Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1595/147106704X5717
By David T. Thompson
Newlands, The Village, Whitchurch Hill, Reading RG8 7PN, U.K.; E-mail: DTThompson@aol.com
The recent surge of new interest in catalysis by gold (13) has led researchers to investigate
the effects of adding other metals to the gold. As a result, there are a number of reactions with
potential for industrial application where combinations of gold with a platinum group metal
(pgm) have been shown to have advantages over either gold or the pgm alone. These findings
are expected to lead to applications in chemical processing, pollution control and fuel cell
applications. Here, a number of catalytic processes that have benefited from the synergy
between a pgm and gold are described, and some interesting reports from recent conferences
are highlighted.
One of the major uses of gold/platinum group and use fixed bed processes (5). However, the first
metals catalysis is for vinyl acetate monomer fluidised bed process for VAM has now been com-
(VAM) production. It is interesting to reflect that missioned by BP, for a new plant in Hull, U.K. (5).
VAM has been produced industrially for some The fluidised bed process has been developed by
time from acetic acid, ethene and oxygen using pal- BP Chemicals as a more cost effective route, and
ladium-gold (Pd-Au) catalysts in fixed bed allows process simplification and intensification.
processes. The reaction proceeds with selectivities Compared with the two reactors usually needed in
as high as 95% (4): the fixed bed process, the fluidised process
requires only a single reactor. A new catalyst was
C2H4 + CH3COOH + O2 C2H3OOCCH3 + H2O
required for the fluidised operation, and the VAM
Work at DuPont by Provine et al. (4) utilising catalyst that was selected is a Au/Pd mix devel-
Pd-Au silica-supported catalysts promoted with oped in collaboration with Johnson Matthey in the
potassium acetate showed that the addition of gold form of spheres so fine that they almost appear to
to palladium can significantly improve the rate of flow as a liquid. Thus, a Au/pgm catalyst is finding
production for VAM, see Table I. Around 80% of use on an industrial scale in this process.
VAM plants worldwide are more than 20 years old
Hydrogen Peroxide Production
About 1.9 106 tonnes of the oxidising agent
Table I hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are manufactured each
year a very large market (6). There is a need for
Yields of Vinyl Acetate Monomer as Reported
by DuPont (4) the hydrogen peroxide to be synthesised where it is
to be used to avoid the heavy transport costs of
Catalyst Space time yield Selectivity, this hazardous material. It is currently only eco-
g/l-h % nomic to produce H2O2 on a large scale (46 104
Au/Pd/KOAc 764 93.6
tonnes/annum) using the sequential hydrogena-
Pd/KOAc 100 95.4 tion and oxidation of alkyl anthraquinone, but
Au/Pd 594 91.6 H2O2 is often required on a much smaller scale (6).
Pd 124 94.7 Both theoretical calculations (7) and experimental
results (6) have shown that the formation of H2O2
Fixed bed performance of Au/Pd/KOAc catalysts after 40 h on from hydrogen and oxygen is favoured over gold
stream. Test conditions: 165C, 115 psig, with feed consisting of
ethene, acetic acid, oxygen and nitrogen catalysts. Hutchings et al. (6) have shown that H2O2
a
Rate of H2O2 formation averaged over 30 min experiments
can be formed at a high rate using a supported gold Au/Pd/Al2O3 catalyst had a higher activity than
catalyst at 275 K, with selectivity for H2O2 over a Pd/Al2O3 and the bimetallic catalyst was more
Au/Al2O3 catalyst of 53%. This supported Au cat- resistant to sulfur poisoning.
alyst produced more H2O2 than the supported Pd Mixed metal Au/Pt catalysts were reported by
catalyst used to-date in industry. However, more Amiridis, Chandler et al. (University of South
interestingly, a supported Au/Pd (1:1 by wt.) cata- Carolina, U.S.A.) at the North American Catalysis
lyst produces even more H2O2 than the pure Au Society Meeting in Cancun in 2003 (11, 12). Their
catalyst. This indicates there is a synergistic effect catalysts were prepared using polyamidoamine
with Pd acting as a promoter for the Au catalyst, (PAMAM) dendrimers. Using these as nanoparti-
see Table II. Furthermore, they showed that the cle templates and stabilisers, the stabilised
metal nanoparticles are in fact Au-Pd alloys. nanoparticles were then adsorbed onto oxide sup-
ports (such as SiO2 or TiO2) and thermally
Further Synergistic PGM-Au activated to give supported mixed-metal catalysts.
Reactions They were investigated for activity in CO oxida-
The addition of gold to palladium by simultane- tion, toluene hydrogenation, and the reduction of
ous deposition-precipitation on cerium oxide has NO by propene. Removal of the organic den-
been reported to increase the catalytic activity for drimer by heating at 300C under an oxygen
methanol decomposition to carbon monoxide and stream, followed by treatment at 300C under
hydrogen at 180C (8). No significant promotional flowing hydrogen gave intimately mixed Au/Pt
effect was observed by the addition of rhodium or catalysts with metal particle sizes of < 4 nm. The
iridium to palladium. resulting Au16Pt16/SiO2 catalyst has a light-off tem-
Venezia and colleagues (ISMN-CNR, Palermo, perature of ~ 30C, whereas the equivalent Au32
Italy) have found that bimetallic Au/Pd/SiO2 cat- catalyst lights off at ~ 130C and the equivalent
alysts with a range of Au:Pd ratios are Pt32 catalyst at ~ 80C.
advantageous for the hydrodesulfurisation of
dibenzothiophene (9). The Au/Pd alloy particles Fuel Cells
are resistant to sulfur poisoning compared with a However, it is perhaps in the area of fuel cells
pure palladium catalyst. At 553 K, their 1:1 Au:Pd that the biggest potential for using Au/pgms cata-
catalyst produced the highest dibenzothiophene lysts may lie. C.-J. Zhong et al. (13) have prepared
conversion. Results consistent with these have Au/Pt/C nanoparticle electrocatalysts using a two-
been reported by Pawelec et al. (CSIC, Madrid, phase protocol and evaluated them for the oxygen
Spain) (10). They have found that, for the simulta- reduction reaction at the fuel cell cathode. Their
neous hydrogenation of naphthalene and toluene electrochemical results obtained to-date indicate
in the presence of dibenzothiophene, a that the bimetallic Au/Pt catalysts have significant-