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International Journal of American Linguistics.
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POSTPOSITIONS AS VERBS IN KAWAIISU1
CURTISG. BOOTH
UNIVERSITY OF UTAH
motion toward (here glossed to). Their use I'm going to visit you.
is illustrated in (16) and (17). (19) nii tiyenda-va?a-duwa-kwe ;e-ka-di
(16) si?ina yaa-kWee-di=aka I store-at-toward-away-iR-IMPRF
he carry-away-IMPRF = it I went to the store.
neheka-pi-ta
basket-ABS-ACC
TABLE1
He is taking the basket.
(17) si?ina yaa-ki-di = aka Main Subordinate
he = it Clause Clause
carry-to-IMPRF
neheka-pi-ta Imperfective.............-di -ri -na =
basket-ABS-ACC Realizedimperfective .....-ka-di -kee-na =
He is bringing the basket. Unrealizedimperfective.. .-vaa-di -vaa-na =
In both (16) and (17), the inanimate distal erfect **..--p-ga-di -pi=
248 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF AMERICANLINGUISTICS VOL.45
postpositional phrase in (40) is. In all three object clitic on the verb, and the stress
cases, the postposition is formally marked pattern indicates that the whole thing is
like other kinds of subordinate verbs. I one word.
have no explanation for the fact that (41) ta?nipizi hii-bi-maga-ka-di= ni
subject clitics, which are mandatory on man money-ABS-give-R-IMPRF = me
subordinate verbs, do not appear on some The man gave me some money.
formally subordinate postpositions, but Such cases of object incorporation are rare,
since postpositions can function as verbs however, and so far as I can tell, occur only
in other kinds of constructions, the most with ditransitive verbs. So postpositions
general analysis of sentences such as (37), are not simply verbs with incorporated
(38), and (40) would be one in which the objects. Although object incorporation
postpositions in those sentences were also with verbs is allowed, it is never required.
surface verbs. Postpositions, on the other hand, must have
"incorporated objects"-they always form
5. I have shown that postpositions in one word with either their objects or pro-
Kawaiisucan function as verbs in both main nominal copies of their objects. Object
clauses and various types of subordinate incorporation with verbs never admits
clauses, and that, at least in many cases, such analogs of the pronoun-copy construction,
postpositions are surface verbs. This does which is common with postpositions.
not mean that postpositions are formally Nevertheless, an adequate theory of
indistinguishable from verbs, however. Kawaiisu grammar and, by implication, of
There are cases of object incorporation, grammar generally will have to come to
such as (41), where the object is made into grips with the fact that verbs and post-
one word with its verb. The object itself is positions share many surface syntactic
not marked accusative, there is no direct properties.