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Fallacies
1. Reasoning
A. Definition
B. Two Types (Inductive & Deductive
Reasoning)
2. Fallacies
A. Definition
B. Types of Fallacies:
B.1 Fallacies of Relevance
B.2 Fallacies of Presumption
B.3 Fallacies of Ambiguity
A. Reasoning
> means inferential thinking and is
classified as the third act of the mind.
> the act of the mind by which, from
truths already known, the mind
proceeds to the knowledge of another
truth by way of inference(process).
it can be expressed through syllogism.
3 Concepts:
Major premise
Minor premise
Conclusion
Argument is a group of statements, one
of which is claimed to follow from the
others.
1.) An argument consists of at least two
statements, one that is claimed to follow,
called the conclusion, and premise that
supports the conclusion.
2.)Every argument involves at least one
inference the inference from the
premise to the conclusion.
3.) An argument involves a claim that one
statement follows from the others, that is
an argument shows that something is
true.
An argument therefore is not a mere
collection of propositions but contains a
premise-conclusion structure. The
simplest kind of argument consists of just
one premise and a conclusion.
ARGUMENT
The investigation of supernatural
phenomena lies outside the realm of
science. Therefore science can neither
prove nor disprove the existence of God.
In the above example the premise is
stated first and the conclusion second.
But the order in which they are stated is
not significant from the point of view of
logic.
As a general rule, when someone
gives reasons to support a point of view,
that person is usually offering an
argument. Likewise when reasons are
offered in an effort to persuade us to
perform a specified action, we are
presented with what is in effect an
argument even though the conclusion
may be expressed as an imperative or
command.
DEDUCTIVE & INDUCTIVE
REASONING (Two basic categories
of human reasoning)
Formal Logic is the science of deductive
reasoning.
Deductive Reasoning- it is a reasoning
from known premises, or premises
presumed to be true, to a certain
conclusion.
Deduction: reasoning from general
premises, which are known or presumed
to be known, to a more specific, certain
conclusions.
Deduction Vs. Induction
Deduction:
commonly associated with formal
logic.
involves reasoning from known premises,
or premises presumed to be true, to a
certain conclusion.
the conclusions reached are certain,
inevitable, inescapable.
Deduction Vs. Induction
Induction
commonly known as informal logic, or
everyday argument
involves drawing uncertain inferences,
based on probabalistic reasoning.
the conclusions reached are probable,
reasonable, plausible, believable.
Sample Deductive and Inductive
Arguments
Example of Deduction
major premise: All turtles are vegetarians
minor premise: Bessie is a turtle
conclusion: Therefore, Bessie is a
vegetarian.
Sample Deductive and Inductive
Arguments
Example of Induction
Boss to employee: Pedro has a tattoo of
an anchor on his arm. He probably
served in the Navy.
In contrast, most everyday arguments
involve inductive reasoning.