1

2008 - 2009


1.1 ............................................................ 2
1.1.1 ..................... 2
1.1.2 & ...................................................... 2
1.1.3 20 ..................................... 8
1.2 ...................................................................... 10
1.2.1
........................................................................................................ 10
1.2.2 ............................................................... 11
1.2.3 : ........ 18
1.3 ................................................................................ 26
1.3.1 ................................................... 26
1.3.2 ;
20 .............................................................................................................. 30
 1.1

1.1.1

( )
1 18 19 (
)

,
,

,
1952
(Kroeber & Kluckhohn) 164
,


2

1.1.2 &

16
( ) (, ,
).
, .
,

, ,

-2-
 ,
, ( )
(
)
Michel de Montaigne, 1580
,
,
=> ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
(
=> => )
=>
.
,
, ,
.
(Michel
de Montaigne)
Rousseau => ,

Mirabeau =>
=>

,



colere

-3-
 1 ..

Bacon Moore ()

18


(status) .
,

=> , , ,
=>
HERDER => ( :
)
,

.
, , .
.
.
(=>
)
Herder => Herder
, .

( )

.
=>

.

-4-
 Herder

=> , ,

(:
).
19 +
2 20
.
=> =>
=>
,
( , ,
, ) =>

(E.B. Tylor) =>
, ,
, , ,
, ,

,
,






Herder

-5-


=>
(
19 )





Herder, Carl von Linne

, ,
19




=>
, ,
. , ,
=>
. .

=> - >
->

VS ( )
Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer

, ,
,

-6-

,

,
,
SCHILLER (
) =>
:
, ,
,
.

.
,
.
=> , ,



,



(,
19 Lukacs, Marcuse)

.
,

.

-7-
 18 =>


19 =>

, .


(Arnold) =>

=> ,
.
19 1
,
(Adorno & Horkheimer)
Alfred Weber =>
(, , , )
(,
, ).
.

1.1.3 20

1950 1960, (
), =>
,
,



, =>

1
,

-8-


,
.


( Raymond
Williams)=> ,
,
, (
, T. S. Eliot)

. , , , ,

,

(, /
) ( / )
, ,
/ /
/

/

/

-9-
 1.2

1.2.1

()
=> =>
, , , , , ,



19 , 20
2
, ,
:
1) ,
, =>


2) , ,
(.. , )
3)

4) ,

- 10 -
1.2.2

=> 17
18

Alexis de Tocqueville ( )
o (
)
(
).

.
o
=> ,
, => , ,
,
.
o ,

2 =>
,

o => ,
,

.
. =>
=>
.

2
,

- 11 -
 Matthew Arnold ( )
o
.
o Arnold

,
.
o
:
- ,



(

)
Friedrich Nietzsche ( :
)
o

o =
o

Ortega y Gassot ( )
o
o ,

,
o ,


o

- 12 -
 o
.

T. S. Eliot
o

o ,
o =>
o ,
3
( )
o

F. R. Leavis
o
( Eliot)
o :
-
- ,

o =>

o =>
o =>

o Leavis
o Arnold

- 13 -


.



,

)

(

)

- 14 -


(Adorno, Horkheimer, Marcuse, Lowenthal)

,

1933 ( )
,
1946



,
, ,






,
=>
. ,
,
.

.
,

:
1) .
. ,
, ,

- 15 -

.
2)
,
.



3)
. .


,

( )
.
, ,

. , (
) .
4) ,


. .

. =>

.
5)
.
.

.

- 16 -
 6) =>
=> ( ,
). -
=>
, ,
.
HANNA ARENDT ( )
o

o

o

o =>
o ,

DWIGHT MACDONALD ( A theory of mass Culture)
o ,
,

o => ,
o =>



RONALD BARTHES
o 4
,
JEAN BAUDRILLIARD
o

o

4
,

- 17 -
 o ... ,
( )
/
o

o
,

/

/

/


5

1.2.3 :

1950 ,
(.:

- 18 -
 ).
)
- ( ,
),
( , ).
) ,
,
.
, / (
, )
:
.
.

, ,
,
,

( ).

EDWARD SHILS ( )
o

o
, ,
,

o :
,
.

- 19 -
 o :
, .
6
o :
.
, ,
,

o
o

o ,
...
o

o ,

...
o
, :
)

, ,
, )

.
,

, ) ,
, )

- 20 -

(, , , )

HERBERT J. GANS
o

o

o : , , ,
, ,

o ,
,

o =>
,

=> David Riesman, Daniel Bell

,


,
...

- 21 -


UMBERTO ECO ( )
o 1)
2)
, D. Bell & E. Shils
o Eco:
1) .
, ,
.
( ),
( ,
, ..)

2)
,
. =>

. Eco =>
,
.

3) /
, ()
. Eco =>


,


.

- 22 -
 4)
. Eco =>

,

? Eco



1970
o
Eco

(.. , , ..)
1980 1990
o



o : ,
Eco
7 (
)

,
.
HANS MAGNUS ENZENSBERGER,


,

- 23 -
 FREDERIC JAMESON,
(
)
STUART HALL
o
,

.

o (dominant),
,

o (oppositional),


o (negotiated),

.

, , ,

(Hall)
o ,


. ,

o
,
,
.
:
,
. 3

- 24 -
 (),
.
,
, . ,


o

(de Certeau, Fiske, Willis)
o ,
,
,
o

. , ,


o

.

o

- 25 -
 1.3

1.3.1

=>
,
=>


KARL MANNHEIM & PIERRE BOURDIEU (,
)
o

o ,
,



.

- 26 -

( status)
o .
, .
o =>
o =>

14

=>
.
8 18 =>
civilite,
.

. , ,
, ,
14 =>

, , , ,
, .


=>
=>

(grand gout)
=> , , =>

,

- 27 -


18
. =>
=> (


(grand manner) ,
Royal Academy of rts .
:
o ,
, , ,
o ,
,

o ,
,
o
, ,
,








.
(Hirt)

- 28 -


19 => ,
, .

:
o
,
.



,


o .
(
) ,
. .

o
,





,


. :
o

.

- 29 -
 ,
.

o 18


,
,
.
.
,
,

o =>
,
. =>
,
(
, , )
: 19


,
, , .

1.3.2 ;
20

20 ( ,
, , , )

- 30 -
 : Eliot, Leavis, Gasset
,



,


,

19 => ,
, .
().
Walter Benjamin
, ,
.

.

, , ...
,

Benjamin =>
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
Andre Malraux =>

.

- 31 -

.
,
.
, , .


=> 19 ,


. ,


Benjamin & Malraux
, ,
, .

19 Thomas Veblen
,

,
. . Veblen
.
,


.
,

2 Bourdieu:

- 32 -
 o
=> ,
, ,
,


o
=>





,

. 19

.
1980
:

,
,
.


19 =>
. ,

- 33 -


,

,
.
.

1870
.


20 ,
, , .
, , ,



,

,

,
,
,

,
,

- 34 -
 Pop Art (Andy Warhol) =>
, , design

=>

JAMESON FREDRIC =>

( )
KARL MANNHEIM =>

(
)

- 35 -