CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Green building design is a practice of increasing efficiency with which buildings

use resources such as energy, water and materials while also reducing the buildings

impact on the human health and the environment. This also involves finding the balance

between homebuilding and sustainable environment. This requires close cooperation with

the design team, the architects, engineers, and the client at all project stages. The green

building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of

economy, utility, durability, and comfort. This minimizes the negative human impacts on

the natural surroundings, materials, resources and processes that prevail in nature.

As building technologies advance with our increasing environmental awareness,

utilizing sustainable resources becomes an obvious choice. Not only it is the green way of

doing things, but more importantly it is an economically viable solution many of which

are endless and free. Moving air for ventilations and sunlight for lighting and energy

supply are just two of the many examples waiting for us to capture and incorporate into

our buildings. Our journey to stop to what was once a seemingly perpetual demand on

our deteriorating environment starts here as we take a step to enlighten ourselves through

constant enrichment and practice. Green building is not a simple development trend, it is

an approach to building suited to the demands of its time, whose relevance and

importance will only continue to increase.

1
Objectives

General objective:

The aim of this study is to come up a design of Green Building classrooms at

EVSU Luna Campus.

Specific objectives:

1. To define a green building.

2. To identify the parameters that makes a building green.

3. To measure the carbon footprint of the proposed building.

4. To determine the energy use of the proposed building.

2
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1.1: Green Technology Building Flow Chart

Renewable
Energy

Energy
Conservation

Eco-tourism

Eco-solutions
Water
Eco-friendly Building Eco-Energy
Purification
Economical

Air
Purification

Recycling

3
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study focuses on the construction of Green Tech Building in the whole

EVSU-Luna Campus. Truly, EVSU-Luna lacks good, sufficient and comfortable

classrooms. This project contributes a big help in terms of energy, sustainability and eco-

friendly ways. Efficiency is what we want to be achieved. Establishing Green Tech

buildings can satisfy the whole population in the campus. Probably this will take five (5)

years from now to be accomplished.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research identified the exciting developments taking places on the

technology front and analyzes their implications for intelligent and green building,

highlighting examples of the best in class buildings employing green and intelligent

technologies. These buildings are dynamic environments that respond to the occupants

changing needs and lifestyles. This research provided documented evidence to educate

and influence end-users, building owners, architects, and contractors that a green

building can be achieved sing intelligent technology and that this greening will

provide a tangible and significant return on investment.

4
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

The beginning of the twenty-first century has ushered in the era of green

buildings. According to some estimates, there are approximately 81 million buildings in

the United States. Most of these buildings use energy inefficiently, generate large

amounts of waste in their construction and operation, and emit large quantities of

pollutants and greenhouse gases. In contrast to conventional buildings, green buildings

seek to use land and energy efficiently, conserve water and other resources, improve

indoor and outdoor air quality, and increase the use of recycled and renewable materials.

While green buildings still constitute a tiny subset of existing buildings, their numbers are

increasing rapidly. In November 2006, the U.S. Green Building Council, the nonprofit

group responsible for the creation of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

(LEED) green building rating system, announced that 623 buildings had achieved some

level of LEED certification. As of December 2009 this number had grown to more than

2,400, and over 35,000 buildings were in the process of achieving some level of LEED

certification. (J. Cullen Howe, The Reality of the Built Environment: The Problem of Existing Buildings,
Overview of Green Building)

Green building on college campuses is the purposeful construction of buildings

on college campuses that decreases resource usage in both the building process and also

the future use of the building. The goal is to reduce CO 2 emissions, and energy use, while

creating an atmosphere where students can be healthy and learn. Since college campuses

5
are where the worlds future leaders are being taught, colleges are choosing to construct

new buildings to green standards in order to promote environmental stewardship to their

students. Colleges across the United States have taken leading roles in the construction of

green building in order to reduce resource consumption, save money in the long run, and

instill the importance on environmental sustainability on their students. (J. Cullen Howe, The
Reality of the Built Environment: The Problem of Existing Buildings, Overview of Green Building)

According to the Benefits of Green Building on Campuses, Green buildings on

college campuses provide benefits to the campus in several different ways. Campuses can

benefit from the short and long term economic benefits. Initially, federal and state

governments will sometimes provide tax incentives for buildings constructed that surpass

the standards set by the government. There are also long term savings. According to the

USGBC (United States Green Building Council), with an upfront investment of 2 percent

in green building design, the resulting life savings is 20 percent of the total construction

costs. With many universities lacking funding, this kind of savings could dramatically

help the yearly budget. Along with this increase in monetary savings, green

building and architecture has been proven to make the occupants more productive.

Studies have shown a link between improved lighting design and a 27 percent reduction

in the incidence of headaches. Also, students with the most day lighting in their

classrooms progressed 20 percent faster on math tests and 26 percent faster on reading

tests in one year than those with less day lighting. Both of these studies show that better

lighting conditions, which are one of the main features of green buildings, can increase

the productivity of its occupants. Students at colleges where green buildings are being

used will benefit by increasing their potential to gain knowledge. The last important

benefit of green buildings on college campuses is having the university seen as

6
environmentally sustainable. Students are becoming increasingly aware of the issues the

Earth faces with carbon emissions and increased consumption. These students want to

attend universities that are striving to reduce their environmental impact. Universities

participating in sustainable initiatives, like constructing green buildings, will attract more

highly qualified students. Green buildings on campuses benefit both the school as well as

the students. (J. Cullen Howe, The Reality of the Built Environment: The Problem of Existing Buildings,
Overview of Green Building)

Although green buildings represent the next phase of buildings, the reality is that

the vast majority of buildings are not green, and these buildings will continue to be used

for many years to come. Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings typically

involves a process called retrofitting, which can mean anything from installing more

energy-efficient fixtures to increasing the amount of insulation in a building. The U.S.

Green Building Council has a rating standard specifically focused on existing buildings,

referred to as LEED-EBOM (EBOM stands for existing buildings operation and

maintenance). While greening existing buildings does not receive the attention that new

green buildings do, it is certainly more important when looking at reducing the

environmental impacts of buildings nationwide. (J. Cullen Howe, The Reality of the Built
Environment: The Problem of Existing Buildings, Overview of Green Building)

Worldwide, buildings consume massive amounts of energy. The United Nations

Environment Program has reported that 3040 percent of all primary energy produced

worldwide is used in buildings. In 2008, the International Energy Agency released a

publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40 percent

of the worlds total primary energy consumption and for 24 percent of global CO2

emissions.

7
 The picture in the United States is strikingly similar. In 2004, EPA found that

buildings account for 39 percent of total energy use and 68 percent of total electrical

consumption. According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in 2006 buildings in

the United States used 74.2 percent of all electricity generated. A report by the U.S.

Energy Information Agency (EIA) estimated that 60 percent of the nations electrical.

Fortunately, there are many ways to improve a buildings energy efficiency. Simple

measures such as weather-stripping, maintaining entry door closers and installing storm

windows as a low-cost alternative to replacements are usually the low-hanging fruit in

weatherization. In addition, adding insulation materials to new and existing frame

construction buildings is a proven and relatively inexpensive way to improve building

energy efficiency with respect to heating and cooling. New innovations in insulation can

reduce the energy used in manufacturing insulation and allow insulation to be recycled or

biodegradable. Mineral, fibrous, and cellulose-derived materials are now available for

insulation purposes. Another large user of energy is a buildings heating, ventilation, and

air conditioning (HVAC) system. Properly designed and installed HVAC systems can

reduce the amount of energy used for heating and cooling a building. An HVAC system

includes a heater, air conditioner, and fan in one system and operates at a partial load

nearly all the time. The design of the HVAC system as a whole-system mechanism saves

energy by monitoring airflow and keeping the indoor temperature fairly constant. An

HVAC system must have a correctly designed distribution system to minimize the

amount of airflow (and thus energy) necessary to heat and cool the building. In addition,

allowing building occupants to individually control heating and cooling in their living or

8
working spaces is an effective way to reduce energy use. Electric lighting consumes

about one-quarter to one-third of the energy in a typical commercial building. Lighting

also generates heat, so reducing the amount of energy consumed for lighting through

effective and efficient lighting also reduces the size of a buildings air-conditioning plant.

Building information modeling (BIM) enables building design and construction teams to

draw and test the buildings operating systems, such as electricity or hot water, in one

computer model. Modeling buildings with BIM can aid in quantitative energy analysis,

connecting complex systems and allowing more precise analysis for better energy used.

Given that buildings use large amounts of energy, and given that most of this

energy comes from the burning of fossil fuels, it is not surprising that buildings in the

United States are responsible for many millions of tons of GHG emissions annually. DOE

has estimated that in 2006, buildings in the United States emitted 630 million metric tons

of GHG emissions, approximately equal to the combined emissions of the United

Kingdom, France, and Japan. U.S. buildings by themselves emit more GHGs than any

other country in the world except China. On a percentage basis, buildings in the United

States are responsible for approximately 40 percent of the countrys total GHG emissions.

Unfortunately, greenhouse gases are not the only harmful pollutants that buildings emit.

Indoor levels of air pollution may greatly exceed outdoor levels. Indoor air pollution is

particularly important given that we spend most of our time indoors. The EPA

(Environmental Protection Agency) has estimated that indoor levels of pollution may be

two to five times higher, and occasionally more than 100 times higher, than outdoor air

pollution levels. This pollution can come from a wide variety of sources. (J. Cullen Howe,

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Indoor Air Pollution)

9
 Based on Green Building Architecture: A Literature Review on Designing

Techniques by Kushagra Varma, Mayank Chaurasia, Prasenjit Shukla and Tariq Ahmed,

buildings are found to be both, one of the biggest consumer of energy and producer of

greenhouse gasses. It has become a global issue according to national institute of building

sciences (USA), buildings generate thirty five percent of the carbon dioxide (the primary

greenhouse gas associated with climate change), forty nine percent of sulfur dioxide and

twenty five percent nitrogen oxide found in the air. Since buildings are accountable for

this scenario, it has imposed an immediate requirement to not only think of, but

implement sustainability in every new construction instantly. This will render us a

sustained environment and a healthy ecosystem. Green buildings are buildings that

subscribe to the principle conscientious handling of natural resources, which means

causing as little environmental interference as possible that requires low operational

energy, utilizes renewable sources of energy to fulfill its requirements and must be

economically viable.

Furthermore, in minimizing the pollution, some studies recommend to use Green

Technology in buildings. Green building is not a simple development trend; it is an

approach to building suited to the demands of its time, whose relevance and importance

will only continue to increase. The benefits to green building are manifold, and may be

categorized along three fronts environmental, economic, and social. (J. Cullen Howe,

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Indoor Air Pollution)

10
Environmental Benefits of Green Technology

Emissions Reduction. Pollutants released by fossil fuel fired electricity

contribute to global climate change, cause air quality issues such as acid rain and smog,

and pose risks to human health. Green building techniques like solar powering, day

lighting, and facilitation of public transport increase energy efficiency and reduce

harmful emissions. (https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-benefits)

Temperature Moderation. The heat retention properties of tall buildings and

urban materials such as concrete and asphalt are the primary causes of urban heat island

effect. These conditions may be offset by conscientious building design and site selection,

as well as planting trees to accompany new developments.

(https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-benefits)

Economic Benefits of Green Technology

A common impression about green building is that the green premium is too

expensive to be considered economically feasible. However, studies have shown that the

costs of green buildings are not substantially higher than regular development

projects. Higher construction costs can generally be avoided by the inclusion of green

design from the outset of the project. Additionally, green buildings provide an assortment

of economic advantages. (https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-benefits)

Energy and Water Savings. The resource efficiency provided by green design

and technology leads to drastic reductions in operation costs that quickly recoup any

additional project costs and continue to offer dramatic long-term savings. Money

11
previously directed toward utility costs may be used for other purposes.

(https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-benefits)

Increased Property Values. With energy costs on the rise, the low operating

costs and easy maintenance of green buildings make for lower vacancy rates and higher

property values. (https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-benefits)

Improved Employee Attendance. Green design emphasizes increased natural

lighting and control of ventilation and temperature-attributes that improve employee

health and prevent absences. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports major

reductions in health care costs and work losses resulting from commonly recommended

improvements to indoor environments. (https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-

benefits)

Increased Employee Productivity. Employee productivity has been positively

correlated to indoor environmental conditions, and shows improvements where green

principles have been applied. (https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-benefits)

Sales Improvements. Studies show better sales in stores that utilize natural

light. Retailers are increasingly using day lighting in an effort to harvest the associated

sales benefits. (https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-benefits)

Development of Local Talent Pool. With increased attention being paid to global

climate change and the need for renewable energy sources, the field of building design

and construction is moving toward sustainability as a permanent objective. As of July

2007, 23 states and more than 80 cities have legislated green standards for municipal

buildings. Building green in Bloomington is an investment in the local economy, helping

to foster a local talent pool: designers and builders experienced with green projects able

12
to accommodate the growing market demand for sustainable development.

(https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-benefits)

Social Benefits of Green Technology

Improved Health. Poor indoor environmental quality (IEQ) resulting from

insufficient air circulation, poor lighting, mold build up, temperature variances, carpeting

and furniture materials, pesticides, toxic adhesives and paints, and high concentration of

pollutants (typically 10 to 100 times higher than outdoors) contribute widely to

respiratory problems, allergies, nausea, headaches, and skin rashes. Green building

emphasizes ventilation and non-toxic, low emitting materials that create healthier and

more comfortable living and working environments.(https://bloomington.in.gov/green-

building-benefits)

Improved Schools. An estimated 40% of schools in the United States are subject

to poor environmental conditions that compromise the health and learning of

students. The healthier environment and atmosphere in school buildings utilizing green

design and construction principles is shown to lead to significant reductions in student

absenteeism and improvements in test scores.(https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-

benefits)

Healthier Lifestyles and Recreation. A key element of sustainable design is the

preservation of natural environments, which afford a variety of recreation and exercise

opportunities. Green buildings also seek to facilitate alternatives to driving, such as

bicycling and public transport, which eases local traffic while encouraging personal

health and fitness.(https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-benefits)

13
Green Buildings vs. Non-Green Buildings

Going green has become mandatory for anyone involved in building construction

and/or maintenance. The growth in the certified green building market has been

making headlines for over a decade with no end in sight. Plus, studies consistently show

that building green pays off. On average, green buildings simply have the competitive

edge in terms of cost effectiveness, marketability and overall maintenance efficiency.

Despite the buzz, many facilities managers are still confused as to what exactly it means

to be green. Does certification matter? Is renewable energy required? What exactly makes

a building green?

Four Elements of a Green Building Project

Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast answers. Ask a dozen green building

experts and youll get a dozen replies, each sensible but none identical. The fact is,

sustainability is an enormously complex subject, and the industry reflects that.

However, one has to start somewhere. Perhaps one of the clearest definitions of what

green construction really means is offered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

in its report What Is a Green Building? The EPA breaks green construction down into

four readily identifiable elements. Lets take a look at each, and what they entail:

1. Sustainable Site Design

Green construction considers not just the building but its environment. Before

construction even begins, care is taken to choose a site that will contribute to wise use of

resources and enhance human and environmental health.

Key strategies include using space efficiently; preserving wetlands and other valuable

natural features; orienting and designing the building to take advantage of natural

14
dynamics such as insulation, air flow and microclimate variables; reducing the urban heat

island effect; light pollution reduction; and aesthetic appeal. Technologies in this category

include such things as day lighting, passive ventilation, and green walls and roofs. If you

are dealing with an existing building, your options for improvement may be limited.

However, there are some things you can do to get your building in sync with its

environment. Landscaping is one good option. Strategically planting trees and other

plants where they will provide shade, windbreaks or other benefits can significantly

impact a buildings energy footprint. It can lead to other surprising benefits, too.

(http://www.buildings.com/buzz/buildings-buzz/entryid/442/green-buildings-vs-non-green-

buildings

2. Energy and Environment

This is the category that most people think of first when they think green. It also

includes many of the most dramatic cost-saving opportunities. Energy measures include

technologies and design that improve building performance to achieve more with less

input. Strategies include incorporating shell measures such as insulation and high-

efficiency glazing; passive heating and cooling; high-efficiency lighting; solar and other

renewable energy; and high-efficiency HVAC and plumbing technologies.

Human workers may not respond well to micromanagement, but buildings are another

story. Many property managers find that tracking and controlling the energy consumption

of individual units and/or zones pays off very well in terms of energy savings. Smart

meters in particular can save tremendous amounts of energy by automatically adjusting to

changes in weather, number of occupants, and other variables.

15
3. Indoor Environmental Quality

Integral to the green building concept is ensuring that the building supports

human health and wellbeing. Issues in this category include reducing exposure to indoor

environmental toxins like VOCs, heavy metals, and biological hazards such as mold;

ensuring adequate air flow and quality; providing optimal levels and quality of light

(especially day lighting); and maintaining an aesthetically pleasing atmosphere for stress

reduction and improved worker efficiency. (http://www.buildings.com/buzz/buildings-

buzz/entryid/442/green-buildings-vs-non-green-buildings

Maintenance is integral to keeping a green building green. Some of the biggest

contributors to poor-indoor environmental quality are, ironically, cleaning and

disinfecting products. Yet its not just conventional cleaning supplies. Some so-called

green cleaners, while they not a source for concern, can react with other chemicals

present in your building to create toxic compounds. For example, pine and citrus oils

contain compounds called terpenes that can combine with ozone to form the carcinogen

formaldehyde, as well as fine particulates that can adversely affect human health. The

California EPA recommends limiting the use of these products, especially during periods

of high outdoor air pollution. (http://www.buildings.com/buzz/buildings-

buzz/entryid/442/green-buildings-vs-non-green-buildings

4. Materials and Resources

Recycled materials, local materials and materials engineered for maximum

durability, longevity and efficiency are preferred, as are bio-based materials that break

down safely in the environment once they are no longer in use. Materials and systems are

evaluated using a cradle-to-cradle approach that takes into account the entire life cycle

16
of the structure, from sourcing to disposal. Also included in this category are maintenance

and use issues such as recycling, waste disposal and transportation to and from the

building. (http://www.buildings.com/buzz/buildings-buzz/entryid/442/green-buildings-vs-non-

green-buildings

Keep in mind that one of the most significant resources for a green building is its

occupants. Every green building should include a plan for educating, training and

encouraging its occupants to use best management practices for optimal sustainability.

The best plans instill a sense of pride, fun, teamwork and/or ownership. Payback

incentives are usually very effective, as are contests between occupants of different areas

of the building.

(http://www.buildings.com/buzz/buildings-buzz/entryid/442/green-buildings-vs-non-green-

buildings)

17
ADVANTAGES OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY

Does not emit anything harmful into the air

Can bring economic benefits to certain areas.

Requires less maintenance so you dont have to shell out a lot of money to operate

it.

Renewable. This means we will never run out.

Can slow the effects of global warming by reducing CO2 Emissions.

(The Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Technology Monu Bhardwaj and Neelam)

DISADVANTAGES OF GREEN TECHNOLOGIES

High implementing costs.

Lack of information.

No known alternative chemical or raw material inputs

No known alternative process technology

Uncertainty about performance impacts

Lack of human resources and skills

(The Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Technology Monu Bhardwaj and Neelam)

The goals of green technology are many. To meet the needs of society in ways

without damaging or depleting natural resources on earth is the main objective of green

technology. The idea is to meet present needs without making any compromises. You

have reached the right destination to know all about the goals of green technology.

18
 Focus is being shifted on making products that can be fully reclaimed or re-used. By

changing patterns of production and consumption, steps are being taken to reduce

waste and pollution, as one of the important goals of green technology. It is essential

to develop alternative technologies to prevent any further damage health and the

environment. Speeding their implementation can benefit our environment and truly

protect the planet. Explore the goals of green technology, introducing sustainable

living, develop renewable energy and reduce waste. (The Advantages and Disadvantages

of Green Technology Monu Bhardwaj and Neelam)

What is a Carbon Footprint?

A carbon footprint is the set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by something. It

can be calculated for a product, service, person or even a country, and is used to

understand the impact human activity is having on the earths climate. The carbon

footprint is a measurement of all greenhouse gases we individually produce and has units

of tones (or kg) of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Carbon footprint has become a widely used term and concept in the public debate

on responsibility and abatement action against the threat of global climate change. It had

a tremendous increase in public appearance over the last few months and years and is

now a buzzword widely used across the media, the government and in the business world.

The development which is being done for the sake of industrial growth from last 2-3

decades because of that our earth is sacrificing huge area of its existence that includes its

large forest areas, rivers, glaciers, and also the climate. Due to this life style of each

living being on the earth has an adverse impact. Increasing industrialization, finishing

19
forests, melting glaciers are effects due to which earths life cycle is being changed year

by year. As all these problems are associated with instance emission of carbon and its

gaseous products which are the major causes of global warming and changing earths

climate. So in work we studied the causes of carbon emission and control measures

which can be employed to reduce the carbon emissions from which we can save our

earth, climate and also live. Carbon is Natures building block. Everything that grows is

built out of carbon. Carbon is also stored in great quantities in all fossil fuels. When

carbon is in its solid form, as in a tree trunk or a vein of coal in the ground, it is harmless,

and in fact profoundly helpful and supportive of life as we know it. When these sources

of carbon are burned, carbon is transformed into a gas known as Carbon Dioxide or C02.

Increasing accumulations of C02 in the earths atmosphere coupled with increasing

emissions of other greenhouse gases is responsible for the global warming crisis we now

face as a global community.(Study on Carbon Footprint, Manoj Kumar, Lalit Sharma, Dr.

P.K Vashista, Assistant Professor, M.Tech Students, Professor, VITS, Ghaziabad)

What is Energy Analysis?

Energy analysis also known as energy audit is defined, in general, as the

computation and measurement of energy flows in society, and, in particular, as the

quantification of the volume of energy resources sequestered, directly and indirectly, in

various commodities. Energy analysis in power generation is a way of evaluating the

relation between input energy and output energy, where input energy is an aggregation of

all necessary energies for power generation activities including different stages such as

construction of a power plant, fabrication and storage of fuels, and transportation of

20
materials, and output energy is an aggregation of energies produced during the life of the

power plant.

(http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/25/070/25070407.pdf )

Building energy analysis means an inspection, investigation, or survey of a

structure to evaluate, measure, or quantify its energy consumption and efficiency,

including lighting, HVAC, insulation and etc. It is a recommendation to reduce energy

consumption and improve efficiency for compensation conducted or made by a licensed

building energy analyst. When the object of the study is an occupied building then

reducing energy consumption while maintaining or improving human comfort, health and

safety are of primary concern. Beyond simply identifying the sources of energy use, an

energy audit seeks to prioritize the energy uses according to the greatest to least effective

opportunities for energy savings. (https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_audit)

What is Ferro Cement?

Ferro cement is a construction material consisting of wire meshes and cement mortar.

Applications of Ferro cement in construction are vast due to the low self-weight, lack of skilled

workers, no need of framework etc. It was developed by P.L.Nervi, an Italian architect in 1940.

Quality of Ferro cement works are assured because the components are manufactured on

machinery set up and execution time at work site is less. Cost of maintenance is low. This

material has come into widespread use only in construction in the last two decades.

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ferrocement-in-construction/1156/

21
Properties of Ferro cement:

Highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.

Its a type of thin reinforced concrete construction, in which large amount of small

diameter wire meshes uniformly throughout the cross section.

Mesh may be metal or suitable material.

Instead of concrete Portland cement mortar is used.

Strength depends on two factors quality of sand/cement mortar mix and quantity

of reinforcing materials used

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ferrocement-in-construction/1156/

Constituent Materials for Ferro cement:

1. Cement

2. Fine Aggregate

3. Water

4. Admixture

5. Mortar Mix

6. Reinforcing mesh

7. Skeletal Steel

8. Coating

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ferrocement-in-construction/1156/

22
Advantages and Disadvantages of Ferro Cement

Advantages:

Basic raw materials are readily available in most countries.

Fabricated into any desired shape.

Low labor skill required.

Ease of construction, low weight and long lifetime.

Low construction material cost.

Better resistance against earthquake.

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ferrocement-in-construction/1156/

Disadvantages:

Structures made of it can be punctured by collision with pointed objects.

Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to the incomplete coverage of metal by

mortar.

It is difficult to fasten to Ferro cement with bolts, screws, welding and nail etc.

Large no of labors required.

Cost of semi-skilled and unskilled labors is high.

Tying rods and mesh together is especially tedious and time consuming.

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ferrocement-in-construction/1156/

23
Process of Ferro cements Construction:

Fabricating the skeletal framing system.

Applying rods and meshes.

Plastering.

Curing

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ferrocement-in-construction/1156/

Applications of Ferro cements in Construction:

Housing

Marine

Agricultural

Rural Energy

Anticorrosive Membrane Treatment.

Miscellaneous.

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ferrocement-in-construction/1156/

24
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

TYPE OF RESEARCH

In order to satisfy the objectives of the study, a Descriptive research was used.

The study gathers information or data describes and documents the proposed project.

SAMPLING SIZE

Fifty two (52) students were randomly selected and those students represents on

behalf of the whole population of EVSU-Engineering Department.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

As based on the subjective judgments of the researcher, samples are selected

through the use of non-probability sampling techniques. In this sampling technique,

samples are gathered in a process that does not give all individuals in the population

equal chances of being selected.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

For the purpose of this research, the data were collected using a survey

questionnaire. The survey was created using suitable questions modified from related

research and individual questions formed by the researcher. The survey consisted of six

questions which are related to the participants perception regarding a new building in

EVSU-LUNA. The researchers assured confidentiality of their survey sheets since the

identities are not important. Participants were given time to respond and then the

researchers collected the surveys after they answered.

25
Direction: Mark Check () for your response.
YE
QUESTIONS NO
S
Is there a need to build new classrooms here in EVSU Luna Campus?
Are you comfortable with the classrooms you are in now?
Are you in favor of having new building here in Luna?
If your answer is YES, proceed to question number 4.
Is it okay for you to build Green Tech Building?
(See description above.)
Is it also agreeable to you to use Green Lighting?
Is Green Technology Building favorable to you as one of the building here
in Luna?
Table 3.1: Survey Questionnaire for the Research

Type of Data: Primary data and secondary data

-Primary data was collected through survey using questionnaire and secondary data was

collected through journals, blogs and websites.

In order to fulfill the objectives of the study different methods were considered. In

calculating the equivalent carbon footprint of the proposed building this study uses

Carbon Footprint Calculator and place the electricity as one of the factor that causes CO2

emissions. In terms of buildings energy consumption, researchers analyzed the amount

of electricity acquired by the building. While planning for the proposed dimensions and

designs of the project, the floor plans and 3D model perspective was drawn using

AUTOCAD and Sketch up. This study set schedule of activities and budgetary to meet

the time frame, expectations and know the needed budget of the proposed project

26
 CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

Figure 4.1: GREEN TECHNOLOGY BUILDING SURVEY IN EVSU LUNA

CAMPUS
120

100
AGREE

DISAGREE

80

60

40

20

0
Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4-6

27
 For years, the number of students in EVSU-OCC, especially in Engineering

Department, is increasing rapidly and it is timely and a must to build new and efficient

classrooms. Classrooms where students can feel comfortable while learning their

academics. This project would serve as the first step in achieving this goal.

A survey held last week in order to know the needs of the students, specifically,

the engineering students. For Question no. 1, out of 52 students, 87 percent agreed that it

is needed to build new classrooms in EVSU Luna Campus and 13 percent disagreed. For

Question no. 2, 27 percent said that they are comfortable in the occupied classrooms and

73 percent said that they are not comfortable. And for Question no. 3, 100 percent agreed

in installing new building in EVSU Luna Campus. As for Question no. 4, 5 & 6, 87

percent agreed and in favor of building Green Technology Building in EVSU Luna

Campus.

Based on the students responds, classrooms in Luna need to improve in terms of

comfort ability and efficiency. Being uncomfortable in a place you are in can affect the

ways of thinking and youre learning. And having Green Technology Building is the

answer for those problems and complains.

28
 Figure 4.2: CARBON FOOTPRINT OF THE PROPOSED DESIGN

The Carbon footprint of green building exerts 0.590 per year much lesser than a

non-green building do. From a study in U.S that proves that the non-green buildings

account for 39% of CO2 emissions. Green means lowering our carbon footprint while

29
developing new methods of construction. Green building reduces greenhouse gas

emissions.

ENERGY ANALYSIS

Project Information:

Title: Green Tech. Building in EVSU Luna Campus Address: Brgy. Luna

City/State/Zip: Ormoc City, 6541

Building Information:

Building type: School Building Shape: Rectangle

Number of floors: 3 Floor to floor height: 3meters

Condition Area: 288 sq. m. Category: Educational

Dimension: 4, 048 sq. m.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Project Overview

The Green Tech. Building in EVSU Luna Campus will be a 4,048 sq. m.

educational building with classrooms, offices, and basketball court. The proposed 3-

storey building will be located at Brgy. Luna, Ormoc City. The estimated construction

cost is 30 million pesos.

30
Energy Goals and Requirements

It is declared policy of the government to promote the judicious conservation and

efficient utilization of energy resources through adoption of the cost-effective options

toward the efficient use of energy to minimize environmental impact. The primary goal of

the government towards energy efficiency and conservation is to make it a way of life,

increase awareness and the attainment of 229 MMBFOE total energy savings from the

implementation of energy efficiency and alternative fuels programs for the period 2005-

2014. It is projected that about 50.9 million tons C02 equivalent greenhouse gas

emissions will be avoided for the same period.

ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 110 MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (GEMP)

The Government shall aim to reduce its monthly consumption of electricity (in kilowatt

(in liters) by at least ten percent (10%).

31
Table 4.2: Strength and Weaknesses of the Building Energy Tools.

Design Description

1.Baseline 4,048 sq. m, 3 storey rectangular building

2. Roof Insulation Added R-21 batting roofing insulation

3. Side Day lighting Each building zone having side windows

4. Light Power Density Decreased the lighting power density by

10-20%

5.Windows Glass Type

Changed from double clear/tint to triple
low-E

32
Figure 4.3: Sample of Energy Consumption in a Year Using Green Technology

Measuring Building Performance Energy Efficiency Software Tools, Page 5

33
 3D MODEL PERSPECTIVE Figure 4.4:

34
 Figure 4.5:

35
 FRONT VIEW Figure 4.6:

36
37
 The figures above show the possible outcome of the proposed Greentech building

in EVSU Luna Campus. It displays the effective way of using green technology. Green

means reducing carbon emissions, lowered energy consumotion, and trending away from

non-renewable resources for the greener pastures of solar panels.

38
 Table 4.3
DETAILED BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS
ESTIMATING AND BUDGETING WORKSHEET FOR GREEN TECH PROJECT

No. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY ESTIMATED

COST
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1 Plans and Specifications 1,545,000
2 Plan Review 995,500
3 Permits: Zoning, Building, 788,900
Environmental, other
4 Survey 615,788
5 Impact Fee 828,550
6 Administrative Costs 3,055,000
7 Financing Costs 4,142,250
8 Legal Fees 2,122,400
9 Engineering Fees 3,161, 644
10 Zoning Permit 450,877
11 Septic Permit 351,433
12 Building Permit 608,215
Subtotal 18,665,557
SITE
13 Preparation 1,828,694
14 Dust Control, Surface 851,699
Protection
15 Job-site Access 936,642
16 Job-site Security 407,261
17 Clear Lot 2,605,455
18 Storage on Site 530,000
19 Bunk houses on site 835,000
20 Temporary Power 700,992
21 Scaffolding 2,350,715
22 Batter boards 2,355,677
23 Lumber 1,000,244
24 Tool and Equipment Rental 4,282,649
25 Waters/Well 966,323
26 Electricity and Gas 3,116,779
27 Sewer(Septic) 2,088,466
28 Gravel 4,788,322

39
 29 Excavate 5,243,587
30 Footing-Materials 35,473,584
31 Footing-Labor 15,475,012
32 Foundation-Materials 25,124,546
33 Foundation-Labor 15,240,872
34 Concrete floors 81,640,000
35 Slab 102,050,000
36 Stairs 554,364
37 Steel 51,647,014
38 Green Roof Layer Material 64,012,546
39 Green Roof Layer Labor 25,034,215
40 Rooftop Material 61,245,021
41 Rooftop Labor 10,054,025
42 Roofing Materials 57,021,654
43 Roofing Labor 15,247,647
44 Solar Panel 77 x 39 16,889,600
45 Solar Panel Installation 10,524,314
46 Windows 89 895,625
47 Doors 152,487
48 Electrical 35,021,645
Subtotal 658,192,676

Overall Total 676,858,233

There are nine mandatory green roof layers, the vegetation or the plant layer,

growing medium or media, filter layer or filter cloth, drainage layer, protection fabric,

root barrier, insulation, and the water proofing membrane. All of this work in tandem to

provide an effective level of protection for both the property below and the actual plants

themselves. The benefits of having the various green roof layers installed properly will be

obvious once you see it working as it makes an incredible difference to the insulation and

quality of the building. All of this help to retain the quality and performance of the

system without ever really putting it under any excess stress and strain along the way.

This may cost a bit more, but it will be a whole lot cheaper than dealing with problems
40
that are created on the roof due to lack of structure, quality, drainage or green roof layers

to deal with the debris.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

41
 For the data that has been gathered and presented, it is safe to conclude that

buildings that uses Green Technology are much better and efficient than the usual type of

building people normally know. Green Technology helps reduce emissions, conserves

water, reduces waste and consumes less energy than conventional technology. Green

buildings also use materials more effectively. With proper maintenance, green

technologies can have long lifetimes. Green technologies can increase property value

because they require little maintenance and save money. More extensive use of

renewable sources, including solar, wind and biogas possibly in conjunction with each

other would further enhance the countrys energy supply. Green technology will

definitely be the solution that gets the potential in helping us to solve these problems and

improve our environment.

RECOMMENDATION

To the Administration, Department Head and Engineering Faculty, it is possible to

use green technology buildings in constructing new classrooms in EVSU-Luna instead of

the common construction ways or materials and discover its efficiency and sustainability.

Be the first institution to have a Green Technology Building in this region or in this

country.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS

(J. Cullen Howe, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Indoor Air Pollution)

42
 (J. Cullen Howe, The Reality of the Built Environment: The Problem of Existing
Buildings, Overview of Green Building)

(The Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Technology Monu Bhardwaj and

Neelam)

B. INTERNET

(https://bloomington.in.gov/green-building-benefits)

(http://www.buildings.com/buzz/buildings-buzz/entryid/442/green-buildings-vs-
non green-buildings)

(Study on Carbon Footprint, Manoj Kumar, Lalit Sharma, Dr. P.K Vashista,
Assistant Professor, M.Tech Students, Professor, VITS, Ghaziabad)

(http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/25/070/2507040
7.pdf)

(https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_audit)

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ferrocement-in-construction/1156/

http. www. Google.com

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building.com

APPENDICES

YE
QUESTIONS NO
S

43
Is there a need to build new classrooms here in EVSU Luna Campus?
Are you comfortable with the classrooms you are in now?
Are you in favor of having new building here in Luna?
If your answer is YES, proceed to question number 4.
Is it okay for you to build Green Tech Building?
(See description above.)
Is it also agreeable to you to use Green Lighting?
Is Green Technology Building favorable to you as one of the building here
in Luna?
Survey Questionnaire

44
Figure 4.11: SUGGESTED SOLAR PANEL FOR THE PROPOSAL

45
 (http://www.greentech-news.org/a-rechargeable-battery-to-power-a-home-from-
rooftop-solar-panels-2/)

Figure 4.10: GREEN ROOF LAYERS

(http://impressivemagazine.com/2013/06/01/green-roofs-a-useful-solution-to-embellish-
our-home-and-live-better/)

46
 Upon hearing the term green roof, probably theres something to do with solar

panels. There are two types of green roofing, the green roof that literally completely

covered by vegetation and the other is having a solar panel in the roof. In this building

this two types are combined. This solar panel is a large thin panel consisting of an array

of solar cells, often attached to artificial satellites, rooftops, to generate electricity directly

from sunlight. Solar power systems drive clean, pure energy from the sun. Installing solar

panels on building helps combat greenhouse gas emissions and reduces our collective

dependence on fossil fuel.

47
JANE LUZIL CARTAGENA PEREZ
Address : Bitaug, Brgy. Lamanoc, Merida, Leyte
Mobile number : 0912 - 956 4458 (TNT)
0916-182-2416 (Globe)
E-mail Address : perezjaneluzil@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Nickname : Jane
Gender : Female
Age : 23
Date of Birth : December 15, 1993
Place of Birth : Poblacion Merida Leyte
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 54
Weight : 49 kgs.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : Filipino & English
Mothers Name : Josie C. Perez
Occupation : Beautician
Fathers Name : Antonio P. Perez Sr.
Occupation : Mechanical Foreman

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Ormoc City Institute of Technology (OCIT) Batch 2011
Course: Seafaring Specializing in Stewarding (SSS)
Cebu Institute of Technology- University 2012-2013 (transferred)
Course: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE)
Eastern Visayas State University 2014 up to present
Course: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE)
Secondary: Merida Vocational School (MVS), Brgy. Poblacion, Merida, Leyte
Elementary: Merida Central School, Brgy. Poblacion, Merida, Leyte

48
DIVINA NIA GONZAGA BAGUION
Address : Sr. San Roque 1, Ipil. Ormoc City
Mobile number : 09485893567 (TNT)
E-mail Address : anividgonzaga@yahoo.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Nickname : Divina
Gender : female
Age : 21
Date of Birth : August 15, 1995
Place of Birth : Ormoc City, Leyte
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 411
Weight : 48 kgs.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : Filipino & English
Mothers Name : Mirasol G. Baguion
Occupation : Domestic Helper
Fathers Name : Andronico S. Baguion
Occupation : Welder

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU)
Course: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE)
Secondary: Ipil National High School, Brgy. Ipil, Ormoc City, Leyte
Elementary: Ipil Central School, Brgy. Ipil, Ormoc City, Leyte

49
ELVIRA POLIDO BULAWAN
Address : Brgy. Sto. Nio, Ormoc City
Mobile number : 0912 987- 8375 (TNT)
0995-618-3781 (Globe)
E-mail Address : elvira_bulawan@yahoo.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Nickname : Elvira
Gender : Female
Age : 19
Date of Birth : September 30, 1997
Place of Birth : Brgy. Sto. Nio, Ormoc City
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 54
Weight : 48 kgs.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : Filipino & English
Mothers Name : Virgilia P. Bulawan
Occupation : Housewife
Fathers Name : Elpidio P. Bulawan
Occupation : Security Guard

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Eastern Visayas State University 2013 up to present
Course : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE)
Secondary: New Ormoc City National High School (NOCNHS). Anubing Street,
Brgy. Don Felipe Larrazabal, Ormoc City
Elementary: Sto. Nio, Elementary School, Brgy. Sto. Nio, Ormoc City

50
ABEGAIL P. DELA FORTUNA
Address : Brgy. Linao,Ormoc City,Leyte
Mobile number : 0909 - 665 8687 (TNT)
0998 083 -1801 (SMART)
E-mail Address : abe_shai_77@yahoo.com.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Nickname : Abby
Gender : female
Age : 26
Date of Birth : August 17, 1990
Place of Birth : Brgy. Linao, Ormoc City
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 53
Weight : 60 kgs.
Religion : Apostolic Pentecostal
Language : Filipino & English
Mothers Name : Thelma Pandacan Dela Fortuna
Occupation : N/A (deceased)
Fathers Name : Primo Dela Fortuna
Occupation : Self-employed

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Eastern Visayas State University 2007-2009
Course Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education (BSED MATH)
Eastern Visayas State University 2012-2015, 2016 up to present
Course: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE)
Secondary New Ormoc City National High School (NOCNHS) 2003 to 2004
Valencia National High School (VNHS) 2004 to 2007
Elementary: Valencia Central School, Valencia, Ormoc City

51