CECI 97425

89
91






()

2m2
(1970-OECD
)
()100m250 ~100m2 (ITA)
3km(ITA)2km()1km()
10km

(1)


(2)


(3)

-2%

(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

(5)

(6)
 Geological Condition

Gravel/cobbles/boulders, sandy, dense, uncemented

Clay layer: Loose fine sand to stiff silt and hard clay
Two distinct aquifers (upper free, lower confined with <5
bar water pressure)

(1)

(2)



(3)


(4)

 Tunnel Portal

Open Cut

(1)


(2)

(3)


 Ground Classification
Type Description of strata Legend
Sandstone without mudstone intercalation,

good consolidation and cementation.

Sandstone/mudstone alternations,
with subordinate gravel layers.

Sandstone/mudstone alternations,
with subordinate gravel layers.

Gravel or gravel with lenses/layers of silty

sand or sand. Consolidation good. Hammer
required for removing gravel components
from the face.
Gravel with lenses/layers of silty sand, sand,
or clay (mudstone). Consolidation poor.

Portal Overburden less than 2D (D : diameter of the

excavation)
 Tunnel construction

Supporting system DII type


(1)





(
)


(74m
)


(2)











(3)




(

)


Deformation control

sidegallery

temporary invert

CSIRRMRNGIQ
SYSTEM
DESIGN AS YOU GO
(NATM)
()
(Terzaghi)(FEMBEM
DDA)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)


(1)(NATM)

(2)

(3)
(NATM)

(1)
(2)NATMASSM
(3)
(4)
(5)
NATM
1.
:
(1).

(2).
(3).


2.

 NATM()
3.
()
()
5~15
4.

5.

()
NATM()
6.

7.

()

8.


 Shotcreting

Steel Form
 Tunnel Excavation

Steel Rib Installation

 NATM
(1)

 NATM

(Deere,1970)
 NATM
(2)NATMASSM
(NATM)(ASSM)
NATM
ASSM


 NATM
(3)

(a)
(b)


 NATM
(4)

(a)
(b)


 NATM
(5)

NATM

NATM


(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)


(
)

NO


YES
NO


YES

YES

NO

YES

NO

(1983.3.NATM)

(()

)
Sakurai(1982)Franklin(1976)

40mm 40mm
5mm/day 5mm/day
(15mm) (15mm)
70mm 70mm
10mm/day 10mm/day
(40mm) (40mm)
150mm 150mm
15mm/day 15mm/day
(100mm) (100mm)


()
()





()




T

B

I







5mm/day 40 mm/day


10 mm/day 70 mm/day


15 mm/day 150 mm/day



1






1~2


( )
B
2


 ()
A B




. .
. . (
. )
. miniroof pipe .

.
.
. (mesh)
.
.
. (mesh) . ( )
. (slit) .





()


(20m4)

8255m



()-()




()



(
)

/


(
)

(
)

(
)

(/
)
(
)
 /
;10-20m; 0.5-1.0mm
;;


(//)
(//)
??


()
 -+
-
-
 -
-
8236
4.54m140
176/cm241.13m3/

-
-

90-45o

>1m


/

 -
-

 -
-
(23k+753~25k+070)
(10m/1cm)



-
-

-
-
 -
-

Video GIS
 -
-







TS 360


TS 360-

(0.1-0.3mm)
:5.0-10.0 km/hr
: 230,000 pixl
CDS









()



()(
)

()10m

 1.

7.
4. 2.

6.
5.

80
3.

 Mont Blanc

1999324
11.6Mont Blanc

6.3
1411
8

Mont Blanc
 Mont Blanc

ATMB
SITMB
1,274 m
1,381 m
Mont Blanc
 Mont Blanc

Flash Over

17
3327
50
39
400
Mont Blanc2002
3920024

 Tauern

1999529Tauern
1250
6.4

40

Tauern
828

Mont Blanc

Tauern

(: CNN)
Mont Blanc

(CNN)
40Mont Blanc

(CNN)


(CNN)
 Kitzsteinhorn
20001111

Kitzsteinhorn
119:05
161
600

3.2
3 155
12
 St. Gotthard
20011024945
16.9 St.
Gotthard ( 24.5
Laerdal)

11300
1000

St. Gotthard20011221

St.
Gotthard

St.
Gotthard

(CNN)

(95%)

(
)

(
100-4-5
)1%


/(HGV)

()()

(
)














(
)
(
)


()





A A A B C D
( T e l e p h o n e s ) 0 0 0 0
( A l a r m p u s h b u t t o n s ) 0 0 0 0

( F i r e d e t e c t o r s ) 0 X

( A l a r m s i g n a l s t u n n e l 0 0 0 0
u s e r s )
( F i r e e x t i n g u i s h e r s ) 0 0 0

( F i r e h o s e p o i n t s ) 0 0
( E m e r g e n c y e x i t 0 0 0
s i g n s )
( E q u i p m e n t f o r t h e 0 X

e v a c u a t i o n o f s m o k e o r t u n n e l
u s e r s )
0 X
( F i r e h y d r a n t s s u p p l i e d 0 X
w i t h w a t e r u n d e r p r e s s u r e )
( A u x i l i a r y 0 X
c o m m u n i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t n o t u s i n g
w i r e s )
( R a d i o 0 X
t r a n s m i s s i o n o r l o u d s p e a k e r
i n s t a l l a t i o n )
( C l o s e d c i r c u i t 0 X
t e l e v i s i o n )

0 0 0

:

P IA R C

8 5 0
7 5 0 m 7 0 0 m 1 4 0 0 m 8 0 0 m
1 1 0 0 m




7 5 0 m 3 0 0 m 3
3 5 0 m 4 0 0 m
3 5 0 m

8 0 0
1 6 0 0 m
1 5 0 0 m
1 4 0 0 m
3 5 0 m



2 0 0 m 1 7 5 m 2 0 0 m 1 5 0 m 2 5 0 m 5 0 m 2 0 0 m 2 0 0 m


3 0 0 m



5 0 m 5 0 m 5 0 m 5 0 m

1 5 m
5 0 m 5 0 m

2 5 m


5 0 m 4 0 2 5 0 m 5 0 m 5 0 m

2 2

5 0 m 5 0 m 5 0 m


2 0 0 m 5 0 m 5 0 m

2 0 0 m 1 0 0 m 2 0 0 m

What has been learned

150L





What has been learned

What has been learned

 Mont Blanc
1999Mont Blanc







10
75m3/s 82.5m3/s
600 m150
m3/s100m




1.5m2 Damper
400oC2hr

400oC1hr
4 Booster
Plant
400oC1hr


1 600 m
2
3 2530 m3/s
4
5
6


300m 37
40m2

4m
1200oC
35 oC


3 air changes per hour
20 air changes per hour

80Pa



Mont Blanc

600m
76 Jet Fans

Mont Blanc


10
150
150LED


(100)
(St. Gotthard
)
Mont Blanc



(
3-5)

70km/h


Mont Blanc150
LED
9LED


50

CCTV
LED



 LED

LED
360

Mont Blanc
600

()


()


Mont Blanc Tunnel10(
31


St. Gotthard TunnelMont Blanc Tunnel

St.
Gotthard Tunnel
)










()
400
700
(HGV) 1,000
()
() 1,200
() 1,400

PIARC1999

150-200(
)

()

(
)

(20-40
)

 Human behavior influencing
tunnel safety

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

 Human behavior influencing
tunnel safety
10

5

35
15
 Human behavior influencing
tunnel safety

70
18
12

1.
2.


3.


4.
5.
6.

7.


8.
9.


10.
11.

12.()
13.
14.


5




13
2006/09/16
23

700

66

(:)















()






Mont Blanc19999