Penstock

A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or an enclosed pipe that delivers
water to hydro turbines and sewerage systems. It is a term that has been inherited from the earlier
technology of mill ponds and watermills.

Maxwells Diagram (Graphical Method)

The graphical analysis was developed by force polygons drawn to scale for each joint, and then the forces
in each member were measured from one of these force polygons. In order to draw the Maxwell diagram
directly, here are the simple guidelines: Solve the reactions at the supports by solving the equations of
equilibrium for the entire truss, Move clockwise around the outside of the truss; draw the force polygon
to scale for the entire truss, Take each joint in turn (one-by-one), then draw a force polygon by treating
successively joints acted upon by only two unknown forces, Measure the magnitude of the force in each
member from the diagram, Lastly, note that work proceed from one end of the truss to another, as this
use for checking of balance and connect to other end.

Orifice

An orifice is any opening, mouth, hole or vent, as in a pipe, a plate, or a body.

Nozzle

a cylindrical or round spout at the end of a pipe, hose, or tube, used to control a jet of gas or liquid.

Gate valves

Gate valves are primarily designed to start or stop flow, and when a straight-line flow of fluid and
minimum flow restriction are needed. In service, these valves generally are either fully open or fully
closed.

Check Valve

A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally allows fluid (liquid
or gas) to flow through it in only one direction.

Plug valve

Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or conically tapered "plugs" which can be rotated inside the valve
body to control flow through the valve. The plugs in plug valves have one or more hollow passageways
going sideways through the plug, so that fluid can flow through the plug when the valve is open.

Regulation Valve

A pressure regulator is a control valve that reduces the input pressure of a fluid to a desired value at its
output. Regulators are used for gases and liquids, and can be an integral device with an output pressure
setting, a restrictor and a sensor all in the one body, or consist of a separate pressure sensor, controller
and flow valve.
Globe Valve

A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting
of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.

Bernoullis theorem

Bernoullis theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving
fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow
of which is steady, or laminar.

Torricelli's theorem

Torricelli's theorem, is a theorem in fluid dynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing out of an orifice to
the height of fluid above the opening. The law states that the speed of efflux, v, of a fluid through a sharp-
edged hole at the bottom of a tank filled to a depth h is the same as the speed that a body (in this case a
drop of water) would acquire in falling freely from a height h, i.e. v=sqrt (2gh), where g is the acceleration
due to gravity (9.81 N/kg near the surface of the earth)

Conservation of energy theorem

Law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constantit is
said to be conserved over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it transforms from
one form to another.

Surface tension

Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area
possible. Surface tension allows insects (e.g. water striders), usually denser than water, to float and stride
on a water surface. At liquid-air interfaces, surface tension results from the greater attraction of liquid
molecules to each other (due to cohesion) than to the molecules in the air (due to adhesion). The net
effect is an inward force at its surface that causes the liquid to behave as if its surface were covered with
a stretched elastic membrane. Thus, the surface becomes under tension from the imbalanced forces,
which is probably where the term "surface tension" came from.

Daltons Law

states that "the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressure of the
individual gases present." A partial pressure is the pressure that a gas in a mixture of gases would exert if
it were present alone under the same conditions.

Boyle's law

Boyle's law states that at constant temperature for a fixed mass, the absolute pressure and the volume of
a gas are inversely proportional. The law can also be stated in a slightly different manner, that the product
of absolute pressure and volume is always constant.

Pascals Law
Pascal's law or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure (also Pascal's Principle) is a principle in fluid
mechanics that states that a pressure change occurring anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is
transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.

Avogadros Law

A modern statement of Avogadro's law is: Avogadro's law states that, "equal volumes of all gases, at the
same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules". For a given mass of an ideal gas,
the volume and amount (moles) of the gas are directly proportional if the temperature and pressure are
constant.

Kelvin Law

a statement in electrical economics: the most economical cross-section area for an electric conductor is
that for which the cost of energy lost in each period equals the interest for the same period of the capital
involved.

Hygrometer

A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the atmosphere. Humidity
measurement instruments usually rely on measurements of some other quantity such as temperature,
pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed.

If you double the speed of a pump you'll get twice the capacity, four times the head and it will take eight
times the horsepower to do it.

If you double the speed of a pump you'll get almost four times the shaft whip, wobble or run out and eight
times the wear.