Geometry

Planar Geometry

Lines

A line is defined as a straight path of points that extends infinitely in two directions. It
has only one dimension, that is length.
Line is defined between two points and can be represented as

2D and 3D shapes

2D figures are basics to geometry which have only 2 dimensions that is angles and
sides. Given below is an example of a 2D figure,

Example - - Triangle

We live in 3 dimensional world. A 3D shape's dimensions are faces, vertices and edges.

Example - - Cube

Solids

When we talk about 3D shapes, we talk about faces, edges and vertices.
The faces are the flat parts of the shape.
The edges are the lines where two faces meet.
The vertices are the points where two or more edges meet.

Line segment
 A part of line that has a defined end segment is called a line segment.
A line segment as the segment between A and B is represented as

Ray

A line that has one defined endpoint is called a ray and extends endlessly in one
direction. A ray is named after the endpoint and another point on the ray e.g.

Angles

The angle that is formed between two rays with the same endpoint is measured in
degrees. The point is called the vertex.
The vertex is written as CAB

Types of angles

Angles can be either straight, right, acute or obtuse.

Types of lines

Parallel lines - Parallel lines are always same distance apart. They never meet.

Intersecting lines - Lines that cross or meet each other called intersecting lines.

Perpendicular lines - Lines that meet or cross each other to form right angle (90 degrees) are
called perpendicular lines

Perimeter
Perimeter of a shape is sum of length all sides.
Perimeter of the given shape = 5cm + 8cm + 5cm + 8cm = 26cm

Properties of geometrical shapes:

Triangles:

A triangle is a three-sided closed figure formed by joining three non-collinear points.

As shown in the figure every triangle has three angles (x,y and z)
The sum of the three angles of a triangle is always 180.

Classification of Triangles:

On the basis of length of sides:

A triangle with all three sides of different lengths is called a scalene triangle.
A triangle whose two sides have the same length is called an isosceles triangle.
A triangle with all three equal sides is called an equilateral triangle.

On the basis of size of Angles:

A triangle whose three angles are acute (<90) is called an acute-angled triangle.
A triangle whose one angle is obtuse (>90) is called an obtuse-angled triangle.
A right-angled triangle is a triangle whose one angle is 90.
The side-lengths of a triangle and its angles are directly related.
A scalene triangle has three unequal angles.
An isosceles triangle has two equal angles and an equilateral triangle has three equal
angles (each with measure 60).

Congruence:

Two figures are said to be congruent if they can be superimposed upon each other.
If ABC is congruent to DEF, congruence is represented as ABCDEF.
Types of Congruence:

Criterias for Congruence

1.The SAS (Side-Angle-Side) criterion.

2.The SSS (Side-Side-Side) criterion.

3.The ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) criterion.

4.The RHS (Right Angle-Hypotenuse-Side) criterion.

Quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral, by definition, is a four-sided closed figure

As shown in the figure, a,b,c and d are the four angles of the quadrilateral. The sum of the
four angles of a quadrilateral is always 360.

Quadrilaterals with certain properties:

1. A trapezium is a quadrilateral having one and only one pair of parallel sides.

2.A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

3.A rhombus is a parallelogram whose four sides are all equal.

4.A rectangle is a parallelogram whose each angle is 90.

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Mensuration

Measurement

Measurement is quantifying objects on different parameters like weight, length, size etc.
It uses standardised systems to measure based on various criterias such as weight, size, length

Standard units of measurement:

The units for measuring different physical quantities are different.

1.Mass (commonly referred to as weight)

Standard Units: milligram, gram and kilogram.

1 kilogram = 1000 grams.
2. Volume - volume of an object is the space occupied by an object or the capacity of an
object.

Standard units millilitre and litre.

1 litre = 1000 millilitres.

3. Distance - the distance is the extent or amount of space between two objects, points, lines.

Standard units are kilometer and meter.

1 kilometre = 1000 meters.

Area and Perimeter

Area is the measure of the amount of space/surface enclosed by a closed bounded figure.

Calculating area of planar figures:

Area of square = a2

Area of rectangle = w x h

Area of Triangle = 12 x b x h
Area of Trapezium = (a + b) x h

The circle and parts of circle

A circle is a plane curve consisting of all points that have the same distance from a fixed
point called center.

1. Radius - Straight line drawn from the centre to the circumference. The plural of radius
is radii.
2. The diameter is the line crossing the circle and passing through the center. It is twice
the length of a radius.
3. The circumference of a circle is the boundary line or the perimeter of the circle.
4. The chord is a straight line joining 2 points on the circumference points of a circle.
The diameter is a special kind of chord passing through the centre

Area of a circle = r2

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ASSESSMENT