Match the following individuals with their contributions to the field of epidemiology.

Answer 1
Hypothesized that disease might be associated with the
physical environment; distinguised between epidemic and
endemic
Answer 2
Credited with "modern epidemiology" methods and provided
the foundation for the classification of diseases (ICD system).

Answer 3
Used cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox after noting the
low rate of the latter among dairy maids.

Answer 4
The "Columbus" of biostatistics, he used mortality data to
show cause of death.

Answer 5
First to perform an experimental study to examine potential
preventive measures for scurvy among seafarers.

Developed a set of postulates for causation including the Answer 6

theory that micro-organisms must be observed in every case
of the disease, and must be able to be isolated and grown in
culture.
Answer 7
Early epidemiologists who used maps and case definitions to
examine a cholera outbreak in London.

Answer 8
Developed a set of criteria for assessing causation

Answer 9
Established the Epidemic Intelligence Service at the Centers
of Disese Control

Answer 10
Discovered the cure for pellagra

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What are the 3 main elements of descriptive epidemiology?

Select one or more:

a. Randomization
b. Determinants

c. Place

d. Person
e. Significance

f. Time
g. Distribution
h. Direction
i. Causation
j. Magnitude
k. Deterrents

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What are the 3 main elements of the definition of epidemiology?

Select one or more:

a. Randomization

b. Determinants
c. Place
d. Person
e. Significance
f. Time

g. Distribution
h. Direction
i. Causation
j. Magnitude

k. Deterrents

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Match the following measures of disease burden

Answer 1
Newly diagnosed cases

Answer 2
All cases of a disease, regardless of new or old diagnosis

Answer 3
All the cases of a disease at an exact date or time

Answer 4
All the cases of a disease within a time frame (eg. all cases
between March and May 2013)
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Match the following types of epidemological events to their description

Answer 1
A cluster of cases of disease due to a common agent found
in contaminated food
Answer 2
A higher than normal number of cases of a disease

Answer 3
A worldwide increase of the number of cases of disease

Answer 4
The normal level of disease in a population

Answer 5
A level of disease that varies by season or life changes

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The following are questions about the Black Death; please choose all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Use of quarantine of active cases helped prevent spread of disease.

b. Successful prevention measures included insecticides and repellants.

c. Example of a pandemic.

d. Responsible for a dramatic decrease of the population in Europe (millions dead).

e. Caused by flea bites from infected rats.

f. Was stopped by successful vaccination against Yersinia Pestis.

g. Caused by misquitoes and infected birds.

h. Occurred during the middle ages.

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What is the proportion of True Positives among all those who have the disease?

Select one:
a. Sensitivity

b. Specificity
c. Positive Predictive Value
d. Negative Predictive Value

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What is the proportion of True Positives among all those who test positive?

Select one:
a. Sensitivity
b. Specificity

c. Positive Predictive Value

d. Negative Predictive Value

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What is the proportion of True Negatives among all those who test negative?

Select one:
a. Sensitivity
b. Specificity
c. Positive Predictive Value

d. Negative Predictive Value

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What is the proportion of True Negatives among all those who do not have the disease?

Select one:
a. Sensitivity

b. Specificity
c. Positive Predictive Value
d. Negative Predictive Value

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A new blood test has been developed to identify if children have asthm~Of the 518 children that
were tested in a pediatric practice, 44 had asthma, but only 36 tested positive for it. Of the 474
children who did not have asthma, 18 had a mistakenly positive test result. What is the sensitivity of
the test?

Select one:
a. 0.67

b. 0.82
c. 0.98
d. 0.96

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A new blood test has been developed to identify if children have asthm~Of the 518 children that
were tested in a pediatric practice, 44 had asthma, but only 36 tested positive for it. Of the 474
children who did not have asthma, 18 had a mistakenly positive test result. What is the specificity of
the test?

Select one:
a. 0.67
b. 0.82
c. 0.98

d. 0.96

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A new blood test has been developed to identify if children have asthm~Of the 518 children that
were tested in a pediatric practice, 44 had asthma, but only 36 tested positive for it. Of the 474
children who did not have asthma, 18 had a mistakenly positive test result. What is the positive
predictive value of the test?

Select one:

a. 0.67
b. 0.82
c. 0.98
d. 0.96

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A new blood test has been developed to identify if children have asthm~Of the 518 children that
were tested in a pediatric practice, 44 had asthma, but only 36 tested positive for it. Of the 474
children who did not have asthma, 18 had a mistakenly positive test result. What is the negative
predictive value of the test?

Select one:
a. 0.67
b. 0.82

c. 0.98
d. 0.96

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A clinical trial for a new fertility treatment was provided to 250 women for a 10 year study
perio~Investigators were interested in noting when women became pregnant for the first time
(subsequent pregnancies were not an outcome of interest, only first pregnancies). Every 2 years,
they came in for a follow-up visit and were asked if they were pregnant (outcome). Project
coordinators also took note at these visits if any of the women had been loss-to-follow-up. Of the 250
women at the beginning of the study, 97 became pregnant by the first visit. During visits 2 and 3, an
additional 23 women became pregnant by each visit. Another 15 women became pregnant by the
4th visit, and a final 13 women became pregnant by the last visit. There were also 2 women lost to
follow-up at visit 1, 3 women LTFU in visit 2, 4 women LTFU in visit 3, and 16 women LTFU in visit
4. How many person-years are there in this study data?

Select one:
a. 1302
b. 1212

c. 1382
d. 1458

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A clinical trial for a new fertility treatment was provided to 250 women for a 10 year study period.
Investigators were interested in noting when women became pregnant for the first time (subsequent
pregnancies were not an outcome of interest, only first pregnancies). Every 2 years, they came in for
a follow-up visit and were asked if they were pregnant (outcome). Project coordinators also took note
at these visits if any of the women had been loss-to-follow-up. Of the 250 women at the beginning of
the study, 97 became pregnant by the first visit. During visits 2 and 3, an additional 23 women
became pregnant by each visit. Another 15 women became pregnant by the 4th visit, and a final 13
women became pregnant by the last visit. There were also 2 women lost to follow-up at visit 1, 3
women LTFU in visit 2, 4 women LTFU in visit 3, and 16 women LTFU in visit 4. What was the
incidence density of pregnancies for the study, in 100 person-years?

Select one:
a. 12
b. 15
c. 9

d. 33

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The average rate of annual maternal-infant deaths in the region was 137 per 10,000 and was
expected to remain steady every year. These figures were adjusted based on new age-distribution of
the population following an explosive birth rat~After the adjustment was put into place, the number of
maternal-infant deaths were observed to drop to 97. What is the SMR due to the new initiative that
was put into place?

Select one:
a. 1.41
b. 0.82
c. 0.29

d. 0.71

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What is "reliability" in a study? (choose all that apply)

Select one or more:

a. Degree to which different questions in a survey agree with one another when they are measuring
the same attribute/variable.
b. Degree to which different test givers or interviewers will rate the same person or test the same

way given proper training.

c. Can only be evaluated if a "Gold Standard" exists.

d. The ability of a test to get the same result over and over again.
e. The ability of the test to get the true value (the bull's eye).

f. It is also known as precision.

g. Also known as accuracy.
h. Two categories include "content" and "criterion-referenced"

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What is "validity" in a study? (choose all that apply)

Select one or more:

a. The ability of the test to get the true value (the bull's eye).
b. The ability of a test to get the same result over and over again.
c. Degree to which different questions in a survey agree with one another when they are measuring
the same attribute/variable.
d. It is also known as precision.

e. Two categories include "content" and "criterion-referenced"

f. Degree to which different test givers or interviewers will rate the same person or test the same
way given proper training.

g. Also known as accuracy.

h. Can only be evaluated if a "Gold Standard" exists.

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What are the characteristics of a good screening test? Please select all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Multi-platform - the test is available both online, in the field, via tele-medicine, by smartphone and
tablet.

b. It is simple - easy to learn and to perform.

c. Expensive - the test is expensive due to it's high benefit-to-cost ratio.

d. It is rapid - quick to administers and to results are provided rapidly.

e. Safe - there is no harm to the participant (within reason)

f. Acceptable - the test is socially acceptable for the target group.

g. Available - the test is readily available to every person who wishes to take it.