Additional Mathematics Notes Rationalise Denominator Logarithm Definition

k
Reproduced from http://teach.sg For , multiply numerator and denominator by b. For loga y to be defined,
a b 1. y > 0
k
For , multiply by the conjugate, which is 2. a > 0, a = 1
1 Quadratic Equations & Inequalities a b
c d
+
a b c d. Laws Of Logarithms
Sum & Product Of Roots 1. loga xn = n loga x
b 3 Polynomials & Partial Fractions
Sum of roots = 2. loga xy = loga x + loga y
a
c Polynomial Division 3. loga x
y
= loga x loga y
Product of roots =
a P (x) = divisor Q(x) + R(x) logc b
4. loga b =
Quadratic Equation From Roots logc a
Remainder Theorem 1
5. loga b =
x2 (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0 logb a
If P (x) is divided by x c, remainder is f(c).
( )
b Logarithms To Exponential
2, 1 or 0 real roots If P (x) is divided by ax b, remainder is f .
a loga y = x y = ax
2 real roots: b2 4ac > 0 Factor Theorem lg y = x y = 10x
1 real root (2 equal roots): b2 4ac = 0 ln y = x y = ex
If x + c is a factor of P (x), f(c)
( =)0.
0 real roots: b2 4ac < 0
b
If ax + b is a factor of P (x), f = 0. 6 Trigonometric Functions, Identities
a
Curve Always Positive / Negative
Cubic Polynomials & Equations
b2 4ac < 0 (because curve has 0 real roots)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 ) Special Angles
Line & Curve a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
0 30 45 60 90
Line intersect curve (at 2 points): b2 4ac > 0 Partial Fractions
Line tangent to curve: b2 4ac = 0 f (x) A B
1. = + sin 0
=0 1
= 1 2 3 4
=1
Line does not intersect curve: b2 4ac < 0 (ax + b)(cx + d) ax + b cx + d 2 2 2 2 2 2

*Line meets curve: b2 4ac 0 f (x) A B C

2. = + +
(ax + b)(cx + d)2 ax + b cx + d (cx + d)2 cos 4
=1 3 2 1
= 1 0
=0
2 2 2 2 2 2
f (x) A Bx + C
2 Indices & Surds 3.
(ax + b)(x2 + c)
=
ax + b
+ 2
x +c
f (x) A B C tan 0 1
1 3
Indices Special case: = + + 2
3
(ax + b)(x2 ) ax + b x x
1. am an = am+n Reciprocal Functions
2. am an = amn 4 Binomial Expansions 1
1. cosec =
3. (am )n = amn Binomial Expansions sin
4. a0 = 1 where a = 0 (n) (n) (n)
(a+b)n = an + an1 b+ an2 b2 +...+ anr br +...+bn 1
2. sec =
5. an = a1n 1 2 r cos
1
6. a n = n a General Term 1
m (n) 3. cot =
7. a n = ( n a)m Tr+1 = anr br tan
8. (a b) = an bn
n r
n
Negative Functions
9. ( ab )n = abn n choose r 1. sin() = sin
(n) n! n(n 1)...(n r + 1)
= = 2. cos() = cos
Surds r r!(n r)! r!
3. tan() = tan

1. a a = a

5 Power, Exponential, Logarithmic &
Tangent & Cotangent
2. a b = ab
a a
Modulus Functions sin
3. = b
1. tan =

b Modulus Functions cos
4. m a + n a = (m + n) a
cos
5. m a n a = (m n) a For |a| = b a = b or a = b. 2. cot =
sin

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ASTC 7 Transformation Of Trigonometric Area Of Quadrilateral
 
 x 
Graphs A= 1  1

x2 x3 x4 x1 

2  y1 y2 y3 y4 y1 
90 Transformation to y = a sin x/a cos x/a tan x
= 1
2
|(x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y4 + x4 y1 ) (x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x4 y3 + x1 y4 )|
1. If a > 0: Scaling of graph with a factor of a parallel to the
y-axis 2. If a < 0: Scaling of graph with a factor of a parallel Note: coordinates should be in anti-clockwise direction
S A to the y-axis, then reflecting of graph in x-axis
Circle
For sin & cos: amplitude becomes |a|
180 0 For tan: there is no amplitude (x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2
(a, b): centre of circle
maximum minimum
amplitude = r: radius
2
T C Transformation to y = sin bx/ cos bx/ tan bx x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0
1
Scaling of graph with a factor of parallel to the x-axis (g, f ): centre of circle
b
270 2 f 2 + g 2 c: radius
For sin & cos: period becomes
b

For tan: period becomes
b
9 Dierentiation
Transformation to y = sin x + c/ cos x + c/ tan x + c Dierentiation Rules
Trigonometric Identities
Translating of graph by c units parallel to the y-axis d
1. dx c=0
1. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 d n
maximum + minimum 2. dx x = nxn1
2. sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A c=
d
2 3. dx sin x = cos x
3. cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A
Transformation to y = a sin bx + c d
4. dx cos x = sin x
d
1 5. dx tan x = sec2 x
Addition Formulae 1. y = sin bx: Scaling of graph with a factor of parallel to d x
b 6. dx e = ex
the x-axis 2. y = a sin bx: Scaling of graph with a factor of a d
1. sin(A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B 7. dx ln x = x1
parallel to the y-axis (reflecting of graph in x-axis if a < 0) 3.
2. cos(A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B Note: dxd
kf(x) = k d
dx
f(x)
tan A tan B y = a sin bx + c: Translating of graph by c units parallel to the
3. tan(A B) = y-axis
1 tan A tan B Chain Rule
Double Angle Formulae 8 Coordinate Geometry For y = f(u) and u = g(x),
dy dy du
1. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A Gradient =
dx du dx
y1 y2
2. cos 2A = cos2 A sin2 A = 2 cos2 A 1 = 1 2 sin2 A m=
2 tan A x1 x2 Further Dierentiation Rules (Chain Rule)
3. tan 2A =
1 tan2 A Equation 1. d
(ax + b)n = an(ax + b)n1
dx
R-Formulae y y1 = m(x x1 ) 2. d
dx
sin(ax + b) = a cos(ax + b)
y = mx + c 3. d
cos(ax + b) = a sin(ax + b)
For a > 0, b > 0, 0 << 90 , dx
d
4. tan(ax + b) = a sec2 (ax + b)
1. a sin b cos = R sin( ) Midpoint dx
d ax+b
( ) 5. e = aeax+b
2. a cos b sin = R cos( ) x1 + x2 y1 + y2 dx
d a
b , 6. dx
ln (ax + b) = ax+b
where R = a2 + b2 , tan = . 2 2
a
Parallel Lines Product Rule
Principal Values m1 = m2 d dv du
(uv) = u +v
dx dx dx
1. sin1 Perpendicular Lines
2 2
1 Quotient Rule
2. 0 cos1 m1 =
m2 d (u) v du u dv
3. < tan1 < m1 m2 = 1 = dx 2 dx
2 2 dx v v

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Gradient Of Curve, Tangent & Normal Minimum point: Definite Integral
x k k k+
For f(x) dx = F(x) + c,
b
y = f(x)
dy f(x) dx = F(b) F(a).
0 +
dx a

dy Inflexion point: Area With Respect To x-axis Or y-axis

dx
x k k k+ b
For area with respect to x-axis, f(x) dx.
a
dy
+ 0 + d
gradient of curve dx
For area with respect to y-axis, f(y) dy.
c
dy
0 Note: For area below the x-axis (taken with respect to x-axis)
dx or area to the left of the y-axis (taken with respect to y-axis),
Sub x = k it is taken as negative.
Second Derivative Test
d2 y
1. If < 0, it is a maximum point.
dx2 Kinematics
gradient of tangent at x = k 2
d y
2. If > 0, it is a minimum point.
dx2 ds dv
1 d2 y dt dt
3. If = 0, need to do first derivative test.
m dx2
10 Integration
Integration Rules s v a
gradient of normal at x = k
1. k dx = kx + c
xn+1
2. xn dx = + c, n = 1
n+1
v dt a dt
Increasing & Decreasing Functions 3. sin x dx = cos x + c

dy 4. cos x dx = sin x + c
1. For increasing functions, > 0.
dx 5. sec2 x dx = tan x + c
dy
2. For decreasing functions, < 0. 6. ex dx = ex + c
dx ds
7. x1 dx = ln x + c 1. v =
dt
Rates Of Change Note: kf(x) dx = k f(x) dx
dv
dy dy dx 2. a =
= Further Integration Rules dt
dt dx dt
(ax + b)n+1
Stationary point 1. (ax + b)n dx = + c, n = 1 3. s = v dt
a(n + 1)
dy
A stationary point is defined when = 0. cos(ax + b)
dx 2. sin(ax + b) dx = +c 4. v = a dt
a
First derivative test Note:
dy sin(ax + b)
If = 0 for x = k, test for k , k, k+ . 3. cos(ax + b) dx = +c
a a. velocity, v determines both the speed and the direction
dx total distance
Maximum point: tan(ax + b) b. average speed =
4. sec2 (ax + b) dx = +c total time
a c. particle starts from origin, s = 0
x k k k+ eax+b d. instantaneously at rest, v = 0
5. eax+b dx = +c dv
a e. max / min velocity, a = =0
dy dt
+ 0 ln(ax + b) ds
dx 1
6. ax+b
dx = +c f. max / min displacement, v = =0
a dt

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