TUTORIAL 2

Nurul Husna Binti Ismail

1. What is the differences between bottom up and top down process?

Bottom up process means that readers must first recognize a multiplicity of linguistic signals
such as letters, morphemes, syllables words and others. This process need the readers to use
their linguistic data-processing mechanisms to impose some sort of order on these signals.
Then, readers selects the signals that make some sense, that cohere and that mean.
Meanwhile, top down process is conceptually driven in which we draw on our own intelligence
and experience to understand a text.

2. How the readers construct meanings?

The readers construct meanings when they understand what they read. This is because, they
are able to take the stimulus beyond its graphic representation and assign it membership to
an appropriate group of concepts already stored in their memories.

3. What can be a powerful motivator for pupils to acquire reading skills?

The powerful motivator for pupils to acquire reading skills are affective and culture factors. For
example the love of reading has propelled many learner to successful acquisition of reading
skills. In addition, the autonomy gained through the learning of reading strategies has been
shown to be a powerful motivator. Moreover, culture also plays an active role in motivating
and rewarding people for literacy.

4. Differentiate extensive reading and intensive reading.

Extensive reading Items Intensive reading

- Covers large area
- Reading long texts or large
quantities for general
understanding, with intention
enjoying the texts.
- Books, journals, novels
Definition - Covers narrower area
- Pupils read with concentration
and great care in order to
understand exactly the meaning
of what they read.
Reading - Legal documents, financial
materials documents or academic reports.

5. What are the criteria while choosing reading text?

Some criteria in choosing reading texts are suitability, exploitability and readability. Suitability
of content, material that students will find interesting, enjoyable, and appropriate for their goals
in learning English. Next, exploitability means a text that facilitates the achievement of certain
language and content goals or that is exploitable for instructional tasks and techniques. While,
readability means a text with lexical and structural difficulty that will challenge students without
overwhelming them.