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MECHANICS
Force
Movement
DEFORMATION
Elongation
Shortening
Displacement
Applied Load
1. Axial Load/Axial Force -is the measure of push and pull on section
Tension- represent pull that tends to elongate
2. Shear Force- force that tends to slide one of the side of the portion of
the other exploratory section
3. Torque- force that tends to twist the member
.
4. Moment- bending force
SIMPLE STRESS
Stress () - force acting on a unit area of the section
= P/A
NORMAL STRESS
Normal Stress the resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force, thus
normal. There are two types of normal stresses; tensile stress and compressive
stress. Tensile stress applied to bar tends the bar to elongate while compressive
stress tend to shorten the bar.
Where:
P is the applied normal load in Newton
A is the area in mm2.
EXAMPLE :
= P/A
Given:
= 248 MPa
A= 16mm
Find the load capacity
248Mpa= P/ 16 mm
P= 49863.36 N or 49.863 KN
EXAMPLE:
= P/A
= 120KN (1000) = 250 N/2 = 250 MPa
6 x 8 mm
EXAMPLE:
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of
100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN.
Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the
stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.
Soln:
Example
40 (1000)
=
800
= 50 MPa
60 (1000)
=
1000
= - 50 MPa (compression)
80 (1000)
=
1000
= 80 MPa
EXAMPLE:
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and
bronze sections, as shown in Fig. P-107. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in2,
determine the stress in each section.
Soln:
Shearing Stress forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing
stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces
perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as
tangential stress.
Where:
V is the resultant shearing force which passes which passes through the
centroid of the area A being sheared.
Example:
Soln:
TRUSSES
TWO FORCE MEMBER
Example:
Determine the stress on members AB, BE, and EG, if the area of all
members is 1200mm2.
MR1=0
40(4)+80(12)-R2(16)=0
R2=70kN
MR2=0
-R1(16)+40(12)+80(4)=0
R1=50kN
AB=-83.33kN (C)
83.33(1000)
AB=
1200
=-69.44N/mm3
=-69.44MPa
Fv=0
3
50-40- BE=0
5
BE=16.67kN
16.67(1000)
BE=
1200
=13.89MPa
For EG
MF=0
50(12)-40(8)-EG(3)=0
EG=63.33kN
63.33(1000)
EG=
1200
=77.78MPa
Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
TANGENTIAL STRESS (Circumferential Stress)
LONGITUDINAL STRESS, L
P=A
P=
It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal
stress.
t = 2 L
Strain
Simple Strain strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied
force, to the original length.
Where:
is the deformation
L is the original length, thus is dimensionless.
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Proportional Limit- the end of proportional line that beyond this point the
stress is not proportional to the strain.
Elasticity- is a property of materials to regain its original shape upon removal
of deforming body or load.
Elastic Limit- the stress beyond which material deform (elongate) will not
return to its original shape when loaded but will retain permanent
deformation, called permanent set.
Yield Point- a point at which there is an appreciable elongation or yielding of
material without any corresponding increase in load
Ultimate Strength- highest strength
E=
Modulus of Elasticity (E) is the slope of the line that is ration of strain to strain.
therefore E= ; modulus of elasticity in the slope.
If = P/A G= /L
P/A : /L (G)
Tan =
Hookes Law
S= EG axial
S= G shear
S= =
EXAMPLE:
= ?
Solution:
=
(60)(1000)(6)(1000)
= (25)2
(87)(1000)
4
= 8.43 mm
Solution:
= .
=
()(4000)
6.67 mm=(12)2
(67)(1000)
4
P= 12.64 KN
Example:
The rigid bar AB is attached to two vertical rod as shown is horizontal before P is applied.
Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 KN.
Solution:
Ma=0
50(3.5)-Ps(6)=0
Ps=29.17KN
(29.171000)(4000)
s=
(300)(2001000)
s=1.94 mm
Pa=20.83KN
(20.831000)(4000)
a=
(500)(701000)
a=1.78 mm
1.94 1.78
=
3.5 6
y=.093
p= a+y
p=1.78+.093
p=1.873 mm
Example:
The rigid bar ABC is horizontal when P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of
P= 80 KN
Solution:
MB=0
80(3)-Ps(2)=120KN
(1201000)(4000)
s=
(500)(2001000)
s= 4.8 mm
4.8
=
3 2
a=7.2mm
(801000)(3000)
a=
(800)(701000)
s=4.3 mm
p= a + a
p= 7.2 mm + 4.3 mm
p= 11.5 mm
Example:
An aluminium bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads applied
at the positions. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 10 6 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.
Soln:
Statically Indeterminate Member
When the available equation of static equilibrium is not sufficient for a solution fV=0
fH=0 M=0. When the number of reactive force or internal forces exceed the number of
independent equations of equilibrium which requires additional relation that depended
on elastic deformation in the member.
Conditions
1. To a free body diagram of structures or a part if it applies equation if static
equilibrium.
2. If there are more unknowns than independent equations, obtain additional
equation produced by load.
EXAMPLES:
Concrete
AC=4000mm2
L=3m
E=20GPA
()(3000)
3mm=(4000)(20000)
P=80000
P=80KN
STEEL
L=3m
A=1000mm
E=200GPA
()(3000)
3mm=(1000)(200000)
P=200KN
Statically Indeterminate
Examples:
STEEL CONCRETE
A=1000mm2 A=4000mm2
Es=200GPA Ec=20GPA
fV=0
Pc+PS= 280 KN
()()
c=()()
()()
s=()()
Solution
c= s
()() ()()
=
()() ()()
Ps=250Pc
Pc+2.5Pc=280KN
Pc=80KN
Ps=280+80=200KN
()()
s=()()
=3mm
()()
c=()()
=3mm
TORSION
Torsion=Twisting of body
Torque=Twisting of force
=Force applied on a certain distance from center of rotation
ASSUMPTION
Deformation DE=
Strain =
From Hookes Law
Stress
Equation of compatibility determines the relations between the stress that are
compatible with deformation produced by specific load plus the application of
Hookes law.
Therefore, we can conclude that the shearing stress at any interval fiber is
determined by the product of constant and vertical radial distance that is the
stress distribution along the radius distance from the axis of the shaft.
internal fiber
But W=P
T=
2 f
W=2T f
Given:
D=200mm
G=83GPA
D=150mm
G=39GPA
Determine the rotation of end of bronze
For steel
T=40+20=60KN.m
180
s= ( )
=1.05
For bronze
180
B= ( )
=1.77
Total rotation: 2.82
FLANGE BOLT COUPLING
allow=
P= (aallow)A
Assuming that stress is uniformly distributed, the load in any boat is given by the
sample stress.
P=A
2
P=
4
The force pacts to the center of the bolt and tangent to the bolt circle with radius
R or diameter D.
TBOLT=PR
Moment of P1
T1=P1R1
Moment of P2
T2=P2R2
T= P1R1N1 =P2R2N2
R21
2 =
1
P2= 2Ab
2
P 2= 2Ab
1
2
P 2= P1
1
2
T= P1R1N1+ P 2R 2N 2
1
2 2
T= P1(R1N1+ (( ) )N2
1
1
T= (R1 N1+22 N2)
2
1
Example:
A flanged bolt coupling consist of six bolt spaced evenly around bolt circle
400mm in diameter. Determined the torque capacity of the allowable shearing
stress on bolt is 40MPa.
T=?
N=6
d=20mm
D=400 mm
Solution:
T=PRn
R=200
202
P=40N/mm2 X
4
=12566.37KN
T=(200)(6)(12566.37)
=15079644.74 N.mm
1
T=15049644.74N.mm( )( )
1000 1000
=15.079 KN.m
Example 2
102
P1= (60)=4712.39N
4
150
P2= (4712.39)=3534.29
200
T=4712.39(200)(8)+3534.29(150)(6)
T=10.72KN.m
1. Simple beam
2. Cantilever beam
3. Simple beam with over hang
4. Restrained
5. Propped
6. Continuous
SHEAR
The condition of static equilibrium must be maintained and the resisting force necessary
to satisfy the condition of static equilibrium must be satisfied.
= 0
= 0
A vertical unbalance caused by R, requires the fiber in section a-a to create a resisting
force. This is shown at and is called as resisting shear.
V= shearing force is the vertical unbalanced shear, and may be determined by the
summation of vertical components.
Vr=Fy
V=R1
Assign of shear
Positive (upward)
Negative (downward)
MOMENTS
The summation of moment must also balance, R, at a distance x from a-a produce
moments.
M=R1x and the fiber in the section must create a numerically resisting moment Mr.
BENDING MOMENT
It is defined as the summation of moments about the centroid axis at any selected
section of all loading acting either to the left or to the right side of the reaction.
ML= R1a-P1(a-x1)-P2(a-x2)-P3(a-x3)
EX:
Determine the shear of the ff.
1. 3m
2. 5m
3. 7m
Solution:
MB=0 (CW +)
RA(8)-40(6)-60(2)=0
RA=45 KN
FV=0
RA+RB-40-60=0
RB=55 KN
Shear
1. V3m
=45-10(30
=15KN (upward)
2. V5m
=45-10(4)
= 3 KN (upward)
3. V7m
45-10(4)-60
=55 KN (downward)
V= Area of load
M2-M1=V[2 1]
M= Area of Shear
EXAMPLE:
0 = 0
0 =0+16=16
2 =16+0=16
2 =16-18=-2
4 =-2+0=-2
4 =-2-12=-14
6 =-14+0=-14
6 =-14+14=0
0 =0
2 =0+16(2)=32
4 =32-12(2)=28
6 =28-14(2)0
MOVING LOADS
- A truck load or other vehicle rolling across a beam or girder constitute
a system of load at fixed distance from each other.
SINGLE MOVING LOAD the maximum moment occurs when the load is
at the midspan and the maximum shear occurs when the load is very
near the support (usually assumed to lie over the support).
TWO MOVING LOADS the maximum shear occurs at the reaction when
the larger load is over that support. The maximum moment is given by
where Ps is the smaller load, Pb is the bigger load, and P is the total load (P =
Ps + Pb).
HALLOW SHAFT
J= (R4-44)/2
J= (D4-d4)/32
Tmax=2TR/ (R4-r4)
=16TR/ (D4-d4)
Problem:
The 3m length steel shaft has modulus of rigidity of 830GPa. What is
the maximum diameter of shaft so that the rotation will not exceed 6 when
torque is applied.
=TL/JG
T= 20kN-m L=3m
D=150mm G=83GPa
20,000(1000)/(3000)
= ( ) 83000
( )
32 2
=0.0145rad
180
=0.0145( )=0.83
20,000(1000)75
Tmax=
(
)
40106 (3000)
6( )=
(,)( )
d=108.90mm
BEAM DEFLECTION
dy
0=
dx
2
EI =M
2
EI = + slope equation of beam
Consider deflection
C2=0
MR2=0
R1(a)= 2(6)(3)
R1=4
3
M=4X-2<X-3>< >
2
=4X-(X-3)2
<3>3
EI =2 2 +C1
3
<3>3
EI = 2 2 +C1x
3
2 3 <3>4
EIy= + 1 + 2
3 12
C2=0
Y=0; L=9
C1=-42
2 3 <3>4
EI= -42x
3 2
Ymax if slope is 0
dy
Y=max 0=
dx
0=2 2 42
=128.89
Example no. 2 :
2
EI =4x-8<x-2>
2
EI =2 2 4 < 2 >2 +C1
2 3 4<2>3
EIy= + 1 + 2
3 3
dy
0= ; x=2
dx
0=2(22 )-0+C1
C1=-8
0= 2(03 ) + 1(0) + 2
C2=0
2 3 4<2>3
EIy= 8
3 3
Ymax at x=2
2(2)3 4<22>3
EIy= 8(2)
3 3
10.67
Y=
Y=
48
8(4)3
Y=
48
10.67
=
54
Y=
384
3
Y=
48
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM EXAMPLES
MR2=0
R1(12) = 40 (9)+ 61.76 (7)+ 80(3)
R1= 86.03 KN
R2+ 95.73 KN
Vo= 86.03 KN
Vo-3 = 86.03 M=86.03(0)=0
M0-3= 86.03 x x=3
V3-5 = 86.03 -40
= 46.03
M3-5 = 86.03x -40 (x-3)
=46.03x-120
V5-9= 86.03-40-61.76
=-15.23
M = 86.93x-40(x-3)-61.76(x-5)
= -15.73 x + 428.8
P2(10) = 5(4)(2)+61.76(8)+20(12)
R2= 77.41
R1 = 24.35
V=24.35
=57.4
=4.35x+40
= -57.41x + 534.08
= 20x -240
MA=0
10RC=2(80)+5[10(10)]
RC=66kN
MC=0
10RA=8(80)+5[10(10)]
RA=114kN
VAB=11410xkN
MAB=114x10x(x/2)
MAB=114x5x2kNm
VBC=1148010x
VBC=3410xkN
MBC=114x80(x2)10x(x/2)
MBC=160+34x5x2kNm
MA=0
6RD=4[2(30)]
RD=40kN
MD=0
6RA=2[2(30)]
RA=20kN
VAB=20kN
MAB=20xkNm
VBC=2030(x3)
VBC=11030xkN
MBC=20x30(x3)(x3)/2
MBC=20x15(x3)2kNm
VCD=2030(2)
VCD=40kN
MCD=20x30(2)(x4)
MCD=20x60(x4)kNm
Jeanette Costales
Elsie Sestuso
Aeraleen Caladiao
Nicole Perez