3 a Any hot country is a sensible answer, but especially one from:
Africa, Middle East, Central and South America, South-East
Asia and China. b No, the mosquito vectors do not live in this
country it is too cold.
4 People do not start to feel unwell until the Plasmodium cells
burst out of the red blood cells. This will only happen 710 days
after infection.
5 A sensible answer might include one of the following points: the
insecticide will kill off more than just the mosquitoes, affecting
the local food webs; the insecticide may become concentrated
as it is carried through a food chain, thus harming other wildlife.
6 A hotter climate in the UK may mean that the vectors for tropical
diseases may be able to survive here.
344 Exploring Science edition
8Cd Stopping the spread
Pupils Book pages 43
1 The sewers removed the sewage so less likelihood of people
coming into contact with it and catching diseases from it.
2 The list might include: cooking, pasteurised milk, disinfectants,
washing with soap and shampoo, chlorine in drinking water,
antiseptics found in toothpaste and deodorant.
3 disinfectants and antiseptics/soap
4 Pupils own responses. Good idea it stops people catching TB.
Bad idea kills bacteria that are good for your intestines.
Pages 44
1 so that microbes dont get into the body
2 a a sticky substance b It traps microbes. c trachea (windpipe),
nose
3 a They stick to microbes making it easier for them to be
engulfed by white blood cells; make the microbes get stuck
together; make the microbes burst open.
b The antibodies need to be specially made by white blood cells
to attach to each different sort of microbe, which takes time
to do.
4 They will only attach to a certain kind of microbe and no others.
Page 45
1 New viruses are made by the infected T4 lymphocyte, which
then burst out of the cell and infect other T4 lymphocytes.
2 HIV destroys T4 lymphocytes, which are vital for destroying
microbes in the body. If the numbers of these lymphocytes fall,
the body is no longer able to fight off a bacterial infection.
3 Possible answers: Africa has remote regions where people
dont get newspapers/radio/TV/education to warn them about
the dangers of having unprotected sex; government officials
tell people they can be cured by things that are not effective;
government/people cant afford cost of the medicines.
4 Expected answer is: HIV is found in people who have AIDS
(using microscopic examination although that is not the way
the virus is detected).
5 Ideas might include: doctors, teachers, government officials, drug
company representatives.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Cd(1)
1 adding chlorine to water, cooking, pasteurisation, using soap
2 a disinfectant b pasteurisation c adding chlorine to water
d cooking food well
3 drawing showing round colonies of bacteria in the area of the
thumb print only
8Cd(2)
1 Microbes are stopped from getting into cuts by scabs. A sticky
substance that traps microbes is called mucus. Mucus is made
in the nose and windpipe. White blood cells destroy microbes.
Antibodies can stick to microbes. Bacteria in the stomach are
killed by acid.
2 a The parts of the drawing that should be labelled are: cilia,
mucus, ciliated epithelial cell, bacteria/um. b cilia sweep away
bacteria so that they dont infect us; or mucus traps bacteria so
that they dont infect us; or ciliated epithelial cells sweep away
bacteria so that they dont infect us.
8Cd(3)
1 a Human Immunodeficiency Virus b Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome
2 b paragraph 3, sentence 3 c paragraph 4, sentence 2
d paragraph 5, sentence 2 e paragraph 5, sentence 1
3 doctor to diagnose people/give people medicines to help
them; African government official to organise safe sex
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8C
 campaign, or ask other countries for help; head of drugs 3 a because it seemed to kill off an unseen organism that caused
company to give African countries the drugs at a cheaper rate; disease in cattle b It counteracts sepsis.
teacher to educate people about AIDS and HIV and how to 4 a the microbes causing sepsis b They are too small to see with
avoid it; UK government official to provide money/people/ the naked eye.
medicines to help 5 Can people be stopped getting sepsis using carbolic acid?
The carbolic acid kills microbes which cause sepsis.
8Cd(6) Do surgery using instruments soaked in carbolic acid.
freezing cold stops microbes growing; canning baked beans Predict that patients will not get sepsis.
and peas heat kills microbes; pickling pickled onions/gherkins Patients did not get sepsis.
acid kills microbes; drying soup dryness stops microbes The carbolic acid kills the microbes that cause sepsis.
growing; pasteurisation milk heat kills microbes; salting Report findings to British Medical Association.
ham salt kills microbes.
8Ce Beating infections
8Cd(7)
Pupils Book page 46
A chemical in your tears kills microbes. Your nose produces mucus
1 You cannot get a disease.
which traps microbes. Cells in your windpipe also produce mucus.
2 Graph should be a similar shape and time duration as per the
Ciliated epithelial cells sweep the mucus to the top of your gullet
graph on page 46.
to be swallowed. Skin covers your whole body. It stops microbes
3 a Antibodies from the original infection remain in the blood
getting in. If you get a cut, a scab forms. White blood cells destroy
ready to fight the virus should it re-enter the body. b Yes.
microbes. Your stomach contains acid that kills microbes.
Antibodies are specific for certain microbes and different
antibodies are required to tackle chickenpox and measles
8Cd(8)
viruses. c by having a vaccination
1 a salting, pickling, canning and pasteurisation b Expected
answers are: salting ham, pickling pickled onions/gherkins;
Page 47
canning baked beans, peas; pasteurisation milk.
1 medicines that kill/harm bacteria
2 frozen peas
2 a that a certain type of mould produced a chemical that harmed
3 a heating milk to 70 C for 15 seconds b Pasteurisation does not
bacteria b Bacteria would not grow in a certain area around the
kill off all the bacteria.
growing mould.
4 To stop their food going off. A better answer will involve mention
3 It is not affected by the antibiotic.
of the fact that most of the other processes were not invented at
4 Antibiotics only work against bacteria.
the time.
5 a to find ways of controlling bacteria that have become resistant
5 The pH is too low for them to survive.
to old antibiotics
6 warm temperature, moisture and a pH that is not too acidic
b sensible suggestion, such as: making sure it really does
kill MRSA, finding out how to get the antibiotic out of the
8Cd(9)
bacterium cheaply, testing it on animals/humans to make
1 A eye; B nose; C trachea/windpipe; D stomach
sure that it is safe, working out how to make the antibiotic in
2 nose (B), trachea/windpipe (C), platelets (F), skin (G)
large amounts
3 eye (A), stomach (D), white blood cells (E)
4 a Mucus and hairs trap microbes. b Acid kills off swallowed
Page 48
microbes.
1 The rate of TB cases was falling at the same rate before and after
5 to stop microbes entering through the cut
the vaccine was introduced. (Its worth remembering that uptake
6 Platelets is the expected answer.
of BCG immunisation was gradual and is now about 75%.)
7 a A microbe/bacterium is being engulfed by a white blood cell.
2 a H, L b None of the discs would have a ring around them.
Higher-attaining pupils will point out that it is covered in anti-
3 a to stop animals getting diseases which might affect the quality
bodies that help to mark it out for white blood cells to attack.
of their meat/milk/eggs, etc.
b The microbes/bacteria have been stuck together by antibodies.
b Bacteria build up resistance to these antibiotics (and can then
c Antibodies have caused the microbe/bacterium to burst open.
pass this on to other bacteria).
8 They need to be specially made to fit onto the microbe and this
takes time.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
9 a trachea/windpipe or nose b X produces mucus. Y has cilia
8Ce(1)
which sweep the mucus up to the top of the gullet. c ciliated
1 antibody substance made by the body to help destroy
epithelial cell
microbes; immune when you cant get a certain disease;
vaccine substance in an injection used to stop you getting a
8Cd(10)
disease; immunisation when you are treated so that you wont
1 a Antoni van Leeuwenhoek b microbiology
get a certain disease
2 a by being created by the food or drink b spontaneous
2 a bacterial meningitis, diphtheria, measles, mumps, polio,
generation c Both would have become cloudy.
rubella, tetanus, whooping cough b by having the disease
3 The broth in both flasks was in contact with the air.
3 Labels from left to right: Jack is given an injection containing a
4 a yeast b bacteria
vaccine. Jacks body makes antibodies against the vaccine. The
5 a Bacteria might be in the bottles at bottling. b pasteurisation
vaccine particles are destroyed. Some antibodies remain in your
c milk
blood.

8Cd(11)
8Ce(2)
1 a rotting flesh/wounds infected with bacteria b flesh oxidising
1 ticks for impetigo, TB
in the air c microbes fermenting the flesh
2 a cutting off a limb b Wounds became heavily infected with
bacteria. c Modern medicine prevents infections like this.

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 345

8D Answers
 2a&b 8Ce(7)
1 making someone immune to a disease
Number Across Down Clue Answer 2 a graph b 1940s c Deaths suddenly decrease.
a medicine that can 3 a They need to be specially made to fit the outside shapes
6 kill some kinds of antibiotic covering a microbe. b Chickenpox microbes have different
microbes
outside shapes to measles microbes. c Antibodies against the
a medicine used virus stay in the blood ready to attack any further chickenpox
8 to reduce your aspirin
viruses. d Antibody should be same overall shape as the one
temperature
in the question but with a V-shaped end, not square. e The
a microbe that
antibodies help to protect the baby from microbes (until its own
10 cannot be killed with virus
antibiotics immune system is working properly).
a scientific idea that
3 theory 8Ce(8)
can be tested
a substance used to 1 a 132 000 b a general decline in deaths from infectious
2 medicine diseases c at least four points, for example: better hygiene/
treat illnesses
a type of bacteria that antibiotics/vaccines/free health care d 194656 e any one
4 MRSA from: vaccines introduced; antibiotics introduced; NHS created
is very difficult to kill
observations that show (July 4, 1948) f First and Second World Wars (resources
7 that a theory is right or evidence stretched/less able to treat people in the field). There was also
wrong the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.
5 the first antibiotic penicillin 2 a The numbers were reduced. b 1970s (actually 1974) because
the man who it was soon after this that the number of cases rose again. There
1 Fleming were two major epidemics: 197779, 198183.
discovered antibiotics
the organism in which 3 a Decreased, disease is now treatable thanks to antibiotics.
9 antibiotics were first mould b decreased, awareness campaigns, decrease in number of
found people carrying the disease, wider availability of condoms

8Ce(9)
8Ce(4)
1 a to allow him to have a greater chance of recovering from the
Top graph, labels left to right: You are infected with a microbe.
disease when he was fit and healthy b spots filled with pus
Antibodies against the microbe start to be made. You feel ill. The
covering his body
microbes are all destroyed. You feel better. Some antibodies remain
2 a Having cowpox stopped people from getting smallpox. b Milk
in your blood. Bottom graph, labels left to right: Some antibodies
maids who got cowpox never got smallpox.
are already in your blood. You are infected with a microbe. Your
3 He had had cowpox and became immune to both it and
body makes antibodies very quickly. The microbes are very quickly
smallpox.
destroyed.
4 a Something that causes the body to become immune to a
disease. b The first vaccine was made using cowpox pus and
8Ce(5)
the Latin for cow is vacca.
Some possible answers are given below, although these are not the
5 They did not get smallpox and so their faces remained free of
only valid responses:
the terrible scarring.
1 that is too small to see with the naked eye./and viruses are
6 No, its too dangerous. Today, new drugs and techniques have
thought of as microbes but cannot carry out the seven life
to undergo years of other tests before they can be tried on
processes.
humans.
2 because lots of microbes can be spread by sneezing./to stop
microbes or diseases spreading.
8Ce(10)
3 because diseases like cholera can be spread in dirty water./
Albert Calmette, tuberculosis, 1923; Jonas Salk, polio, 1952; Louis
however in some countries people have no choice.
Pasteur, rabies, 1885; Margaret Pittman, whooping cough, 1995;
4 because keeping the food cool does not kill bacteria./and even a
Max Theiler, yellow fever ,1937
freezer does not keep food fresh for longer than a few months.
5 that are caused by viruses./but are not serious.

8D The way of the

6 to kill bacteria in it./to stop the spread of tuberculosis.
7 to make beer./but some of them cause problems like thrush.
8 and this helps to stop microbes getting into our bodies./
therefore you dont lose all your blood.
9 because microbes or dust get stuck to it./and so do tears./and dodo
mucus in the trachea is moved upwards by cilia.
10 to stop us getting diseases./such as viruses and bacteria. 8Da Dead as a dodo

8Ce(6) Pupils Book

1 The antibody shapes need to fit with the corresponding
complementary shapes on the microbes.
2 a measles b antibodies c vaccine
3 antibiotic killing bacteria; aspirin reducing temperature;
travel sickness tablet stopping motion sickness; sore throat
sweet soothing a sore throat (some may contain antibacterial
substances too)
Page 49
1 Suggestions might include: humans/other introduced animals
hunted/ate it, humans destroyed its habitat, other animals ate
its eggs.
2 They are made from bones from different animals and so you
cant be sure that all the bones are from the same-sized bird.
3 for it
4 to make the best use of each others skills

346 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8D
Pages 5051
1 camouflaged to blend into background, armoured for protection
2 a thick fur b they might overheat
3 The rocks formed by huge eruptions can be seen across much of
India today.
4 The remains of a 180 km-wide crater caused by an impact 65
million years ago have been found near Mexico.
5 It does not explain why so many sea animals/plants died out at
the same time.
6 Saurischia
7 a volcano, meteorite impact, disease, mammals eating eggs b
volcano, meteorite c The volcanoes spewed out lava
containing iridium which formed the band, the meteorite
shattered and formed iridium-rich dust that settled in a band on
the ground.
Pages 5253
1 Their fossils are in rocks that are over 65 million years old but
not in rocks younger than 65 million years old.
2 We only have small pieces of the plant fossils and not whole
plants.
3 a carry water b They dont have xylem.
4 They have leaves with a cuticle that dont lose much water, roots
to take water from deep underground and xylem vessels to take
water to any part of the plant that needs water.
5 flowering plants
6 The volcanos caused acid rain which killed many plants or
caused global warming made it too hot for many plants to
survive (they lost too much water). The meterorite impact would
have made it very dark, blocking the sunlight so many plants
couldnt photosynthesise enough to survive. They could also
have been killed by temperature change.
7 Moss plants can only live in very damp places and flowering
plants need a drier environment. As the moss is deeper, the
environment must have been wet and then got drier later on.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Da(1)
1 65 million years ago
2 a The volcanoes produced gases that caused the world to get
too hot.
b You can find 65-million-year-old rocks made by volcanoes all
over India.
3 explain all the evidence, make predictions
4 They are used to work out what extinct animals looked like.
5 dinosaur reptile; frog amphibian; pheasant bird; dog
mammal; shark fish
8Da(2)
1 A hot, dry area becomes very cold and stays that way. A fall of
rocks stops light getting to an area. A wet area gets very hot and
stays that way.
2 A Z; B Z, Y, X; C Z, Y; D X
3 uses spores to reproduce and has roots fern; has needle-
shaped leaves conifer; makes seeds found in fruits flowering
plant; has no roots and very thin leaves moss
4 leaves
8Da(6)
1 A Triceratops; B Iguanodon; C Stegosaurus; D
Brachiosaurus; E Tyrannosaurus rex; F Camarasaurus
2 pupils own groups (e.g. based on number of legs it walked on,
shape of a certain bone, length of neck)
8Da(7)
1 top row left to right: flowering plant, conifer, flowering plant,
flowering plant
bottom row left to right: fern, conifer, moss, fern
Pearson Education Limited 2008
2 Across: 3 conifer, 5 flowers, 7 reproduction, 8 leaves.
Down: 1 moss, 2 spores, 4 fruit, 6 cone
8Da(8)
1 a crustacean b mollusc c amphibian d bird e fish f insect
g echinoderm h mammal i arthropod j reptile k arachnid
2 classification
8Da(9)
1 photosynthesis
2 a warm and tropical
b The layer from 42 million years ago contains fossils of the
same plants that live in the area today. The area today is
warm and tropical.
3 a ferns b spores
4 a It became colder and wetter.
b colder because no palms are found in the 38-million-year-
old layer; palms grow in warm places; wetter because lots
of moss fossils are in the 23-million-year-old layer and moss
plants only grow where it is wet
5 a It became warmer and drier.
b warmer because palms live in the area today; drier because
there are no moss fossils in the 10-million-year-old layer
c One of: they have roots to find and take water out of the soil,
they have leaves with a coating that stops them losing too
much water
6 the 42-million-year-old layer
7 The layer is made of rock that forms when lava sets hard;
the volcano nearby might be a new one; most layers of rock
dont contain fossils (its mainly sedimentary rocks which were
covered with water that contain fossils).
8Da(10)
1 a 23 400 20 000 = 3400 cm3
but the model was at one fifth the size, so volume of life-size
bird = 3400 5; = 17 000 cm3
mass = density volume; = 0.73 17 000; = 12 410 g; =
12.41 kg
and mass = density volume; = 0.94 17 000; = 15 980 g;
= 15.98 kg
so the range is 12.416.0 kg
b mass = density volume; = 0.73 (5940 5); = 21 681 g; =
21.68 kg
and mass = density volume; = 0.94 (5940 5); =
27 918 g; = 27.92 kg
so the range is 21.727.9 kg
c Yes it does.
2 a 12 kg b Yes it does. This is the mass predicted for the thin
bird so it is likely that the bird was thin. c Use more data from
many more different birds to plot more points on the graph.
d 1.6 kg.
3 a This would make the skeleton heavier than it should be,
making the mass of the bird heavier.
b This would make the skeleton lighter than it should be,
making the mass of the bird lighter.
c Match up all the bones that are the same and only take the
best ones of each type.
8Db Detective work
Pupils Book
Pages 5455
1 a brachiopods and crinoids b crinoid
c There are more crinoid fossils in the photo.
2 2300
3 a tree beating
b pitfall trap (or Tullgren funnel)
4 Both methods take samples of creatures from water.
Exploring Science edition 347
8D Answers
5 It disappeared from fossils 80 million years ago.
6 In fossils not all organisms become fossilised (some are too
soft and rot away very quickly) so you cant see the whole
community. Some organisms fossilise better than others so their
populations may appear to be bigger than other populations
when in fact they are not.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Db(1)
1 community the different organisms in a habitat; distribution
the pattern of where organisms are found; pond dipping
using a net to take samples from water; population the
number of individuals of an organism; quadrat a square used
to count samples of plants; sample a small part of something
big; sweepnet used to collect animals from tall grass; tree
beating getting small animals out of trees
2 a She may just have been lucky and caught the only water
boatmen in the pond.
b take more samples
8Db(7)
1 a pike, perch, minnow, water fleas, freshwater shrimps, water
boatmen, pond snail, frog, diving beetle, water lily, duckweed,
water milfoil, bull rushes
b Organism Population
freshwater shrimp 15
frog 1
minnow 24
perch 3 8Dc(2)
pike 1 1 computer modelling
c correctly plotted bar chart d pond dipping
e unevenly only at the edges of the pond
8Db(8)
1 45%
2 Take several samples and calculate the average cover.
3 a correctly plotted bar chart b C c E d Its numbers decrease.
e Its numbers increase.
8Db(9)
1 Graph should have a title, labelled axes with units, suitable
scales, points accurately plotted, curves of best fit drawn (not
dot to dot) and labelled A and B.
2 a It grows better further away from the tree.
b Suggestions might include: more light, more moisture,
different pH.
c Use a meter to measure one of these physical environmental
factors in each quadrat.
3 a It grows better closer to the tree.
b Suggestions might include: more light, more moisture,
different pH.
4 uneven If they were even the plants would be in
approximately the same numbers in each quadrat.
5 a Plant A reading at 6 metres falls below the curve.
b Take several samples and calculate averages. Do transects
from more than one tree.
6 Repeat the measurements (and calculate means).
8Dc Physical environmental factors
Pupils Book
Page 56
1 any two physical environmental factors (e.g. light, temperature)
2 Sensible suggestion such as: People dont have to remember to
take readings; people dont have to go into dangerous regions to
take readings; people dont have to waste time taking readings;
there is less human error in writing down readings.
348 Exploring Science edition
3 Coral are adapted to live at a certain temperature and global
warming is making the oceans too hot.
4 Cacti are adapted to take in as much water as possible. If you
over-water them they take in too much water, which is harmful.
5 to spot changes as they start to occur and find their causes
before it is too late to save a habitat/the organisms in a habitat
Page 57
1 sensible suggestion, e.g. temperature went down making it too
cold for them to live
2 It was dry (and hot).
3 The carbon dioxide level comes down (because plants use up
carbon dioxide in photosynthesis).
4 Looking at ice cores and looking at rocks to gather data for
computer modelling.
5 Pupils own suggestions (e.g. Is my home town in more danger
of flooding due to global warming?)
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Dc(1)
1 thermometer measures temperature; pH meter measures how
acidic or alkaline the soil is; anemometer measures wind speed;
rain gauge measures amount of rainfall
2 a e.g. cactus b Its population would decrease because it is
adapated to living in dry conditions.
3 a e.g. coral
b It may die out because it is adapted to living in colder conditions.
4 Give a talk; make and show a poster; write a paper.
2 a E b up to 30 000 years old c to examine the gases trapped in
the cores, which tells them the proportions of the gases that
were in the atmosphere in the last 30 000 years
3 Would Cardiff flood if the Earths temperature increased by 5 C?
How far will sea levels rise if all the ice at the poles melts?
8Dc(5)
1 a Ideas might include: gills to take oxygen from water, fins to
swim.
b Gills cannot take oxygen from air; fins cannot walk on land.
2 a to keep the aquarium warm so the fish are at the temperature
they would be in the sea
b to provide light for the water weeds to photosynthesise
3 a thermometer
b It makes sure that the fish stay at the correct temperature
without a person having to switch the heater on and off.
8Dc(6)
It is suggested that, if you are marking this piece of work, 20% of
the marks are for adaptations for finding food and water, 20% of
the marks are for moving, 20% of the marks are for adaptations for
coping with the weather, and the remaining 40% of the marks are
for question 2.
8Dc(7)
1 ermine
a Fur acts as camouflage so that it can creep up on prey/avoid
predators. b The population will go down because there will be
no snow and its white fur will stand out. c thermometer
cactus
a It does not rain very much in the desert so when it does the
cactus needs to absorb as much water as possible and quickly.
b The population will go down because if the cactus takes in
too much water it damages itself. c rain gauge
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8D
fairy shrimp
a The enzymes allow it to digest food in its alkaline habitat.
b The population will go down because the enzymes will not
work properly in acidic conditions and the shrimps will starve.
c pH meter
2 Computers mean that a person does not have to check pieces of
equipment every day to take readings/computers make it much
easier to manipulate large volumes of data.
8Dc(8)
1 respiration
2 photosynthesis
3 burning fossil fuels and forests (note that clearing forests also
contributes to the build-up of carbon dioxide as there are then
fewer trees to absorb carbon dioxide and give out oxygen)
4 a in the winter
b Highs are caused when there is not much photosynthesis
happening many trees have lost their leaves, and
even evergreens will photosynthesise less in the colder
temperatures and shorter daylight hours. Plants are still
respiring, so they are giving out more carbon dioxide than
they take in. The lows happen in summer when growth rates
are highest, so large amounts of carbon dioxide are being
absorbed for photosynthesis. Some pupils may have written
an alternative answer or extended the answer above by saying
that the effect can be exacerbated by more fossil fuels being
burnt in winter to provide heating for homes and offices.
5 It is summer in the southern hemisphere when it is winter in the
northern hemisphere, so the highs and lows are reversed.
6 Carbon dioxide levels are increasing.
7 The lines for oxygen should be reflections of the carbon dioxide
lines, i.e. high in summer and lower in winter. The overall trend
is slightly downwards.
8Dd Living factors
Pupils Book
Pages 5859
1 a any pond organism
b For an animal, any two of: food, space, shelter, a mate,
oxygen. For a plant, any two of: light, carbon dioxide, space,
mineral salts.
2 a organism with even distribution (e.g. squirrel)
b organism with uneven distribution (e.g. earthworm not
found in trees)
3 a The drier the soil, the fewer the earthworms.
b wet woodland
c It would decrease.
4 a The predator is the lynx and the prey is the hare.
b e.g. fewer lynxes, more food to eat
c e.g. disease, starvation, natural death, being eaten
5 a voles, rabbits and hedgehogs
b grass aphid spider thrush sparrowhawk
c grass = producer; aphid = consumer, herbivore; spider
= consumer, carnivore; thrush = consumer, carnivore;
sparrowhawk = consumer, carnivore, top predator
d consumer and omnivore
6 a fewer slugs because the hedgehogs would eat more, (accept
more slugs if the increase in available lettuce is explained).
b fewer slugs because there are fewer lettuces
c fewer slugs because more would be eaten by the thrushes
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Dd(1)
1 a minnow, perch, pondweed, water lily, frog
b Any three of: food, space, shelter, a mate, oxygen.
c Any three of: light, carbon dioxide, space, mineral salts.
Pearson Education Limited 2008
2 When the (population) of snowshoe hares is large, the lynx
have (lots) to eat. The lynx reproduce (successfully) and their
population (increases). When there are not many snowshoe
hares, some of the lynxes will (starve).
3 a arrow from lettuce to caterpillar and from caterpillar to
hedgehog, arrow from hedgehog to fox
b lettuce
c slug, caterpillar
d lettuce/food
8Dd(4)
1 fox
grass
rabbit field
wheat
2 a wheat b rabbit or field mouse c rabbit, field mouse, fox or
grass snake
3 a decrease b They would have less food.
4 a decrease b More would be eaten by the foxes.
5 wheat
6 Any three of: food (wheat), space, shelter, a mate, oxygen.
8Dd(5)
1 6
2 a Leaves block out the light/tree takes all the water from the
ground/leaves stop rain falling on the ground under the tree.
b competition
3 a near the stream b They like to live in damp places. The centre
of the lawn is too dry. c uneven distribution
4 daisies, dandelions, thistles, oak tree, moss, fox, rabbit and grass
5 a fox b rabbit
6 under the logs
8Dd(6)
1 a fox b rabbit c 180 d 12 e 1996 f During this time, and the
previous year, the number of rabbits had fallen so there was less
for the foxes to eat. Some of them may have starved. g disease
(unlikely that this huge population drop is due solely to foxes)
h They all died through starvation/they moved to another place
because there was no food.
2 a migration b a behaviour that is not automatic and has to be
learned by the animal
3 a sparrowhawk b how to hunt effectively or how to fly c They
need the same resources (which may be in limited supply).
d They both eat mayfly larvae. e There would be fewer mayfly
larvae (because thats what they eat). There would be fewer
water fleas, pond snails and lesser water boatmen because the
sticklebacks, greater water boatmen, dragonfly larvae and great
diving beetles now eat more of these things because there are
fewer mayfly larvae.
8Dd(7)
1 a Take equal volumes of water and see which produced the
most growth when spread on agar plates.
b Put an oxygen sensor, attached to a datalogger, into each part
of the river.
c B (Accept C if correct explanation of eutrophication given in d.)
d Bacteria in the sewage would use the oxygen during
respiration.
2 It will increase the population of plants.
3 a A b It is above where sewage and fertilisers drain into the
river.
4 a A b Most oxygen in the water here.
5 Animals move from place to place, plants dont.
Exploring Science edition 349
8D Answers
8De Pyramids and poisons Any pesticide in the plankton gets into the fish.
DDT builds up inside the fish.
Pupils Book Many wild birds, such as osprey and heron, eat fish.
Pages 6061 DDT can alter the behaviour of birds, sometimes preventing them
1 to release energy so that they can move, etc. building proper nests.
2 Pupils might choose a food chain from the food web on the *DDT may cause wild birds to become infertile.
previous page. *DDT can cause birds to lay eggs with thinner shells. As a result
3 a Bars do not need to be proportional. more eggs are likely to be broken.
b Feeding relationship Organisms *In large amounts DDT can be poisonous to birds.
top predator grass snake The populations of many wild birds have decreased over the last 30
consumer grasshopper, frog, grass years.
snake *The starred statements can go in any order.
producer grass
8De(3)
primary consumer grasshopper
1 to kill organisms that harm the plants being grown
secondary consumer frog
2 insects/ants, aphids, blackfly, whitefly, caterpillars and mites
tertiary consumer grass snake
3 fish and bees
herbivore grasshopper 4 a lettuces: more because fewer are eaten by insect pests;
carnivore frog, grass snake rabbits: no change or more because there is more lettuce to
eat; fox: no change
4 Many fleas can live and feed on a single rabbit.
b rose bushes: would look healthier as no aphids feeding off
5 a They cause population decline of endangered wandering
them; aphids: killed so far fewer; ladybirds: numbers decrease
albatrosses.
as fewer aphids to eat
b It increased the populations of rats and rabbits.
c pondweed: no change; tadpoles: no change; sticklebacks:
c The cats killed the rats and rabbits.
some may die as Zymac is poisonous
6 a It may go down because there is less to eat.
5 a the direction in which energy flows in a food chain
b It may go down because the thrushes have no slugs to eat
b There is less energy as you go along a food web because
and so have to eat more spiders.
animals lose it (in their activities and in waste).
7 a an organism that destroys crops (e.g. caterpillar)
6 Avoid getting it on the skin (wear gloves) or breathing it in (wear
b a chemical that kills pests (e.g. DDT)
face mask/spray in direction of wind). Wash hands after use.
8 Farmers used DDT, which passed up the food chain. The
sparrowhawks got all the DDT from the birds that they ate which
8De(4)
made them lay eggs with weak shells. The shells broke when
1 to kill insects that may eat the crop, thus reducing the amount of
the birds tried to sit on them, killing them.
money that can be made
9 Pesticides had killed all the birds so they no longer sang in
2 any three insects, although the expected ones will be from the
spring when new chicks were being born.
food web: caterpillar, ladybird, aphid, bee, ant, butterfly
3 They will decrease as they have less food.
Page 62
4 They will increase as there will be fewer insects to eat them.
1 a Essentially this list can be boiled down to: changes in
5 a It preserves organisms in the hedge that might otherwise die.
environment, diseases, competition from other animals,
b Less money is made because the crops growing in the
human activities. Pupils are likely to list more specific
unsprayed area would be attacked by insect pests.
examples.
c The farmer may be concerned about the environment; the
b protecting habitats, breeding programmes in zoos, changing
farmer might not be able to afford chemical pesticides; the
the law to stop hunting, etc.
farmer might be able to make more money by selling organic
2 It only takes some of the fish from a shoal so allowing the shoal
produce.
to continue, and the fish within the shoal to breed.
3 a The theory goes that if it is illegal to trade endangered animals
8De(5)
then there will be less of a market for them and so fewer will be
1 a i barn owl ii wood pigeon
hunted. There is considerable debate about how successful
b Every million grams of something contains 1 gram of
this has been.
something else (or similar explanation).
b the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
c migrating fish
(of Wild Fauna and Flora)
d The pyramid does not need to have actual numbers on it, nor
proportional bars.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
e Because the herons eat many trout each, they get more doses
8De(1)
of DDT than a single trout does.
1 the direction energy flows in the food chain
f the direction in which energy flows in a food chain
2 respiration or waste
g Energy is lost at each step of the food chain so as you go
3 a plant plankton shellfish fish humans
along a food chain there is less and less energy available for
b from bottom: plant plankton, shellfish, fish, humans
the animals and so the populations of the animals are smaller
c The mercury was not destroyed inside the fish and people ate
and smaller.
lots of fish and so ate lots of mercury.
h water flea = primary, stickleback = secondary, trout = tertiary
4 animals that eat the plants that humans want
8De(6)
8De(2)
1 to kill pests and so increase the yield of the crop
A pesticide (DDT) is sprayed over fields of crops to kill insect pests.
2 a any from the texts but the expected answer is DDT which
Some of the pesticide is washed into lakes and rivers.
causes egg-shell thinning in birds of prey (and may cause
DDT is absorbed by tiny organisms in the water called plankton.
behavioural problems and death)
Fish eat many plankton organisms.

350 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8E
 b They have eaten animals, which have eaten pests, which have 5
contained pesticide. ladybirds
3 Any two of: organic farming, GM crops or genetically modified/
improved/engineered crops, biological control (although this aphids
term does not need to be used).
4 Advantages include: increase yield of crops, easy to apply, readily oak tree
available. Disadvantages include: harms other animals, may
harm humans, can be expensive.
6 The weather causes different organisms to have different
5 The farmer would only need to apply the pesticide once in a
amounts of water in them at different times.
growing season.
7 It drops its leaves in winter.
6 Only the first and last extracts are for using pesticides.
8 respiration and loss in undigested food
7 Pupils own responses (e.g. letter because Im not going to get
9 Because so much energy is lost going from one level to the next,
a scientific paper published, or a book or be interviewed on TV but
it takes a great deal of mass to support much less mass at the
I could get a letter published and letters in newspapers are read
next level.
by more people than an unknown website. Or Id like to be
10 Things that might be explained include: trophic levels; why the
interviewed on TV because I can get my point across better if I
biomass decreases so rapidly; what the units mean; a calculation
am speaking than when writing things down.)
might be done to show that 99.99% of the producers, support
8 Pupils own responses (the two poles of opinion are likely to be:
0.01% of the other organisms.
we should use pesticides because humans are more important
than animals; we should not use pesticides because we have to
preserve our natural world for generations to come).

8De(7)
8E Using water
1 to stop them transmitting malaria to humans/to save human 8Ea Using Water
lives
Pupils Book page 63
2 cheaper, more effective at reducing mosquito populations
1 any five uses of water, such as drinking, making tea/coffee,
3 Many insects became resistant to DDT; build up of DDT in food
cooking food, brushing teeth, washing/showering, washing
chain; wild bird populations suffered.
dishes, etc.
4 Only very small amounts of DDT are used to kill mosquitoes
2 Diagram should include evaporation from sea, condensation to
(and applied indoors) compared to large quantities in the past.
form clouds, water from clouds falling as rain, rain running into
5 DDT may pose human health risk, affects wildlife and we should
lakes/rivers/reservoirs, water piped to homes.
be able to develop better alternatives.
3 It contains salt, and would make us ill.
6 Accept answers for or against, as long as they are accompanied
4 Sieves have holes in them that are too small for leaves and
by sensible reasoning.
sticks to go through. Filters have even smaller holes, which are
7 draining breeding grounds, less harmful pesticides, biological
too small for particles of mud to go through.
control

Pupils Book pages 6465

8De(8)
1 many things jumbled up together
1 Pests might be resistant to pesticides; farmer might want to
2 logs/wood, seaweed, containers, plastic bottles, etc.
protect useful insects.
3 It traps particles in the paper, because the particles are too big
2 snails, weevils
to go through holes in the paper.
3 Cane toads eat snails and weevils.
4 a any soluble solids, e.g. sugar, salt b any insoluble solid, e.g.
4 Cane toads also eat grasshoppers, beetles and mice, which are
sand, chalk
not pests. Their numbers would decrease.
5 a (hot) water b coffee powder/granules
5 pupils own responses (e.g. yes, because it would kill the pests
6 a The solid mixes with the water so that you cant see any solid
and so allow more money to be made; no, because it would kill
grains/the liquid is transparent (or similar answer).
useful creatures that keep the numbers of other small creatures
b Solid granules are left on the bottom of the cup/the liquid is
down)
cloudy (or similar answer).
6 Suggestions might include: find a natural predator/parasite
7 a Beaker 1 contains a red, transparent liquid; 2 contains a white
of the pest; observe the effect the potential agent has on the
opaque liquid; 3 contains a white opaque liquid.
pest in the wild/are numbers reduced?; determine whether the
b beaker 1
potential agent affects any other organisms; determine whether
c It is transparent.
these other organisms are present in the farm ecosystem;
determine whether the agent will survive in the farm ecosystem.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
7 The introduction of the cane toad to Australia in the 1930s was
8Ea(1)
a disaster. The 102 individuals have become 200 million. They
dissolving when a solid splits up and mixes with a liquid to make
spread diseases and compete with native fauna for resources. As
a solution
such, they are blamed for the decline of animals such as the
filtering separating a liquid from things that have not dissolved in it
Northern Quoll, monitor lizards and snakes.
filtrate the liquid that goes through a filter
insoluble something that will not dissolve in a liquid
8De(9)
mixture different things jumbled up together
1 One large oak tree can support many thousands of small aphids.
opaque not see-through
2 trophic level 3
residue the solid that is left behind after filtering
3 oak tree aphid ladybird
soluble something that will dissolve in a liquid
4 the mass of biological (living) material or words to that effect
solute the solid that has dissolved in a liquid to make a solution
solution when a solid has dissolved in a liquid
solvent a liquid can dissolve a solid to make a solution
transparent see-through

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 351

8E Answers
8Ea(4)
Across: 2 residue 3 solvent 6 solute 8 insoluble
Down: 1 mixture 3 solution 4 filtering 5 filtrate 6 dissolve
8 soluble
8Ea(5)
1 The following circled: flour and water; sand and water; sand and
milk.
2 slotted spoon: yes; water; vegetables/pasta.
chip basket: yes; fat; chips.
rolling pin: no.
flour sieve: yes; fine flour; lumps of flour.
3 Chips are much larger than tea leaves, so chip basket does not
need such small holes.
4 a It traps tea leaves inside, to separate them from the tea.
b It has tea leaves mixed with the tea.
8Ea(6)
1 a from the ground b no
2 a trowel, cup, pan, handkerchief b Dig a hole, use the cup to get
some water out of it, pour it through the handkerchief into the
pan.
3 Melt some snow using the camping stove and pan.
4 a It is salty. b Salt is dissolved in the water, so it cannot be
separated by filtering.
8Ea(7)
1 One possible flow chart is: River water Screening (grids
remove large objects) Settlement (chemicals added, small
particles stick together and sink) Filtering (small particles
filtered out by sand beds) Chemical treatment (chemicals
added to kill micro-organisms) Storage (ready for use)
2 a to allow time for the clumps to fall to the bottom of the tank
b It saves the filters getting clogged up with too many particles.
3 to push out all the particles that have been filtered from water,
which would clog up the filter bed
4 They must be quite small, as they have not been removed by the
filters.
5 To stop dirt/micro-organisms getting into them and making the
water unsafe to drink.
6 a The water has run through small gaps in rocks to get
underground, and this has filtered it. b screening, and possibly
settlement
7 Sea water contains dissolved salt, which cannot be removed by
filtering or the chemicals that kill micro-organisms.
8Eb Solubility
Pupils Book pages 6667
1 22 g
2 a held together in a fixed arrangement b Particles come away
from each other and mix with particles in the solvent.
3 Salt particles are too small to be trapped by the filter paper.
4 Diagram should show salt and water particles going through the
filter paper and larger sand particles trapped by the filter paper.
5 two from: type of solid, nature of solvent, temperature, volume
of solvent
6 The liquid is cloudy/milky. If all the solid had dissolved the liquid
would be clear or transparent (see-through).
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Eb(1)
1 salt, solute, water, solvent, dissolves, solution, 110 g
2 Filtering only separates solids that have not dissolved.
3 A saturated solution is a solution where no more solid will
dissolve.
If you heat a solvent more solute will dissolve in it.
If you use twice as much solvent you can dissolve twice as
much solute in it.
352 Exploring Science edition
8Eb(2)
A 2 b, B 5 c, C 8 a
8Eb(5)
2 a goes up b chloride c nitrate d 41 e 45
8Eb(6)
2 a increases as temperature rises b potassium chloride
c potassium nitrate d answers from graph approx. 15 C, 24 C,
27 C, 31 C, 34 C, 37 C
3 a Fertilisers are used to provide plants with mineral salts, such
as nitrates, which they need for healthy growth.
b LoSalt is potassium chloride and tastes salty, but is thought
to be less risky than sodium chloride for people with some
medical problems (e.g. heart problems) to eat.
8Eb(7)
2 a It goes down/gets less. b It is the opposite most solids get
more soluble as the temperature increases.
3 a fresh b fresh water The graph goes down more steeply
(or, the solubility changes by 9.9 mg/l for fresh water as the
temperature goes up from 0 to 60 C, but only goes down by
7.5 mg/l for sea water.
4 a answer from graph should be approximately 12.8 mg/l
b half of 12.8 mg/l is 6.4 mg/l, and this solubility occurs at
40 C
5 Less oxygen would be dissolved in the warmer water, so there
would be less oxygen for the fish and they may be harmed. (The
warmth also encourages the growth of micro-organisms that
further deplete the oxygen supply, but pupils are not expected
to know this.)
6 Heating sea water does not have as big an effect on solubility
as heating fresh water. Also, the sea has a far greater volume
than rivers, so the warm water spreads out and the overall
temperature increase is very small apart from very close to the
outlet pipe (or fish can easily get away from the warm water in
the sea, but they might not be able to in a river).
8Ec Salt of the Earth
Pupils Book pages 6869
1 because they have different amounts of salts dissolved in them
2 Heat the water until it evaporates and leaves the salt behind.
3 a certain chemicals dissolved in the water b It stops scum
forming on water, or it stops their kettles or central heating pipes
from furring up.
4 Heat from the Sun can be used to evaporate the water from sea
water, leaving salt behind.
5 a The salt comes from rocks that the river has flowed over.
b Bits of the rocks dissolved in the water which then flowed out
to sea.
6 A possible response might consider the low pay and difficulty of
the task involved hot climate, need to rake large quantities of
salt into piles for collection, long distances to be covered due to
size of site required salt beds must be left to evaporate for
several weeks, difficulties of walking on dry salt, how the flow of
sea water is controlled to flood the salt-beds and then let them
dry out.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Ec(1)
1 evaporates
2 salt
3 samples
4 scum
5 common salt
6 salt bed
7 rock salt
8 water
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8E
 9 brine 8Ed Whats in a solution?
10 heat
Pupils Book pages 7071
8Ec(4) 1 All the different chemicals that were dissolved in the water
1 Stand a Bunsen burner and tripod on a heat-proof mat, and put would be mixed up together.
a gauze on the tripod. Stand the evaporating basin on the gauze 2 Different substances are made of particles of different sizes so
and half-fill it with the solution to be evaporated. some travel faster than others (smaller particles move more
2 It stops the chemicals getting too hot and changing. quickly than bigger ones).
3 a hazard spilling hot liquid; risk burns 3 a 2 b A and B c The top blob from Y is level with the blob
hazard chemicals spilling; risk burns or damage to eyes made by A, and the second is level with the one made by B.
hazard hot apparatus; risk burns 4 a 5 b orange, yellow, purple, blue, black
b Turn the heat off before the solution has completely 5 a carotene b 3, it does not contain tartrazine c to make them
evaporated; wear eye protection; wait for apparatus to cool look more orange, so people will want to buy them
down before handling it, or use tongs.
Differentiated Classroom and Homework Activity Pack
8Ec(5) 8Ed(1)
correctly labelled diagrams Chromatography can separate different coloured dyes in a
B, F, E, G, J (these two in either order), A, C, I, D, H mixture.
A drop of the mixture is put onto a piece of special paper.
8Ec(7) The bottom of the paper is put into water.
1 measuring cylinder The water travels up the paper.
2 5 The different dyes in the mixture travel up the paper at different
Y = depth of lather (cm)
speeds.
4 This happens because the different dyes have different sized
particles.
3
The paper is dried to make a chromatogram.
2 You can work out the number of different dyes in the mixture by
seeing how many different colours are on the chromatogram.
1

0 8Ed(2)
A B C D E
Y 1 yellow, dark green, light green; mixture
2 purple, dark red; mixture
3 aC bE cE dC
3 blue, purple; mixture
4 same amount of water in each tube, same amount of soap
4 yellow; pure
solution
5 black, pink, yellow; mixture
5 He might have shaken the tube harder than Patty did.
6 dark blue, pale blue; mixture

8Ec(8)
8Ed(3)
1 What is dissolved in water depends on the rocks it has flowed
1 a All the samples will have time to travel right to the top of the
over or through, so water can be different if it has come from
paper, so you wont be able to tell the difference between
different places.
them.
2 a Soap makes more lather and does not leave scum, and kettles
b The ink from the felt pen will also move up the paper. You
and central heating systems do not get furred up.
wont have a reference line left at the bottom, and the ink
b Some people do not like the taste, and you may not be
may hide the dyes you are investigating.
getting salts that are good for your teeth and bones.
c The dyes will dissolve in the water in the beaker, and will not
3 shower gel, as the detergent will not form scum with hard water
move up the paper.
4 boiling tubes, measuring cylinders, soap solution, test tube rack,
d You wont be able to make a fair comparison between the
ruler
manufacturers samples and the dye being tested, as the
5 same volume of water, same volume of soap solution, same
same dye in two different samples may end up different
concentration of soap solution, same amount of shaking
distances up the chromatogram.
6 The samples in order of the amount of lather (starting with the
e Permanent inks do not dissolve in water, so you will not be
least) were E, A, B, D, C. As harder water produces less lather,
able to analyse the inks at all.
this is also in order of hardness, starting with the sample with
f You will not be able to make a reliable comparison between
the hardest water (i.e. the one with the most hardness
the sample from the crime scene and the manufacturers
chemicals in it).
sample unless all the conditions are exactly the same (which
would be very difficult to do). For example, both bits of paper
8Ec(9)
would have to be put into water for exactly the same amount
1 so it could make money by selling salt
of time, the samples would have to be exactly the same
2 Ghandis salt would have been mixed with sand.
distance above the surface of the water at the start, you
3 no, because there would have been small animals and possibly
would have to use the same kind of chromatography paper,
some pollution in the sea water
etc.
4 Mix the impure mixture with water, so the salt will dissolve in
the water.
8Ed(4)
Filter the mixture. The sand will be trapped in the filter paper,
1 labels in correct places
but the dissolved salt will go through the filter paper.
2 a A, B and E b These inks have all got only one blob.
Evaporate the filtrate. The water will evaporate, leaving the salt
3 a A and E b A and B
behind in the evaporating dish.
4 a F b It has not moved from its original position.
Pupils should draw a labelled diagram illustrating each step in
the process.

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 353

8E Answers
8Ed(5)
1 Paint does not dissolve in water.
2 B
3 F
4 C and D
5 D
6 Test paint from a PO van to see if it matched the sample.
(Higher-attaining pupils may point out that manufacturer D
may also make PO vans, in which case this would not prove
anything.)
7 See if there was damage to the van or any paint from the
gatepost on it.
8Ed(6)
1 B
2 They did not leave the evidence at the scene of the crime; their
DNA patterns do not match the sample (higher-attaining pupils
may point out that this does not mean that they were not there,
just that they did not leave anything there).
3 No. The test only shows that a person was there, not that they
committed the crime.
4 Fingerprints are thought to be unique to individuals, and are also
used to identify people who have been at a crime scene. DNA
patterns are used in a similar way.
5 a The police could just compare samples from a crime scene
with a database, rather than having to work out who the
suspects might be, find them and collect and analyse DNA
from them.
b Pupils own answers. Issues of crime prevention and/or
privacy may be discussed.
8Ee Still water
Pupils Book pages 7273
1 water with nothing else in it
2 a They turn into steam/water vapour. b when a gas cools and
turns into a liquid
3 steam
4 The Liebig condenser has cold water around the outside of the
tube that the steam passes through, so the steam is more likely
to condense.
5 a to obtain drinking water from sea water b to obtain clean
water from dirty water
6 Energy from the Sun heats the water and makes it evaporate.
The salt is left behind. The water vapour condenses inside the
top of the still, and the pure liquid water runs down into a
collection chamber.
Pupils Book pages 7475
1 a The flooding might destroy the habitats for some types of
animals and plants, but it might also increase the habitat
available for fish, water birds, etc. b They will have to leave
their homes. They might get work building the dam. c There
might be more work in the area while the dam is being built.
There may be more leisure facilities (i.e. for water sports) when
the reservoir is completed (but swimming and boating are not
allowed on many reservoirs). d They get a more reliable water
supply. No real disadvantages.
2 a Advantages: less money would need to be spent on building
long pipelines, there would be fewer large areas under water
due to the creation of large reservoirs. Disadvantages: there
would be lots of smaller reservoirs, which might end up costing
more than the pipelines involved with building large ones. Each
new reservoir, even if very small, still affects the habitats in the
local area. You might need more water treatment plants as well,
if there were more reservoirs, and this would take both land and
money. b It is already too late for this to happen for much of
the country, as it would not be possible to move the people
already living in cities into new towns. A lot of new towns might
354 Exploring Science edition
actually use up more countryside than the current cities would.
Many people like living in cities and would not want to move to
small towns.
3 a A cargo ship has a relatively small crew. On a cruise ship there
are a large number of passengers, and also extra crew to look
after the passengers. There are therefore a lot more people
using water, so it may be easier to have a desalination plant on
the ship than to have storage tanks big enough to carry all the
water needed on a trip. b These places are fairly small islands,
with little space for reservoirs and a small land area to gather
rain water. They are therefore more likely than most other places
in the UK to be short of water if they only relied on rainfall. As
they are islands, they can get sea water very easily. c The south-
east of England is the most heavily populated part of the UK, so
has less space for reservoirs, and it is also one of the driest
areas. Installing desalination plants may be cheaper than
building reservoirs in wetter areas of the country and piping the
water to where it is needed in the south.
Page 76
1 a fish, animals, bits of plants, leaves, twigs, mud, sand, etc.
b It is filtered. c When a substance dissolves it breaks up into
very small particles, small enough to pass through the holes in a
filter. d Distil the water by evaporating it and then condensing
the steam.
2 a They could explain ways of saving water, why this is necessary,
and how this can save people money. b People could be fined
if they use too much water, or their water supply could be turned
off if they used too much (although this is unlikely to be done
for health reasons). c Set targets for cutting down the amounts
of water wasted and fine them if they exceed the targets.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity
8Ee(1)
1 correctly labelled diagram
3 a E on/near round-bottomed flask b C in condenser
4 The mixture of ink and water is put into the flask.
The mixture is heated.
The water evaporates and forms steam. The ink does not
evaporate.
The steam goes into the condenser.
The cold water flowing around the outside of the condenser
cools the steam.
The steam condenses to form pure water.
The water runs into the beaker.
8Ee(2)
Opinions may vary on some of these statements.
For
It will be great for water sports if they let us use it for that!
There will be new jobs while the dam is being built.
Its better for the environment if all the people who work in the
city live there, and they all need water.
The new reservoir will create new habitats for water birds.
We can go fishing!
Arguments concerned with where (rather than whether) it should
be built
The water has to be collected in places where it rains a lot.
Theres plenty of land in the hills where no one lives. They can
pay the farmer compensation for losing their land.
We couldnt have a local reservoir to collect the drinking water
for our town it doesnt rain all that much here!
Encouraging people to move out of cities will just result in more
countryside being built over.
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8F
Against
They would have to build a big reservoir for our town to make
sure it collected enough water to last through dry summers
and big reservoirs for all the other towns around as well.
It will destroy the woodland in the valley.
Ive lived in my house for 70 years and they want to evict me!
Lakes look pretty, but reservoirs dont look so pretty when the
water is low.
We dont need a reservoir here the water company already
takes water out of the river.
People have been living in this valley for thousands of years, and
were being evicted just so people in the cities can run more
washing machines and dishwashers!
The countryside around here is very flat they would have to
build walls all around the reservoir it would be very expensive.
We would lose some of our beautiful countryside if they built a
reservoir just outside the town.
Our village is a community. You cant compensate for that kind
of thing with money!
There will be lots of outsiders around while the dam is being
built. Our pub will be too full!
They will need to build a new road up the valley to transport the
materials to the dam. That will be even more disruption.
8Ee(3)
2 correctly labelled diagram
3 Round-bottomed flask holds the mixture to be separated while
it is heated.
The condenser cools the steam so it condenses back to water.
Cold water runs in a jacket around the central tube to keep it
cool.
The beaker collects the pure water.
8Ee(4)
1 Diagram should show particles moving more rapidly with more
escaping from the liquid.
2 Solvent evaporates in both cases, but it is collected only in
distillation.
3 Diagram should show that different-coloured particles travel
different distances in the filter paper.
8Ee(5)
1 D, F, E, B, A, C
2 The water leaves impurities/salts behind when it evaporates
from the fibres.
3 It is likely to be used in developing countries, where people
cannot afford expensive materials.
4 a It produces pure/clean water. b It does not produce very
much water each day.
8Ee(6)
1 a roots b trunk c leaves
2 The fibres absorb water in the ground. The water travels up
through the fibres. Heat from the sun makes it evaporate
inside the transparent container at the top. The water vapour
condenses on the inside of the transparent container, and runs
into the collecting container.
3 a It produces pure water, whereas water from a well may not be
clean/fit to drink.
b One pump does not produce very much water.
4 It is most likely to be of use in the developing world, where
people often cannot afford expensive materials.
5 When the water evaporates, any salts dissolved in it will be left
behind. These will collect on the fibres and clog them up.
6 a The method should include supporting the pump with its
roots in a bowl of water, and standing it in the sun in a location
that will not be shaded at any time during the day. Collect and
measure the volume of water collected. b No. If the fibres at
the bottom were put into damp soil instead of water, it would
Pearson Education Limited 2008
probably not pump as much water as water is likely to be
absorbed more slowly than the fibres. If the pump is put into
a bowl of water, the amount produced will depend on the
temperature (more would be produced on a warmer day, less
on a cooler day).
7 There might be different amounts of water in the soil, the
temperature might be different. Also, if made from local
materials, the fibres used might absorb and transport water
more or less effectively.
8 The pump draws water up from the ground using evaporation.
The water coming out of the tap is clean. The benefits are that it
is cheap, easy to make and uses recycled materials.
8Ee(7)
1 petrol, naptha, diesel, bitumen
2 fuel oil, diesel, kerosene, petrol, calor gas
3 a Both heat a liquid to turn it to a gas, and both collect the
liquid when the gas condenses again. Both involve a tower
where the gases cool as they rise.
b & c Possible answers include:
The fractionating column is bigger than school lab apparatus,
because an oil refinery would need to separate a large volume
of oil.
The fractionating column has lots of tubes leading out of it,
because it is separating a lot of different liquids whereas the
school apparatus is only separating a liquid from a dissolved
solid (or two liquids, if pupils have seen the separation of
water and alcohol demonstrated).
The liquid going into the fractionating column is heated to a
higher temperature to make it evaporate, because some of
the chemicals in crude oil have much higher boiling points
than water.
4 Examples include vodka, whisky, gin, brandy, rum, vermouth,
sherry, port.
8F Materials and
recycling
8Fa Sorted!
Pupils Book page 77
1 four from: glass, paper, metals (or named metals such as
aluminium, steel/iron, copper) plastic (or named plastics such
as PET)
2 a colour (e.g. brown/green/blue/clear) b type of metal (iron,
aluminium, etc.) (allow magnetic/non-magnetic)
3 a Answers will depend on local circumstances, but should refer
to matters such as whether doorstep collection takes place,
frequency of collection, types of waste that can be recycled,
how the householder has to sort, colour of bins/boxes/sacks.
b Answers will be dependent on a, but should make the point
that many other European countries are better at recycling
than the UK. In many developing countries, economic
necessity will mean that materials and objects will be re-used
to a significantly greater extent than in the UK.
c Answers should be of the form good, poor, room for
improvement.
d Answers should focus on a practical suggestion, e.g. (home)
weekly collections instead of fortnightly, make provision to
collect more types of plastic, (school) paper recycling boxes in
every classroom, can recycling in the restaurant.
4 Possible answers might include: plus saves on resources,
reduces waste/landfill; minus how would you enforce it?
Interesting what do we do with all the recycled glass? Would it
be better to re-use the bottles rather than recycle them?
Exploring Science edition 355
8F Answers
Pupils book page 7879 c Recycling rates are highest in the second quarter (AprilJune),
1 three from, for example: iron, copper, bronze, tin, silver, gold, and generally tend to be higher in the summer and lower in
mercury the winter.
2 They were quite rare and expensive materials and it would have d Eastern region is the highest and London the lowest. Evidence
been very wasteful to throw them away would be either high/low lines on the graph, or average
3 a Egypt b China figures from the table.
4 a substance that cannot be split into anything simpler using
chemical reactions 8Fb Elementary
5 copper, calcium, gold
Pupils Book pages 8081
6 a It had not been possible to split it up (using heat). b By using
1 a something that cannot be split into anything simpler (using
a battery (electrolysis), it was possible to split it to make calcium
chemical reactions)
(and oxygen).
b the smallest part of an element
7 a gold, iron, calcium b Gold can be found naturally in the
2 gold, mercury, iron, oxygen, aluminium
environment. Iron can be extracted from ores using relatively
3 a 1 b2
low technology chemicals and methods (fire and charcoal).
4 Diagram should show two different colour particles in a 2:1 ratio
Calcium can only be extracted using electrical methods (and
(copper: zinc).
therefore couldnt be discovered until after the invention of the
5 Cu = copper; W = tungsten; Sn = tin; Fe = iron; Na = sodium
battery).
6 a iron b iron was ferrum in Latin c steel d Steel is a mixture
that contains (mostly) iron. The other metals do not contain any
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
iron.
8Fa(1)
7 No = nobelium (Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite, and used
1 glass, paper, plastic, aluminium
the resulting profits to set up the trust fund that provides the
2
1 2
P E R I 0 D 3 4 5 Nobel prizes to this day)
I C T A B L E Es = einsteinium (Albert Einstein, well-known for his theories of
L R L L relativity, as well as the explanation of Brownian motion)
6
E W O O D U E Cm = curium (Marie Curie, famous for much early work on
M N M C radioactivity, including the discovery of radium)
7
M E T A L S I T Fm = fermium (Enrico Fermi, who did much pioneering work
8 on sub-atomic particles, and was a leading member of the
N S T O N E R
Manhattan Project Team who developed the first atomic bomb)
T I I Md = mendelevium (Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, who
SI L V E R U C
I G M I
12
A M Y T Pupils Book pages 8283
13
F I R E P Y 1 a 33 b about 30
14
2 a Dbereiner b Newlands
R T I N
3 helium, neon, argon, scandium and vanadium
4 If all elements were fitted into groups of three, or seven, then
8Fa(2) the discovery of any new elements would either mean that
1 something that cannot be split up into simpler substances the groups were wrong, or that it was the start of a whole new
4 two from: aluminium, calcium, potassium group. Mendeleev left spaces for undiscovered elements, and
the shape of the table meant that it was possible to include
8Fa(3) extra columns (which is why the noble gases, discovered after
1 something that cannot be split up into simpler substances the table was established, are labelled as Group 0.)
5 Properties would be in between the elements on either side
8Fa(7) of the gap some numerical values (e.g. for density, melting
2 sent to landfill point) might be expected to be an average of the two adjacent
3 29 million tonnes elements or following a group trend.
4 10% 6 Mendeleevs table shows elements with similar properties lined
5 It is easier to see where most of our waste goes to. up in columns or blocks. A rectangular grid would not show the
patterns in the same way.
8Fa(8) 7 Answers could include: fair, because there were too many
2 29 million tonnes flaws or anomalies in his law; Newlands law could not cope
3 two from: North East, North West, Yorkshire and Humber, West well with the introduction of new elements; unfair, because he
Midlands, London was on the right lines and had many of the correct ideas; he
4 East, East Midlands and South West didnt claim that all the elements fitted the law, just that some
5 a 32% b two from: North East, North West, Yorkshire and the elements did fit the pattern.
Humber, West Midlands, London
8 It is easier to see which region has the best recycling rate. Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Fb(1)
8Fa(9) 1 true, false, false, true
1 a burning b 29 million tonnes c 29/58 = 0.5 tonnes d landfill 2 a one kind b two kinds c two kinds
58.3%, incineration 11.0%, recycling and composting 30.7% 3 iron Fe, aluminium Al, hydrogen H, carbon C
e Data could be presented as a bar chart or a pie chart so it is 4 Na = green, Sn = yellow, Mg = grey, W = blue, Cu = orange,
easy to see where our waste goes to. Fe = red
2 b Horizontal axis is not continuous data/there is nothing in 5 The diagram on the left is an element, the one on the right is a
between the quarters. mixture.

356 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8F
 8Fb(2) 11 Treat answers on their merits a good answer will be backed by
1 a false b true c false d true e false f true g false h true a reason.
2 Li/Na/K, Fe/Co/Ni, Cl/Br/I 12 a Answer should follow the usual conventions: the name
3 Elements that have been discovered since Newlands time are should end in ium, and the symbol should be a two-letter
neon, scandium and vanadium.* symbol that is not a duplicate of an existing chemical symbol.
One of Dbereiners triads was magnesium, calcium and b Answers will be individual.
strontium.
Newlands called his pattern the law of octaves, because each 8Fc Metal detecting
element was similar to an element eight places away in the
Pupils Book Pages 8485
series.
1 Any three from: shiny, good conductors of heat, good conductors
The noble gases that are on the left of Mendeleevs table in
of electricity, strong, high melting point. Do not accept magnetic
group 0, but we now show on the right are helium, neon and
as an answer.
argon (*would also match first statement).
2 Most metals are solids at room temperature. Mercury is unusual
If Mendeleev thought the elements were in the wrong order,
because it is a liquid.
they were switched round to fit the pattern in the table.
3 metals on the left-hand side, non-metals on the (top) right-hand
side
8Fb(3)
4 a next to each other/in a block of three/in a row
4 There are 11 gases.
b vertical column/underneath each other in the middle
5 a solid b 102
5 a solid b gas c Most things turn into a liquid before evaporating.
6 Metal Non-metal d non-metal, e.g. not shiny/silver, turns easily into a gas
made of one copper oxygen 6 gas
element only aluminium 7 Yes. It is used in swimming pools/bleaches/chlorine water.
made of more steel plastic 8 a Bacteria/microbes could cause illness in swimmers. b It could
than one element brass paper harm people.
bronze glass
water 9 Case is plastic (insulator, rigid), pins are metal (strong, good
conductor), wires are metal (flexible, good conductor), wire
8Fb(4) covering is plastic/PVC (insulator, flexible), screws are metal
1 no (strong).
2 no
3 not particularly Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
4/5 This arrangement is not greatly different from the first pattern. 8Fc(1)
There is no particular pattern in the way that the elements are 1 metals, metals, metals, metals, non-metals, non-metals
grouped together. 2 metal, heat, handle, conducts heat
6 Elements with similar properties come together in the same 3 iron, cobalt, nickel
columns. 4 metals copper, nickel; non-metals: iodine, sulphur
7 several possible answers, e.g. unreactive gases (He/Ne/Ar) or
reactive metals (Li/Na/K) or high melting point elements (B/Al/ 8Fc(2)
Sc), (C/Si/Ti) 1 iron, copper, aluminium
8 several possible answers, e.g. nitrogen/phosphorus/vanadium, 2 plastic, glass, wood
or oxygen/suphur/manganese 3 good conductors
9 a several possible answers, e.g. similar elements appear in 4 good conductors
vertical columns (groups), elements are arranged in the same 5 heavy
order (of atomic number) 6 One from: all the objects were in the same beaker; the objects
b several possible answers, e.g. in modern table all non-metals were same length, same temperature water for each object.
appear on the right, or first main row starts with element 3 7 blocks were all the same size
c It brings out the patterns better/groups all metals together
and non-metals together (or equivalent answer). 8Fc(3)
1 allows heat to pass through it
8Fb(6)/ 8Fb(7) 2 To keep safe, mop up any spills and take care with hot water.
hydrogen, H; iodine, I; lead, Pb; nickel, Ni; calcium, Ca; cobalt, Co; 4 A wide range of materials were used. Pupils should also
bromine, Br; neon, Ne; chlorine, Cl; tungsten, W; helium, He comment on the reliability of the results.
5 allows electricity to pass through it
8Fb(8) 6 To keep safe, care must be taken with objects held in the circuit
1 a 90 b New elements are still being discovered or made. as they may become hot.
2 in nuclear reactors 7 Metals are good conductors of both heat and electricity.
3 a Berkeley, California b Bk, 97; Cf, 98 8 Results tables help to spot patterns in data.
4 the Russians 10 mass of the blocks
5 The Russians may have made a false claim, and the Russian 11 balance/scales
scientist Kurchatov had worked on the Russian atomic bomb. 12 Size/volume of the blocks needs to be the same.
6 Not enough of the element had been made/they were 15 metals: iron, copper, aluminium; non-metals: plastic, glass, wood
depending on data from photographs or computer printouts Pupils should justify their response as to whether they have
which may not be conclusive/experiment couldnt be repeated. enough information.
7 Fm, 100 16 a metals: good conductors of heat, good conductors of
8 neilsbohrium, hahnium, joliotium, dubnium electricity, dense/heavy.
9 rutherfordium (104 and 106), neilsborhium (105 and 107) b non-metals: poor conductors/insulators of heat, poor
10 Dubnium gave credit to the Russian laboratory for the discovery, conductors/insulators of electricity, low density/lightweight
but without naming the Russian scientist who had worked on
their atomic bomb, meeting one of the US objections.

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 357

8F Answers
17 Mark answers on their merits. Answers might include melting
point, whether shiny or not.
18 You would need to measure both the mass and the volume/
dimensions of the block. The fair comparison would then involve
calculating the density of each of the metals using density =
mass/volume.
8Fc(6)
1 three from: boron, arsenic, selenium, antimony, tellurium,
polonium
2 a grey, quite shiny, high melting point, conducts electricity
b not very shiny, not a good conductor of heat and electricity
3 two from: (better) aluminium, gallium, indium, germanium, tin,
lead, bismuth
(worse) nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur, fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine
4 Treat answers on their merits the important issue is that any
answer is backed up by reasoning. The balance of properties
(including chemical properties) would lean towards non-metal,
but the physical properties listed are more evenly balanced.
8Fc(7)
1 brown shiny solid = copper; yellow solid = sulphur; gas in
balloons = helium; shiny silvery solid = aluminium; shiny yellow
solid = gold
2 Reasons suggested are those on the worksheet. More able
pupils should give further reasons.
a iron = metal (dense/heavy solid)
b copper = metal (shiny)
c helium = non-metal (gas)
d sulphur = non-metal (melts easily)
e gold = metal (shiny, good conductor)
f aluminium = metal (shiny, silvery)
8Fc(8)
1 tungsten, carbon, platinum, iron, gold, copper
2 metals
3 a chlorine, hydrogen, helium, oxygen b gases c non-metals
4 a liquid, because melting point is below 20 C, but boiling point
is above
b non-metal low melting and boiling point, poor conductor
5 a platinum, tungsten, gold, lead, silver b metals
6 lithium and sodium
7 helium
8 metals: aluminium, calcium, copper, gold, iron, lead, lithium,
magnesium, platinum, sodium, silver, tungsten, zinc
non-metals: bromine, carbon*, chlorine, helium, hydrogen,
oxygen, silicon, sulphur.
This method makes the groups of metals and non-metals easy
to see.
*Based on the information in the table, taken alone, a pupil
would probably conclude that carbon is a metal.
8Fc(9)
Relevant properties of germanium are: metal (or semi-metal);
semiconductor; melting point 37 C; density 5:4; oxides GeO and
GeO2 (white solid).
Treat answers on their merits in many cases several different
responses are creditworthy, as long as sensible reasoning is
explained.
8Fd Compound interest
Pupils Book pages 8687
1 a element b element c compound
2 a three b five c Diagram should show five circles, as in the
Pupils Book, but with only one dark green and three light green
circles.
358 Exploring Science edition
3 a three b Diagram should show carbon chain, with hydrogen
atoms coming off one side (as diagram F) and on the other side
alternate hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
4 a two b hydrogen + oxygen water
5 a i 10 ii 20
b Ratio is 1:2. there are two oxygen atoms for every silicon (or
equivalent wording).
c For example, it has a large molecule, it is made of two
elements, ratio of atoms is 1:2, silicon and carbon both form
four bonds.
d For example, polythene is made of carbon and hydrogen,
silicon dioxide is silicon and oxygen, polythene is a chain
structure, silicon dioxide is more 3D.
6 a i CO2 ii H2O
b Same number of each polythene contains two hydrogen
atoms for each carbon atom this is the same ratio that is
present in carbon dioxide and water.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Fd(1)
1 substances made of compounds
the smallest particles of compounds molecules
the simplest substances elements
the smallest particles of elements atoms
2 H 2O
3 hydrogen element; water compound; oxygen element;
carbon element; carbon dioxide compound
4 magnesium oxide
8Fd(2)
1 Mass would be expected to go up, but answer should match
results in table.
3 element
4 oxygen
5 compound
6 magnesium oxide
7 Results are more reliable/can be checked/more accurate if you
take an average of several results.
8Fd(3) (see also AT1 mark scheme)
4 Mass would be expected to go up, but answer should match
results in table.
5 No results of any experiment need to be checked/repeated
before you can be confident.
6 If you have more results, it makes it easier to spot any patterns
in the data and makes it easier to draw a valid conclusion.
Working out an average gives a better picture of the results
overall.
7 Answers will vary depending on how well the class results agree.
9 a oxygen b magnesium oxide
10 a magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide
b The magnesium has taken something extra in from the air/
reacted with oxygen/magnesium oxide contains oxygen as
well as magnesium.
11 For example, magnesium may not have been heated enough/
not all the magnesium reacted.
Some smoke may have escaped from the crucible/ash may have
spilled out.
Lid may have been left off for one measurement.
12 Answers will depend on issues identified in (9), but could
include more repeats, re-heating to check that all magnesium
has reacted.
8Fd(4)
1 a A, D and E b B, C and F c A d D and E e B or F
f B two small atoms joined to one large one
g Carbon monoxide: the molecule contains two elements, so it is
not nitrogen or krypton, which are both elements. It only has
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8F
 one atom of each element, so it cannot be sulphur dioxide
(which has two atoms of oxygen). It cannot be hydrogen
chloride because hydrogen atoms are much smaller than any
other atoms.
8Fd(5)
1 a A, D and E b All atoms are the same/circles are the same
colour.
2 a B, C and F b These diagrams show different atoms/coloured
circles joined together.
3 a A b This is the only diagram with circles that arent joined to
other circles.
4 a D and E b Both diagrams show pairs of circles joined
together.
5 a B or F b One atom/circle in one colour and two in a different
colour. If (f) chosen, pupils might also add that black is often
used to represent carbon
6 B two small atoms joined to one large one
7 Carbon monoxide: the molecule contains two elements, so it is
not nitrogen or krypton, which are both elements. It only has
one atom of each element, so it cannot be sulphur dioxide
(which has two atoms of oxygen). It cannot be hydrogen chloride
because hydrogen atoms are much smaller than any other atoms.
8 1 CO2, 2, 3; carbon monoxide, ; 2, 2; 3, 7; ; 4 He knew that platinum hexafluoride reacted very easily, and had
3, 5; sulphur dioxide, ; 2, 3; sulphur trioxide,
2; 4
8Fd(6)
1 The longer the time, the greater the volume of gas/the more gas
is given off (or equivalent).
2 Every minute, the volume of gas goes up by about 5 cm3.
3 a 9 minutes/25.2 cm3
b It doesnt fit the pattern/more gas after 9 minutes than 10/gas
appears to go down after 10 minutes/it is a long way off the
line of best fit.
c The numbers might have been written down the wrong way
it should have been 22.5, not 25.2 (treat alternative
suggestions on their merits).
5 The volume of gas at the negative rod is twice the volume at
the positive rod. There is an assumption that this larger volume
is hydrogen which has not been confirmed by experiment.
The evidence is consistent with the prediction and links to the
accepted formula for water.
6 The gas could be released from the burettes by opening the tap
and placing a test tube over the top. The gases could then be
tested with a lighted splint: hydrogen would burn with a squeaky
pop, and oxygen would make the flame burn more brightly.
7 a Particle diagram should show one or more water molecules,
and then atoms (or possibly diatomic molecules) being
produced with twice as many hydrogen atoms/molecules as
oxygen.
b Treat answers on their merits most scientists would accept
the principle that a scientific idea can never be proved 100%
true, as it has to be capable of being tested by experiment
and a new experiment could overturn the existing evidence.
However, in this case, the evidence for the formula of water
being H2O is overwhelming and has stood the test of time,
so that in practice it can be taken as proven. The result of a
single experiment should never be taken as reliable unless it
can be replicated by others, but it could be said to confirm the
accepted formula, given that this experiment does not break
new ground.
Pearson Education Limited 2008
8Fd (7)
1 oxygen, element, cant be split into anything simpler
2 mercury, element, does not change when
3 salt, compound, splits up when
4 carbon dioxide, compound, is made of carbon and oxygen
5 lime, compound, is made of calcium and oxygen
6 helium, element, cant be split up into anything simpler
7 water, compound, gives off gases when
8 lead, element, does not change when
9 sugar, compound, turns black and
10 carbon, element, does not get split up when
8Fd(8)
1 a carbon b lead c oxide d chlorine e sodium chloride
2 Blanks should read (1); hydrogen oxide (2); nitrogen, hydrogen
(3); hydrogen, sulphur.
3 2, potassium, oxygen; iron sulphide, 2; potassium, oxygen,
hydrogen; 3, calcium, carbon, oxygen
8Fd(9)
1 a 27 b 74
2 They didnt react with anything/no chemical reactions.
3 Scientists had a theory which suggested that inert gases
wouldnt react, so they assumed that reactions were impossible.
some numerical data on xenon that suggested that it might react.
5 B there are some reactions of the noble gases, so the practical
;
evidence means the theory needs to be modified. The theory
still works well for helium, neon and argon and there are very
few reactions of krypton and xenon.
6 a XeF2 b XeF6
7 a Pierre Jansen observing lines in spectrum of sunlight, or Neil
Bartlett observing orange solid formed
b Pierre Jansen deciding that he had found a new element
c Neil Bartlett predicting that platinum hexafluoride would
react with xenon; or Lewis, predicting that the inert gases
would not react according to his theory
8Fe Reuse, renew and recycle
Pupils Book pages 8890
1 Re-use means that you take the object (e,g, a bottle) and use it
again; recycling means that you take the material and process it
(usually by re-melting) to make it into a new object.
2 Cost and environmental impact the fuel used in transporting
the bottles may use up more energy than the amount saved by
re-use.
3 a aluminium b oxygen c aluminium oxide.
4 a three from: mining of bauxite, transporting of bauxite/ore,
heating aluminium oxide to melt it, electricity to split the
aluminium oxide
b Aluminium melts at a much lower temperature than
aluminium oxide, so less energy is needed for heating. Also
no electricity is needed to split up the aluminium oxide if you
are using recycled aluminium.
5 three from: black sacks, traffic cones, plastic crates, fleeces (treat
alternative answers on their merits)
6 Glass has a high melting point and can be cleaned out/sterilised
using steam. Plastic bottles would melt if heated too much.
7 Arguments in favour might include: would encourage re-use,
reduce waste, less litter.
Arguments against might include: deposits might make more
work for shops, might be unpopular with customers, could be
expensive for families on lower incomes.
A good answer will consider at least one argument on either
side, and express an opinion that is backed up by a good reason.
Exploring Science edition 359
8G Answers
Pupils Book page 90
1 In favour: e.g. would reduce waste, less rubbish sent to landfill
sites, money saved on landfill tax, protects natural resources,
responsible citizens might save money. Against: might penalise
larger families, could lead to illegal dumping, might be difficult
to monitor, cost of checking might be as much as the money
raised, could be unpopular with voters.
2 Answers should:
offer an opinion
back it up with a sensible reason
either explain why more recycling is not a good idea, or make
a constructive suggestion for improvement, e.g. more frequent
collections, recycling bins in public places.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Fe(1)
1 If you can keep a process sustainable
If you take a milk bottle re-use
A material like wood renewable
If you take an aluminium can recycling
2 a F bF cT dT eF fT gF
3 red circle aluminium blue circle oxygen
green circle aluminium oxide
8Fe(2)
1 recycled You are taking the material and reprocessing it into
new sheets of paper.
2 a e.g. using paper printed on one side for rough notes, or in
computer printer, saving and re-using brown wrapping paper,
re-using envelopes, using newspaper for wrapping/packing
b e.g. recycled writing paper, toilet paper, any brown envelopes
and most cardboard boxes will have a high recycled paper
content
3 to conserve resources and energy
8Fe(3)
1 3:6 million tonnes
2 a 2:5 million tonnes b 69.4%
3 a recycled waste glass
b rejects from manufacturing, bottle banks or doorstep recycling
4 less glass sent to landfill, reduced energy costs, reduced use of
raw materials
5 a 3:5 kg b (at least) 9 kg
6 a green b clear/colourless and amber
7 Milk bottles are re-filled locally, but wine bottles would have to
be transported too far to make re-filling an economic option.
The environmental advantages of re-filling would be outweighed
by the fuel pollution of transport.
8 base for roads, bunkers on golf courses
9 for example, more recycling bins in public places, deposits on
bottles, increase landfill tax, more doorstep recycling schemes
8Fe(6)
1 a F bT cT dFeF
2 a New price is higher. b Answer is in range 30003500.
3 b Price rose from 2003 up to 2006, but then fell back in 2007.
c It reduces the amount of raw materials/crude oil needed. Oil is
a non renewable resource; anything that reduces demand
will improve sustainablility.
8Fe(7)
1 b New price is higher. c Answer is in range 30003500.
Reason should either be based on percentage mark-up
between scrap price and new, or by taking a percentage of the
copper price, or by interpolating between copper and one of the
mid-price metals.
360 Exploring Science edition
2 b i Price for colourless PET is consistently higher than for
coloured; PVC has the lowest price consistently; HDPE and
colourless PET show very similar trends in price
ii Prices for recycled plastics generally rose from 200306 and
then fell back again in 2007.
c PET and HDPE attract the highest prices it may be
uneconomic to collect other plastics (the cost of sorting and
transportation may be much more than the value of the
materials).
d This reduces the amount of raw materials/crude oil needed.
Oil is a non-renewable resource; anything that reduces
demand will improve sustainablility.
8Fe(8)
1 a It makes it easier to spot any patterns in the data.
b New price is higher.
c aluminium 63.6%, copper 60%, lead 53.8%, steel
33.3%, zinc 56.5%
d i steel ii aluminium
e Answer is in range 30003500. Reason should either be
based on percentage mark-up between scrap price and
new, or by taking a percentage of the copper price, or by
interpolating between copper and one of the mid-price metals.
f copper Price of brass is intermediate between that of zinc and
copper/close to that of copper. (Price data would suggest about
25% Zn/75% Cu.)
2 b i Price for colourless PET is consistently higher than for
coloured; PVC has the lowest price consistently; HDPE and
colourless PET show very similar trends in price.
ii Prices for recycled plastics generally rose from 200306 and
then fell back again in 2007.
c PET and HDPE attract the highest prices it may be
uneconomic to collect other plastics (the cost of sorting and
transportation may be much more than the value of the
materials).
d It reduces the amount of raw materials/crude oil needed. Oil
is a non-renewable resource; anything that reduces demand
will improve sustainablility.
8G All that glitters
8Ga All that glitters
Pupils Book page 91
1 to make us look better, to show off our wealth
2 gold, silver, platinum, diamonds, rubies
3 a X b It sparkles more.
4 a either could be fake you cannot tell by looking alone
b Scientists would investigate the differences in properties of the
metals.
Pupils Book pages 9293
1 because electricity is cheaper
2 a element, substance containing one kind of atom; compound,
substance containing two or more elements joined together
b It did not need to be extracted from a compound.
3 a hydrogen
b It only contains one type of atom (only one symbol).
c 2
d 5
4 Oxygen is an element with 2 atoms in its molecules and
ammonia is a compound with 1 atom of nitrogen and 3 atoms
of hydrogen in each molecule.
5 a CO2 b a compound c It contains two different elements.
Pupils Book pages 9495
1 a iron: silver/dark shiny metal solid b sulphur: yellow non-metal
solid
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8G
2 a iron b magnetic A poisonous gas that can dissolve in water making an acid.
3 because they can be separated easily Formula: SO2. One atom of sulphur joined to two atoms of
4 The mixture glows. oxygen.
5 a It is not magnetic. b It is not yellow.
6 It is a see-through solid, silicon is a grey shiny solid, and oxygen 8Ga(6)
is a colourless gas. 1 iron + oxygen iron oxide
7 a 2 silver + oxygen silver oxide
3 calcium + water calcium hydroxide + hydrogen
4 gold + chlorine gold chloride
5 copper + carbon dioxide copper carbonate
6 magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide
7 water + sodium hydrogen + sodium hydroxide
8 zinc + water zinc hydroxide and hydrogen gas
9 magnesium + water magnesium hydroxide + hydrogen
10 aluminium + oxygen aluminium oxide

8Ga(7)
The arrangement of atoms in iron sulphide 1 A, D, F, I.
= magnesium, Mg
= oxygen, O 2 B, C, H.
3 B, F, G.
b magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide 4 B
5 H
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack 6 F
8Ga(1)
1 a gold b atom c formula d element e molecule f compound 8Ga(8)
2 a B Name: hydrogen chloride Missing entries in table are, row by row, as follows:
Formula: HCl colourless liquid, oxygen O, white solid/crystals, sodium Na,
C Name: nitric acid chlorine Cl
Formula: H2NO3 white solid lumps, calcium Ca, carbon C
D Name: hydrogen oxide (water) gas that makes things burn brighter
Formula: H2O carbon dioxide CO2, carbon C, oxygen O, black solid that is
E Name: sulphuric acid found inside pencils, gas that makes things burn brighter
Formula: H2SO4
F Name: carbon hydride 8Ga(9)
Formula: CH4 Treat answers on their merits the format and some of the answers
should be similar to that for 8Ga(8).
8Ga (2)
1 Iron is an element that is magnetic 8Ga(10)
Sulphur is an element that is a non-metal 1 Na2S 2 Li3N 3 MgF2 4 CCl4 5 SiCl4 6 PH3 7 LiBr 8 K3P 9 SCl2
In a mixture of iron and sulphur the elements can be separated 10 Ca2C 11 CO2 12 MgS 13 BN 14 BP 15 CS2 16 ALN 17 Mg3N2
easily 18 SiC
In the compound iron sulphide the elements are joined together
Iron and sulphur can react when the mixture is heated 8Gb Different changes
2 iron + sulphur iron sulphide
Pupils Book page 9697
3 a one b, c Alternate atoms coloured grey and yellow.
1 iron oxide and sulphur dioxide
4 compound; same; ratio.
2 a the substances you start with in a chemical reaction
b the new substances formed in a chemical reaction
8Ga(4)
3 melting, freezing and evaporating
1 The first part of the question will depend on the pupils results.
4 Heat it. If it reacts and produces sulphur dioxide gas (smell) then
Results tables make it easier to see patterns in the results.
it is fools gold. If it is gold it will melt.
2 a element b element c compound
5 a colour change green to black b black
6 Care should be taken not to inhale any gases, eye protection
6 a lead carbonate lead oxide + carbon dioxide
should be worn, care needs to be taken with broken glass.
b Lime water turns milky.
7 At least one new substance is formed.
8Ga(5)
8 a lead nitrate + sodium iodide lead iodide + sodium nitrate
Correct trios are:
b precipitation
A colourless liquid that boils at 100C. Formula: H2O. One atom
of oxygen joined to two atoms of hydrogen.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
The gas that makes up nearly 80% of the air. Formula: N2. Two
8Gb(1)
atoms of nitrogen joined together.
The connections are
The gas that it is used by animals and plants in respiration.
Formula: O2. Two atoms of oxygen joined together. In chemical changes a new substance is always formed.
A colourless gas that turns limewater milky and is taken in by copper carbonate copper oxide + carbon dioxide
plants during photosynthesis. Formula: CO2. One atom of carbon The change of state called freezing involves a liquid changing
joined to two atoms of hydrogen. into a solid.
A yellow solid that is often found in volcanic areas. Formula: S8. In a chemical change the new substances formed are called
Eight atoms of sulphur joined together in a ring. the products.

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 361

8G Answers
 In a physical change no new substances are formed. 5 a carbon dioxide b oxygen or nitrogen c carbon dioxide
iron sulphide + oxygen iron oxide + sulphur dioxide 6 F as it contains more carbon dioxide
In a precipitation reaction a solid is formed from solutions. 7 It is a mixture, not a single compound.
Changes of state are physical changes. 8 a methane, ethane and nitrogen
When gold is heated it melts to form the liquid metal. b It is a mixture as it contains more than one element or
compound.
8Gb(4) c a compound, as it contains more than one type of atom and
1 a In all chemical reactions one or more new substances are the atoms are chemically joined together
produced. d i 5
b During a precipitation reaction a solid is formed (from ii 2
solutions).
c Decomposition reactions involve the break up of a compound. Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
2 a lead nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution 8Gc(1)
b lead iodide solid 1 Atoms or Element or
c potassium nitrate solution and lead iodide solid Name of gas
molecules? compound?
d lead nitrate + potassium iodide lead iodide + potassium nitrogen molecules element
nitrate
oxygen molecules element
3 a decomposition
carbon dioxide molecules compound
b lead carbonate
hydrogen oxide (water) molecules compound
c solid lead oxide and carbon dioxide gas
d X lead carbonate and Y carbon dioxide argon atoms element
e lead carbonate lead oxide + carbon dioxide
2 a lines drawn i to D ii to C iii to A and iv to B.
4 a decomposition (2)
b atoms and molecules coloured correctly
b break up compound
c precipitation
8Gc(5)
1C 2A 3D 4E
8Gb(5)
5 a Y b Y, as it contains most gold.
1 1 compounds; 2 atom; 3 formula; 4 symbol; 5 oxygen
2 6 are types of; 7 which join together to make; 8 contain
8Gc(6)
only one type of; 9 to make
1 A, C and E
3 Treat answers on their merits, e.g. are both made of.
2 B, D and F
3 C
8Gb(6)
4 A and E
1 a physical b chemical c chemical d chemical e physical
5 a E bD cA dB eC fF
f physical
2 In a chemical reaction at least one new substance is formed. In
8Gc(7)
a physical change no new substances are formed.
2 There is not much of it.
3 a cooking b rusting
3 nitrogen
4 a product b reactant c reactant
4 oxygen
5 99%
8Gb(7)
6 Possible uses include:
1 diamond
nitrogen making fertilisers
2 amethyst, ruby and sapphire
oxygen for hospital patients and for divers to breathe
3 ruby and sapphire
argon filling light bulbs
4 precious
carbon dioxide in fizzy drinks and fire extinguishers.
5 a refractive index b diamond; ruby/sapphire; topaz; emerald;
aquamarine; amethyst; opal
8Gc(8)
6 a Z
1 elements (in order as they appear in the text): iron, oxygen,
b No new substance is formed.
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, sodium, chlorine
c carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
2 compounds: rust (iron oxide), carbon dioxide, water (vapour),
aluminium oxide + magnesium magnesium oxide +
sand, salt water, salt (sodium chloride)
aluminium
3 mixtures: air, soil, clay (stones), humus, sea water, (rain), rocks
7 Precious gemstones are more expensive/harder to find.
4 rust compound, as it is made from iron and oxygen
air mixture, contains a number of gases but just mixed
8Gc Pure dead brilliant together (not combined)
Pupils Book page 9899 helium element, just one substance, not combined with
1 a milk, air, wood, natural gas, soil, seawater anything else
b For example, air is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon soil mixture, various components are mentioned (clay, sand,
dioxide. stones, air, etc.)
2 Pure water contains only water molecules. Clean water could sea water mixture of salt and water
contain dissolved substances but nothing that is harmful if salt compound, made from two elements
drunk.
3 because substances have dissolved in it 8Gc(9)
4 Element 1 A: element (only one type of atom); B: compound (atoms of
Compound Mixture
different element joined together); C: compound (all molecules in
oxygen silicon dioxide soil
gold iron sulphide soap powder the box are the same, but each one contains two different
silver carbon dioxide air elements joined together); D: mixture (two different types of

362 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8G
 atom, not joined together); E: element (although atoms are 8 a aluminium < tin < silver < lead < gold < platinum
joined, they are all the same type); F: mixture (molecules are all b because it has a low density, light
different). c gold and platinum
2 a elements: argon, nitrogen, oxygen; compounds: carbon
dioxide, water 8Gd(6)
b argon Diagram should show individual atoms widely spaced
1 Name of % of each Properties Uses of alloy
out, in random arrangement (as diagram A on sheet).
c nitrogen or oxygen Diagram should show pairs of identical alloy metal of alloy
atoms joined together in a molecule, with molecules widely Bronze 88% copper strong tools, weapons,
spaced out, in random arrangement (as diagram E on sheet). 12% tin hard electrical
d carbon dioxide or water vapour Diagram should show does not connections,
corrode easily coil springs, ship
molecules containing three atoms joined together. One atom
propellers, bells
should be a different colour from the other two. Molecules and statues
should be widely spaced out, in random arrangement.
Brass 60% copper strong car radiators,
e i 10,000 ii 400 and 40% zinc easily shaped electrical
good plugs, padlocks
8Gd The gold standard conductor and musical
of heat and instruments
Pupils Book page 100 electricity
1 a mixture of metals Cuprous- 35% copper strong, silver coins (50p,
2 two of: easy to bend and shape; shiny when polished; nickel and 65% hard wearing 20p, 10p and 5p)
unreactive; yellow in colour nickel does not
3 It is too soft. corrode
4 The colours are different. polishes well
5 a Any answer correct as an opinion. Duralumin 4% copper light aircraft parts
b Using fractions, , , etc. (or other reasonable answer). 1% strong
magnesium flexible
95% resists
8Gd Focus on: Electric jewellery aluminium corrosion
Pupils Book page 101
1 a electrolysis b copper and chlorine c negative electrode 2 a Bronze
2 lead and bromine being formed b An alloy is a metal mixed with other elements. Different alloys
3 advantage: cheaper; disadvantage: surface can scratch and wear have different useful properties.
away c too expensive
4 Diagram must show power supply with positive attached to 3
silver rod and negative attached to jewellery with both dipped
into silver nitrate solution. 12%
tin
40%
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack zinc
8Gd(1)
1 gold; shiny; soft; metals; alloys
88% copper 60% copper
2 hallmarks; carat; alloy; stronger; gold

8Gd(2) bronze brass

1 correctly labelled diagram
2 the electrolysis of copper chloride 4% copper 1% magnesium
3 electroplating gold or silver onto a metal
35%
8Gd(4) copper
1 a yellow b pink c red d white
3 a impure, because a pure substance only contains one
substance but an alloy contains a mixture of substances 65% nickel 95% aluminium
b two of: the alloys are cheaper, the alloys are easier to work
with, the alloys are less likely to be damaged, the alloys have
a certain colour cupronickel duralumin
4 a ratio of gold to other metals
b fineness, carat
8Gd(7)
1 metal mixed with another element
8Gd(5)
2 harder and less expensive
1 good conductor, ductile and does not tarnish (react)
3 a pure gold as it contains the most gold
2 a fillings in teeth
b pink gold as it contains the least gold and the most
b malleable and unreactive
amounts of other cheaper metals
3 It looks better and keeps its shine.
4 to make sure that it is unreactive or to make it more desirable
4 Tarnish means to become dull. Gold will not tarnish as it is very
5 a fillings in teeth
unreactive.
b malleable and unreactive
5 Malleable means can be beaten into shape. Ductile means can
6 a pink gold b red gold c dental gold d pure gold
be drawn into a wire.
7 pure gold = 999/1000; green gold = 750; pink gold = 375; red
6 Pure gold is very soft and would dent.
gold = 585; dental gold = 750
7 jewellery

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 363

8G Answers
 100 Benefits of gold mining Problems of gold mining
gold
money into the economy dangerous work
silver work and training for the produces vast amounts of
80
copper people waste rock
improved transport links leaks poisons into the
Percentage
60 palladium improved water and electricity environment
aluminium services waste vast amounts of water
40 gallium
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Ge(1)
20
1 a melting b freezing c boiling and evaporation d condensation
2 Across: 2 water 3 salt 5 boiling 6 freezing
0
pure gold green pink gold red gold dental Down: 1 heat 3 solder 4 diamond
gold gold
Gold alloy 8Ge(6)
1 clockwise from top right: gas, solid, solid, liquid, gas
2 from top: water boils, wax melts & wax freezes, hot summer
8Gd(8)
1 a electroplating day, fridge temperature, water turns to ice & ice melts, salt water
b Diagram must show car battery with positive attached to silver freezes
foil and negative attached to brass trophy with both dipped
into silver plating solution. 8Ge(7)
c negative 1 78 C 2 100 C 3 89 C 4 92 C
d The silver would plate on the other electrode (the metal foil). 5 Mark answers on their merits, for example: Yes, because youd
2 a It reacts with oxygen/air. expect the mixture that was half and half to have a boiling point
b gold that was half way between; or No, because we found out with
3 a aluminium oxide tin and lead that mixtures behave in funny ways.
b It is broken down. 6 line graph
c the negative electrode 7 The best line is likely to be a type of flattened S shape curve.
d oxygen 8 The temperature increases as more water is added.
9 8384 C
8Ge Melt it down 10 Mixtures that were over proof contained sufficient alcohol to
ignite the gunpowder when soaked in the spirit. Those that were
Pupils Book pages 102103 under proof had a higher percentage of water and so failed to
1 1772 C ignite. Until recently, most drinks were classified according
2 79 C to how many degrees proof the spirit was. This has now been
3 liquid nitrogen replaced by the more logical statement of the percentage of
4 melting point is too high (there is no substance which could be alcohol by volume (ABV). Proof spirit is about 57% ABV (about
used as a container) 49% by mass).
5 Yes, a substance must melt and turn into a liquid before it can
boil. 8Ge(8)
6 a 0 C 1 line graph
b 1772 C 2 a mixture has a lower melting point than the pure metal
7 to lower freezing point of water (to melt ice) 3 a about 180190 C b about 60% tin, 40% lead (Figures should
8 freezing point below 0 C due to impurites be checked against pupils graphs, but the line of best fit should
9 It is a mixture. be a V shape.)
10 lower melting point 4 a Drawing should show circles arranged in a fixed grid pattern,
11 lowers it closely fitting together.
12 a X b Drawing should show circles smaller than those for part a,
b It has a precise melting point. arranged in a fixed grid pattern, closely fitting together.
c Coins are damaged/destroyed in the process. (A valuable coin c Drawing should show circles arranged in a fixed grid pattern,
would therefore lose its value.) closely fitting together, but with some circles small and the
same size as for part b (tin) and others larger and the same
Pupils Book page 104 size as for part a (lead).
1 a The gold mining companies need to transport their workforce 5 The particles cannot pack so closely together, so can move apart
and gold to their markets. more easily.
b Vast amounts of energy are needed to produce gold.
2 15%
3 a potassium cyanide;
b The problem is that it is highly poisonous.
4 Gold ores contain very small amounts of gold.

364 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8H
8H Explaining the
Earth
8Ha Explaining the Earth
Pupils Book page 105
1 to find out how rocks were formed, to find out what the Earth
was like in the past, to try to understand why volcanoes/
earthquakes happen to see if we can control or predict them, to
look for fossil fuels or other commercially valuable materials
2 a Chemical weathering happens when rain, which is naturally
acidic, reacts with chemicals in the rock and dissolves them
or changes them into weaker substances. Physical weathering
involves changes in temperature, which can make rocks crack
or can cause ice to freeze in cracks. The ice expands and
eventually splits the rock.
Biological weathering happens when plant roots split rocks
apart. (Plant roots also produce various chemicals that
weather rock, but this aspect of biological weathering was not
introduced in unit 7H).
b Bits of rock can fall under the attraction of gravity. They can be
moved by moving water or air, or by ice.
3 It helps us to make sense of large quantities of information; it
helps us to see if objects can be grouped, which could tell us
something about the groups themselves.
4 a C metamorphic D sedimentary E igneous
b Igneous rocks are made of interlocking crystals that are
not in layers; metamorphic rocks are made of interlocking
crystals, which are lined up or in coloured bands or layers;
sedimentary rocks are made of grains cemented together, the
grains are usually rounded to some degree.
Pupils Book pages 106107
1 a B b A c Physical weathering involves changes in temperature.
In the picture there is snow, which means the temperature gets
below freezing point, so freeze-thaw weathering could take
place. Limestone dissolves in rain, which is naturally acidic, so A
shows chemical weathering.
2 Plant roots can force rocks apart when they grow.
3 More sediments are deposited on top of the layer and compact it.
This squeezes water from between the grains. Minerals crystallise
in the gaps between the grains and cement them together.
4 Bottom. As sediments are deposited, they fall onto layers of
sediment that are already there. The sediments at the bottom
are the oldest. All the sediments will turn into rocks. Those at
the bottom will also become the oldest rocks.
5 from minerals dissolved in the water that flows in the gaps
between the grains
6 Large grains and pebbles need fast-moving water to transport
them, so the sediments in Suilven must have been carried by a
fast moving river that slowed down and deposited them.
7 a Most limestones and chalk were formed from the remains of
organisms living in the sea.
b The animals whose remains make up the limestone are
similar to organisms alive today that can only live in warm,
shallow seawater.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Ha(1)
D, C, G, A, E, B, F
8Ha(3)
1 A Warm and dry. The water evaporated faster than rainfall could
refill a lake.
B Warm. The weather in the tropics is hot. This does not tell you
anything about whether the climate was wet or dry.
Pearson Education Limited 2008
C Warm and wet. This assumes that the fossil plants were
similar to their modern counterparts in the conditions they
required to grow.
D Warm and wet. Plants need warmth and moisture for growth,
and it must also have been wet to prevent the dead trees
from rotting.
E Warm. This assumes that the fossil corals lived in similar
conditions to modern corals. The sediments would have
formed under the sea, but this does not tell us anything about
the amount of rainfall in the area.
F Probably dry. Most areas of sand dunes occur in deserts. The
dunes could have been by a rainy coast, but in this case they
would probably contain some fossil remains of grasses or
pollen.
If the sandstone was also red, it would indicate a hot region.
G Cold. Glaciers only exist when it is very cold.
8Ha(4)
1 Weathering. Rocks are broken up.
Cementation. Grains of rock are stuck together by minerals that
crystallise between them.
Compaction. Deposition water is squeezed out from between
the grains.
Transport. Bits of broken rock are often moved long distances.
Erosion. Bits of broken rock are moved away from the rock face
where they were formed.
Deposition. Bits of rock stop being moved.
2 a sediments b sedimentary
3 erosion, transport, deposition, compaction, cementation
4 wind, water, ice
5 description of any form of physical, chemical or biological
weathering
8Ha(5)
1 Older. It is beneath the rocks made from sand, so the sediments
that formed it must have been deposited before the sand.
2 the ones made from sand, as the part of the log representing
them is wider
3 The water on the outside of bends is the fastest. Sediments are
deposited on the insides of bends, so the water must be flowing
more slowly there.
4 a N
b A, D, G, K and N because these layers of rock were made from
mud, and the river deposits mud when it flows over its banks
c 5
d C, F, J and M. These are the largest sediments, and so must
have been deposited by fast-moving water.
e They have curved/sloping layers in them.
f E. The particles in the rocks at E are a little bigger, and so
would have needed faster-moving water to move them.
8Ha(6)
1 a a single-celled organism/a protist
b a hard shell
2 limestone
3 Some of the current organisms may have only evolved relatively
recently. Organisms without hard parts are less likely to be
fossilised.
4 a This will sort them according to size.
b Answers should include some of the following points:
examine them with a microscope, sort them into different
species, identify the different species, compare the species
with known combinations of species for rocks of particular
ages/formed in particular conditions. These things would
be done to find evidence for the age of the rock and the
conditions in which the sediments were deposited.
Exploring Science edition 365
8H Answers
5 a Rock strata are dated by several different methods. Some 8Hb(6)
combinations of foram species can be identified as only found 1 a crust
in rocks of a particular age. New rock specimens containing b magma
this combination of species can then be assigned to the same c lava
age without the need for other dating methods. 2 a A and C
b An indication of the water depth at which a rock was formed b D, B, E
can be worked out using different methods. Once particular 3 a basalt
species of forams are associated with water of different b granite
depths, the presence of their fossils can tell us about the 4 a E
water depth without the need for other analytical methods. b any from A, B, C, D
c Smaller animals tend to be more numerous (a very good 5 a Line on diagram just below top of magma E.
answer will relate this to feeding pyramids), and so are more b They are harder/more resistant to weathering.
likely to be preserved as fossils than larger animals. c The magma near the edge would have cooled down faster
than the magma in the middle.
8Hb Hot rocks!
8Hb(7)
Pupils Book pages 108109
Note: the level of detail of cooling processes expected will depend
1 molten (liquid) rock
on whether or not pupils have already studied Unit 8I.
2 Lava is magma that reaches the Earths surface.
1 Intrusive igneous rocks formed when magma cooled down
3 a Granite is formed when magma cools slowly underground.
underground. Rocks do not conduct heat well, so the
b The crystals in the lump of granite will be large.
underground magma would have taken a long time to cool. This
4 a because there are no bonds between the particles
allowed crystals time to grow, so the rock has large crystals.
b As the rock starts to cool down, the particles become fixed in
2 A pluton. There is less mass of magma in a dyke, so there is
their positions as bonds start to form between them.
less heat to transfer and it will cool down quicker. It also has a
c If the rock cools slowly the crystals will be bigger because
greater surface area compared to its volume in contact with the
there will be more time for the crystals to grow.
surrounding rock, which will also help it to cool quicker. Quicker
5 Magma underground cools more slowly because it is trapped,
cooling results in smaller crystals in the dyke.
insulated by the surrounding rocks and doesnt get cooled as
3 The magma around the edges is in contact with the cooler
much as the lava that escapes onto the surface of the Earth.
existing rock, so it will cool down faster.
6 Small. It is only a narrow sheet of rock, so the magma that
4 a the layers of rock at the bottom of the diagram
formed it must have lost heat quickly to the rocks around it and
b the igneous rocks
only had time to form small crystals.
c All the layered rocks were already present when the magma
was intruded, so they must be older than the rocks formed
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack from the magma. Of the layered rocks, the ones at the bottom
8Hb(1) are the oldest.
1 diagram labelled correctly 5 Sills X and Z Dyke Y
2 The mantle can melt in places, forming magma. 6 a Weathering and erosion wore away and removed rocks from
When magma cools down it forms rocks called igneous rocks. above the landscape that is now left.
If magma cools down quickly it forms igneous rocks with b They must be more resistant to weathering than the other rocks.
small crystals, e.g. basalt. c M
If magma cools down slowly it forms igneous rocks with large
crystals, e.g. granite. 8Hb(8)
When magma reaches the Earths surface we call it lava. 1 a olivine
b Large crystals. It is an intrusive rock so it would have cooled
8Hb(4) down slowly, giving time for crystals to grow.
1 depends on experimental results 2 a granite, rhyolite, diorite, andesite
2 They are made from different combinations of minerals. b diorite, andesite, gabbro, basalt, peridotite
3 More like gabbro. Their densities are similar (if this matches c granite and rhyolite
experimental results). 3 a diorite, andesite, granite, rhyolite
4 Yes the table shows that gabbro and basalt have similar b gabbro, basalt, peridotite
combinations of chemicals. c gabbro, basalt, peridotite
5 It has 72% silica so nearly three quarters of the rock is silica. 4 a They contain mainly pale minerals.
6 Gabbro has more iron oxide in it than granite or rhyolite, so b Mineral Mimumum Maximum
compared to those rocks it is iron-rich.
percentage percentage
8Hb(5) Lava cools down quickly amphibole 0 8
Lava is molten rock that flows Igneous rocks with small biotite mica 4 12
over the surface of the Earth crystals will form here
muscovite mica 0 10
plagioclase feldspar 8 30
Igneous rocks with small
Igneous rocks with large
crystals will form here quartz 23 26
Lava
crystals will form here potassium feldspar 50 18
Lava cools down quickly

Sometimes magma gets 5 in the mantle (or in rocks that have been brought up from the
trapped underground Magma
mantle)
Magma underground
cools slowly 6 Periodite is found in the upper parts of the Earths mantle. It is
rarely found on the Earths surface because it reacts quickly with
water.

366 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8H
8Hc All change!
Pupils Book pages 110111
1 the high temperature and pressure inside the Earth
2 New quartz crystals grow.
3 Sandstone is made mainly from grains of quartz cemented
together, so there are gaps between the grains. Quartzite is
made of interlocking crystals of quartz, so there are no gaps.
4 two from: limestone to marble, sandstone to quartzite, or
mudstone to slate/schist/gneiss
5 A sedimentary rock would normally be easier to carve because it
usually is softer.
6 the heat from hot magma rising towards the surface
7 A sedimentary rock would have separate grains, usually
rounded, stuck together. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are
made from interlocking crystals. If the crystals are lined up or
in coloured bands, then it is a metamorphic rock. If there is
no alignment of crystals, then the rock is likely to be igneous.
(Marble and quartzite are exceptions to this, as they often have
randomly oriented crystals.)
8 Limestone. This is the same layer of rock as the rock that turned
into marble when it was heated.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Hc(1)
1 heat, pressure 6 slate
2 metamorphic 7 schist
3 quartzite 8 gneiss
4 marble 9 bands
5 minerals 10 magma
8Hc(4)
1 Cake model
a The chemicals in the cake mixture are changed by heat, and
have different properties after they have changed. Water vapour
and carbon dioxide may be lost by the cake while it is baking.
b There is no pressure involved. The chemicals in the cake do
not line up or form bands. It does not take long for the cake to
bake compared with the time needed for rocks to change.
Plasticine model
a The grains have become flattened, so they look as if they are
lined up.
b There is no heat involved. The grains have not rearranged
themselves into layers (although this does not happen in all
metamorphic rocks). The properties of the Plasticine are
similar before and after the metamorphism.
Matchstick model
a The matchsticks are lined up after the pressure.
b There is no heat involved. The rock is much smaller than it
was before. The matchsticks have only moved, they have not
grown in new directions, so this could not represent high
pressure/temperature metamorphism.
2 Accept any answer, accompanied by sensible reasoning.
8Hc(5)
1 a Correctly labelled diagram.
b heat only
2 a quartzite, sandstone
b Any explanation that shows an awareness that metamorphic
rocks have interlocking grains/crystals, and sandstone/
sedimentary rocks usually have rounded grains.
3 slate bottom drawing; schist top drawing; gneiss middle 3 a section of the outer part of the Earth
drawing
8Hc(6)
1 From bits of slate that broke the wrong way when it was being
quarried. There is so much because it breaks very easily if cut
incorrectly.
Pearson Education Limited 2008
2 It takes great skill to cut them properly, and a lot of slate is
wasted when they are cut.
3 They are cheaper, and some people think the colours make
them look nicer.
4 The mudstone from which the slate was made had layers, formed
as mud settled to the bottom of a sea or lake. During
metamorphism, new layers were formed due to the intense
pressures.
5 Layers should be horizontal, so the weight of the wall is pressing
the layers together. If the layers were vertical, it would be much
easier to split them.
6 Areas with slate houses include Cornwall and the Lake District,
as well as Wales. Slate was quarried in these areas, so it was a
local, easily obtained stone.
8Hc(7)
1 B New minerals can be formed in metamorphism.
2 The type of metamorphic rock formed depends on the
chemicals/atoms available in the original rock. The chemical
composition of limestone is very different to that of slate, so it
could not be converted into slate.
3 a any answer between 200 and 350 C and 510 km depth
b any answer between 350 and 550 C and 1020 km depth
c any answer between 550 and 700 C and 2035 km depth
4 a 350 C and about 3 kb.
b These are the minimum conditions required to form schists.
5 C is regional metamorphism it affects a large volume (region)
of rocks.
D is contact metamorphism it occurs when hot magma is in
contact with existing rocks.
6 Contact. Regional metamorphism is likely to involve high pressure
as well as high temperature, or the high temperature/low
pressure area on the diagram is marked as contact metamorphism.
7 Igneous. This temperature is probably high enough to melt the
rock.
When the molten rock cooled again, igneous rock would be
formed.
8Hd Theories about the Earth
Pupils Book pages 112113
1 an idea that can explain observations, and can be used to make
predictions that can be tested
2 Predictions made using this theory have been shown to be wrong.
3 the time scale over which geological processes happen
4 a Catastrophism says that the events that shaped the surface
of the Earth/made the rocks all happened quickly, whereas
uniformitarianism says they all happened over long periods of
time.
b catastrophism, as it could tie in with the short time that the
Bible says the Earth has existed
5 because we can see erosion happening around us
Pupils Book pages 114115
1 a the idea that the continents are being moved around on the
surface of the Earth
b Mountains formed when continents crashed into one another.
2 Wegener failed to explain how the continents could be moved
around, and there were other explanations for much of his
evidence although many of these explanations have since
been shown to be wrong.
4 an area where two plates are moving apart forming new plate
material
5 part of the surface of the Earth where one plate is pushed under
another
6 They only occur at the edges of plates earthquakes because this
is where two plates are trying to move past each other, and
volcanoes because this is where magma is coming up from
the mantle (at constructive plate margins) or where part of the
crust is being pushed down to depths at which it can melt (at
destructive plate margins).
Exploring Science edition 367
8H Answers
7 a at the constructive plate margin/in the middle 8Hd(6)
b The ocean floor is older there, so the sediments have had 1 Relative dates can only say whether one set of rocks is older or
more time to build up. younger than another set. Absolute dates give numbers of years.
8 a It gets pushed under the continental crust. 2 a Phanerozoic eon, Cenozoic era, Quaternary period
b Oceanic crust eventually gets pushed beneath continents and b 248 million years c 65 million years
destroyed, so it never gets the chance to become very old. 3 a 545 million years b 297 million years
Continents stay on the surface of the Earth, and so can be 4 495 million years ago (Cambrian), 443 million years ago
much older than the oceanic crust. (Ordovician), 354 million years ago (Devonian), 248 million
9 There are explanations for why the plates move, and the theory years ago (Permian), 205 million years ago (Triassic), 65 million
also explains many more pieces of evidence than Wegeners years ago (Cretaceous)
theory did (much of the evidence has been discovered since 5 There may be different collections of fossils or different types
Wegeners time). of rocks in other countries, or the same types of rock may have
been named after local places.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack 6 a Devonian Devon, UK; Permian Perm, Russia; Jurassic
8Hd(1) Jura Mountains, between France and Switzerland.
creationism: A, C, J b Carboniferous this is the period when many coal deposits
catastrophism: B, F (D could also be included here) (mainly carbon) were laid down. Cretaceous from the Latin
uniformitarianism: E, H, I, K (G could also be included here) for chalk, as this was the period when many of the chalk
modern ideas: D, G (E and K could also be included here) layers in the UK were formed.
7 Possible causes are climate change due to gases given out by
8Hd(2) volcanic eruptions, or due to meteroite impacts. A huge impact
crater beneath the Yucatan Peninsula in Central America has
been found, which is about 65 million years old, and this is
volcano
considered to be good evidence that a meteorite impact caused
magma forming new
younger rocks oceanic crust the extinction of the dinosaurs, although not all geologists agree.
sea sea

older rocks older rocks

8He Rolling on
Pupils Book pages 116117
magma
1 from layers of sediment deposited by rivers and seas
oceanic crust
going under 2 from molten magma or lava that cools
continental
crust 3 from other rocks which were changed by heat and pressure
during Earth movements
constructive plate margin destructive plate margin
4 movement of the plates
5 metamorphic the rocks have been buried and so will be
8Hd(4) subjected to increased heat and pressure
1 The correct words are: theory, obseved, predictions, test, accept, 6 a large b small
be changed to fit the new evidence. c At point Y, the magma is trapped underground and will cool
2 There is a lot happening on the Earth. One of the most exciting slowly, allowing the crystals to grow.
things is a volcano erupting. This can be very dangerous, because At X the lava will cool quickly, and there will only be time for
sometimes volcanoes explode and destroy themselves. small crystals to form.
Other volcanoes can create new land . New mountains can be
pushed up by earth movements, but this happens very slowly. Pupils Book page 118
1 a igneous rock
Weathering wears away rocks, and erosion and transport move
b Sedimentary rocks are formed when tiny pieces of existing
the bits away. The sediments on the bottoms of the oceans are
rocks are cemented together. Metamorphic rocks are formed
the remains of rocks that wore away thousands or millions of
when existing rocks are subjected to increased heat and
years ago. Most erosion happens quite slowly, but not always!
pressure, and the minerals in them change.
A sudden flash flood can move huge boulders very quickly
2 Weathering and erosion would wear it away.
down a valley, or an earthquake can cause a landslide which
3 a It may be the only land available to them; or they may not
makes rocks move very fast.
believe that the volcano will erupt.
Geologists try to find out how different rocks were formed, and b It is difficult to predict exactly when an eruption will happen;
how old they are. The youngest rocks on the Earth might only be people may not believe the predictions; they may be afraid
a few days old, but the oldest are nearly 4000 million years old. their house will be robbed when they are away.
Accept any other sensible suggestions.
8Hd(5)
1 in the Pacific Ocean Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
2 Drawings should show: sea 1.1 km deep, mountain 800 m above 8He(1)
the sea bed, and an indication of the scale used. May include clockwise from top left: lava, volcano (accept these two in either
clouds of ash and smoke. order), sea, sedimentary rock, magma, igneous rock
3 from the magma
4 pupils own answers
5 a Each eruption is a catastrophe (or sudden event) that makes
new land.
b The eruptions seem to occur quite often, so they could be
regarded as a process that has been going on for a long time,
not just one sudden event.

368 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8I
8He(4) c Historical records may not have been compiled by scientists,
and so may not contain the relevant information. Examination
Process names Descriptions Time of the rocks may not show evidence of events such as lahars.
Weathering dissolving by acid rain tens to hundreds 3 a The local government officials are the ones who can order an
of years area to be evacuated, so scientists need to inform them when
changes in temperature tens to hundreds a volcano might erupt and which areas to evacuate.
of years
b The USGS sent more scientists to the Philippines. The local
plant roots forcing their tens of years officials would also have seen that the US government was
way into cracks
preparing to evacuate its own air base, and would therefore
Erosion & landslide seconds to hours
be more likely to take the warnings seriously.
transport
4 a to make sure its air base could be evacuated in time, and to
bits of rock moving down a seconds to tens of
hill by gravity years assist the Philippine government
b Reasons could include: to study other volcanoes to build up
bits of rock moved by wind seconds to tens or
or water hundreds of years their knowledge of volcanoes and how and when they erupt,
and humanitarian reasons (helping countries with lower levels
bits of rock moved by ice tens to hundreds
of years of scientific expertise).
Deposition sediments dropped when seconds to 5 The lava from the volcanoes on Hawaii runs relatively slowly, so
water or wind slows down thousands of years although the lava will still destroy anything in its path, people
Compaction sediments compressed by tens to millions of have plenty of time to leave the danger area. Volcanoes such as
rocks above them years Pinatubo erupt suddenly, and the ash or pyroclastic flows move
Cementation minerals cement grains tens to millions of very fast if people are not already out of the danger zone
together years when the volcano erupts they are likely to be killed.
Metamorphism rocks changing when they millions of years
are heated or compressed
Melting rocks melt at the high
temperatures inside the
earth
tens to millions of
years 8I Heat transfers
Forming lava flowing out of a seconds to weeks 8Ia Keep your cool
igneous rocks volcano
Pupils Book page 119
lava solidifying to form rock seconds to weeks
1 with a thermometer
magma solidifying inside hundreds of
the earth thousands to 2 No. The weather is too cold for much of the year.
millions of years 3 a materials like wool or feathers
b They contain a lot of trapped air.
4 The flask slows down the transfer of heat, whether the heat
8He(5) & 8He(6) transfer is from the contents of the flask to the outside air, or
If the pictures are numbered from left to right along each row, then from the air to the contents.
the order should be: 4, 9, 5, 2, 7, 3, 1, 6, 8.
Pages 120121
8He(8) 1 a Heat is a form of energy; temperature is a description of how
Rocks get weathered by chemical and physical weathering. hot or cold something is.
Small fragments of rock get transported away from rock faces by b Heat is measured in joules, temperature in C.
streams and rivers. 2 The material in each spark has a very low mass, so the sparks do
When the river slows down, the sediments are deposited at the not contain much energy.
bottom of the river. 3 a the water tank
Over many years, these sediments build up to form layers. b the water in the tank, because both contain the same material
The layers of sediment gradually get squashed and eventually at the same temperature, but there is a greater mass of water
form sedimentary rock. in the tank
Some sedimentary rocks get heated and compressed under the c More energy needs to be transferred to it because it contains
surface of the Earth. a greater mass of water.
This changes the rock into metamorphic rock. 4 from her hand to the drink, because her hand is warmer than
If the rock is heated enough, it melts and forms magma. the drink
Some magma rises to the surface of the Earth through cracks 5 a It goes down. The drink is warmer than the ice cube to start
and volcanoes. with, so heat energy is transferred from the drink to the ice
When the magma cools, it forms igneous rock. cube.
Some igneous rocks get buried and compressed and are b It rises until it reaches 0 C, as it was colder than the drink. The
changed into metamorphic rock. temperature will remain at 0 C until the ice cube has melted,
but pupils will not study temperature and changes of state
8He(10) until topic 8Id.
1 a An early warning may result in people being evacuated before c It will go down to begin with until the ice has melted and
they need to be. They may return home, and ignore any then slowly go up to room temperature again.
further warnings as false alarms. 6 It might be colder in other parts of the Earth where there are no
b People may not have enough time to get out of the danger area. thermometers to measure it. The coldest temperature may have
2 a The records of past eruptions may give an idea of how big occurred before the research station was built.
the eruption is likely to be, whether it will cause mudlows or 7 El Azizia, Libya, where a temperature of 58 C in the shade was
landslides, and where the main danger areas might be. recorded on 13 September 1922.
b from historical records, or from examining the rocks in the
area around the volcano

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 369

8I Answers
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack 3 a It was more convenient at very low temperatures.
8Ia(1) b He published a scientific paper.
1 joules the units for measuring energy 4 a 273 K (actually 273.15 K)
degrees Celsius the units for measuring temperature b add 273 to the number of Celsius degrees
temperature how hot or cold something is 5 Scientists were used to the amount of change represented by
thermal energy another name for heat energy one degree. The same thermometers could still be used for
2 a tank many things you just had to adjust the number if recording the
b kettle temperature in kelvin.
c tank
3 The correct words are cooler, lemonade, air in the room, up, down 8Ia(8)
1 the material
8Ia(2) 2 the mass, kept the same by measuring out a set amount; the
boiling water 100 C time the materials are heated for, controlled by timing the
melting ice 0 C experiment; the starting temperature of the material and the
room temperature 20 C surroundings, carry out at the same time in the same area,
hottest temperature on Earth 58 C ensure water is at room temperature, not out of a tap
coldest temperature on Earth 89 C 3 The temperature rise will halve.
hot oven 200 C 4 a 50 W x 600 seconds = 30 000 J b water: 4286 J/kg/C; brine:
safe fridge temperature 5 C 3000 J/kg/C; paraffin: 2308 J/kg/C; aluminium: 909 J/kg/C;
safe freezer temperature 20 C iron: 500 J/kg/C; copper: 400 J/kg/C. (NB: Pupils are not
surface of the Sun 6000 C expected to work out the units for specific heat capacity.)
cold day in the UK 5 C 5 The heated substances will have lost some energy to their
body temperature 37 C surroundings, and so they will be cooler than they should be.
hot day in the UK 30 C The experiment could be made more accurate by insulating the
bulb filament 2800 C blocks of material.
Earths core 4000 C
hot bath 60 C 8Ib Heating solids
Pupils Book page 122123
8Ia(4) 1 a so heat from the cooker is conducted to the food quickly
3 Take care with Bunsen flame and hot water, mop up any spills. b so that heat from the cooker/hot food is not conducted to
6 Putting results in a table makes it easier to see any patterns. your hands
9 Any improvements should aim to make the practical more 2 Conductors column: aluminium foil, copper. Insulators column:
reliable or accurate. wool, plastic, wood, paper, air.
3 Plastic is a poor conductor, so heat from the hand is not
8Ia(5) conducted away as quickly.
1 a joules 4 The feathers inside it trap a lot of air.
b degrees Celsius 5 Particles gain energy and vibrate more, and the vibrations are
c thermometer passed on through the solid.
2 a large bowl, it has the greatest mass 6 Their particles are in a close, regular arrangement which makes
b soup at 80 C, it has the highest temperature it easy for vibrations to be passed on.
3 a out of, the soup is hotter than the air 7 Their particles are a long way apart.
b into, the ice cream is colder than the air 8 The particles vibrate more, and take up more space.

8Ia(6) Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack

1 a 32 F 8Ib(1)
b 0 C 1 insulator
2 a Fahrenheit wrote an article about his new scale. 2 conductor
b He wrote a scientific paper. 3 conduction
3 The scale was the other way round so, as something got hotter, 4 metal
its temperature went down. 5 plastic (or paper)
4 It had 100 degrees between the melting and boiling points of 6 trapped air
water. 7 particles
5 So they can share or compare results, and know that they are all 8 vibrate
talking about the same temperatures. 9 liquids
6 Scale Proposed Melting point Boiling point of 10 gases
of water water
Newton 1700s 0 33 8Ib(3)
Fahrenheit 1724 32 212 3 To keep safe, make sure that hot rods are handled with care.
Raumur 1731 0 80 6 Using a table makes it easier to see patterns in the results.
Celsius 1742 0 100 11 Improvements should aim to make the practical more accurate
and reliable.
Kelvin 1848 273 373
Rankine 1859 491 671
8Ib(4)
solids B, E, G (or K), H, J
8Ia(7)
liquids C, F, K (or G), I (or M)
1 the mean speed of the particles
gases A, D, M (or I), L
2 0 K is when particles stop moving, and you cannot have less
movement than that.

370 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8I
8Ib(5)
1 Number of layers Temperature difference (C)
0 20
1 11
2 10
3 9
4 8
2 bar chart
3 same volume of water in each beaker, same starting temperature
4 The thicker the fleece, the better the insulation (or equivalent
answer).
5 It traps air.
8Ib(6)
1 It has lots of tiny air pockets in it.
2 It traps a layer of water between the suit and the skin. Body heat
warms the water, which stays warmer because of the insulating
material the suit is made from.
3 so the water warmed by the body cannot escape (if it was too
loose), and so it does not restrict circulation of blood in the
body (if it was too tight)
4 a for suits intended to be used in very cold water
b Thicker material might make the suit too warm in some
circumstances, and it would also be heavier (when on land)
and more expensive than it needed to be.
5 The trapped air in the neoprene makes it less dense than water,
so the neoprene floats.
6 Air is a better insulator than water, and body heat does not have
to be used up heating the layer of water.
7 The diver wears insulating clothing under the drysuit.
8Ib(7)
1 Heat from the food would not be conducted through it very well.
2 The same as the temperature of the air in the room.
3 a warmer
b warmer
4 The metal spoon conducts the heat away quite quickly. The
wooden spoon does not, so the part of the spoon you are
touching soon becomes as warm as your hand.
5 A wooden one. The metal one would conduct heat away from
your body and would feel cold.
6 The metal spike will conduct heat to the inside of the potato so
it is heated from both the outside and the inside and should
cook more quickly.
7 the one nearest to the Bunsen burner, because the heat energy
will make the particles vibrate more at that end, and it will take
time for the vibrations to be passed all the way along the rod
8 Heat energy is transferred to the metal cap and to the glass
bottle. The particles in both of them vibrate more and make the
materials expand. The cap will be loosened if the metal expands
more than the glass.
8Ib(8)
1 a 37 C
b Heat will be lost to the surroundings.
c It will be cooler.
d It will absorb energy from the rest of the body and warm up
again.
e This will decrease the whole body temperature.
2 Penguins have blood vessels that run side-by-side, humans do
not.
3 On diagram the blood should be warmer as it flows into the foot.
Heat is transferred between outgoing and incoming blood
vessels.
4 a by feathers and fat
b by the feet
Pearson Education Limited 2008
5 Heat energy in the blood helps to keep the surrounding skin
warm and this means that the eggs are kept warm.
8Ic Heating fluids
Pupils Book pages 124125
1 a a liquid or a gas
b any three liquids or gases, such as water, milk, oil, oxygen,
steam
2 a it decreases
b it rises
3 It is more dense than the surrounding air.
4 Arrows should go down near the ice cube.
5 a It contains lots of trapped air.
b If the air could move, convection currents would transfer the
heat away.
6 If the jacket was loose, convection currents could move the
warm air inside it out, and let cold air in.
7 Particles in the hot air inside the balloon are moving faster
than the ones outside the balloon, so they take up more space
and the hot air is less dense than the surrounding air. Higher-
attaining pupils may say that the balloon will rise when the
overall density of the balloon, basket etc., and the hot air inside
it, is less than the density of the air around it.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Ic(3)
I, A, G, H, F, C, B, J, E, D
8Ic(4)
1 The one at the top, because hot air rises so the hottest part of
the oven will be at the top.
2 a near the fire
b at the top of the room
c near the fire
d top right of room
e left of room
f bottom of room
g near the fire
3 a H next to the heater
b it will rise
c arrows drawn in an anticlockwise direction
d convection current
8Ic(5)
1 Heat is conducted from the hot water through the metal radiator
and warms up the air in the room. The air particles near the
radiator move faster and the air becomes less dense. The warm
air rises, and cooler air moves in to take its place. A convection
current forms. The rising air transfers some of its heat energy to
other air in the room.
2 Air does not conduct heat very well, because the particles are
too far apart. Air can transfer heat by convection, but if the air is
trapped this cannot happen. Bubble wrap contains lots of
pockets of trapped air, so neither conduction or convection can
happen.
3 a Heat goes through the metal pan by conduction. Heat spreads
through the liquid in the pan by.convection
b Heat goes through the rubber/plastic hot water bottle by
conduction (but not very well). Heat from the hot rubber/
plastic will be transferred to the air, and will then be
transferred by convection.
c The air inside the heater gets warm, and the heat energy is
transferred to the room by convection.
d Heat is transferred from the handwarmer to the hand by
conduction. The air near the handwarmer will be heated, and
this heat will then be transferred by convection.
e The glider is using air currents caused by convection.
Exploring Science edition 371
8I Answers
8Ic(6)
1 When part of a fluid is heated, the particles there move faster
and take up more space than the particles in the surrounding
fluid. That bit of fluid is less dense, and rises. Cooler fluid moves
in to take its place.
2 The cooling element cools the air near it. This air becomes
denser and sinks, so the cool air spreads around the whole
fridge.
3 Heat is transferred from the food to the colder air by conduction.
4 the food inside the fridge
5 The pipes warm the air near them, and the heat is carried away
by convection.
7 approx 10 C exact answer will depend on curves on graph.
8 covered, 11 mins; uncovered, 6 mins (exact answers depend on
graphs drawn)
9 It stops convection currents forming (it also stops evaporation,
although pupils would not be expected to know this at this
stage in the unit).
8Id Changing state
Pupils Book pages 126127
1 a 0 C b 0 C
2 a 50 C b 50 C
3 It is boiling/the energy is being used to turn the liquid into a gas.
4 Graph should be a mirror image of the one given, with suitable
explanations at the boiling and melting points.
5 a from the runners body
b The sweat would continue to evaporate and cool him down.
He might get too cold.
6 The sweat can escape while the person is exercising, so there
should be no liquid sweat left to make them cold when they
stop exercising.
7 When the steam changes to a liquid it gives out energy, and this
energy can heat up your hand more than dropping boiling water
on it would.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Id(1)
1 solid, liquid, gas
solid, melting, liquid
2 a evaporates b condense c boiling d freezing e melting
3 Any sentence about changes of state correctly including the
word point.
8Id(6)
1 a go down
b go up
2 a The water after the ice cubes
b The ice cubes when they have been warmed
c The ice cubes when they have just come
d The water at room temperature.
3 a third graph ticked
b The temperature stops rising when the water starts to boil (or
similar answer).
4 a third graph ticked
b The temperature stops going down while the water is
freezing.
8Id(7)
1 a It will go down, because heat energy will be transferred to the
ice cube.
b If they were originally colder than 0 C they will warm up until
they reach 0 C, then their temperature will stay the same until
they have melted.
c The temperature of the ice will not rise above 0 C, because
energy transferred is being used to break the particles away
from their fixed arrangement and melt the ice.
2 a vibrating around fixed positions
b The particles will vibrate faster. When the particles get enough
energy they will break away from the ice and form liquid.
3 Water absorbs heat from our bodies as it evaporates.
4 a 100 C b Once the water has reached its boiling point, any
further energy is used to evaporate the liquid and form a gas.
c A good answer will describe what is happening to the particles,
and explain why the temperature does not go above 100 C.
8Id(8)
1 a it evaporates
b The sweat absorbs energy as it turns from a liquid to a gas.
2 a It bounces off/does not go through.
b Your body is warm/your body transfers heat energy to it.
c jacket
d It condenses.
e The jacket is colder than the sweat vapour, and heat energy is
transferred from the sweat vapour to the jacket.
3 If the water comes in contact with your skin again it will absorb
energy from your body, particularly if it evaporates again.
4 The vapour from sweat has to be able to get out.
5 a It allows water vapour out, so that sweat does not condense
on the inside of the jacket.
b There is no water inside the jacket to absorb heat from the skin.
6 The wicking clothing spreads the sweat out so there is not too
much sweat vapour to go through the jacket in any one place.
8Id(9)
1 The amount of water vapour in the air compared to the
maximum amount it can hold.
2 30% The air has a lower relative humidity, so sweat will
evaporate more easily and you would keep cooler.
3 The air has some water vapour in it. Cold air can hold less water
vapour than warm air. As the temperature drops at night, the
air might cool below the point at which it can hold all the water
vapour in it. If this happens, the excess water vapour condenses
as dew.
4 a Water from the wet cloth will evaporate. As it does, it
will absorb some energy from the thermometer, so the
thermometer will get colder.
b It will read less when the air is less humid, as a low humidity
makes evaporation easier, so more water from the cloth is
likely to evaporate, giving a greater cooling effect.
c You need to compare the wet bulb thermometer with the
actual air temperature so you know how much cooling
evaporation has caused.
8Ie Radiation
Pupils Book pages 128129
1 There are no particles to vibrate or move.
2 Radiation. The air between the grill and the food is a poor
conductor. The grill is above the food, so convection could not
be transferring the heat. Radiation is the only process that will
transfer heat well downwards through air. A very good answer
will also point out that heat absorbed by the top surface of the
salmon is then transferred through the food by conduction.
3 Any three from: no medium required, can go through
transparent substances, can be focussed, can be reflected.
4 an image created using heat
5 a the neck and torso
b the head
c The jacket, hat and scarf as these are the hottest areas so
these will lose heat quickest.
6 a Images can be made at night, so weather forecasters can see
where the clouds are all the time.

372 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8I
 b Low-level clouds do not show up very well against the surface 3 Answers should explain conduction in terms of particle
of the Earth. movement, and how the clothing traps air to prevent this.
7 Conduction Convection Radiation Convection should be explained, and the importance of not
allowing gaps to let out warm air. A good answer will also
Transparent solid
consider cooling due to evaporation, and the importance of
Opaque solid
wicking underwear and breathable outer garments.
Liquid
Gas Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Ie(1)
Pages 130131
Anything that is hot gives out infrared radiation.
1 a high temperatures, molten metal
Heat travels from the Sun to the Earth by infrared radiation.
b cold water, drowning, fire (if the helicopter burns when it
Infrared radiation can travel through space.
crashes), impact
A thermal image is a picture made using infrared radiation.
2 It would be too warm for most purposes. A very well insulated
Infrared radiation can travel through transparent materials like
jacket would also be more expensive than a normal one, and
glass.
people would not want to spend the money on something that
You feel warm if you stand by a fire because you absorb radiation
was warmer than they needed.
from the fire.
3 a so people buying the clothing know how well it will protect
them/to make sure the clothing gives enough protection in
8Ie(2)
different circumstances
1 Requirements could include: good thermal insulator; floats;
b Requirements could include: keeping the wearer warm for
brightly coloured and/or reflective strips; tough; easy to put on
3 hours (to allow them to survive long enough for rescuers
and take off; not damaged by petrol or oil; range of sizes to fit
to arrive), keeping them afloat (so they do not drown while
most people.
awaiting rescue), brightly coloured and/or reflective strips
2 good thermal insulator to allow them to survive long enough
(to help rescuers to spot the wearer in the water), tough (so
for rescuers to arrive; floats so they do not drown while
it does not get damaged when the person escapes from the
awaiting rescue; brightly coloured and/or reflective strips to
helicopter), easy to put on and take off (otherwise people
help rescuers to spot the wearer in the water; tough so it
might be tempted not to bother wearing it), range of sizes
does not get damaged when the person escapes from the
to fit most people (people would find it difficult to move
helicopter; easy to put on and take off otherwise people might
around/escape from a crashed helicopter if the suit was too
be tempted not to bother wearing it; not damaged by petrol or
tight or too loose).
oil these might be in the water around a crashed helicopter;
4 The seams or fastenings, or the way the material is shaped or
range of sizes people would find it difficult to move around/
stretched, might affect the performance of the fabric.
escape from a crashed helicopter if the suit was too tight or too
5 a the manikin can be heated up to normal human body
loose.
temperature
(Note that although being waterproof or watertight could be
b garments can be tested in more realistic circumstances and in
considered requirements, the main reason for these would
different body positions
be to keep the person warm, so although most such suits are
c heat transfers can be measured at lots of different places on
watertight, the need for this is part of the need for thermal
the manikin
insulation).
d makes the test more realistic, as humans sweat most of the
3 Suggestions could include: insulation this could be tested
time (even though we dont notice it unless we are feeling hot).
using a manikin as shown in the Pupils Book, or by wrapping
e records all the data so it can be analysed later.
a warm object with the fabric and measuring the cooling time;
6 The garments in photo A should be tested for insulation
floating someone could wear the suit and see how long
properties (keeping heat out, not in), and should be splashed
they can stay afloat in a swimming pool; colour/reflectance
with molten metal and any other chemicals that the workers are
compare with similar safety garments, or measure the amount
likely to encounter in their job. They should also be tested by
of light reflected by the suit; toughness rub with a standard
rubbing to make sure they will not become easily damaged or
surface and force and see how long it takes to wear a hole in it;
wear out too quickly.
easy to put on test with a range of people.
The garments in photo B should be tested for waterproofing,
how well the suit is sealed at neck and wrists, the insulation 8Ie(3)
properties, the toughness/how easily they wear or tear, and A conduction (through the bottom of the pan), evaporation or
should be put on and taken off by different people to check how convection (from the steam rising from the pan)
easy this is. B conduction (from the hot coals to the metal), radiation from the
hot coals
Page 132 C radiation, a convection current is also likely to form
1 Answers could include: better insulated clothing (so people can D radiation
withstand colder temperatures); passenger aircraft (otherwise
it could take months to get there and back most tourists fly
to South America before getting on their cruise ship); more
comfortable, faster and stronger ships (the original explorers
used sailing ships).
2 Answers could include: better insulated clothing; bottled
oxygen; lighter weight oxygen bottles; mobile phones/radios;
better medical knowledge for treating illness, injury and high
altitude problems; stronger and lighter climbing and camping
equipment.

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 373

8J Answers
8Ie(5) Container ships used for carrying containers of cargo;
1 conduct large, to carry lots of containers, containers can be stored on
insulator deck to allow more to be carried and to make loading and
thermal unloading easier. Passenger liners usually used for holiday
conduction trips; luxurious accommodation. Ferries used to transport
contracts people and vehicles fairly short distances; some have special
radiation doors to allow cars to drive on and off. Submarines used
convection by the military and some used for underwater research;
heat can withstand water and pressure underwater. Aeroplanes
expand used for transporting things quickly, for passenger travel, for
cool taking aerial photos, crop spraying, etc., wings to let them fly,
R C wheels/floats/skis so they can land and take off. Helicopters
E X P A N D O used by the military, and for things such as air ambulances,
mountain rescue, and flying people into places that are not
C O N D U C T I O N N
big enough to have runways for aeroplanes to land; rotors
O I D to let them fly. Hovercraft used when it is important to be
N A H U able to move near the surface when there is no road, or for
V T H E R M A L C shallow water; fan to make the cushion of air that supports
E I A T them, propellers to move them forwards. Rockets used for
C C O N T R A C T S taking satellites and people into space; mostly fuel, carry fuel
and oxygen with them.
T N C
2 Possible answers include:
I N S U L A T O R a human or animal power; b bicycles, carts, etc; does not cause
O O pollution, but cannot make things move very fast or very far
N L a petrol or diesel; b lorries, cars, buses, ships, aeroplanes etc;
c easy to store and to carry in the vehicle, fairly cheap, but
burning the fuels causes pollution and contributes to global
8Ie(6) warming
Any suitable clues for the words. a wood; b some steam engines; c can be a renewable resource,
but lots of wood has to be carried, and it is difficult to feed to
8Ie(7) the engine
1 a radio waves a coal; b steam engines and some ships; c relatively cheap, but
b gamma rays lots has to be carried, and it is difficult to feed to the engine
automatically
2 a radio, microwaves, light
a electricity; b electric trains, and some cars; c does not cause
b X-rays
pollution (although the power station that generates it may
c visible
do so), but trains require expensive overhead wires, and cars
d UV
cannot go very far on the batteries that will fit inside them.
3 infrared and microwaves
a hydrogen; b some buses and rockets; c does not cause
4 red
pollution when it is burned, but difficult to store and dangerous
if it leaks out.

8J Forces and a nuclear; b mostly military submarines and ships; c the amount
of fuel required is very small, but the reactors are complicated
and safety can be a problem.

transport
8Ja On the move
Pupils Book page 133
1 a Answers could include bicycles, cars, buses, coaches, trains,
lorries, sailing boats, tankers, container ships, passenger
liners, ferries, submarines, aeroplanes, helicopters, hovercraft,
rockets, etc.
b Some possible answers include:
Bicycles used for short distances or leisure; small and light,
pedals for making it move. Cars used for short or long
journeys by a small number of people; comfortable seats,
available in different sizes, etc. Buses used for carrying large
numbers of people relatively short distances; big doors to let
lots of people on and off, lots of seats, etc. Coaches used
for longer distance travel; comfortable seats, luggage space,
etc. Trains used for carrying people or goods short or long
distances; run on rails, can be electric or diesel powered.
Lorries used for carrying goods; large for carrying goods,
more powerful engines than cars or coaches to move heavier
loads; often more than four wheels. Sailing boats used
mainly for leisure in this country; masts to hold the sails
up. Tankers large ships to carry lots of oil or other liquid.
3 Answers will vary, but should include a comment on how they
would get to school or their parents get to work, what goods
may not be available without fast transport, what kinds of food
would be available from the local area, etc.
Pupils Book pages 134135
1 a water resistance or air resistance
b by using streamlined shapes
2 a by fitting a deflector
b The lorry will use less fuel.
3 a crouching down over the handlebars to make his shape
smaller, wearing smooth clothing to give himself a
streamlined shape
b The backwards force on him is less.
5 a Particles transfer heat energy to the object when they hit it.
b Fewer particles are hitting the object each second, and they
are not moving as fast when they hit, so the total force is less.
6 Pupils own answers, but the adverts should explain the benefits
of driving more slowly in terms of fuel economy.
7 a Give it a more streamlined shape, or give it a more powerful
engine.

37 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

4
Answers 8J
 b The streamlined shape would reduce the drag force on 8Ja(3)
the car, so it would be going faster before the drag forces water resistance force that slows things down moving through
balanced the force from the engine. The bigger engine would water
allow the forwards force to be bigger, so again it would reach air resistance force that slows things down moving through air
a higher speed before the backwards force balanced the force friction force that stop surfaces sliding on each other
from the engine. contact force a force from an object that cannot affect other
objects without touching
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack non-contact force a force from an object that can affect other
8Ja(1) objects without touching
Aircraft designers can reduce drag on aircraft by giving the aircraft magnetism a non-contact force that is found near magnets
a streamlined shape. balanced when two forces are the same strength and working in
Lorry owners can reduce the drag of their lorries by fitting a opposite directions they are balanced
deflector to give the lorry a streamlined shape.
Cyclists can reduce their drag by crouching down over the W N
handlebars. B A L A N C E D O
When a lorry is moving at a steady speed the drag force is T M C N
balanced by force from the engine. E A O C
Cyclists like to keep their drag as low as possible so they can go
R G N O
faster.
R N T N
Car drivers can reduce drag and save petrol by driving more
slowly. E E A T
A lorry with a deflector saves fuel because it needs a smaller S F T C A
force from the engine to balance its drag. A I R R E S I S T A N C E
S I S F T
8Ja(2) T C M O F
Aircraft
A T R O
A airliner large, to carry many people; streamlined to cut down
on drag and so save fuel. N I C R
D crop sprayer small, high cockpit so pilot can see what is being C O E C
sprayed; spray booms under wings (which would cause more E N E
drag, but they are a necessary part of the aircrafts function).
F float plane floats allow it to land on water; high wings mean 8Ja(6)
pilot can see down easily (to check for obstructions etc., which 1 a The forwards force will be less.
is not as necessary for aircraft which land on runways) b The car will slow down, because now the backwards force is
J jet fighter very streamlined, for a high top speed bigger than the forwards force.
2 a The forwards force is bigger than the backwards force.
Road vehicles b It is staying the same, because the forwards and backwards
C coach big, to carry lots of people; not really streamlined, as forces are the same size/balanced.
this would make the vehicle too long/reduce the amount of 3 a The backwards force will be smaller.
passenger space inside b She will be able to go faster. From the situation shown in E
E family car streamlined for fuel economy, but not so much that she will start to go faster, until the air resistance increases
it reduces the cabin size enough so that the backwards forces are balancing the
L lorry large, to carry lots of goods; lots of wheels, to spread out forwards forces.
the weight 4 a The forwards force will be bigger.
N racing car very streamlined, so much so that the driver has a b She will be able to go faster, until the air resistance increases
very tiny cockpit to sit in enough so that the backwards forces are balancing the
forwards forces.
Trains 5 As the car gets faster the air resistance force gets bigger, until
G goods train not streamlined, as it doesnt go very fast; lots of eventually the air resistance and friction forces together balance
wagons for carrying goods the maximum forwards force from the engine. At this point the
H high speed train streamlined, to cut drag at high speed; long, car can only maintain a constant speed, not increase its speed
to carry lots of passengers any further.
K passenger train not streamlined, as it does not go as fast as
the high speed train (because of unsuitable local lines and lots 8Ja(7)
of stops); short, as it is for local journeys where fewer people 1 a engine, air resistance, friction
want to travel b stay the same, the forces are balanced
P underground train shaped to fit the tunnels; not streamlined 2 a correctly plotted and labelled graph
as it does not go very fast b Lorry B is the one with the deflector (Daisys Drinks).
c The lorry with the deflector has a lower air resistance, so it
Other does not need to use as much fuel.
O tractor large wheels to spread the weight over soft mud; big
tread on wheels to give a grip on soft mud 8Ja(8)
B bulldozer tracks to spread the weight so it can move over mud 1 Correctly plotted and labelled graph. It makes it easier to see
i hovercraft floats on air, so it can move over flat ground, mud, any trends or patterns in the results (or similar answer).
snow, water, etc. 2 The engine force is needed to balance the forces of friction and
M troop carrier lots of wheels to spread the weight so it can air resistance, which are trying to slow the lorries down.
move over mud, sand, etc. 3 a They go for fewer miles per litre of fuel when they are
travelling fast.

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 375

8J Answers
 b Air resistance is greater when they are travelling faster, so a
bigger engine force is needed to balance it, so the engine
uses more fuel per mile, and gets fewer miles per litre of fuel.
4 Fred. It has no deflector, so it will use more fuel at a certain
speed, and go fewer miles per litre of fuel.
5 A good answer will include some or all of the following points:
50 mph is the average speed, so the lorry will have changed
speed, so it will have used extra fuel when accelerating. It may
have gone up hills, which would have used up extra fuel. There
may have been a head wind which would have increased the air
resistance. Accept any other sensible suggestions.
6 a They should use less energy as friction will be less. More
important is that less force (and hence fuel) will be needed
to accelerate an empty lorry, but pupils are not expected to
know this at this stage.
b They should be able to travel further for each litre of fuel.
c The additional line should be above the line originally plotted
for lorry B.
8 Answers could include: reducing the costs of buying fuels,
making limited fossil fuel supplies last longer, reducing pollution,
reducing the amount of CO2 put into the atmosphere, which
might help to limit the effects of climate change.
8Ja(9)
1 high, small
Speed (mph) Drag (N)
10 11
20 44
30 99
40 176
50 275
60 397
70 540
2 correctly plotted and labelled graph
3 As the vehicle moves through the air it hits air particles, which
bounce off it. Each particle exerts a force when it hits, and the
total force from all the particles is the drag force.
4 If the air is denser, there are more particles in a certain volume,
so the vehicle will hit more particles per second as it moves
through the air and the drag force will increase.
5 If the air density is less the drag force for a given speed will be
less, as fewer particles will hit the vehicle each second.
6 a It will increase the drag.
b increase
8Jb Tracks and trains
Pupils Book pages 136137
1 too high
2 The tracks spread its weight out so that it does not sink into the
ground.
3 a To spread their weight so they do not sink into the ground.
They need them because they are used in places (such as
fields) where there is no hard road surface.
b to spread their weight out, and so each wheel does not have
to support a lot of weight on its own
4 The train has lots of separate wheels, which spread the weight
along the track. The track spreads the weight along the sleepers,
and the ballast spreads the weight over the ground.
5 the sharp one, because it has a smaller area under its blade
6 The drawing pin has a sharp point, so the force is concentrated
into a small area, giving high pressure. Your thumb has a large
area in comparison, so the force is spread out.
7 The snowshoes spread out the weight of the walker, so the
pressure under them is less and they do not sink into the snow.
The crampons concentrate the weight of the walker into a few
very small areas, so the pressure under each point is high and
the points sink into the ice.
376 Exploring Science edition
Pupils Book page 138139
1 a Thomas Newcoman
b pumping water from mines
2 To reduce the friction and make it easier for the horses to pull
the wagons. The rails spread out the weight of the wagons and
so stopped them sinking into the earth.
3 It would be cheaper than using horses.
4 Richard Trevithick.
5 a something which protects an inventor from other people
using his or her ideas
b To help them make more money. If someone else used the
idea, the inventor would not make as much money from their
idea.
6 They thought that sparks might cause fires, animals would be
frightened by the noise, or the engines might explode.
7 a a multi-tube boiler
b There is more surface area in the little tubes, so the hot gases
will heat the water faster.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Jb(1)
1 Correct words are:
high, low
low, high
2 Your thumb has a bigger area than the drawing pin, so the
pressure is lower.
There is a higher pressure under the point of the drawing pin
than under your thumb.
3 The area is big so the pressure under them is low. Lots of
wheels, rails and sleepers all spread the weight.
8Jb(3)
1 a The following underlined: they are big things we strap to our
boots, skiing down the hill, ladder down on the ice
b The following with boxes drawn: the snowshoes have little
spikes underneath them, spikes strapped to their boots, ice
axes, knife
2 by making the area bigger
3 by making the area smaller
4 spikes circled
5 It has a thin edge, so the pressure under it is high (or it
concentrates the force).
6 It spread out his weight so the pressure under him was less and
did not break the ice.
8Jb(4)
1 It would sink down onto the surface, because all the air would
leak out from under the skirt.
2 a The hovercraft does not touch the surface, so driven wheels
would not work on land. A propeller sticking down into
the water might be possible, but would then remove the
advantage of being able to move over lots of different
surfaces.
b Friction between a cars tyres and the road stop the car from
skidding sideways while it is turning (unless on an icy road!).
There is nothing under the hovercraft in contact with the
surface to stop it skidding sideways, so its turning circle is
quite big (especially if it has been going fast).
3 a so it can go over bumps
b The air pressure inside would push it outwards and allow too
much air to leak out and the hovercraft would not hover.
4 Aeroplanes land and take off on runways. People are kept away
from runways, and normally only a few people are around parts
of airports where they may come into contact with aeroplanes
with their engines running. Hovercraft can operate over any
flat surface, so there must be safety measures to stop people
putting hands (or themselves) into the path of the blades.
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8J
5 They can be used when the tide is in or out. If they did not have 3 a It stops being magnetic. b A bar magnet is always magnetic.
a hovercraft they would have to use a boat when the tide was c Because they are always magnetic.
in, and might not be able to rescue people from the mud at all 4 use a lower current, fewer coils of wire, and have a core made
when the tide was out, as even vehicles with tracks might sink in from a non-magnetic material
the quicksands. 5 The strength of the electromagnets depends on how much
current is flowing, so controlling the current can control the
8Jb(5) strength of the electromagnets, and so control how strongly the
1 a The pressure needs to be low if someone is walking on soft train is attracted to the track. The direction of the current also
snow, to stop them sinking in. The pressure needs to be high needs to be controlled to make the train move forwards.
on ice, to make bits of the snowshoes stick into the ice and 6 The current to the electromagnets has to be controlled very
provide some grip. accurately to make sure the train stays the correct distance from
b They reduce the pressure by having a large area. They increase the tracks. A human could not make the corrections quickly
the pressure by having spikes beneath them. On ice, only the enough.
spikes will make much contact with the surface, so there is
high pressure beneath the walker. In soft snow, the spikes will Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
just sink into the snow until the main part of the snowshoe 8Jc(1)
touches it, so the pressure will be low. 1 iron, nickel, cobalt, steel
2 a crampons and ice axes 2 south pole, north pole
b They both have sharp points, which produce high pressure (by 3 attract, attract, repel
concentrating the force of the climbers foot kicking into the 4 electromagnet, coil of wire, core, cell
ice/axe swinging into ice) so the points go into the ice and
give them a grip. 8Jc(4)
3 They were on very hard snow, and needed something sharp 1 electromagnet, switch and cell correctly labelled
to put a lot of pressure onto the snow so it would dig into the 2 red line drawn on circuit from cell through switch, armature, coil,
snow. and back to cell
4 The boy fell through the ice because the pressure beneath 3 a It will be magnetised/become magnetic.
him was too great for the ice to support. Although the man is b It will attract the armature.
heavier, his weight is spread out a lot more by the ladder, so the c The striker attached to the end of the armature will hit the
pressure under him and the ladder is small enough not to go gong.
through the ice. 4 There is a gap in the circuit/there is a gap between the contacts.
5 sledges, skis 5 a It will stop being magnetic.
6 They have a large area so you do not sink into the snow, and b It will spring back to its original position.
they are smooth underneath so there is not much friction. 6 The current will be able to flow again, so the electromagnet
will be magnetised again, the armature will be attracted to it
8Jb(6) and the striker will hit the gong. The movement of the armature
1 a The graph goes steeply down at the beginning, then curves will break the circuit, and it will then spring back to its original
and almost flattens out (or similar description). position. This will keep on happening.
b straight line 7 The switch is continually making (joining) and breaking the circuit.
2 a correctly plotted graph
b No. The graph looks as if it is a straight line at first, but it starts 8Jc(5)
to level out. If the points do not lie on a straight line, the 1 When the ignition key is turned, electricity flows in the ignition
factors are not proportional to one another. circuit. This magnetises the solenoid, which attracts the
3 a correctly plotted graph armature. The armature makes a connection between the two
b The shape is similar. contacts in the starter motor circuit, which completes the circuit
c It looks as if it could be (accept yes or no the point of this and lets a much larger current flow to the starter motor.
question is to make them think about question 4c). 2 The driver does not need to touch the circuit that has the high
4 a Planet Distance from the Sun (AU) 1/distance (AU1) current flowing in it, so it is safer if anything goes wrong.
3 The wires in the starter motor circuit are thick, so they would
Mercury 0.39 0.021
cost more than the thin wires in the ignition circuit. Having the
Venus 0.72 0.029 thick wires shorter saves some money.
Earth 1.00 0.034 4 The lighting circuit uses high voltage, which could be dangerous
Mars 1.52 0.041 if anything went wrong. Using a relay means that the person
Jupiter 5.20 0.077 switching on the lights does not have to touch the high voltage
Saturn 9.54 0.104 circuit.
5 When the switch is pressed, electricity flows through the coil
Uranus 19.19 0.147
of wire and it becomes an electromagnet. The
Neptune 30.06 0.184 electromagnet attracts the top part of the armature, which
correctly plotted graph turns around the
b No. The graph does not give a straight line. pivot. The bottom of the armature pushes the two contacts
c It is easier to see if a graph is a straight line than it is to see if together in the circuit which goes to the floodlights, and turns
the curve is exactly the right shape for an inverse proportion. them on.
6 iron, cobalt or nickel It must be made of a magnetic material.
8Jc Floating trains
Pupils Book pages 140141 8Jc(6)
1 iron, cobalt, nickel and steel 1 a iron
2 If it is attracted to a magnet, it might just be a piece of b non-contact
unmagnetised iron or other magnetic material. c repel, attract
d core

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 377

8J Answers
2 N S, attract
S N, attract
N S, repel
3 a Any from: more coils, higher current, core made of a magnetic
material (or iron/cobalt/nickel core).
b It uses a coil of wire; it is only magnetic while the current
flows; it is easier to reset (accept any other sensible answers).
8Jc(7)
1 something containing a piece of wire that melts if the current
gets too high
2 For safety, to stop anyone being hurt by faulty electrical
equipment.
3 a It is attracted to the coil/electromagnet.
b The switch opens so no more current can flow.
4 Use more coils of wire, or put an iron core inside the coils.
5 It is easier to reset a circuit breaker than to mend a fuse.
8Jc(8)
1 switch off the current if too much current is flowing
2 It might not break the circuit if the fault has not caused a very
large increase in current.
3 live and neutral
4 live wire; coil B; switch; motor; coil A; neutral wire
5 They will have magnetic fields.
6 Nothing, as the force from both coils will be the same.
7 The force from coil B will be bigger than the force from coil A.
8 The end near coil B will be pulled downwards.
9 It will be cut off, because the switch will be open.
8Jd Finding the way
Pupils Book pages 142143
1 a magnet that can swing to point north
2 because that is the end that will point towards the north
3 use iron filings or a plotting compass
4 diagram similar to that on page 143 of Pupils Book
5 away from the north pole and towards the south pole
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Jd(1)
1 compass, north seeking pole, magnetic field, north magnetic
pole
2 a field lines completed correctly
b arrows from north to south
3 a drawing correctly labelled (as the one in the Pupils Book)
b arrows in compasses drawn to point along field lines away
from the Earths South Pole towards its North Pole
8Jd(5)
1 a other half of field drawn correctly
b From the north pole to the south pole of the magnet.
2 field shape drawn similar to that in question 1
3 Scatter iron filings on a sheet of paper held over the magnet.
4 a north-seeking pole
b The Earth behaves as if it has a bar magnet inside it.
8Jd(6)
1 Birds are taken a long way from home and released together;
the first bird to get home wins.
2 the Sun, or the Earths magnetic field
3 a because they had never seen the direction of the Sun in the
morning
b the Earths magnetic field
4 They could not use the Earths magnetic field because of the
magnets on their backs, and they got lost.
378 Exploring Science edition
8Jd(7)
1 a Field lines should be symmetric about 2 axes.
b Arrows should point away from both magnets.
c It will be repelled by the north pole of the other magnet.
d It is now being repelled by both magnets, so it can only go
sideways.
2 The shape would be the same, but the arrows would point the
other way.
3 a Field lines should be symmetric about 2 axes. b Arrows
should point from the north to the south poles. c because
the magnets are attracting each other, rather than repelling
4 a north
b It will create a magnetic field and affect the compass needle,
which will move (it will point along the axis of the coil, but
pupils are not expected to work this out from the information
given).
c Use more coils of wire, so the magnetic field created by the
current will be stronger. A smaller current will then produce a
big enough field to affect the needle.
8Jd(8)
1 True north is the direction that points to the North Pole;
magnetic north is the direction that points to the north magnetic
pole.
2 because the north magnetic pole is not in the same place as the
North Pole
3 the angle between true north and magnetic north
4 They would not be walking in the correct direction, and might
get lost.
5 a They are printed with magnetic north at the top.
b so the runners do not have to waste time adjusting their
compasses
8Jd(9)
1 the angle between the horizontal and the direction of the
magnetic field
2 No, the magnetic field slopes at different angles in different parts
of the world.
3 The south end. The dip is down towards the north, so the
opposite end of the needle needs to be weighted to keep it
level.
4 It will be weighted at the opposite end. A suitable diagram may
reproduce the top figure on the worksheet, pointing out the dip
in the northern and southern hemispheres.
5 The difference between magnetic north and the direction the
compass is pointing.
6 a They do not normally have significant amounts of iron or steel
with them.
b if they are standing next to an iron gate or other object made
of iron or steel
7 Ships are often made from steel.
8 placing magnets around the compass to cancel out the effects of
the ship, or using a table of corrections
9 Variation is the difference between true north and magnetic
north, and depends on where on the Earth you are. Deviation is
an error introduced by magnetic materials near the compass.
8Je Change your attitude
Pupils Book pages 144145
1 a long bar that pivots
2 a because by being further away from the centre of the
aeroplane, they increase the size of the turning force
b to make the turning force from them as big as possible
3 Fulcrum. It is a turning point for a lever.
4 correct drawing, with pivot at the edge of the tin, load marked
where the spoon is pushing on the lid, and effort at the other
end of the spoon
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Answers 8K
5 The hand holds the load and the biceps muscles provide the
effort by pulling on the bones.
6 bottom of the toes (accept answers such as at the ankle if
pupils are considering movement of the foot)
7 Any sensible suggestions, such as opening bottles, doing/
undoing nuts, etc.
Pupils Book page 146
1 a Answers could include car or bus (for getting to school),
lorries and/or trains (for getting food), ships (for imported
food or household goods used), aeroplanes (for some
imported foods), tankers (or other vehicles involved in the
transport of fuels to the house or to power stations).
b the ones responsible for getting basic foodstuffs to the
supermarket/house, and the ones involved in providing an
energy supply to the house
c transport to school, some of the transport used for foodstuffs
and goods
d You could manage without food transported from other
countries, and many of the goods brought in from other
countries (although the former would lead to a much more
restricted diet).
2 a advantages of diesel: does not require expensive
electrification of the lines; advantages of electric motors: no
pollution or contribution to global warming (from the train
itself overall this depends on how the electricity it uses was
generated).
b Electric motors. Diesel could be replace with biodiesel (which
brings with it environmental problems of its own), but the
electricity could be generated using a number of different
renewable resources.
3 a They could be more streamlined, the engines could be
designed to waste less energy, or the cars could be limited to
a lower top speed.
b Answers could include making laws to force manufacturers to
do so, or to put much higher taxes on inefficient cars so that
people would not want to buy them.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Je(1)
1 lever a long bar that can be used to increase the size of a
force.
pivot a point that the lever turns around.
effort a force put on a lever.
load the weight or force on something.
force multiplier a lever that makes a force bigger.
distance multiplier a lever that makes something move further.
bottle opener a lever that can be used to take the tops from
bottles.
2 a A
b It is a longer lever, so it will make the force bigger.
8Je(4)
1 Bigger. The distance between the top of the stick and the pivot is
bigger than the distance from the pivot to the places where the
wires are attached, so the force will be magnified.
2 a the one drawn with dashes
b It will be pulled on if the pilot pulls the stick backwards.
3 a down
b It increases the force on the elevator from the wire.
4 The rudder pedal pulls on the dashed wire, which pulls on the
lever attached to the rudder and makes the rudder turn. This
makes the nose of the aeroplane turn to the right.
5 If they were attached further in, there would be less force on the
wires than the force the pilot applied with her feet.
6 For the rudder, the right pedal needs to make the rudder go to
the right, so the wire is connected on the same side. For the
elevators, if the pilot pushes the stick the elevators need to go
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down, which would not happen if the top wire at the stick went
to the top of the elevators.
8Je(6)
1 correctly labelled drawings
2 a longer
b A longer spanner will magnify/increase the force more.
3 a A
b They will provide the biggest turning force as they are furthest
from the centre of the aeroplane.
8Je(7)
1 load, effort and pivot correctly labelled
2 a B They need to provide a greater force to cut through bones,
so the distance from the pivot to the handles (where the
effort is applied) must be bigger.
b It is easier to cut accurately as they are smaller.
3 Move the pivot closer to the log, so the distance between the
load and the pivot is smaller. Push further away from the pivot/
log, so the effort distance is longer.
4 When you push at the handle, the effort is further away from the
hinge (pivot) so less force is needed.
8Je(8)
1 People have a variety of physical problems and shapes.
2 a A lever magnifies the force used. b The wheelchair might stop
suddenly and throw the occupant out.
3 A pneumatic tyre is one that uses air pressure. Any sensible
answers such as; an advantage is that it makes the ride more
comfortable; a disadvantage is that the wheel might get a
puncture. Car wheels do not (usually) have spokes.
4 to give stability/to stop it tipping over
5 Less effort would be needed, as the effort would be further from
the pivot.
6 a 60 5 = 942.5 cm (or 9.42 m)
b 50 5 = 785.4 cm (or 7.85 m)
c 60 cm because you can go further with each push. Other
factors could include the type of wheel, its weight, its material,
the pressure of the tyre.
8K What a picture!
8Ka Travelling light
Pupils Book page 147
1 Answers could include: Sun, light bulbs, candles, fires, TVs,
torches, etc.
2 a something that light can pass through
b something that light cannot pass through
c a dark area caused when light is blocked by an opaque object
3 a Pupils own answers could include photos in the Pupils
book, in magazines, backdrops to newsreaders or other
announcers on the TV, advertising billboards, photos on
display in the school buildings.
b Pupils Book education; magazines advertising or
illustrating stories; backdrops making the image on the
TV look more interesting; billboards advertising; displays
news or celebrating achievement
4 Answers could include images of the planets, pictures of foreign
countries or even other parts of the UK, photos of animals that
do not inhabit the local area, photos taken through powerful
microscopes, etc.
Pupils Book pages 148149
1 a any sources such as lights, or the Sun outside
b any non-luminous objects in the room
2 a TV
Exploring Science edition 379
8K Answers
 b Light from the lamp is reflected from the glass and goes into
his eyes.
3 a light
b We can see lightning before we hear thunder.
4 the Sun
5 511.3 seconds
6 description of an experiment such as aligning holes in several
pieces of card and showing that light only goes through them
when they are lined up
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Ka(1)
1 a B bA cA
2 any two from: light, TV, fire
b arrowed line from TV to boys eye
c arrowed lines from lamp to clock, and from clock to girls eye
3 a 300 000 km/s
b 8.5 minutes
8Ka(4)
1 to show where dangerous rocks are; to show position
2 Eddystone, 13 miles south of Plymouth, 1698
3 5 miles
4 a coal, oil, wood
b keeping the light lit
c any, e.g. less problem with storage, easier to keep things lit
5 The height raises it further above the horizon so light travels
further. Diagram should show a curved Earth with lighthouses of
two different heights.
6 a different patterns of flashing lights
b They need to know which lighthouse they are looking at,
and find it on a chart. Then they can use their distance and
direction from the lighthouse to work out where they are.
7 to make them easier to see/to help to identify them during the
day
8 Someone has to pay for them. It is not possible to collect money
from ships actually passing the lights, so harbour dues are used.
Larger cargo ships are the ones who stand to lose the most money
from being shipwrecked, so it is they who are asked to
pay.
8Ka(5)
1 Telescopes are more powerful today.
2 a Total distance = 4 km, time = 4/300 000 = 0.000 013 3
seconds (or 1.33 105 seconds).
b 0.000 026 7 seconds (2.66 105 seconds), or double the
answer to part a, if that was incorrect
c The difference between the two times is far too small to be
measured by any instruments that Galileo could have had.
3 a Light has a shorter distance to travel from Jupiter to E1, and
further to travel to E2.
b The additional positions should be above and below the Sun.
4 His calculation depended on knowing an accurate value for the
radius of the Earths orbit. This value was not known accurately
at that time.
5 a 16 minutes
b time = 16 60 = 960 seconds
distance = 2 149 600 000 km, = 299 200 000 km =
299 200 000 000 m (or 299 109 m)
speed = 299.2 109/960 = 3.12 108 m/s
c The 8 minutes may not be exact, or the radius of the Earths
orbit may be an approximation.
6 a position approximately 30 from the one shown (360/11.86)
8Ka(6)
1 bonfire, firework
2 Light cannot pass through her/she is opaque/she is blocking the
light.
380 Exploring Science edition
3 a arrowed line from fire to Josies eye
b arrowed line from fire to burger, and from burger to Josies eye
4 Light travels faster than sound.
5 a Sun b about 8 minutes
8Ka(7) Luminous source
1, 2 Moon
Sun
Earth
3 a 4 kilometres b 24 seconds
c rays drawn correctly with arrows in correct direction
4 4 years
5 8.5 5 = 42.5 minutes
6 8.5 + 4.25 = 12.75 or 13 minutes to the nearest minute
7 between 8 and 9 minutes, on average, the Moon is the same
distance from the Sun as the Earth is
8Ka(8)
1 a The time was the difference in the eclipse times for Jupiters
moons. The distance was the diameter of the Earths orbit.
b We have a much more accurate value for the diameter of
the Earths orbit, and we also have more accurate ways of
measuring time.
2 It showed that light took time to travel.
3 the speed of the Earth in its orbit, and the tiny angle through
which the positions of stars appeared to move
4 a the speed the wheel was spinning, the width of the teeth and
gaps on the wheel, and the distance between his wheel and
the mirror that reflected the light back
b To make the time interval longer, and so a little easier to
measure accurately. A very good answer will point out that a
certain error is a smaller proportion if the value itself is larger.
5 the speed his mirror was spinning, the angle of the reflected
light, the exact distance the light had travelled
6 They could have written to other scientists or to scientific
societies, or they could have written papers or books for
publication. Do not accept answers involving emails, etc.!
8Kb Cameras and eyes
Pupils Book pages 150151
1 a any two opaque materials, such as wood, metal, etc.
b any two transparent materials, such as glass, air, etc.
c any two translucent materials, such as tracing paper, tissue
paper, etc.
2 a dark brown coat, because dark colours absorb more light than
pale colours
b a piece of clear glass, because most of the light that hits the
paper is reflected by it
c The white background. The letters look dark because they
absorb most of the light that hits them.
3 a Light energy is converted to electrical energy.
b in the retina
4 A box with a hole at one end and a translucent screen at the
other. It lets in a small amount of light which shines onto the
screen. We can see an image on the screen.
5 Light enters through a hole; the image is upside down.
6 to control the amount of light that goes into the eye
7 Put a piece of photographic film in the back of the camera. A
very good answer will explain that light should not be allowed
to reach the film while it is being put into the camera or when it
is being taken out after the photograph has been taken.
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8K
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Kb(1)
Across: 1 absorb 4 transmitted 6 pupil 8 pinhole 9 image,
10 transparent
Down: 2 reflected 3 opaque 5 translucent 7 retina
8Kb(2)
A The arrows are going the wrong way they should go from the
candle flame to the girls eye.
B Light does not bend around opaque objects.
C The shadow should be the same shape as the object.
D Both arrows on the ray should be going from the candle flame
to the girls eyes.
e The light ray should stop at the wood. Wood is opaque.
F The arrow on the ray between the mirror and the girl should be
pointing towards the girl.
G The shadows should all be in the same direction, or spreading
out slightly.
H The light rays should travel in straight lines, crossing where the
pinhole is.
8Kb(6)
1 Horses legs move too fast for an observer to see exactly what is
happening.
2 a Yes
b He was correct because horses do have all four legs off the
ground at once at some point. He was wrong because this
happens when the horses legs are bunched up under it, not
when the legs are spread out as in the drawing.
c Muybridges photos were taken to settle a scientific argument.
Cinema films are usually made for entertainment.
8Kb(7)
1 absorbed when light is taken into a material (it is not
transmitted or reflected)
opaque a material that light cannot pass through
reflected when light bounces off something
translucent a material that some light can pass through
transmitted when light passes through a material
transparent a material that light can pass through
2 a labels in correct places
b rays continued in straight lines, crossing at the pinhole, until
they hit the screen
3 a lines drawn showing light bending as it goes through the lens,
and an upside down image
b any sensible similarity such as the image being upside
down, or the light going through a hole.
8Kb(8)
1 a light ray from the top of the candle flame
b light from one part of the flame can only reach one place on
the screen
c not much light can get through the hole/small hole
d light ray from the bottom of the candle flame
e small hole/not much light can get through the hole
f light ray from the top of the candle flame
g large hole/more light can get through the hole
h light from one part of the flame can reach different places on
the screen
i light ray from the bottom of the candle flame
j more light can get through the hole/large hole
2 Light rays from the top of the object go to the bottom of the
image, or any similar explanation.
3 a the one with the small hole
b It is sharp because rays from one part of the object can only
reach one part of the screen. It is dim because not much light
can get through the small hole.
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4 a The image will be brighter but less sharp than the one in the
first camera.
b It is brighter because more light can get through the bigger
hole. It is less sharp because light from one part of the object
can reach more than one part of the screen.
5 The eye and a camera are similar because they both have a
small hole to let in light, and the image is upside down in both.
6 nerve (the optic nerve)
7 The brain changes the image so that it is the right way up.
8Kb(9)
1 It is lighter and easier to manage, and does not need to be
exposed for as long so it is much easier to take photographs.
2 a to reduce the amount of blurring caused by the moving object
b A certain amount of light needs to get into the camera to
make the chemicals react. On a dull day, this means that the
shutter might have to be left open for longer.
3 a Silver bromide on the film reacts and changes to solid silver
particles.
b The unreacted silver bromide is washed away, and the silver
particles are fixed in place.
c Light shines through the clear parts of the negative onto a
piece of photographic paper. The silver bromide in this paper
changes to solid silver particles where the light hits it.
d The unreacted silver bromide is washed away, and the silver
particles are fixed in place.
4 If there was light in the room, the light would make the
unreacted silver bromide react, and spoil the photograph.
5 Black and white are the wrong way round.
6 a Black and white would be the wrong way round.
b Sandwich the negative with a fresh piece of film and expose it
to light, then develop the new film. Areas that were black on the
negative will be clear on the new positive transparency.
8Kc Mirror image
Pupils Book pages 152153
1 The rough surface scatters the light in all directions.
2 a a plane mirror
b glass with a thin layer of silver or aluminium on the back
3 left
4 8 metres
5 diagram showing two plane mirrors arranged parallel to each
other, and at 45 to the tube forming the periscope
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Kc(1)
1 rough, smooth
2 diagram labelled correctly
8Kc(6)
The treasure is in Lugpool.
8Kc(7)
1 so that drivers can read it in their rear-view mirrors
2 Drivers can see the traffic coming towards the junction.
3 a normal drawn correctly
b line drawn so that angles of incidence and reflection are equal
c correctly labelled diagram
d The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence, or
similar explanation.
Exploring Science edition 381
 8K Answers

8Kc(8) 5
1 a, b
 c Two mirrors are needed to change the direction of the light
ray twice so it can reach the eye. Pupils may also draw the lens as separate prisms.
2 reflects light so that cyclist can be seen by other road users The fatter lens makes the rays come to a point closer to the
3 a The light rays from the bottle go straight through the glass to lens/makes the rays converge more/bends them more.
the persons eyes. 6
b The light rays from the candle are reflected by the sheet of
glass and then go to the persons eyes.
c It needs to let some light through and reflect some light. A
mirror would not let any light through.
d The reflection of the candle is not very bright, and if there is
too much light falling on the bottle the reflection of the candle
would not be visible.
4 a If the hidden room was lit up, reflections of the hidden room
would be visible on the glass.
b The spotlight shines on the actor. Rays of light reflected by the
actor are reflected by the glass and appear to the audience to
be coming from the part of the stage they can see.
c Answers could include: the difficulty of setting a large sheet of
glass across a stage and hiding the joins from the audience, Pupils may also draw the lens as separate prisms.
avoiding unwanted reflections in the sheet of glass, the difficulty Diagram similar to diagram D, but with a diverging lens. This
of the actor playing the ghost moving/looking in the correct lens makes the rays of light spread out.
direction to interface with normal actors on the main part of
the stage. Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Kd(1)
8Kc(9) 1 correctly labelled diagram
1 He spotted a star that seemed to move compared to other stars. 2 light rays completed correctly
2 She observed the sky, and looked for stars that appeared to 3 a refraction
move.
3 Modern astronomers use cameras to take photos this can be 8Kd(4)
done automatically, so they dont necessarily have to be at the 1 Angles labelled correctly.
telescope. The photographs can be analysed/measured later (in 2 a towards the normal
fact, computers can be used to compare photos of the same bit b away from the normal
of sky at different times to look for moving objects). 3
4 They could have written books, written papers, given talks at
scientific societies, or written letters to other scientists.
5 a to let as much light in as possible
b The film/sensor can be exposed for a long period, allowing
more light to be recorded.
6 a The Earth is spinning, so the stars appear to move across the
sky.
b Move the telescope to compensate for the motion of the
Earth. This is done by computer-controlled motors in large
telescopes.

8Kd Lenses and light

Pupils Book pages 154155
1 when light changes direction as it goes from one transparent
substance to another
2 to make sure the picture is sharp and clear
3 a a line at right angles to the surface at the point of entry
8Kd(5)
b the angle between the normal and the light ray before entry
1 the shape of the lens
c the angle between the normal and the light ray after entry
2 a close things
4 a The lens is fatter in the middle than it is at the edges.
b distant things
b It makes the rays come together.
c When you look at distant things, the lens bends light too
much so it focuses in front of the retina (because the lens is
too strong or the eyeball too long).

382 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8K
 d diverging lenses
e They make the light spread out before it reaches your eye, so
that it has further to bend back to be in focus (or equivalent
explanation).
3 a distant things
b close things
c When you look at close things, the lens does not bend the
light enough to focus on the retina (it would focus behind the
retina if the retina was transparent). This happens because the
lens is not strong enough or the eyeball is too short. Diagram
3 showing this.
d converging lens
e They would make the light start to converge before it reached
your eye, so not as much convergence was needed from the
lens in the eye.
8Kd(6)
1 They would be big enough to give a bright enough beam of
light.
2 to make them visible from further away
3 a It is lighter and so easier to put into the lighthouse. It is also
easier to rotate than a single lens would be.
b It could be more complicated to make, which might mean it
costs more.
4 The sharp edges within the lens will cause distortion/they may
not give clear pictures.
5 a It helps them to see an area behind the car that is normally
not visible, so they can make sure that they do not reverse
into anything.
b It is thin, so it does not stick out and it is easier to mount.
c The quality of the view does not matter so much as long as
the driver can see a car or other obstacle behind.
6 The lens shown magnifies a larger area than the magnifying
glass. Being made of plastic, it is less likely to get broken, and is
lighter.
8Kd(7)
1 a when light is reflected inside a piece of glass or other
transparent material
b optical fibres, prisms used in binoculars, telescopes (and
cameras)
2 Refraction is the changing in direction of light, reflection is when
light rays bounce off a surface.
3 a lighter and easier to carry
b It doesnt make much difference if the image of a star or a
planet is upside down.
4 speeding or jumping traffic lights; photographs taken by scene
5 Optical fibres can bend to fit inside various tubes in the bodies.
Periscopes are rigid.
6 a The angles at which the light is hitting the inside of the glass
are less than the critical angle, so total internal reflection
would not occur.
b The image in the viewfinder would be upside down.
c They would take up more space inside the camera, and the
arrangement shown would not turn the light through 90,
which is needed in the camera.
Pearson Education Limited 2008
8Ke Making rainbows
Pupils Book pages 156157
1 red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
2 Water droplets in the air refract sunlight.
3 He made the colours back into white light with a second prism.
If the prism had been adding colours, then the light coming out
of the second prism would still have all the separate colours.
4 You need a blue filter. This will transmit blue light but absorb all
the other colours.
5 a It only reflects the blue part of the spectrum. All the other
colours are absorbed.
b They absorb all colours and do not reflect any colours.
6 a Xs top, shorts and socks will look black. Ys top, shorts and
socks will look blue.
b Xs top only reflects red light, and there is no red light shining
on it so it does not reflect any light and looks black. His shorts
and socks are black, so they absorb all colours of light.
Ys top is blue, so it reflects the blue light from the spotlight.
His shorts and socks are white. White things reflect all colours,
so they reflect the blue light shining on them and look blue.
7 a shirt and jacket red; trousers green
b shirt and trousers green; jacket black
c shirt blue; jacket and trousers black
Pupils Book pages 158159
1 The cones cannot detect dim light, only the rods. The rods do
not detect colours.
2 a yellow
b cyan
3 a It only needs to reproduce the amounts of light in these three
colours, as those are the colours that the cones in our eyes
detect.
b all of them.
4 The photo was taken using infrared, which our eyes cannot see,
so the different shades of infrared have been given colours that
we can see.
5 Satellite photos can help aid agencies and governments find out
where damage has been caused and so where to send help.
Photos like this are particularly useful in remote areas where there
may be no road access, or when the roads have been damaged.
Pupils Book pages 160
1 Suggestions could include:
a CCTV cameras to deter crime or to spot criminals after a crime
has occurred; cameras on the road to deter/detect motorists
of crime officers to record evidence
b Photographs of stars taken through telescopes allow
astronomers to detect fainter objects than could be seen with
the naked eye looking through the telescope; photographs
taken through microscopes allow recording of images much
more quickly than when people had to make accurate
drawings; time lapse and slow motion films allow scientists to
study things that move very slowly or very fast; cameras/film
can detect colours of light that we cannot see, such as in
flowers.
c photos of celebrities in magazines; cinema films; TV
programmes
d photos in newspapers/magazines or on TV news broadcasts;
photos in scientific journals informing of new discoveries;
photos on the internet for similar purposes
2 a A photograph is good evidence for the existence of
something/if a photograph shows something, then it must be
true.
Exploring Science edition 383
8L Answers
 b Sometimes. Today it is very easy to change photographs using 2 a Y
special software, and if it is done well it can be very difficult b red at top right, violet at bottom right
to tell that the photo has been changed. This could limit the 3 a red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
use of some forms of photograph as evidence in court, for b orange
example.
8Ke(9)
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack 1 any sensible answer such as using a prism
8Ke(1) 2 spectra
1 a spectrum coloured in correctly 3 an instrument used for viewing spectra
b white light, prism, spectrum 4 Fraunhofer, in 1814
2 light on left coloured with the colours of the spectrum in the 5 A continuous spectrum has colours that merge with each other.
correct order; filter and transmitted light coloured yellow A line spectrum shows individual lines.
3 a cap coloured red and trousers green 6 yellow street lights and neon lights
b cap and shirt coloured red, trousers black 7 the Sun and a lit light bulb
8 a mostly hydrogen and helium
8Ke(2) b because of the pattern of lines in its spectrum
1 a rods coloured grey 9 by the pattern of lines in their spectra
b detect low levels of light
c cones coloured red
d 3
e red, green, blue 8L Sound and
hearing
2 a diagram coloured as diagram B in Pupils Book
b colours labelled correctly
c red, green and blue underlined
3 a red, green, blue 8La Sound and hearing
b all the other colours can be made from different combinations
of these three colours Pupils Book page 161
1 They conducted experiments which showed that the bats could
8Ke(3) find their way around in total darkness and when their eyes
Possible questions for the answers provided are: had been removed or covered. However, when their ears were
1 Why do shadows form? covered, the bats could no longer navigate, proving that it was
2 How can we see objects that do not make their own light. their ears they used to find their way around.
3 Which colours absorb the most light? 2 a Jurine concluded that bats used their ears to navigate.
4 How big is the angle of reflection when light bounces off a b The bats could find their way around only when their ears
mirror? were not blocked.
5 What is refraction? 3 From a scientific point of view, Spallanzanis work was essential
6 How fast does light travel? in terms of the development of ultrasound. From an ethical
7 What is a normal? perspective, it may be that pupils state that it is wrong to harm
8 Why cant we see images in rough surfaces? bats by removing their eyes. It is now against the law to harm
9 When does light bend towards the normal? bats in the UK.
10 What do cameras have that focus light to give a sharp image? 4 Giraffes may communicate about where they are, where predators
are or where resources such as food and water may be found.
8Ke(6)
1 The rainbow is 42 above the point opposite the Sun. When the Pupils Book 162163
Sun is high in the sky this point will be in a downwards direction 1 Accept any four animals that make sounds.
and a rainbow may not form at all. When the Sun is low in the 2 Vibrations are the backwards and forwards motion of an object.
sky (in the morning or evening), this point is fairly near the 3 a Accept any three things that vibrate to produce a sound. From
horizon, and so a rainbow might be quite high in the sky. the text, examples could be guitar strings, vocal cords and a
2 Light rays are reflected back from the Sun, and would appear to crickets wings.
an observer to be coming from inside the rainbow. b In each case pupils should describe the pitch and intensity,
using the words high and low for pitch and loud and soft for
8Ke(7) intensity.
Across: 2 white light 4 filter 5 prism 8 refraction 9 dispersion 4 Sounds produced by the vibrations of the vocal cords leave the
11 plane 12 lens 13 interface 14 sources mouth and cause the air to vibrate and sound waves to travel to
Down: 1 reflection 3 normal 6 shadows 7 incidence 10 spectrum the ear.
5 520 cps fastest, then 440 cps, then 435 cps
6 a the smallest bell
8Ke(8)
b pupil explanation based on observation or experience,
1
c the smallest bell
d the greater the pitch, the faster the vibrations are occuring
A B
B CC 7 a The number of complete vibrations/backwards and forwards
glass
glass movements of a vibrating object in one second.
block
block
b 880 cps.
D E 8 No, it is a measure of how many times the object vibrates each
shiny
metal
metal F second. The speed of sound is independent of the number
block
block
of cycles per second and is about 343 m/s in air at room
temperature.
rough
wooden block

384 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8L
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack 8Lb Music to your ears
8La (1)
1 a soft b low c vibrating d sound waves e intensity f pitch Pupils Book pages 164165
2 vibrating tuning fork prongs, guitar string is plucked, 1 a a microphone
person talking vocal cords b If a microphone is attached to an oscilloscope, you can see a
representation of the sound wave that the animal produces. By
looking at the wave (or trace) on the oscilloscope screen,
8La (2)
scientists can analyse the sound waves and work out the
A up, B lower, C highest, D lowest, E highest, F lower
intensity and pitch of the sound.
the longer the thing that is vibrating, the lower the pitch
2 a a wave of high amplitude and short wavelength
b a wave of small amplitude and long wavelength
8La(5)
3 The wave will have a constant wavelength but will increase in
Match dominoes based on correct scientific connections between
amplitude, i.e. get bigger.
the words being used to play the game.
4 a persons ability to recognise the pitch of a note by simply
listening to it.
8La(6)
5 because they can analyse sounds accurately by using electronic
V S equipment
I N T E N S I T Y 6 using a microphone to collect the sounds and then record it
B R onto a computer for later analysis
P A R T I C L E S 7 a lion tuba or double bass
I A N O O b bird piccolo, violin or clarinet
T T G W L c elephant tuba or double bass
d hyena violin
C I S H I G H
H N E D
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
G W A V E S
8Lb(1)
R
1 a amplitude b loud c microphone d Hertz e wavelength
2 amplitude and wavelength correctly labelled
8La(7)
3 longest wavelength is wave A, then wave C, then wave B
1 all sounds on diagram placed
2 Loud sounds could include: airplane, elephant, ambulance siren,
8Lb(2)
busker playing flute, whistle being blown to start a race.
The possible artwork and textbox matches are: A7, B3, C2, D1, E6,
High-pitched sounds could include bats, whistle, flute, birds
F4, G8.
tweeting in tree.
Low-pitched sounds could include elephant, MP3 player, etc.
8Lb(3)
Things that vibrate could include vocal cords, pea in whistle, air
1 Answer should mention vibrates or vibrations.
in flute.
2 for example, piccolo, violin, flute, harmonica
3 Humans might find it hard to hear the people whispering, the
3 a low frequency
music from somebodys MP3 player and the bats.
4 the number of waves produced by the source each second
4 Anna is correct. Millies statement should read the whistle has a
5 It will affect its loudness or intensity.
higher sound than the flute because the whistle completes more
6 Hertz
cycles per second. The higher the sound, the greater the number
7 a A and D b C c A d A e B
of cycles per second.
5 Pupils own suggestions of two other sounds, correctly
8Lb(4)
compared in terms of pitch, intensity and cycles/vibrations per
1 High-pitched sounds are produced by objects that vibrate with a
second.
high frequency. Low-pitched sounds are produced by objects that
6 More aeroplanes would mean more noise for people living near
vibrate with a low frequency. Examples of high-pitched sounds
airports.
are those produced by a piccolo or a squeaking mouse. Examples
of low-pitched sounds include thunder and the double bass.
8La(8)
2 a 256 Hz and 1034 Hz
1 a 4 cycles per second
b 880 Hz and 220 Hz respectively
b 220, 224, 228, 232
3 a any two instruments with overlapping frequencies
c The modern scale goes up in far bigger steps.
b bass voice and soprano voice, piccolo or flute
2 The flash from the stroboscope illuminates the prongs of the
c the harp
tuning fork so that you can see them frozen for an instant. You
d any choice of three instruments with frequency ranges estimated
adjust the stroboscope until the tuning fork prongs appear to
4 a two octaves
be frozen in an upright position and dont appear to move.
b 15 notes
They pass through this point twice in every cycle so the cycles
c air (and wood)
per second of the tuning fork (and so its frequency) is equal to
5 a strings
half the number of flashes per second that the stroboscope is
b 512 64 = 448 Hz
making.
c The sitars range is less than that of the guitar.
3 Electronic devices are easier to carry around, and less likely to be
damaged (which can alter the pitch of a tuning fork).
8Lb(5)
4 They have tuned to the oboe which may not be tuned exactly
1 a how high or low a sound is
to 440 Hz. (Some orchestras dont use 440 Hz as concert A
b how many complete vibrations are produced by a vibrating
anyway.)
object in one second
2 a pipe organ b midi system (or pipe organ) c midi system (or
pipe organ) d a mixture of instruments are used in recordings
3 a cat, dog, bat b 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz c bat d human e bat

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 385

8L Answers
 f cat, dog, robin, bat g Animals can hear all the frequencies of
sounds that they make and also the sounds of other animals
that might be a danger to them.
8Lb(6)
1 detects sound waves
2 a so that each one detects one instrument which can then be
analysed and changed separately
b two sinusoidal waves shown and labelled correctly
3 A high note is a note with a high pitch. High notes are shown as
sound waves with a high frequency, i.e. many cycles per second/
a short wavelength. Accept appropriate diagram drawn with
note having a high pitch.
4 a 12 Hz is a frequency below the lower limit of human hearing,
which is 20 Hz. Sounds below 20 Hz are too low to hear and
are referred to as infrasound.
b It means the source that produced it vibrates 12 times each
second.
5 Diagram of trace showing one complete wavelength only.
6 Jojos bass note has a small amplitude and long wavelength;
Jons saxophone note has a large amplitude and a short
wavelength.
7 Notes placed in order from quietest to loudest, e.g. giraffe, Jojos
bass note; then finally Johns saxophone note.
8 because the sound is low enough and the frequency of vibration
of the cone is low enough for it to be seen vibrating backwards
and forwards
9 The trace should be shown, with wavelength shown as one
twelfth of a second, as it is a single cycle. The amplitude can be
quite high, despite it not being possible to hear these sounds,
they can be detected by microphones and converted to electrical
signals that can be displayed on an oscilloscope.
8Lb(7)
1 timeline accurately drawn, ranging from Aristotle to Griffin and
Pierce
2 The accuracy of the equipment he used was not as good as it
could have been.
3 Spallanzanis and Jurines work with bats; Griffins and Pierces
work on ultrasound and bats
4 sharing ideas, saving time, sharing resources, etc.
5 Jurine reviewed Spallanzanis work and then this led to an
improvement in the understanding of bats using their ears to
see. Cuviers review of their work was incorrect and set the
process back many years. Griffin and Pierce used the work
of Spallanzani and Jurine, which enabled them to record the
ultrasound noises made by bats.
6 that sound could not travel through empty space
7 because the scientific community would not believe them,
probably due to a lack of hard evidence and the fact that
Cuviers reputation was so great that they chose to believe him
and not them
8 Both demonstrated that sound needs something to vibrate if it is
to travel from one place to another.
8Lb(8)
1 a group of musicians who play together
2 The prongs of the tuning fork make 440 complete vibrations in
one second. That is, the frequency of vibration is 440 Hz.
3 So that the instruments are playing the correct notes as written
by the composer. Failure to do this would lead to the wrong
notes being played and an incorrect reproduction of the
intended music.
4 The oboe always plays this note the same.
5 a stringed instruments, woodwind, brass, percussion
b stringed instruments strings; woodwind air or reed; brass
air; percussion drum skin or membrane
c percussion
386 Exploring Science edition
6 a Pupils own responses (e.g. tuba, bassoon, double bass).
b All the instruments produce low frequency waves.
7 a French concert pitch in 1859.
b The audiences favourite concert pitch in 1859.
c The concert pitch used by Mozart and Handel.
d The London Philharmonic Orchestra concert pitch in 1896.
e Concert pitch today.
8 440 Hz
9 Pupils own responses (e.g. No, because they used science to
work it out. Yes, because they were only trying to change it
because existing pitch had been set by the French!).
8Lc Sound versus light
Pupils Book pages 166167
1 a light b light c sound, light if the solid is transparent
d both light and sound
2 No, light speeds up when it moves from a more dense (such as
glass) to a less dense medium (such as air).
3 No, sound can travel through liquids so sounds can be heard
underwater.
4 because sound waves travel faster through solids (metals) than
they do through air
5 time through air = distance / speed
= 3000 m/343 m/s
= 875 seconds
time along rails = distance/speed
= 3000 m/5100 m/s
= 0.59 seconds
difference = 875 s 0.59 s
= 874.41 seconds
6 light optical fibres, flashes of light, light signals, bonfires,
mobile phones
sound talking, speaking tubes
7 a most likely to be via sound (talking) due to close proximity
and convenience
b most likely to be light due to its speed and the fact that light
can carry information over long distances, very quickly without
an appreciable drop in quality or intensity
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Lc(1)
Statements placed in appropriate part of Venn diagram. The
statements that apply to sound only are: travels fastest in a solid;
travels at 330 m/s; is detected by a microphone. For light only: can
travel through a vacuum; used by fireflies to communicate. For both
sound and light: a form of energy; can travel through water.
8Lc(2)
Method: I will knock the pieces of wood together. I will use the
stethoscope to listen to the sound. I will record how well I can hear
the sound travelling through different materials. Sound travels at
different speeds through solids, liquids and gases.
Results: I could hear the sound best through the solids. I could
hear least well through the gases. This tells me that sound travels
quickest through solids and slowest through gases. Sound travels
through a liquid faster than through air but slower than through a
solid.
8Lc(4)
1 a steel and aluminium b carbon dioxide and oxygen c steel
d 495 m/s
2 A yes B yes C no
3 steel
Pearson Education Limited 2008
Answers 8L
 8Lc(5) 2 A dog whistle has a frequency that is greater than 20 000 Hz,
which is the upper limit of human hearing, but less than
Sound Light Sound or Light 50 000 Hz, which is the dogs upper limit of hearing. So, dogs
caused by fastest speed can travel through will be able to hear the whistle but humans will not.
something vibrating possible glass 3 The sounds made by bats are too high they are above the
given out by crickets given out by fireflies a form of energy upper limit of human hearing. In order for humans to hear these
needs a medium to can travel through a can be used for sounds, they must be detected by a bat box device and then
travel through vacuum communicating converted to a lower pitch, within the 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz range
detected by the ear detected by the eye can travel through a of human hearing.
liquid 4 Sound energy is converted to electrical energy.
fastest in a solid slowest in a solid 5 a ear drum b auditory nerve c bones/ossicles/hammer, anvil
used by bats to and stirrup
navigate 6
kinetic kinetic electrical
sound
energy (in energy (in energy
8Lc(6) energy vibrating middle ear (in
1 solids (in air)
liquids gases ear drum) bones) cochlea)
particles very close particles close particles very far
together together apart 7 exposure to loud sounds, ear infections, wax and exposure to
particles held particles able to Particles can sounds over a long period of time that leads to nerve or bone
together by strong move about move easily in all damage
bonds directions. 8 a P It could detect the presence of predators or prey from
Sound vibrations Sound vibrations Sound vibrations further away. M Distances from further away could interfere
move very quickly move more slowly slower than in with sounds closer, meaning more noise. I It would be
through material. than in solids. solids and liquids. interesting to see how the mouses improved hearing would
easy for vibrations not as easy for Vibrations travel affect its population.
to be passed on particles to bump more slowly than b P We would be able to hear signals made by bats and
into each other they do in solids dolphins without a need for expensive equipment.
compared with solids and liquids.
M There are many high-pitched sounds that we would hear
so vibrations not as
easily passed on continuously as noise. I It would be interesting to see how
high-pitched sounds affected the behaviour of other animals.
9 A pinard works by funnelling sound from inside a patient so that
2 Vibrating particles pass energy on. sounds inside the body can be clearly heard.
3 moving rapidly backwards and forwards or side to side
4 a gas b solid Pupils Book pages 170171
5 The particles are close together and can pass the energy/ 1 The dolphins could still find their way around once their eyes
vibrations on more quickly than in a liquid or gas. had been covered.
6 There are no particles in a vacuum to pass energy on. 2 nasal sacs
7 rock, water, air, and space not at all 3 They both travel as waves, both can be reflected, both can travel
8 Steel is denser than wood, so the particles are closer together through (transparent) liquids.
and so can pass the vibrations on more easily. 4 a to focus the sound waves
b because reflected sound signals or echoes are used to find
8Lc(7) out, or locate, where something is
1 a by bioluminescence b to warn off predators and attract a 5 sound waves that have a frequency above 20 000 Hz the
mate upper limit of human hearing
2 poisonous chemicals 6 a Hertz the unit of frequency
3 The intensity and frequency (rate) of the flashes would be lower. b 150 kHz is 150,000 Hz. 20 MHz is 20 000 000 Hz.
4 a They rub their wings together. 7 a that dolphins can find fish that are buried in sand without
(4) b to warn off intruders and to inform females that they are being able to see them
present b that dolphins can only emit sound waves with frequencies of up
5 T = 50 + (8840)/4, which is 62 degrees Fahrenheit to 150 kHz whereas ultrasound machines can use waves of
6 a 3374 m/s b 3434 m/s c 353 m/s up to 20 MHz
7 It is the speed of sound in air at a temperature of 0 C. 8 If dolphins can see inside a sharks stomach, then they know if
8 The particles are moving faster and so more likely to bump into the shark will be hungry or not, based on whether the stomach is
each other and pass their vibrations on. empty or full. Sharks eat dolphins, so if the reflected sound
9 The cricket. The speed of sound would be affected but not the waves indicate that the stomach is empty, then the dolphins
speed of light. need to swim away.
10 P Light is quicker and can travel further without a significant 9 a Dolphins can use ultrasound to find objects in murky water
loss of energy. M It is not as convenient as talking when you or objects that are buried in mud. These objects would not be
are near somebody. I It would be interesting how far you easily seen by humans.
would have to go away from someone before using light to b Arguments could be: yes, if it helps to save lives, no if it
communicate as opposed to sound. Other answers equally valid. causes injury or death to the dolphins.

8Ld Ear Ear Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack

Pupils Book pages 168169
1 a Animals could include bats, dolphins, dogs, elephants, mice,
whales, etc.
b The range of frequencies they can hear is very different from
the range of human hearing which is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
8Ld(1)
Across: 1 cochlea 3 ear drum 6 nerve 9 antibiotics
Down: 2 ear bones 4 air 5 older 7 wax 8 loud 10 impulses

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 387

8L Answers
8Ld(2) 8Ld(7)
Answers are: 1 The doctor put an ear to the patients chest or back.
1 low, kill, high, navigate, fish, sharks, reflected, empty, 2 Fat or clothes slowed the vibrations down.
communicate, dolphins 3 Dr Thophile Lannec
2 a to navigate or to find fish 4 a Fainter sounds can be heard if both ears are used.
b It may want to eat it or escape from it. b to prevent other sounds interfering
c ultrasound waves travel faster and further in water than in air c to prevent the spread of infection
3 Scientist Theory Experiment Conclusion 5 for listening to different-pitched sounds
6 a closed bell b open bell
Jacques Dolphins Turned boat Porpoises
Cousteau use sounds off course can see in 7 able to see moving real time images of the heart
to see their to see if very murky 8 It is transmitted by a piezoelectric transducer, reflected when
surroundings. porpoises conditions. there is a change in density and then detected again. The waves
followed. are then fed to a screen where a moving image of the object in
Kenneth Dolphins Scientist Dolphins question can be seen.
Norris use sounds placed suction can navigate 9 to ensure that ultrasound waves can enter the body, as the
to see their cups over without using difference in density between air and skin can result in all of the
surroundings. the eyes of their eyes. ultrasound being reflected
dolphins.
Liz Hawkins Dolphins use Listen to Dolphins have
sounds to and record 186 different
8Le Uses and abuses
communicate. sounds. types of Pupils Book pages 172173
whistles. 1 a ultrasound scans and metal flaw detection
b echoes and reverberations
Note that some pupils may have described the work of the team
2 Sound insulators and heat insulators both work by not allowing
from St Andrews in the last row, and this would also be correct.
vibrations to pass from particle to particle. They will often be
made of materials that contain air or other insulating materials.
8Ld(3)
They are different in that the types of energy that they insulate
1 Something vibrates to produce a sound. Sound travels through
from are not the same one stops the transmission of thermal
air to the ear. When the vibrations reach the eardrum they are
energy, the other absorbs sound energy.
transferred to the small bones called the hammer, anvil and
3 a Human, dog, sperm whale can all be noisy.
stirrup. The bones pass the vibrations to the cochlea. This contains
b Humans and dogs can make sounds loud enough to damage
sense cells which change the vibrations to electrical signals
hearing (over 90 dB), especially if you are exposed to these
called impulses. The auditory nerve takes the impulses to the
sounds over a long period of time.
brain. We hear the sound when the message reaches the brain.
4 Loud environments, pneumatic drills, aircraft, building sites, etc.
2 a sound to electrical b loss of hearing c a course of antibiotics
5 The threshold of hearing is the quietest sound we can hear. We
d temporary deafness e It prevents the vibrations reaching the
call this 0 dB.
ear drum. f a machine which shows sound waves on a screen.
6 There are two panes of glass of different thickness which reflect
g an instrument for listening to sounds in the body
and absorb sounds and an air gap which also absorbs sounds.
h It amplifies hearing.
The glass is made from sound insulating material.
3 a audiologist, doctor, sound engineer, architect, musician, etc.
7 Spend the day in nests or dens, which have natural
b builder, road worker, factory worker, air traffic controller,
soundproofing. Nests may be lined with materials like
sound engineer, etc.
moss, which dampen sound. Some nocturnal animals live
c All of them may need ear protection.
underground where the soil dampens the sounds from the
surroundings.
8Ld(4) 8 a P there would be less noise escaping from noisy
1 Arrows top from left: BF, EG, DG households. M it would be expensive to do. I What
Arrows bottom from left: CF, AG materials are used to soundproof buildings?
2 from left to right: a outer ear, b ear canal, c ear drum, d cochlea, b P Your submarines would not be able to be detected by
e ear bones, f auditory nerve enemy boats. M Dolphins, bats and sonar-using vehicles
would not be able to navigate. I Scientists are working on
8Ld(5) materials to cover submarines to stop them reflecting sounds.
1 sound energy, electrical energy, sound energy, electrical energy 9 Opinions might include that it is good as a deterrent, but that it
2 damage due to loud noise is bad if human rights are violated or if it could lead to hearing
3 a 3000 Hz damage or discomfort. Other ethical issues may also arise.
b 16 000 Hz
4 As loudness increases, damage to hearing also increases. Pupils Book page 174
5 Ear bones can be damaged, ear drum can burst and nerves in 1 Drawing of a ship showing sound waves coming from the
cochlea can be damaged. transmitter underneath a ship, going through the sea and
6 infection, blocked ears reflecting off the seabed back to the ship, where they are
7 Use ear protectors, avoid exposure to loud noises or noise for detected. Additional credit should be given for drawings that
prolonged periods of time. show sound waves as a series of arcs, spreading from the
8 after 90 dB transmitter and the sea bed.
9 blocked ears, perforated ear drum, damaged ear bones, 2 a It produces sound waves with frequencies between 21 000Hz
damaged cochlea and 25 000Hz.
b It may scare away animals that are useful in the garden, such
8Ld(6) as birds.
suggestions as to whether hearing ailment is temporary or
permanent based on knowledge of ear structure and clues given
in text

388 Exploring Science edition Pearson Education Limited 2008

Answers 8L
3 Sound waves can have a high frequency. The higher the
frequency, the most sound energy that the waves transfer. The
greater the energy transferred by the device in a short period of
time, the more damage it can cause.
Differentiated Classwork and Homework Activity Pack
8Le(1)
1 a echo b soundproofing c sound intensity meter d decibels
e quietest f hearing g 180 dB
2 moving up the scale: mouse squeaking, bird tweeting, lion
roaring, elephant bellowing
3 man on building site ear protectors, animals in zoo
soundproofed cage, person near plane taking off double
glazing
8Le(4)
going up: wrist watch ticking, whispering, household, birdsong,
cars and lorries, drill, live music, aeroplane
true
8Le(5)
1 debating question based on student opinion
2 ethical issues relating to harm, choice, human rights, whether
technology should be utilised for military use, etc.
3 a examples of how they benefit humans b examples of how
they can be (or potentially be) harmful to humans
5 110 dB
6 a i 12% ii 67%
c i They are more likely to suffer from hearing loss if they work
there longer.
ii Noisier factories produce more hearing loss.
7 The quietest sound that can be heard.
8Le(9)
1 A bar chart makes it easier to see any patterns in the results.
2 examples of things that are vibrating in each case, e.g. vocal
cords, rock, ultrasound transmitter
3 examples of communication taking place
4 sonar, dolphin seeing inside sharks stomach, divers checking for
cracks in pipes
5 sound reflected off surface of water (water has a higher density
than air)
6 a divers checking for cracks, dolphins checking sharks stomach,
sonar from submarine.
b dolphins stunning fish
7 a in solids (rock, metal) b in air (on land above the water)
8 Sea water is more dense than fresh water.
9 might slow it down or cause it to change direction
10 a metal or rock particles are very close together
b air particles are very far apart
11 opinion

8Le(6)
1 a E (ear muffs with head band) because they cause most noise
reduction
b B (greased cotton wool plug), C (polystyrene ear plug)
c A (cotton wool ear plug), B (greased cotton wool plug)
d C (polystyrene ear plug), D (ear muffs attached to helmet),
E (ear muffs with head band)
e A (cotton wool ear plug)
f A (cotton wool ear plug), B (greased cotton wool plug), C
(polystyrene ear plug). Dirty hands might cause an ear
infection.
2 all of them
3 all of them
4 head is protected from falling objects

8Le(7)
1 a noise
b absorbed
c echo
d sound proofing
2 labels from top: sound source, wave approaching glass, glass,
transmitted wave, reflected wave, ear
3 a transmitted added to pie chart, bar drawn in on bar chart up
to 55 and labeled absorbed.
b Sound stopper (Noise reducer transmits 25 % or a quarter
of the sound, and the pie chart shows that Sound stopper
transmits more than a quarter.)
c Sound stopper (It reflects a quarter of the sound, and the bar
chart shows that Noise reducer reflects less than 25 %.)
d Noise reducer because it transmits the least sound energy
through it.
e Yes, because Sound stopper reflects more sound energy.
f Yes they could both be made to transmit less sound through
them.
g to make it easier to compare the materials

8Le(8)
1 explosion, thunderclap
2 above 140 dB
3 a 90 dB b 130 dB
4 60 dB

Pearson Education Limited 2008 Exploring Science edition 389