13.
8 Billion Years old- Age of the observable universe
4.54 billion years- age of solar system
Lucy- Australopithecus afarensis; first early human
Ancestor; 3.2 million years old
Genesis- described how God separated light from
darkness and created the universe in a span of
six days
Rigveda- Hindu text that describes the universe as an
oscillating universe in which a cosmic egg or
Brahmanda containing that whole universe
expands out of a single point
Bindu- single concentrated point in Rigveda
Primordial Universe- original state of cosmos was a
primordial mixture of all its ingredients which
existed in infinitesimally small fragments
Anaxagoras- proponent of Primordial Universe
Nous- mind: set the motion for the primordial
ingredients in primordial universe
Atomic Universe- universe is made up of indestructible,
eternal atoms
Leucippus and Democritus- proponents of Atomic
Universe
Stoic philosophers- believed that the universe was like a
body in which the sun and stars are the
most important part and everything is
interconnected
Rene Descartes- French Philosopher who outlined a
model of the universe heavily influenced by
Isaacs steady state theory
- Stated that the vacuum of the universe was
not empty but rather filled with matter
swirling in small vortices
Gravitational Effects- system of huge swirling
whirlpools of fine matter
Principia- book of Isaac Newton
Newton: Matter in the universe is uniformly distributed
and the universe is gravitationally balanced but
essentially unstable.
Albert Einstein- also believed that the universe is
neither contracting nor expanding but later
abandoned that conjecture when Edwin Hubble
proved that the universe is expanding in 1929
Cosmological Constant- counteract the dynamical
effects of gravity which would have been the
cause of the collapse of the universe
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation-
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson (1965)- discovered
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Big Bang Theory- states that the universe originated
from a singular, dense point
Oscillating Universe- Einsteins favored model that
followed his theory of relativity in a positive
curvature
- States that the universe will expand but will
stop at a certain point and contract,
resulting to big crunch and to another big
bang giving birth to another universe
Steady State Theory- universe expands but does not
change in density; matter was inserted to the
universe in order to maintain a constant density
Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and Herman Bondi-
proponents of steady state theory
Inflationary Model- incorporation of early period of
exponential cosmic inflation in order to
solve the horizon and flatness problems
of the standard big bang model
Alan Guth- proponent of Inflationary Model based on
big bang
Cyclic Model- variation of inflation that is model of
cosmic evolution according to which the
universe undergoes endless cycles of
expansion and cooling, each beginning
with a big bang and ending in a big
crunch
Paul Steindhart and Neil Turok- proponents of Cyclic
Model
Superstring Theory- an attempt to explain all of the
particles and fundamental forces of
nature in one theory by modelling them
as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric
strings
Chaotic Inflation Theory- sees the universe as only a
bubble that grew as a part of a multiverse
Andrei Linde- proponent of chaotic inflation
Hugh Everett III and Bryce DeWitt- popularized many
worlds in 60s and 70s
Georges Lamaitre- first known academic to propose
theory of the expansion of the universe which
he called as hypothesis of the primeval atom
Model- representation of an idea used to explain
Phenomena
Claudius Ptolemy- proponent of geocentric model
Geocentric model- Earth is the center of the solar
System
Nicholas Copernicus- proponent of heliocentric Subsystems- interacting parts of a system

Heliocentric model- sun is the center Silicosis- inhaling too much volcanic ash

Retrogade motion- strange motion caused by Earths
Motion
Angular Momentum- quantity of the rotation of a body
which is the product of its moment of inertia
and angular velocity
Geosphere- refers to the solid eath
Rocks- natural glass
Regolith- loose particles of rocks blanketing the surface
of the earth

Nebular Hypothesis- solar system began as a cloud of
dispersed interstellar gas called nebula
Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Samon Laplace- proponents
of Nebular Hypothesis
Orion Nebula- closest region of a massive star
formation on Earth
Planetisimal- a star passed by the sun creating huge
tides causing materials to be ejected
Hydrosphere- totality of Earths water
Cryosphere- permanently frozen parts
Atmosphere- mixture of gases that surround the planet
- 78% Nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon
Biosphere- includes all life forms, even organic matter
that has not yet decomposed
Osmosis- water absorption by plants

Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and Forest Ray

Moulton- proponents of Planetisimal

Tidal Theory- a huge tidal wave was created from the

suns collision with a star drawing out a filament

James Hopwood Jeans and Harold Jeffreys- proponents

of tidal theory

Protoplanet theory- the gas in the area of the nebula

condenses and forms the protoplanets

Gerald Kuiper and Cal von Weizsacker- proponents of

Protoplanet

Water- allowed the first photosynthetic organisms to

Thrive

Habitable zone- Earths distance from the sun that

allows it to retain water in its liquid form

Recurring Slope Lineae- features on the Martian terrain

Rotation- amount of time it needs for the earth to

rotate in its axis

Axis- imaginary line about which a body rotates

23.5 degrees- tilt of eaths axis

Sidereal rotation- amount of time it takes for the earth

to rotate around its axis

Solar day- for the sun to move in its natural position

Photosynthesis- process of converting radiant energy to

chemical energy

Solar Radiation- drives earths weather and climate

General Circulation- determine Earths ecosystem