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Abstract
This section discusses the general considerations and philosophy of maintenance for
tanks. Included are procedures for shutdown planning, tank cleaning, replacement
and repair of major components, in-service repairs, rerating and retiring corroded
tanks, and the application of coatings and paint. A tank shutdown checklist is also
attached.
Contents Page
1110 Tank Cleaning 1100-3
1111 Tank Entry Precautions
1112 Company and Industry Documents
1113 Operating Methods to Minimize Sediment
1114 Estimating Sludge Quantity
1115 Determining Sludge Content
1116 Sediment Types and Removal Procedures
1117 Separating Salvable from Non-salvable Material in Sludge
1118 Final Cleaning
1119 Levels of Cleaning Required
1120 Gas Freeing 1100-13
1121 Vapor Freeing Methods
1122 Vapor Freeing Equipment
1123 Safe Vapor Freeing Operations
1124 API 2015
1125 Degassing Operations
1126 Degassing Regulations
1127 Degassing Technologies
1128 Factors Affecting Degassing Time
1129 Degassing Safety
Fig. 1100-1 Variable Angle Mixer with 60-degree Angular Adjustment Courtesy of Jensen
Mixers
1. Valuable oil is recovered from oily solids and is easily transported to the
refining units.
2. Tank capacity is increased because solid waste does not accumulate in the tank.
3. Tank downtime is reduced.
4. Very little solid waste must be disposed of.
5. Overall cleaning costs are reduced.
Fig. 1100-2 Sludge Buildup for Fixed Angle Mixer Compared to Variable Angle Mixer Cour-
tesy of Jensen Mixers
4. The spent solvent is pumped out of the tank and may be refined. More than one
cleaning cycle may be required to thoroughly clean a tank.
5. If the tank is not satisfactorily cleaned, then sediment may need to be removed
mechanically.
Figure 1100-3 shows typical mixer arrangements for different size tanks.
Arrangements will vary depending on the type of tank bottom, tank volume, stock
properties, maintenance access and power available. Experience suggests a 50-hp
mixer normally has the capacity to clean a tank up to 150-foot diameter. For tanks
of 150-foot diameter and larger, consider using two or more mixers. Small tanks
would require a mixer of about 25 hp, depending on the stored fluid.
Mixers used for both cleaning and blending service usually require more
horsepower than those required for cleaning only. Mixer size and numbers should be
verified by analysis of the sludge to be removed and consultation with the
manufacturer.
Fig. 1100-3 Typical Mixer Arrangement for Different Size Tanks Courtesy of Jensen Mixers
Collect the samples at the points shown in Figure 1100-4. If only three points are to
be sampled, sample at points 1, 2 and 3. Prepare a -gallon composite sample by
collecting equal amounts at each sample point.
Pumpable Sediment
This sediment can be pumped out of the tank by use of a vacuum truck or, if
necessary, diaphragm pumps. Manual methods (squeegees) may be required to
move the sediment to the hose. Many crudes, gas-oils, etc., are typical of this class.
Sometimes steam lances can turn non-pumpable sediment into pumpable sediment.
Solvents and mixers or jet nozzles, and heat, are also potential methods.
Non-pumpable Sediment
Residual sediment that cannot be pumped but must be mined, scraped, or shoveled
is very expensive to remove. On larger tanks, entering the tank with mechanical
equipment (front-end loaders, or small bulldozers) may be more economical even
with the need for cutting a door sheet in the shell or roof. Asphalt, asphaltines, and
baked sediment (from tank heaters) are typical examples of non-pumpable sediment.
Scale
Scale corrosion product, mostly from the shell but also from the roof and bottom, is
the third category of sediment to be removed. This scale can contain trapped stock,
water, and possibly hazardous gases. Typical services that produce scale include
gasoline, thinners and solvents, jet fuels and pentane-hexanes. Until all scale has
been removed, personnel should wear full-body protective equipment, and the tank
interior should be continuously tested for explosive gas, aromatics, and H2S.
Normally the scale can be moved by water (hydroblasting) and pumped out by
vacuum truck or diaphragm pump. Caution: if the scale is over 1 to 2 inches deep,
movement by water can release trapped gas causing an explosive mixture to form in
the vapor space. If water washing cannot be done, it may be necessary to remove the
majority of the scale by bucket and shovel after the tank is safe to enter.
Catalyst Fines
Refineries with catalytic crackers will usually have one or more tanks containing a
large amount of catalyst fines. Catalyst fines are usually too heavy for easy pumping
and too soft for mining. Mixers and regular cycling of the tank contents through a
solids extraction system while the tank is in service are recommended to keep the
catalyst fine level low. Normally tanks with catalyst fines are cleaned by shoveling
the fines into the suction of a vacuum truck or conveyor belt. Entering a tank with
fines can be hazardous. The fines trap cycle oil. Piles of fines can collapse causing a
hazardous flow of cycle oil and fines. Some contractors are able to remove catalyst
fines and centrifuge to help reduce the amount disposed.
centrifuges, chemical treating tanks, shakers, settling tanks, presses, filters, and
heavy metal extraction units.
Procedures and equipment for separation and for hazardous waste management are
continually being updated. Vendor claims must be backed by proven results. We
strongly recommend that you discuss your particular requirements with other tank
maintenance groups. Sometimes distant contractors with proven technology may be
more economical to use than local contractors. You can also consult CRTCs tank
specialist for new technology on waste processing.
Non-oily Contaminate
This contaminate is primarily scale (corrosion product) with possibly some trapped
hydrocarbons, especially if the tank has had a change of service. Typical services
include gasoline, thinners, and some jet fuels. Usually the scale can be removed by
pressure washing (200 psi) or hydroblasting (6,000-10,000 psi). Very hard, tight and
active scale may require abrasive blasting or ultra high pressure (35,000-70,000 psi)
hydroblasting.
Oily Contaminate
This contaminate is primarily hydrocarbon and may be a tightly bonded asphalt-like
or greasy deposit. Typical services include crude oil, recovered oil, and gas oil.
Usually a pressure washer along with sprayed-on detergent will remove the contam-
inate. If scale is also present or the baked on material is too hard and well bonded,
hydroblasting may be necessary. Oily surfaces should never be cleaned by abra-
sive blasting. Oil can be embedded in the metal surface by abrasive blasting thereby
causing major problems with future coating application.
Fig. 1100-6 Selecting a Vapor Freeing Method From API 2015, Fig. 5.1. Courtesy of the Amer-
ican Petroleum Institute.
Consider:
Mechanical Ventilation Use Mechanical
Natural Ventilation Ventilation
Steam Ventilation
Yes
Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation is the preferred method of vapor freeing for Company tanks.
Refer to API 2015, Appendix B, for a detailed description of, and application
guidelines for, mechanical ventilation.
Natural Ventilation
Natural ventilation is generally not applicable to tanks in flammable service because
rich fumes may be free to flow into a remote ignition source and flashback to the
tank. Natural ventilation has sometimes been used for small tanks when two
conditions are met: there is a manway near the bottom and the top of the tank; and
the contents are sufficiently volatile to rapidly dissipate from the tank interior. For
large tanks, air movers such as fans or eductors are necessary to develop sufficient
diluent air to accomplish the required reductions in concentrations of hydrocarbons.
Generally, use of natural ventilation for vapor freeing tanks is not recommended.
Steam Ventilation
Steam nozzles produce significant potential for the generation of static charge,
which can be an ignition source. Also, because steam condenses it can cause the
pressure in the tank to drop enough to collapse if there is insufficient opening to
allow for make up air. Steam ventilation may be considered for very small tanks
storing materials in which the cleaning process is significantly facilitated by the
condensing steam. These would typically be small chemical tanks. Steam
ventilation should generally be avoided.
Inerting
Inert gases can displace hydrocarbon vapors and serve to vapor free or degas.
However, it creates new problems which are the disposal of the inert gas itself and
the high degree of health hazards associated with inert gases. Inerting has therefore
rarely been used and is not recommended.
Fig. 1100-7 Tank Air Movers for Flammable Atmospheres Courtesy of the Coppus Portable
Ventilation Division of the Tuthill Corp.
Eductor
Fans
Fig. 1100-8 Vapor Freeing a Fixed Roof Tank From API 2015, Fig. 5.6. Courtesy of the Amer-
ican Petroleum Institute.
Air Eductor
(Electrically bonded
to tank)
Fig. 1100-9 Vapor Freeing a Floating Roof Tank From API 2015, Fig. 5.5. Courtesy of the Amer-
ican Petroleum Institute.
Air mover
Air eductor
Bonding cable
Figure 1100-10 is a flowchart covering the basic requirements of API 2015. The
flowchart follows the typical sequence of events for tank maintenance.
Fig. 1100-10 API 2015 Flowchart Derived from API 2015. Courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
Preplanning Tank
Work
Empty Tank
Isolate Tank
Notes:
1. Continuous ventilation may be
required.
Vapor Free Tank Note 1 2. Testing required in several places
throughout this flowchart.
Determine Hazards:
Oxygen Concentration
Flammability
Toxicity
Physical
Determine Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE)
Recommission Tank
Administrative Controls
The most important aspects of tank entry are the up-front, pre-planning and scoping
study processes. During these phases, consider the following administrative
controls:
written procedures
permitting systems
checklist development
pre-job discussions with employees and contractors
qualification standards for various key personnel
training
hazardous substance testing equipment methods and frequency requirement
the use of personal protective equipment and training
hazards assessment
Classification of Hazards
There are numerous combinations of hazard conditions encountered in tank entry
work. API 2015 categorizes these hazards to simplify the task of planning.
The standard recognizes four hazards when entering petroleum tanks:
1. fires and explosions
2. oxygen deficiency or enrichment
3. toxic substances
4. physical hazards
The hazards which are most difficult to assess deal with the nature of the vapors and
fumes in the tank. These particular hazards cannot be assessed without the use of
instrumentation. Therefore, the standard relies heavily on atmospheric testing.
To classify these hazards, the standard provides three degrees of entry conditions:
1. Entry with Special Precautions
2. Entry with Restriction
3. Entry without Restrictions
4. Prohibited Entry
Entry with Special Precautions. This is the most hazardous condition found inside
storage tanks and corresponds to OSHAs Permit Required Confined Space Entry
Rules. This entry condition applies in any one of the following circumstances:
The oxygen concentration outside is of the limits 19.5% to 23.5%.
The toxicity level is greater than a level that would allow for self rescue.
An engulfment or physical entrapment hazard exists.
Entry With Restrictions. This intermediate entry condition applies if any of the
following conditions are met:
The oxygen concentration is 19.5% or 23.5%.
The toxic substance concentrations are above the PEL/TLV, but not so high as
to inhibit self rescue efforts.
Entry Without Restrictions. This condition allows tank entry without personal
protective equipment or other restrictions. A permit must still be issued. The
conditions allowing this classification are the simultaneous presence of:
Oxygen concentration at 20.9%.
Flammable vapors at 0% LEL.
Toxic substances at or below PEL/TLV.
Prohibited Entry. Entry is prohibited if flammable vapors are greater than 10%
LEL.
Note The most stringent hazard entry condition (Entry with Special Precautions)
applies to all tank entries unless it is proven otherwise by atmospheric testing. Any
tank that has been cleaned, reclosed and inactivated for any period of time must be
treated as though it requires Entry with Special Precautions, until retested.
Isolation: all lines must be blinded off or separated from the tank so that there is
no possibility of leakage into the tank. Cathodic protection systems should be
turned off, electrical systems locked/tagged out and all cleaning equipment
grounded to the tank. Specifications for electrically bonding the tank are given.
Control of Ignition Sources: specifications for electrical equipment used in the
work are given in addition to grounding and bonding requirements. The
standard requires that all work cease if an electrical storm is in progress or
imminent.
Tank Manual
Degassing Method Applicability and Characteristics Performance Safety Considerations
Thermal Flame Units Large or small tanks primarily Quick and efficient. Can be ignition source.
hydrocarbon. Meets all of the most stringent air Safety of oxidizer design is critical.
Relatively simple operation. district requirements.
Burner controls interlocked for
safety, but can be overridden by
operator.
Engine Units Lower flow rate causes longer Not as efficient as flame unit. Same hazards as flame unit except
downtime. that an engine backfire is possible.
Unit depends on flame arrestor to
prevent a flashback to tank; the
design of the flame arrestor and
piping must be exacting to prevent
incident.
Refrigeration Large or small tanks. Slower than thermal, may not meet
1100-24
1100 Maintenance
and to meet air jurisdiction require-
ments.
Not applicable for general tank
July 2000
Fig. 1100-12 Thermal Oxidation Degassing - Flame Oxidation Method From API 2015, Fig. 5.8. Courtesy of the Amer-
ican Petroleum Institute.
A flexible line made of plastic pipe or flexible ducting is connected from a tank
manway to the thermal oxidizer. It is important for other manways on the tank to be
open to allow airflow into the tank or the blower that draws tank fumes into the
oxidizer. Without sufficient airflow, vacuum could result and collapse the tank.
Some tank degassing contractors use a vacuum breaker which allows air to flow into
the degassing unit suction line should the pressure drop too low. The tank fumes
pass through a flame and detonation arresting device so that a flame cannot
propagate from the oxidizer through the ducting and into the tank.
Sufficient volume (residence time) must be provided to allow oxidation of the
fumes to meet required regulations. Some regulations require at least 0.5 seconds of
residence time. In addition the temperature must also be high enough, usually
1400F to 1500F. Degassing tanks over 150 feet in diameter can take anywhere
from 8 to 36 hours, or more, depending on the product and amount of solids. The
typical flow rate for currently available degassing services is from 1000 to 3000
scfm. The process should not be stopped until the vapor space of the tank drops well
below 10 percent of the LEL. The tank may then be ventilated by forcing air
through the tank unless the local regulations prohibit this.
Internal Combustion (IC) Engine Method. Instead of using a flame to oxidize
the hydrocarbon fumes, an internal combustion engine can be used as shown in
Figure 1100-13. Application of this technology was originally started for degassing
of small underground storage tanks (less than about 5000 gallons) in the Los
Angeles basin. The following description of an internal combustion engine
degassing method is generic.
Fig. 1100-13 Thermal Oxidation Degassing - Internal Combustion Engine Method From API
2015, Fig. 5.9. Courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
A typical aboveground degassing setup includes at least one trailer unit containing
two 460 cubic inch V-8 Ford engines operating at about 150 horsepower each on a
continuous basis.
The vapors pass through a knock-out pot to drop liquids and water out. A system of
mixing valves is used to obtain the proper air-fuel ratio by introducing make up air
when the tank vapors are rich. Just prior to entering the engine, propane may be
introduced to maintain the proper air fuel ratio when the tank vapors are below the
LEL. A filter removes particulates and dust. Then the clean, ready-to-burn air-vapor
mixture is passed through an isolating flame arrestor and into one or more internal
combustion engines.
Although the blowers that draw air from the tanks are powered by the engines to
conserve energy, there is a net excess of energy created by this process. The engines
must deal with this extra energy. Most often, the engines are connected to a blower
which has no function other than to consume energy by taking atmospheric air,
compressing it in a lobbed vane blower and expanding it back to atmosphere. The
amount of vapors processed is proportional to the amount of energy consumed by
the engines.
Typical vapor processing rates are less than the flame oxidation units as they can
only process about 400 cfm per engine. Two to five trailers with two or more engines
can be manifolded together to develop adequate flow for degassing large tanks.
The IC engine method, unlike the flame thermal oxidation method, requires
precautions to protect the equipment are required if the tank vapors are laden with
H2S or thiols (mercaptans). These vapors will quickly corrode the engines and the
instrumentation causing it to break down while in operation or to shorten its useful
life. Most suppliers of IC degassing technologies require that the sulfur compounds
be reduced to less than 10 ppm by placement of a wet caustic scrubber or activated
carbon upstream of the unit. Review the local AQMDs rules regarding NOx and SOx
when degassing tank vapors with significant levels of ammonia, H2S or mercaptans.
Refrigeration. Just as in thermal oxidation, the refrigeration method requires that
vapors are withdrawn from the tank. The refrigeration lowers the vapor stream
sufficiently to drop out a significant amount of volatile organic compounds by
condensation. The remaining air and vapors are recirculated to the tank.
The refrigeration system recovers the liquid in the vapor. Usually, several stages of
cooling are required. The water vapor must first be removed by cooling the vapor
stream to about 35F so that additional stages of cooling do not cause it to freeze.
Once the water is removed, the temperature may be further dropped to about -40F
to -100F. The cooling is achieved by using either special low temperature refrigera-
tion units or by liquid nitrogen. Figure 1100-14 shows an example of a refrigeration
system (which is characterized by its complexity).
Carbon Adsorption. In this method, the vapor stream is fed into an activated
carbon unit as shown in Figure 1100-15. While activated carbon does an excellent
job in reducing the levels of hydrocarbon vapors, the activated carbon is consumed
in the process. Typically, portable canisters are valved in parallel and switched to
fresh sources as they are used. Once spent, the carbon must either be regenerated or
disposed of. In either case, the cost is too high for practical applications.
Balancing Methods
This section covers balancing methods for degassing.
Water Balancing. In this method, either water or a relatively non-volatile stock
such as diesel is used to displace the vapors that would otherwise accumulate when
a floating roof tank is landed. This method is not useful for emptying tanks for
personnel entry for inspection or repairs of the tank. Figure 1100-16 depicts the
water balancing method.
Inert Gas Balancing. The specific gravity of a gas is proportional to its molecular
weight. Most light hydrocarbons filling the vapor space of tanks, vessels and barges
have a specific gravity that is less than carbon dioxide (molecular weight 44). This
means that carbon dioxide may be used to displace the hydrocarbon fumes from
enclosed spaces. This method has not been proven for practical use on aboveground
storage tanks. It may have good potential for tanks with very specific conditions and
requirements.
Fig. 1100-14 Thermal Oxidation Degassing - Refrigeration Method From API 2015, Fig. 5.11. Courtesy of the American
Petroleum Institute.
Fig. 1100-15 Thermal Oxidation Degassing - Carbon Adsorption Method From API 2015, Fig. 5.12. Courtesy of the
American Petroleum Institute.
Fig. 1100-16 Water Balancing Method From API 2015, Fig. 6.2. Courtesy of the American
Petroleum Institute.
Product out to
temporary
storage or
treatment Hot Tap
facilities Above Ground
Internal Floating Roof
Storage tank
being degassed
Do not remove PV valves prior to or during degassing. Instead, ensure they are
working properly prior to degassing.
Ensure that vendors bid proposals consider a degassing unit sized to flow at
least at the tank volume divided by 600 in standard cubic feet per minute
of flow.
Concentration
UFL
100% LFL
0% LFL
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Hazard Hazard Hazard
Phase 3 Hazards Tank can move back into flammable range with
changes in ambient condition, hazards to
personnel entering tank.
Gas Testing
Before the start of repair work, test the vapor space in the tank and the surrounding
area for combustible gases, aromatics, hydrogen sulfide, and any other anticipated
hazardous gases. A tag which shows the date, time, gas concentrations, and other
pertinent information must be attached to the tank.
Gas tests must be taken at intervals as required to ensure safety during progress of
the work, and as a minimum should be taken at the following times:
Before work is started each day
At least hourly or when conditions change
Just before work is resumed, if work has been interrupted for a period of
1 hour or more
Just before work is resumed after any stock movements in or out of the tank
After removal of a portion of the seal assembly and injection of inert gas and
before work on the seal system begins
At any other time when, in the opinion of the Company or Contractor, it is
necessary to ensure safety
No work will be permitted without fresh air breathing equipment in areas where the
hydrogen sulfide concentration exceeds ten (10) parts per million or the aromatics
concentration exceeds one (1) part per million.
Epoxy seam sealers also can be used, but the tank level must be lower than
the leak during application of the seam sealer.
Safety Precautions
Hot tapping is a useful method of making in-service repairs, but it involves hazards
which must be recognized and weighed against alternative solutions.
Since welding done on a hot tapping job cannot be inspected or tested thoroughly,
this work should be done only by skilled welders under competent supervision.
Welding requires that the area be completely gas free and that J-W readings be taken
continuously during the welding process to assure no vapor accumulates. All
sources of vapor in and adjoining the area should be properly controlled, and the
timing of the work should correspond to the in-breathing (emptying) of tanks which
might contribute vapor to the area.
The liquid level should be at least 3 feet above the level where welding work is
being done. Consult the local operating management for any requirements
specific to your plant.
The gas testing and hot work precautions listed in Section 1131 should be used
during a hot tap.
Equipment
Several makes of hot tap machines can be purchased or rented. Although they were
developed primarily for use on pipe lines, they are also suitable for use on tank
shells. The size of the machine needed depends on the size of hole. Some machines
can make cuts up to 18 inches in diameter. Note that hot tap cutters usually cut a
hole somewhat smaller than the nozzle inside diameter. This must be considered if
appurtenances are to go through the hole. Maximum nozzle size allowed by API
653 is 18-inch diameter. Chevron limit is 12 inches. See Limitations in this section.
Pre-work Inspection
Before a hot tap is made, UT scan the tank shell at the location of the hot tap for any
possible deficiencies and review recent records of interior inspection of the tank.
Every effort should be made to determine the soundness of the shell plate. If there is
reason to suspect shell plate deficiencies, hot tapping should be avoided.
Fig. 1100-18 Hot-tap Welding DetailsNozzle-to-Shell From API 653, Fig. 7.7. Courtesy of the
American Petroleum Institute.
5. Roll reinforcing plate to fit snugly to shell. Trim inside diameter of opening to
fit toe of pipe weld leaving appropriate lip edge space and groove dimensions
for the diameter of hole and thickness to be welded. See Figure 1100-19.
6. Press pad firmly against shell and tack outside diameter of pad.
7. Weld inside diameter of pad being sure to get good fusion to shell.
8. Finish weld with smooth fillet from top of pad to nozzle surface. Leave no
porosity or undercuts.
9. Complete the weld on the periphery of the pad per API 650.
10. Test reinforcing plate with air pressure between 5-15 psi.
11. Prior to cutting a hole in the shell, test the completed nozzle assembly to 1.5
times the static head pressure at the nozzle location.
Limitations
Hot tapping of tanks should not be done if the nozzle diameter is over 12 inches. If a
larger nozzle is necessary, the tank should be taken out of service and the nozzle
Fig. 1100-19 Hot-tap Welding DetailsReinforcing Plates From API 653, Fig. 7.7. Courtesy of
the American Petroleum Institute
1137 Insulation
In-service repairs to insulation on the shell and fixed roof can be made by the
following methods.
Shell. Shell insulation can be installed, repaired, or replaced in service. A special
bar with studs for the laybar installation will be required to provide studs above a
level 3 feet below the stock level of the tank. Below that level, the bar will be
welded to the tank using the hot tap procedure described in Section 1133. (See
Figure 1100-20.)
Caution The roof should be inspected to ensure it has adequate thickness in the
area of the required repairs.
Fixed Roof. Roof insulation is normally impaled on studs welded to the roof. In-
service replacement of insulation is feasible as long as the impaling studs are not
damaged.
Where in-service installation is required without studs, one company, Thermacon,
has a design consisting of cables in tension across the roof which are attached cold
to the top angle. These cables hold the roof insulation in place.
1138 Appurtenances
Caution When an appurtenance is to be removed from a tank that is in service,
precautions may be required to prevent the uncontrolled release of vapor from the
tank.
Bolted-on appurtenances, such as valves, breathers, hatch covers, manway-mounted
mixers, and heaters, etc., and threaded appurtenances, such as hatch covers,
autogauge guides, etc., can be replaced in service. To install some appurtenances
will require that the tank level be pumped down. Some appurtenances which are
above the liquid level, such as sample hatch funnels on existing sample hatches of
floating roofs, and those fixed roof appurtenances mounted directly to the roof, can
be replaced in service.
In-service repairs can be made on stairways, platforms, and wind girders by bolting
instead of welding. Such attachments must be well sealed to prevent corrosion
product between the surfaces from breaking the bolts.
Rolling ladders can be removed from the tank and repaired, rebuilt, or replaced in
service.
1140 Resources
DeBeer, E. E., Foundation Problems of Petroleum Tanks, Annales de LInstitut
Belge du Petrole, No. 6, 1969, pp. 25-40
Malik, Z. Morton, J., and Ruiz, C., Ovalization of Cylindrical Tanks as a Result of
Foundation Settlement, Journal of Strain Analysis, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1977 pp. 339-
348.
Timoshenko, S., Theory of Plates and Shells, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1955
Sullivan, R. A., Nowicki, J. F., Settlement of Structures, Conference organized by
the British Geotechnical Society at The Lady Mitchell Hall, Cambridge held in
April 1974
Duncan, J.M., DOrazio, T. B., Stability of Steel oil Storage Tanks, Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, Vol 110, No. 9, September, 1984
Duncan, J.M., DOrazio, T. B., Distortion of Steel Tanks Due to Settlement of their
Walls, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol 115, No. 6, June, 1989
API 653, Appendix B.
Sullivan, R. A., and Nowicki, J. F. 1974, Differential Settlements of Cylindrical Oil
Tanks. Proceedings, Conference on Settlement of Structures, British
Geotechnical Society, Cambridge, pp402-424.
Marr, W. A., Ramos, J. A., and Lambe, T. W. Criteria For Settlement of Tanks,
Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division Proceedings of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 108, No GT8, August, 1982.
DOrazio, T. B., Duncan, J. M. Differential Settlements in Steel Tanks, Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 113, No. 9, September, 1987.
Koczwara, F. A. Simple Method Calculates Tank Shell Distortion, Hydrocarbon
Processing, August 1980
EEMUA (The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association) Document
No 159 (Draft)
Duncan, J. M., DOrazio, T. B., and Myers, P. E., Settlement of Tanks on Clay,
presented at ASCE Settlement 94
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EWO/ WORK COMPLETED EXECUTION REF
620# ITEM DESCRIPTION OPER. MAINT. INSPECT. RESPONSIBIL. LOC
====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
INSPECT,REPAIR/REPLACE&HYDRO @ 45psi_SWING LINE PONTOON XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT,REPLACE & HYDRO @ 45psi _ SWING LINE STAY-TITES XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT & REPAIR FILL LINE DISPERSER XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
CHECK/ADD BALLAST (450 THINNER) ON PONTOONS XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT & REPAIR ROOF LEGS XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL MOUSE HOLES ON ROOF LEGS XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL NEW COFLEXIP ROOF DRAIN XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
HYDRO ROOF DRAIN @ 45psi XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL CATHODIC PROTECTION XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
POWERWASH & SANDBLAST RIVET TANK FOR SEAM FIX XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
SEAM FIX & COAT INTERNAL RIVETED SEAM AREA XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
SANDBLAST & COAT INTERNAL SHELL & ROOF XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
SANDBLAST & COAT BOTTOM XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
SANDBLAST & COAT 100% TANK INTERNAL XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL ROOF LEG WEAR PLATES XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
III TANK ROOF
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT TANK ROOF XXXXXX INSPECTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL/REPAIR NEW API CONE/FLOATING ROOF & APPURTANCES XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
SERVICE/REPLACE/INST. _ SHAND&JURS ROOF BREATHER VALVES XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT & SERVICE/REPLACE ROOF VENTS & VACUUM BREAKERS XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT & SERVICE/REPLACE GAUGE HATCH XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT & SERVICE ALL ROOF HATCHES XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
CLEAN-OUT ROOF DRAIN XXXXXX TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
MODIFY ROOF DRAIN ON CONE ROOF TKS. XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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INSPECT & REPAIR/REPLACE ROOF RIM ANGLE XXXXXX XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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REMOVE OLD PRIMARY & SECONDARY ROOF SEAL XXXXXX CONTRACTOR PLAN
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INSPECT & REPAIR/REPLACE PRIMARY ROOF SEAL XXXXXX SEAL/CONT/TK
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=======================================================================================================================
EWO/ WORK COMPLETED EXECUTION REF
620# ITEM DESCRIPTION OPER. MAINT. INSPECT. RESPONSIBIL. LOC
====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
INSPECT & REPAIR/REPLACE SECONDARY ROOF SEAL WIPER XXXXXX SEAL/CONT/TK
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DIESEL/FLOURESCENT DYE CHECK ROOF PONTOONS XXXXXX CONTRACTOR PLAN
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REPAIR ROOF PONTOONS XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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REPLACE/INSTALL 1/2" BRASS GAUGE WELL GUIDE PLATE XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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WELD REPAIR ON GAUGERS PLATFORM XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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INSPECT & REPAIR/REPLACE ROLLING ROOF LADDER & SS PIN XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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INSTALL LIGHTNING SHUNTS XXXXXX SEAL/CONT/TK
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INSPECT & REPAIR FIRE FOAM SYSTEM XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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SANDBLAST & SPOT PAINT/COAT TANK ROOF XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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INSULATE TANK ROOF XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
IV TANK EXTERNAL SHELL
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT & REPAIR TANK SHELL XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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REPAIR TANK INSULATION & WEATHER JACKET AS NECESSARY XXXXXX INSUL/CONT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
REPAIR TANK INSULATION BANDS AS NECESSARY XXXXXX INSUL/CONT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL RE-INFORCING PLATE WEEP HOLES XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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INSPECT & REPAIR TANK STAIRWAY XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
SANDBLAST & SPOT PAINT/COAT TANK SHELL AND NUMBER TANK XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
SANDBLAST & SPOT PAINT/COAT TANK STAIRWAY XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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SANDBLAST & COAT TANK ACCESS PLATFORMS XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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SANDBLAST & SPOT PAINT/COAT WINDGIRDER XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
=======================================================================================================================
EWO/ WORK COMPLETED EXECUTION REF
620# ITEM DESCRIPTION OPER. MAINT. INSPECT. RESPONSIBIL. LOC
====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
V INSTRUMENTATION
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT & REPAIR ALL THERMOWELLS(TACK WELD IN PLACE) XXXXXX CONT/TK
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DISCONNECT,INSPECT,RECALIBRATE,REINSTALL TANK AUTO GAGE XXXXXX XXXXXX B&S I&E
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
CALIBRATE & REPAIR/REPLACE/INSTALL TEMPERATURE SENSOR XXXXXX XXXXXX TK/I&E
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INSPECT GAGING DATUM PLATE XXXXXX TK/I&E
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====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
VI MIXERS & PUMPS
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
OVERHAUL/REMOVE/INSTALL _ TANK MIXERS XXXXXX XXXXXX MACH. SHOP
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OVERHAUL/REMOVE/INSTALL _ TANK MIXER MOTORS XXXXXX XXXXXX MACH. SHOP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
CONVERT/REPLACE _ PACKING SEAL MIXERS W/MECH. SEAL TYPE XXXXXX XXXXXX MACH. SHOP
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REPLACE SIDE SAMPLE PUMP & MOTOR XXXXXX XXXXXX MACH. SHOP
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====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
VII TANK HEATER
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
CLEAN,INSPECT & HYDRO _ HEATER COIL/BUNDLE XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
REPLACE/INSTALL _ HEATER COIL/BUNDLE XXXXXX BOIL. SHOP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
REPAIR HEATER PIPING XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
REPAIR/REPLACE/INSTALL HEATER PUMP XXXXXX XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
ATTACH HEATER SUPPORT RAIL TO SHELL XXXXXX
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
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====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
VIII TANK VALVES
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
REMOVE & REPAIR/REPLACE _ VALVES PER OPR. XXXXXX TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
REPAIR/REPLACE _ VALVES PER INSP. XXXXXX TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
REMOVE,POP & RESET _ PSV'S PER OPR. TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
REPLACE/UPGRADE SAMPLE SYSTEM VALVES TO E-1 SPECS. XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
=======================================================================================================================
EWO/ WORK COMPLETED EXECUTION REF
620# ITEM DESCRIPTION OPER. MAINT. INSPECT. RESPONSIBIL. LOC
====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
IX PIPING
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT & REPAIR TANK PIPING XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
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UPGRADE/INSTALL SUN RELIEF PIPING & VALVES TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
UPGRADE PIPING & VALVES TO E-1 PIPE SPECS. AS NECESSARY XXXXXX TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
UPGRADE/INSTALL SIDE SAMPLE SYSTEM TO E-1 PIPE SPECS. CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
MODIFY PIPING FOR NEW BOTTOM CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
REPAIR/REPLACE/UPGRADE STEAM TRACE TUBING AS NECESSARY XXXXXX CONTRACTOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
REPAIR/REPLACE PIPE INSULATION AS NECESSARY XXXXXX CONT/ISULAT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT & REPAIR WATER DRAW XXXXXX TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
X MISC.
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
CLEAN TANK BASIN AREA XXXXXX TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
CLEAN-OUT WATER DRAW BASIN AREA XXXXXX TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSPECT & REPAIR/REPLACE ACCESS PLATFORM XXXXXX TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL/REPAIR/REPLACE WALKWAYS XXXXXX CARP. ZONE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
CLEAN & REPAIR GUNITE DRAIN GUTTER XXXXXX ZONE/2-DIT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
DAYLIGHT PIPING XXXXXX TK GROUP
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====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
XI OPERATIONS
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
STENCIL SOH , HOD & LPO XXXXXX XXXXXX OPERATIONS PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
STENCIL TANK & THERMOWELL NUMBERS XXXXXX XXXXXX OPERATIONS PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
STENCIL SWING LINE DIAGRAM ON TANK XXXXXX XXXXXX OPERATIONS PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
PROVIDE EVACUATION PLANS XXXXXX OPERATIONS PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
CLEAN-OUT TANK PIPE LINES XXXXXX OPERATIONS PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
ENGR. MEASURE & CALC. NEW STRAPPING CHART & SAFE OIL HEIGHT XXXXXX XXXXXX ENGR. PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
====== =========================================================== ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
=======================================================================================================================
EWO/ WORK COMPLETED EXECUTION REF
620# ITEM DESCRIPTION OPER. MAINT. INSPECT. RESPONSIBIL. LOC
====== ============================================================= ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
XII TANK HEAD-UP
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL/REPAIR/REPLACE WALKWAYS XXXXXX TK/ZONE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
RAISE FLOATING ROOF LEGS AFTER TANK FIRST FILL XXXXXX TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
HYDO TANK SHELL & ROOF XXXXXX XXXXXX CONT/TK PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
====== =========================================================== ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
XIII POST TANK WORK
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL RETAINING WALL AROUND TANK XXXXXX ZONE/2-DIST
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
GUNITE AREA AROUND TANK XXXXXX XXXXXX 2-DIST
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
GUNITE AREA UNDER PIPING XXXXXX XXXXXX 2-DIST
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL GUNITE DRAIN GUTTER XXXXXX 2-DIST
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
SEAL TANK SKETCH PLATE AREA TK GROUP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
INSTALL LIGHTING PER ENGR. XXXXXX XXXXXX I&E ZONE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
CHECK SEAL FIT & COMPLIANCE XXXXXX INSPECTION PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
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====== =========================================================== ========= ========= ========= ============= =====
XIV EXTRA TANK WORK
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------------- ---------
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