griculture

It is the systematic use of basic practices to grow the crops which provide food.

Crop
Crop is the group of same kind of plants grown and cultivated at one place in significant quantities.
Crops are grown to obtain food which can be sold for money. Crops can yield grains, pulses, vegetables,
ornamental plants etc. Healthy crops require provision of resources like carbon dioxide, water, sunlight
and nutrients provided by nature.

Types of crops
All crops cannot grow in the same season. Different crops have their own suitable climatic conditions
and specific requirements. Crops in India are broadly classified into two categories namely kharif crops
and rabi crops. In addition to these two crops there is another category called as zaid crops.

Agricultural practices
Agricultural practices are a collection of principles that are applied as on-farm production and the post-
production processes to produce safe and healthy food. Agricultural practices include certain steps
shown.

Soil preparation: It involves loosening of the soil or turning it. This process enables the roots to
penetrate easily. It aerates the roots by providing the air trapped in between the particles of soil. It also
provides favourable conditions for the growth of worms and microorganisms which increase the fertility
of the soil.
Ploughs are used for tilling the soil, adding manure and fertilisers and for scraping the soil.
Leveller is used to level the soil to prevent it from soil erosion. A plank is used to break the crumbs
into fine soil.
Hoe was used for tilling in olden days, but these days we use it only to remove weeds.
Cultivator pulled by a tractor, is also used to break the soil.

Seed selection: It is done to separate healthy seeds from damaged seeds.

Healthy seeds contain more nutrients. Seed health refers to the absence of disease-causing
organisms such as fungi, nematodes, bacteria, viruses and insects.
Damaged seeds are hollow, discoloured and contain fewer nutrients.

Seed selection is done by soaking the seeds in a container. It can also be used to maintain and improve
the quality of the crop variety. The selection of plants is based on characteristics such as the size of the
plant, the colour or size of the fruits, the bulk number of grains per year, etc.

Sowing: It is the process of addition of seeds into the soil. Seeds are sown in the field by two methods
namely, broadcasting and transplanting.

BROADCASTING TRANSPLANTING

Developing young plants on a nursery

Seeds are sown either by hand or by
bed and transfer of seedlings on to a
using a seed drill.
field with proper spacing.

It is done either by hand or a seed drill.

Seed drill can be a traditional seed drill It is done mainly in case of paddy crop.
or a modern seed drill.

Broadcasting is done by both traditional methods and modern methods.

Traditional seed drill contains a funnel-shaped container through which seeds pass and get placed
into the soil.
Modern seed drills sow seeds at a proper depth and distance, and cover them with a layer of soil.

Nursery is a place where plants are propagated and grown to a usable size. These saplings are
transplanted on to a field at regular spacing. Bananas are first sown in a nursery, and later the saplings
are planted to the field.

Crop Protection

Summary

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Agriculture is the cultivation of crop on large areas to provide food for all life forms.

Replenishment of nutrients: As the seeds germinate, the growing saplings should be provided with
nutrients and water. Hence soil should be replenished with minerals in periodic intervals of
time. Manure and fertilisers supply nutrients to the soil.
 MANURE FERTILISERS

It is the organic matter which These are chemical substances which maintain
replenishes the soil with the soil fertility by adding required minerals to
nutrients. the soil.

It is clean and does not pollute Overuse may lead to toxicity and reduction of
the soil. soil fertility.

Increases the water holding Easy to use as many of them are easily soluble in
capacity of the soil. water.

Provides favourable conditions These are nutrient specific and add nitrates,
for growth of microbes. phosphorous and potassium to the soil.

Preparation requires some

Can be easily prepared in large quantities.
period of time.
 Can be easily stored if kept away from the
Storage is complicated.
moisture.

Irrigation: The supply of water to crop is called as irrigation. The frequency of irrigation varies from
season to season and crop to crop. Plants contain nearly 90%water, and need water for proper
development of flowers, fruits and seeds. Irrigation can be done by two methods - Traditional methods
and Modern methods.
Traditional methods of irrigation require animal and human labour to draw water. these are the
cheapest methods available and are still in use. These include moat, chain pump, dhekli and rahat.

Modern methods are the irrigation methods which are efficient in supplying water to the crops.
They help us to use water economically without wastage. They include drip irrigation and sprinkler
system which require power from solar energy or biogas.

Crop protection: Standing crops are prone to attacks by insects, pests etc.
Insects are six legged arthropods which create heavy loss to crop plants.
Pests are the organisms that cause diseases in crop plants.
Insects are controlled by spraying insecticides over the crop.
Insecticides are the chemicals which kill the insects, their eggs and larvae without affecting the
crop.
Pests are controlled by spraying chemicals called as pesticides.
Pesticides kill disease causing pathogens without showing any harmful effect to crop plants and
human beings.
Some of the examples of pesticides are Malathion, Disyston, B.H.C etc.

Weeding: The process of removal of waste plants competing with crop plants is called as weeding.
Weeds compete with crops in obtaining water, sunlight and nutrients.

Controlling methods for weeds:

Weeds can be tilled along with the soil to kill them. Tilling uproots the weeds and they are mixed
with the soil.
Weeds are removed manually by using harrow before they produce flowers and seeds.
Weeds can also be controlled by using chemicals called as weedicides. Weedicides are poisonous
to humans.

Harvest and Storage

Summary

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Crops to grains

As the crop matures, it has to be cut from the main plant. Grains have to be collected from the crop and
the waste should be separated from them.
The entire process is a stepwise procedure.

Harvesting: The process which involves cutting of mature crop to gather grains is known as harvesting.
Harvesting can be done manually by using a sickle. A sickle is a small instrument with sharp
serrate-edged metal blade attached to a wooden handle.
Harvesting can also be done by using a machine called as harvester.

Threshing: It is the process of separating the grains from the straw and chaff.
A thresher is used for threshing.
A combine is a combination of a thresher and a harvester.

Winnowing: It is a process of making natural wind to blow through the grains which allows the lighter
substances to fly away leaving the heavier grains which fall on to the ground. Winnowing can be done
manually. It can also be done by winnowing machine which has a fan to blow away the chaff.
Crop protection and storage:
Protection of crops against microorganisms, rodents, pests and moisture is done by drying in sun
and exposing to fumes.
Harvested grains should be protected from moisture. Moisture promotes the microbial growth.
Grains should be properly dried in the sunlight until they possess just 14% of moisture.
Silos are huge, air-tight cylindrical structures used to store grains.
Stored grains are damaged by rodents which consume at about 20% of the crop. Granaries are
large rooms built above ground level to prevent rodents and pests from getting near the grains.
Stored grains are also damaged by worms and insects. Neem leaves are spread or neem powder is
sprayed to keep away the insects from the storage area.
In cold storage, vegetables and fruits are stored at low temperatures.

Animal husbandry: Rearing and breeding livestock on a large scale to obtain food and other products
from them. It includes dairy farming, poultry farming, pisciculture, sericulture, piggery etc. Animal
husbandry is the practice employed to increase the production of animal products by livestock. Animal
husbandry includes feeding, breeding, and disease control of livestock animals.

Advantages of animal husbandry

As animal husbandry is scientific management of farm animals, it serves many uses for human beings.
It helps in enhancing milk production
It increases egg production
It increases meat production
 It increases fish production
It helps in proper management of agricultural wastes.

Crop Production And Management

All living organisms require food. Plants can make their food themselves. Animals including humans can
not make their own food. The energy from food is utilized by organisms for carrying out their various
body functions, such as digestion, respiration and excretion. We get our food from plants, or animals, or
both.

In order to provide food for a large population regular production, proper management and
distribution of food is necessary.

Agricultural Practices

When plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop.
For example, crop of wheat means that all the plants grown in a field are that of wheat. Crops are of
different types like cereals, vegetables and fruits. These can be classified on the basis of the season in
which they grow. India is a vast country. The climatic conditions like temperature, humidity and rainfall
vary from one region to another.

Accordingly, there is a rich variety of crops grown in different parts of the country. Despite this diversity,
two broad cropping patterns can be identified. These are:

(i) Kharif Crops:- The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops. The rainy season
in India is generally from June to September. Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton, etc., are kharif
crops.

(ii) Rabi Crops:- The crops grown in the winter season are called rabi crops. Their time period is generally
from October to March. Examples of rabi crops are wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed. Besides
these, pulses and vegetables are grown during summer at many places.

Basic Practices of Crop Production

Cultivation of crops involves several activities undertaken by farmers over a period of time. These
activities or tasks are referred to as agricultural practices. These activities are listed below.

(i) Preparation of Soil:

The preparation of soil is the first step before growing a crop. One of the most important tasks in
agriculture is to turn the soil and loosen it. This allows the roots to penetrate deep into the soil. The
loose soil allows the roots to breathe easily even when they go deep into the soil. The loosened soil
helps in the\ growth of earthworms and microbes present in the soil.
The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a
plough. Ploughs are made of wood or iron. If the soil is very dry, it may need watering before ploughing.
The ploughed field may have big pieces of soil called crumbs. It is necessary to break these crumbs with
a plank. The field is levelled for sowing as well as for irrigation purposes. The levelling of soil is done with
the help of a leveller.

(ii) Sowing:

Sowing is the most important part of crop production. Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected.
Good quality seeds are clean and healthy seeds of a good variety. Farmers prefer to use seeds which
give a high yield.

Before sowing, one of the important tasks is to know about the tools used for sowing seeds

Traditional Tool: The tool used traditionally for sowing seeds is shaped like a funnel. The seeds are filled
into the funnel, passed down through two or three pipes having sharp ends. These ends pierce into the
soil and place seeds there.

Seed Drill: Nowadays the seed drill is used for sowing with the help of tractors. This tool sows the seeds
uniformly at proper distances and depths. It ensures that seeds get covered by the soil after sowing. This
prevents damage caused by birds. Sowing by using a seed drill saves time and labour.

(iii) Adding Manure and Fertilisers

The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are
called manure and fertilisers. Soil supplies mineral nutrients to the crop. These nutrients are essential
for the growth of plants. In certain areas, farmers grow crop after crop in the same field. The field is
never left uncultivated or fallow.

Continuous growing of crops makes the soil poorer in certain nutrients. Therefore, farmers have to add
manure to the fields to replenish the soil with nutrients. This process is called manuring.

Manure is an organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant or animal wastes. Farmers
dump plant and animal waste in pits at open places and allow it to decompose. The decomposition is
caused by some microorganisms. The decomposed matter is used as organic manure.
Advantages of Manure: The organic manure is considered better than fertilisers. This is because

it enhances the water holding capacity of the soil.

it makes the soil porous due to which exchange of gases becomes easy.

it increases the number of friendly microbes.

it improves the texture of the soil.

(iv) Irrigation

All living beings need water to live. Water is important for proper growth and development of flowers,
fruits and seeds of plants. Water is absorbed by the plant roots. Along with water, minerals and
fertilisers are also absorbed. Plants contain nearly 90% water. Water is essential because germination of
seeds does not take place under dry conditions. Nutrients dissolved in water get transported to each
part of the plant. Water also protects the crop from both frost and hot air currents.

The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation. The time and frequency of
irrigation varies from crop to crop, soil to soil and season to season.

Sources of Irrigation: The sources of irrigation are wells, tubewells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams and
canals.

Traditional Methods of Irrigation

The water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by different methods in different regions, for
taking it to the fields. Cattle or human labour is used in these methods. So these methods are cheaper,
but less efficient. The various traditional ways are:

(i) Moat (pulley-system)

(ii) Chain pump

(iii) Dhekli, and

(iv) Rahat (Lever system)

Modern Methods of Irrigation

Modern methods of irrigation help us to use water economically. The main methods used are as follows:

(a) Sprinkler System: This system is more useful on the uneven land where sufficient water is not
available. The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main pipeline at
regular intervals. When water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with the help of
a pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it is raining. Sprinkler is
very useful for sandy soil.

(b) Drip system: In this system, the water falls drop by drop just at the position of the roots. So it is
called drip system. It is the best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees.

(v) Protection from Weeds

In a field many other undesirable plants may grow naturally along with the crop. These undesirable
plants are called weeds.

The removal of weeds is called weeding. Weeding is necessary since weeds compete with the crop
plants for water, nutrients, space and light. Thus, they affect the growth of the crop.

Farmers adopt many ways to remove weeds and control their growth. Tilling before sowing of crops
helps in uprooting and killing of weeds, which may then dry up and get mixed with the soil. The best
time for the removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds. The manual removal includes
physical removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the ground, from time to time. This is
done with the help of a khurpi.

Weeds are also controlled by using certain chemicals, called weedicides; these are sprayed in the fields
to kill the weeds. They do not damage the crops.

(vi) Harvesting

Harvesting of a crop is an important task. The cutting of crop after it is mature is called harvesting. In
harvesting, crops are pulled out or cut close to the ground. It usually takes 3 to 4 months for a cereal
crop to mature.

In the harvested crop, the grain seeds need to be separated from the chaff. This process is called
threshing. This is carried out with the help of a machine called combine which is in fact a combined
harvester and thresher.

(vii) Storage
Storage of produce is an important task. If the crop grains are to be kept for longer time, they should be
safe from moisture, insects, rats and microorganisms. The fresh crop has more moisture. If freshly
harvested grains (seeds) are stored without drying, they may get spoilt or attacked by organisms, losing
their germination capacity.

Summary

In order to provide food to our growing population, we need to adopt certain agricultural
practices.

Same kind of plants grown and cultivated at a place constitute a crop.

In India, crops can be broadly categorised into two types based on seasons -rabi and kharif
crops.

It is necessary to prepare soil by tilling and levelling. Ploughs and levellers are used for this
purpose.

Sowing of seeds at appropriate depths and distances gives good yield. Good variety of seeds is
sown after selection of healthy seeds. Sowing is done by seed drills.

Soil needs replenishment and enrichment through the use of organic manure and fertilisers. Use
of chemical fertilisers has increased tremendously with the introduction of new crop varieties.

Supply of water to crops at appropriate intervals is called irrigation.

Weeding involves removal of unwanted and uncultivated plants called weeds.

Harvesting is the cutting of the mature crop manually or by machines.

Separation of the grains from the chaff is called threshing.

Proper storage of grains is necessary to protect them from pests and microorganisms.

Food is also obtained from animals for which animals are reared. This is called animal
husbandry.

Solution of NCERT Exercise

Question: 1. Select the correct word from the following list and fill in the blanks.

(float, water, crop, nutrients, preparation)

(a) The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________.
Answer: crop

(b) The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil.

Answer: preparation

(c) Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water.

Answer: - Float

(d) For growing a crop, sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are
essential.

Answer: - water and nutrients

Question: 2. Match items in column A with those in column B.

Colulumn A Column B

Kharif crops Food for cattle

Rabi crops Urea and super phosphate

Chemical fertilisers Animal excreta, cow dung, urine and plant waste

Organic manure Wheat, gram, pea

Paddy and maize

Answer:

Colulumn A Column B

Kharif crops Paddy and maize

Rabi crops Wheat, gram, pea

Chemical fertilisers Urea and super phosphate

Organic manure Animal excreta, cow dung, urine and plant waste

Question: 3. Give two examples of each.

(a) Kharif crop:

Answer: Paddy and maize

(b) Rabi crop:

Answer: Wheat and gram

Question: 4. Write a paragraph in your own words on each of the following.

(a) Preparation of soil

Answer: Preparation of soil is the first step of farming. Soil is loosened and turned over. This helps in
making the soil more airy so that roots can breathe in air. Moreover, loosening of soil also facilitates
better penetration of roots into the soil. Seeds can be easily sown in loosened soil.

(b) Sowing

Answer: The method of putting the seeds into soil is called sowing. Traditionally, seed is sown manually
by spreading the seeds by hands. This process is called broadcasting. Seed drills are used when sowing
needs to be done on a large scale.

(c) Weeding

Answer: Removal of weeds is called weeding. Unwanted plants which grow along with the crop are
called weeds. They compete for resources; like sunlight, water and air; with the main crop. So, it is
necessary to remove weeds for proper growth of crops. Weeding is usually done manually by using
hands and sickles. Sometimes weedicides are also sprayed.

(d) Threshing

Answer: Separation of grains from harvested stems is called threshing. For smaller quantity, threshing is
done by hands. For somewhat bigger quantity, threshing is done using animal; especially bullocks.
Animals are made to trample over the harvested stock which helps in separation of grains. Threshing
machines are used for bigger quantities.

Question: 5. Explain how fertilisers are different from manure.

Answer: Fertilisers are synthesized in factories from inorganic materials. On the other hand, manure is
made from organic materials; through the process of decomposition. Excessive use of fertilisers is not
good for soil and may lead to soil pollution. Use of manure is beneficial for soil.

Question: 6. What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water.

Answer: The process of artificially providing water to growing crops is called irrigation. Two methods of
irrigation which help in water conservation are as follows:
(a) Sprinkler: Sprinkler system is composed of pipelines in which nozzles are fitted at various locations.
Water comes out of the nozzle and is sprinkled on plants. This system helps in saving lot of water.

(b) Drip Irrigation: For this, small holes are made in pipes which are laid along the rows of crops. Water
slowly drips down on the roots of crops. This system is especially useful for plantations and also in water
scarce areas.

Question: 7. If wheat is sown in the kharif season, what would happen? Discuss.

Answer: The crop of wheat needs mild to moderate temperature and frost free days; along with
irrigation but no water logging. Winters are suitable for growing wheat. In the kharif season; which
coincides with the peak summer months in India, temperature is at its peak which is not suitable for
wheat. Moreover, during rainy season lot of water accumulates in fields which would be harmful for
wheat crop. Hence, if wheat is sown in the kharif season; the productivity would be minuscule and
would not be profitable for the farmers.

Question: 8. Explain how soil gets affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field.

Answer: Continuous plantation of crops in a field affects soil fertility. Plants utilize all the nutrients from
soil which leads to depletion of nutrients in the soil. As a result, soil fertility reduces drastically.

Question: 9. What are weeds? How can we control them?

Answer: Unwanted plants which grow along with crops are called weeds. Weeds compete with crops for
natural resources; like sunlight, water and nutrients. Thus, weeds hamper the growth of crops. Weeds
are usually removed manually by hands and by sickles. This process is called weeding. Sometimes,
weedicides are also sprayed to kills weeds.

Question: 10. Arrange the following boxes in proper order to make a flow chart of sugarcane crop
production.

Sending crop to sugar factory Irrigation Harvesting Sowing Preparation of soil Ploughing
the field Manuring

Answer: Preparation of soil Ploughing the field Manuring Sowing Irrigation Harvesting
Sending crop to sugar factory

Question: 11. Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues given below.

Down

1. Providing water to the crops.

2. Keeping crop grains for a long time under proper conditions.

5. Certain plants of the same kind grown on a large scale.

Answer: 1: IRRIGATION 2: STORAGE 5: CROP

Across

3. A machine used for cutting the matured crop.

4. A rabi crop that is also one of the pulses.

6. A process of separating the grain from chaff.

Answer: 3: HARVESTOR 4: GRAM 6: WINNOWING

1. .. crop is harvested in october.

2. The kind of crop grown only for sale profit is .

3. . is used to till the soil in agriculture.

4. In . type of irrigation, water is sprayed on the plants using rotating sprinkler.

5. Threshing can be done using the machine.

6. Large grasses cultivated for their nutritious seeds are called..

7. Preparation of soil involves . and .. it.

8. The agricultural implement used to sow seeds is called ..

9. Allowing a field to remain free of crops for one or more seasons is called field.. it allows
the field to regain..

10. . Bacteria fixed nitrogen in root nodules of leguminous plants.

11. The practice of growing fruit, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plant is called ..

12. Removing the chaff from the grain is called.

13. The method of irrigation in which emitters let out a trickle of water near the roots is
called

14. Two plantation crops are. and.

15. Farmers friend

1. Kharif

2. Cash crop

3. Pillar

4. Sprinkler

5. Combine

6. Cereals

7. Loosening and turning

8. Seed drill

9. Fallow, Nutrients

10. Rhizobium

11. Horticulture

12. Winnowing

13. Drip irrigation

14. Coffee and rubber

15. Earthworm

1. .. crop is harvested in october.

2. The kind of crop grown only for sale profit is .

3. . is used to till the soil in agriculture.

4. In . type of irrigation, water is sprayed on the plants using rotating sprinkler.

5. Threshing can be done using the machine.

6. Large grasses cultivated for their nutritious seeds are called..

 7. Preparation of soil involves . and .. it.

8. The agricultural implement used to sow seeds is called ..

9. Allowing a field to remain free of crops for one or more seasons is called field.. it allows
the field to regain..

10. . Bacteria fixed nitrogen in root nodules of leguminous plants.

11. The practice of growing fruit, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plant is called ..

12. Removing the chaff from the grain is called.

13. The method of irrigation in which emitters let out a trickle of water near the roots is
called

14. Two plantation crops are. and.

15. Farmers friend

Question 1.

Name one pesticide you will use to kill insects that harm crops?

Answer

BHC (gammaxane)

Question 2.

Name three natural methods of adding nutrients to soil?

Answer

Field fallow, crop rotation and mixed cropping

Question 3.

Why should grains be dried before storage?

Answer

Grains have to be dried to prevent the growth of microorganisms before storage.

Question 4.

Why is it not advisable to sow rice in winter season in our country?

Answer

Because they need more water to grow.

Question 5.

If soil has all the nutrients, why do we need to replenish it?

Answer

when crops are grown in fields year after year, the soil becomes deficient in nutrients and less fertile.
So, the soil has to be replenished with its lost nutrients from time to time.

Question 6.

Why is it important to sow seed at the correct depth and distance?

Answer

Seeds must be sown at the correct depth in the soil. If they are sown too deep, they may not grew due
to the lack of air. And if they are sown too close to the surface, birds can eat them.

Question 7.

Why is the drip system of irrigation is excellent for areas like Rajasthan?

Answer

This method is excellent for regions with low water availability like Rajasthan and in this method there is
no wastage of water.

Question 8.

What are silos?

Answer

Large scale storage of grains is done in silos to protect them from pests like rodents, microbes or insects.

Question 9.

Why does the government usually maintain a buffer stock of grains?

Answer

An extra stock called buffer stock is always maintained so that grains are available in plenty even if there
is a shortfall in production in a particular year, foe example due to monsoon failure.

Question 10.
What do you mean by nitrogen fixation?

Answer

It is the process of converting free nitrogen gas of the atmosphere into nitrogen compounds.

Question 1. How would you prepare yous field before sowing seeds?
Answer
Preparation of soil involves ploughing and lavelling it. Ploughing involves loosening and turning of soil
using a tool or an implement called the plough made up of wood or iron. They are either drawn by
bullocks or by tractors. The ploughed soil often has crumbs of soil that need to be crushed and the soil
lavelled. This is achieved using a leveller.
Question 2. Why is it essential to irrigate our fields?
Answer
A good crop yield requires availability of the right amount of water. Minerals and fertilizers can only be
absorbed by the plants in presence of water. Seeds do not germinate in the absence or scarcity of water.
Hence, agricultural fields needs to be irrigated or watered regularly.
Question 3. Compare the benefits and disadvantages of using manures and fertilizers in the crop field?
Answer

Question 4. Why continuous plantation of the same crop in the field should be avoided?
Answer
Different cops have different nutrient requirements. If you grow the same crop in the same field season
after season, the soil becomes deficient in the set of nutrients needed by the crop. So it is better to grow
one crop in one season and another crop in the next season. This is done by crop rotation method.

Practice questions:

Question 5. Differentiate between kharif and rabi crops with two example of each?
Question 6. How is lavelling different from tilling and write the significance of these processes?
Question 7. What are weeds and how do weed affect crops?
Question 8. What is hybridization?
Question 9. Explain nitrogen cycle?
Question 10. What is nitrogen assimilation?
Question 11. What is animal husbandry?
Question 12. List the steps involved in crop production?
Question 13. What are the advantages of ploughing the soil before sowing seeds?
Question 14. What precautions should be kept in mind while sowing seeds in a field?
Question 15. Why is crop rotation considered a good agricultural practice?