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EnhancedDefenseCooperationAgreement
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
TheEnhancedDefenseCooperationAgreement(EDCA)isan
agreementbetweentheUnitedStatesandthePhilippines EnhancedDefenseCooperation
intendedtobolstertheU.S.Philippinealliance.Theagreement Agreement
allowstheUnitedStatestorotatetroopsintothePhilippinesfor AgreementBetweentheRepublicofthe
extendedstaysandallowstheU.S.tobuildandoperatefacilities
PhilippinesandTheGovernmentofthe
onPhilippinebases,forbothAmericanandPhilippineforces.[1] UnitedStatesonEnhancedDefense
TheU.S.isnotallowedtoestablishanypermanentmilitary
Cooperation
bases.[2]ItalsogivesPhilippinepersonnelaccesstoAmerican
Signed April28,2014
shipsandplanes.[1]
Location Manila,Philippines
TheEDCAisasupplementalagreementtothepreviousVisiting Parties Philippines
ForcesAgreement.TheagreementwassignedbyPhilippine
UnitedStates
DefenseSecretaryVoltaireGazminandU.S.Ambassadortothe
Language English
PhilippinesPhilipGoldberginManilaonApril28,2014.[3]On
January12,2016,thePhilippineSupremeCourtupheldthe
agreement'sconstitutionalityina104vote.[4]OnJuly26,2016,thePhilippineSupremeCourtruledwithfinality
thattheagreementisconstitutional.[5]
EvanMedeiros,theU.S.NationalSecurityCouncilsseniordirectorforAsianaffairswasquotedinthe
WashingtonPostassaying,"Thisisthemostsignificantdefenseagreementthatwehaveconcludedwiththe
Philippinesindecades."[6]
Contents
1 Background
2 Summaryoftheagreement
2.1 Agreedlocations
3 Seealso
4 References
5 Externallinks
Background
Formorethanacentury,thePhilippineshasbeenimportanttoAmericandefensestrategy.Currently,the
Philippinesisa"majornonNATOally"oftheUnitedStates.[6]
TheU.S.acquiredthePhilippinesfromSpainaftertheSpanishAmericanWarof1898andthenfoughtthe
PhilippineAmericanWaragainstPhilippinerevolutionariestosecuretheirrule.Afterbothwars,thePhilippines
wasaterritoryoftheUnitedStatesfrom1898to1946.TheUnitedStatesgrantedthePhilippinesindependencein
1946.[7]
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TheMutualDefenseTreatywassignedin1951andratifiedin1952bythegovernmentsoftheUnitedStatesand
thePhilippines.ThepurposeoftheTreatywasto"strengthenthefabricofpeace"inthePacific,byformally
adoptinganagreementtodefendeachother'sterritoryinthecaseofexternalattack.[8]Inlinewiththistreaty,the
UnitedStatesmaintainedseveralmilitarybasesinthePhilippines,includingSubicBayNavalBaseandtheClark
AirBase.In1992,thebasescloseafterthePhilippineSenaterejectedatreatythatwouldextendthebases'leaseby
aclosevote.ThetreatywasrejectedbecauseofU.S.reluctancetosetafirmtimeframefortroopwithdrawaland
toguaranteethatnonuclearweaponswouldpassthroughthebase.[9]
ThePhilippinesUnitedStatesVisitingForcesAgreement(VFA)wassignedbythegovernmentsofthePhilippines
andtheUnitedStatesin1998,andcameintoeffectin1999.Thiswasthefirstmilitaryagreementsincetheclosing
ofU.S.basesin1992.TheVFAoutlinedasetofguidelinesfortheconductandprotectionofAmericantroops
visitingthePhilippines.TheAgreementalsostipulatedthetermsandconditionsforAmericanmilitarytopass
throughorlandinPhilippineterritory.TheVFAisareciprocalagreementinthatnotonlydoesitoutlinethe
guidelinesforU.S.troopsvisitingthePhilippinesbutalsoforPhilippinetroopsvisitingtheUnitedStates.[10]
ThesigningoftheVFAledtotheestablishmentofannualbilateralmilitaryexercisesbetweentheU.S.andthe
PhilippineknownasBalikatan,aswellasavarietyofothercooperativemeasures.[11]TheBalikatantraining
exercises("shouldertoshoulder")areannualmilitaryexercisesbetweentheU.S.andthePhilippines.Theyare
structuredtomaintainanddevelopthesecurityrelationshipbetweenthetwocountries'armedforcesthroughcrisis
actionplanning,enhancedtrainingtoconductcounterterrorismoperations,andpromotinginteroperabilityofthe
forces.[12]
OvertheyearstheexerciseshaveexpandedtoincludesurroundingothercountriesinSoutheastAsia.Thetrainings
havealsohadashiftingfocus.DuringtheU.S.led"WaronTerror"theannualBalikatanExercisesfocusedon
trainingforcounterterrorismmissions.[12]Therehasbeensomecontroversyovertheseexercisesagrowing
numberofPhilippinepeopleareangryoverthecontinuedpresenceofU.S.troopsinthePhilippines.[13]
Disasterreliefandcrisisresponsehassincebecomeanimportantfocusof
theU.S.PhilippinesecurityrelationshipespeciallyfollowingTyphoon
Haiyan(Yolanda),andisakeyimpetusoftheEDCAagreement.The
UnitedStatesMarineswereamongthefirsttoarriveinthePhilippinesafter
thedevastatingtyphoonhitthePhilippinesonNovember8,2013.Atthe
immediaterequestofthePhilippinegovernment,U.S.andinternational
reliefagenciesarrivedthreedaysafterthestormtoprovideaidand
assistancetothethousandsofinjuredandhomeless.[14]TheUnitedStates
governmentprovidedover$37millioninaid.[15] USmarinesassistinTyphoonHaiyan
reliefefforts,November2013
Summaryoftheagreement
AccordingtoAmbassadorGoldberg,thegoaloftheEDCAisto"promotepeaceandsecurityintheregion."While
outliningnewdefensecooperationmeasures,theagreementalsoallowsfortheUnitedStatestorespondmore
quicklytoenvironmentalandhumanitariandisastersintheregion.[16]
Designedtosupplementthe1951MutualDefenseTreatyandthe1999VisitingForcesAgreement,theEDCA
reaffirmsmutualcooperationbetweentheUnitedStatesandthePhilippinestodeveloptheirindividualand
collectivecapacitiestoresistarmedattackby:improvinginteroperabilityofthetwocountry'sarmedforces,
promotinglongtermmodernization,helpingmaintainanddevelopmaritimesecurity,andexpandinghumanitarian
assistanceinresponsetonaturaldisasters.[17]
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TheagreementallowsforU.S.forcesandcontractorstooperateoutof"agreedlocations,"whicharedefinedas:
"facilitiesandareasthatareprovidedbytheGovernmentofthePhilippinesthroughtheArmedForcesofthe
Philippines(AFP)andthatUnitedStatesforces,UnitedStatescontractors,andothersasmutuallyagreed".[17]The
Agreementhandsoveralloperationalcontrolsofthese"AgreedLocations"totheUnitedStates,andallowsU.S.
forcestoprepositionandstoredefensemateriel,equipment,andsupplies.TheAgreementmakesclearthatthis
materielcannotincludenuclearweapons.
TheEDCAiseffectiveforaninitialperiodoftenyears,andthereafter,itshallcontinueinforceautomatically
unlessterminatedbyeitherPartybygivingoneyear'swrittennoticethroughdiplomaticchannelsofitsintentionto
terminatetheagreement(ArticleXII,Sec.4ofEDCA).WhiletheUSforcesmayexerciseoperationalcontrol,put
troopsandequipment,constructfacilities,andbeaccommodatedincertainagreedlocations,thePhilippinesshall
stillretainownershipoftheagreedlocations(ArticleV,Sec.1ofEDCA).Importantly,theUnitedStatesisnot
allowedtoestablishanypermanentmilitarybases,andmusthandoveranyandallfacilitiesinthe"agreed
locations"tothePhilippinegovernmentupontheterminationoftheagreement.[18]
TheagreementalsostipulatesthattheU.S.isnotallowedtostoreorpositionanynuclearweaponsonPhilippine
territory.[2]
Agreedlocations
InApril2015,theUnitedStatesGovernmentaskedforaccesstoeightbasesinthePhilippines,includingthe
formerlyAmericanSubicBayNavalBaseandClarkAirBase,aswellasbasesonCebu,Luzon,andPalawan.[19]
OnMarch19,2016,thePhilippinesandtheUnitedStatesgovernmentagreedonthe5locationsofmilitarybases
fortheAmericantroopsundertheEDCA:AntonioBautistaAirBase(Palawan),BasaAirBase(Pampanga),Fort
Magsaysay(NuevaEcija),LumbiaAirport(CagayandeOro),BenitoEbuenAirBase(Mactan,Cebu).[20]
Seealso
Balikatan
MutualDefenseTreaty(U.S.Philippines)
References
1.Dizon,Nikko 2.PhilippineDepartment 3.Guinto,JoelTalev, 5.Merueas,Mark(July
(December13,2015). ofForeignAffairs, MargaretMattingly, 26,2016)."It'sfinal:
"Filipinosasked:Who "Q&Aonthe Phil(April28,2014). SCaffirmslegalityof
doyouwantonyour EnhancedDefense "U.S.,PhilippinesSign EDCA" .GMA
side?" .Philippine Cooperation DefensePactAmid News.Retrieved
DailyInquirer. Agreement"(http://ww ChinaTensions" . July26,2016.
Retrieved w.gov.ph/2014/04/28/q BloombergL.P.
December13,2015. naontheenhanceddef RetrievedJanuary14,
ensecooperationagree 2016.
ment/) Official 4.Postrado,Leonard
Gazette,April28, (January13,2016).
2014 "EDCAprevails" .
ManilaBulletin.
RetrievedJanuary14,
2016.
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Externallinks
Fulltextof"Document:EnhancedDefenseCooperationAgreement"(http://www.gov.ph/2014/04/29/docum
entenhanceddefensecooperationagreement/) onPhilippineGovernment'sOfficialGazetteatgov.ph.
Q&AonEnhancedDefenseCooperationAgreement(http://www.gov.ph/2014/04/28/qnaontheenhanced
defensecooperationagreement/) onPhilippineGovernment'sOfficialGazetteatgov.ph.
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