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6/21/2017 Java Interview Questions and Answers | Java J2EEBrain - Part 2
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JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
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What are the important principles of object oriented concepts?

The three important OO principles are Encapsulation, Inheritance and polymorphism.
Explain the principle of encapsulation?

Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a
single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside
interface and misuse. One way to think about encapsulation is as a protective wrapper that prevents
code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other code de ned
outside the wrapper.
Explain polymorphism principle?

The meaning of Polymorphism is something like one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one enti-
ty to be used as general category for different types of actions. The
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speci c action is determined by the exact nature of the situation. The concept of polymorphism can be
explained as one interface, multiple methods.
What are the different forms of polymorphism in java?

The three form of polymorphism in java point of view:
Method overloading
Method overriding
What feature of java support multiple inheritance?

Java does not directly support multiple inheritance. The concept of interface is where multiple inheri-
tance is achieved in java. Thus an interface contains only
abstract methods and constants which could be implemented by java classes.
What is the difference between getClass() and instanceOf in java?

instanceOf is an operator that compares an object of speci c type, where as getClass() method returns
the runtime class of an object. It fetches the java instance of
the given fully quali ed type name. Thus the getClass() and instanceOf does not perform the same
functionality.
Is it possible for an anonymous class to be de ned to implement an interface or

extend a class?
An anonymous class can implement an interface or extend a superclass but cannot be declared to do
both.
What is the difference between == operator and equals () method?

The == operator is used to compare object references and not the contents of the object. Where as the
equals () of object is used to compare the contents of the
object.
What is the purpose of nalize () method?
Every class inherits the nalize() method from java.lang.Object. The garbage collector uses this method
when it determines that no more references to the object
exist. This method could be overridden to clean up non java resource.
In a try-catch- nally statement what is the use of nally clause?

The nally clause is used to provide the capability of for the application to execute a piece of code no
matter if the try block executed successfully or an exception
was thrown or caught.
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What does a default member mean?

A default member is one that does not have any of the modi ers like public, protected or private.
If a class contains more than one or more nal methods must the class be de-
clared nal?
No, it not required to make the class nal if it has any nal methods. But if a class is nal it is not neces-
sary that the methods should be declared as nal.
What is the difference between String class and StringBuffer class?

A String object is immutable which means the object cannot be changed. But in the case of StringBuffer
class it provides the option of modifying String.
What does Java Sandbox term mean?

Sandbox is the term used to describe the security model used by java when running programs. This mod-
el provides an interface between a java application and operating
system resource that can be con gured by end user.
What is a Thread?
Thread is a light weight process. In java thread is the current program in execution. JVM allows an appli-
cation to have multiple threads of execution thus supporting
multithreading.
What are the two approaches for writing code that create a new Thread of
control?
The two approaches are:
1. Extend the Thread class in java.lang package and override the run() method
2. Implement the Runnable interface and implement run() method
What method is used to start the execution of the thread?

start() method is used to start the execution of the thread. This inturn calls the run() method.
What is the purpose of synchronized keyword?

The keyword synchronized provides a solution to protect object data from being accessed by more than
one thread, which could make the object have an invalid state.
What is collection?
A collection is a group of objects which will be treated as a single object.
What is an Iterator?
Some of the collection classes provide traversal of their contents via a java.util.Iterator interface. This
interface allows us to walk through a collection of
objects, operating on each object in turn. Generally it is not advisable to modify the collection itself while
traversing an Iterator.
Difference between hash map and hash table?
The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to Hashtable, except that it is unsynchronized and permits
nulls. (HashMap allows null values as key and value whereas
Hashtable does not allow). HashMap does not guarantee that the order of the map will remain constant
over time. HashMap is unsynchronized and Hashtable is synchronized
What is serialization?
Serialization is a mechanism by which you can save the state of an object by converting it to a byte
stream.
Difference between swing and AWT?

Both the AWT and swing supports GUI programming in Java. AWT are heavy-weight components as it
has the native code called peer. Swings are light-weight components as
it does not have the native code but built entirely in java programming language. Hence swing works
faster than AWT.
What is the difference between ServerSocket and DatagramSocket transport

protocol?
DatagramSocket is used for UDP communication which is a connectionless protocol whereas Server-
Socket is used for TCP communication which is a connection oriented
protocol
What are checked and unchecked Exception?

Checked exceptions are those which occur at compile time. Eg: IOException. Unchecked exceptions are
those which occur at run time. Eg: StringIndexOutOfBoundsException.
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What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An interface can only declare
constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior. An class is abstract if it is de ned with the key-
word abstract or if any
functions in the class are de ned with the keyword abstract.
Describe synchronization with respect to multithreading.

With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared
resources. Without synchronization it is possible for one thread to modify a shared variable while another thread is in the
process of using or updating
the same shared variable, which can lead to signi cant errors.
What are checked and unchecked exceptions?

A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its
subclasses. Making an exception checked forces client programmers to deal with the possibility that the exception will be
thrown. Unchecked
exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses are also unchecked. With an
unchecked exception
the compiler doesnt force client programmers to catch or declare it in a throws clause. Client programmers may not even
know that the exception could
be thrown. Checked exception must be caught at compile time, runtime exceptions do not.
What is Overriding?
When a class de nes a method using the same name, return type and arguments as a method in its superclass, the method
in the
class overrides the method in the superclass. When the method is invoked for an object of the class it is the new de nition of
the method that is
called. Methods may be overridden to be more public, not more private.
What is the default value of an object reference declared as an instance variable?

The value will be null unless de ned explicitly.
What are pass by reference and pass by value?

Pass by reference means the passing address itself rather than passing the value. Pass by value means passing a
copy of the value.
Are Objects in java passed by value or by reference?

Java only supports pass by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the
original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object.
What is serialization?
Serialization is the mechanism used to convert an object to a byte stream.
How do I serialize an object to a le?

The class whose instances are to be serialized shoule implement an interface Serializable. Then you pass the
instance to the Object OutputStream which is connected to a leoutputstream. This will save the object to a le.
Which methods of Serializable interface should I implement?

The Serializable interface is an empty interface.
What are some common uses of serialization?

Objects must be serialized in order to be sent over a network or saved to disk.
What happens to object references during serialization?

The serialization mechanism generates an object graph for serialization. This is a recursive process all
referenced objects are serialized along with the target object. Therefore all referenced objects should be serializable. If any
o fthe
objects is not serializable then a NotSerializableException will be thrown.
What happens to the static elds of a class during serialization?Are these elds serialized as part
of each serialized object?

Yes, the static elds do get serialized. If the static eld is an object then it must have implemented the
Serializable interface. The static elds are serialized as part fo every object, but the commonness of the static elds across
all of the instances is
maintained even after serialization.
What is the purpose of nalization?

The purpose of nalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform an cleanup processing before the
object
is garbage collected.
What is the difference between static and non-static variables?

A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with the speci c instances of a class.
Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.
What does the keyword nal mean in front of a class, method and member variable?
Final classes cannot be extended. Final methods cannot be overridden. Final member variables cannot
be reassigned (assigned a new value).
What is the purpose of the keyword transient?

Transient member variables are not serialized with objects.
What can go wrong if you replace && w/& in the following code?
String a = null;
If (a != null && a.length() > 10) {.}
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Java Interview Questions
Can a method be overloaded based on different return type but same argument type ?
No, because the methods can be called without using their return type in which case there is ambiquity
for thecompiler.
What happens to a static var that is de ned within a method of a class ?
Cant do it. Youll get a compilation error.
How many static init can you have ?
As many as you want, but the static initializers and class variable initializers are executed in textual or-
der and maynot refer to class variables declared in the class whose declarations appear textually after
the use, even though these class variables are in scope
Describe the Garbage Collection process in Java ?

The JVM spec mandates automatic garbage collection outside of the programmers control. The Sys-
tem.gc() or Runtime.gc()is merely a suggestion to the JVM to run the
GC process but is NOT guaranteed.
How do you ensure size of a primitive data type ?

You cant.
What is the difference amongst JVM Spec, JVM Implementation, JVM Runtime ?
The JVM spec is the blueprint for the JVM generated and owned by Sun. The JVM implementation is the
actualimplementation of the spec by a vendor and the JVM.Runtime is the actual running instance of a
JVM implementation.
Can RMI and Corba based applications interact ?

Yes they can. RMI is available with IIOP as the transport protocol instead of JRMP
What is the diffrence between an Abstract class and Interface ?

Interface de nes the methods. There is no implementation.
Whereas Abstract class may have few implemented methods.If some common functionality needs to be
shared.
What do you know about the garbage collector ?

Java has an inbuilt mechanisim for garbage collection.
All those objects not longer being referenced are garbage collected.i.e the memory used by these ob-
jects isreleased.
What is the use of Servlets ?

To generate dynamic content based on the request.
What is JDBC? How do you connect to the Database ?

Java Database connectivity.
Using jdbc drivers provided by db drivers.
What is the difference between RMI & Corba ?

Remote method invocation : java only. uses JRMP to communication between java objects
Common object request broker architecture : platform independent. Uses IIOP to communicate be-
tween objects.
What is JAR le ?
Jar le is an archive of java classes.
What are 4 drivers available in JDBC ?
jdbc-odbc bridge
Type 4 : pure java driver. no need to have db client installed on client mcs.
What is serialization ?
Process of persisting an object.
How to call EJB from Struts?

We can call EJB from struts by using the service locator design patteren or by Using initial context with
create homeobject and getting return remote referenc object.
What are the four corner stones of OOP ?

Abstraction, Encapsulation, Polymorphism and Inheritance.
What is Downcasting ?
Downcasting is the casting from a general to a more speci c type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy.
What is the restriction on an Overridden methods accessibility ?

Overriding methods cannot reduce accessibility they can either have same or greater accessibility.
What is a stateless protocol ?

Without getting into lengthy debates, it is generally accepted that protocols like HTTP are stateless i.e.
there is noretention of state between a transaction which is a single request response combination.
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Why is the main method static?

So that it can be invoked without creating an instance of that class
What is the difference between class variable, member variable and

automatic(local) variable ?
class variable is a static variable and does not belong to instance of class but rather shared across all the
instances member variable belongs to
a particular instance of class and can be called from any method of the class automatic or local variable is
created on entry to a method and has only method
scope
When are static and non static variables of the class initialized ?
The static variables are initialized when the class is loadedNon static variables are initialized just before
the constructor is called.
When are automatic variable initialized?

Automatic variable have to be initialized explicitly
What is a modulo operator % ?

This operator gives the value which is related to the remainder of a divisione.g x=7%4 gives remainder 3
as an answer
What is garbage collection ?

The runtime system keeps track of the memory that is allocated and is able to determine whether that
memory is still useable. This work is usually
done in background by a low-priority thread that is referred to as garbage collector. When the gc nds
memory that is no longer accessible from any live thread it
takes steps to release it back to the heap for reuse
Does System.gc and Runtime.gc() guarantee garbage collection ?

No
What are different types of operators in java ?

Uniary ++, , +, -, |, ~, ()
Arithmetic *, /, %,+,
Shift <<, >>, >>>
Comparison =, instanceof, = =,!=Bitwise &, ^, |Short Circuit &&, ||Ternary ?:Assignment =
How does bitwise (~) operator work ?

It converts all the 1 bits in a binary value to 0s and all the 0 bits to 1s, e.g 11110000 coverts to
00001111
Can shift operators be applied to oat types.
No, shift operators can be applied only to integer or long types
What happens to the bits that fall off after shifting?

They are discarded
What values of the bits are shifted in after the shift ?

In case of signed left shift >> the new bits are set to zero But in case of signed right shift it takes the val-
ue of most signi cant bit
before the shift, that is if the most signi cant bit before shift is 0 it will introduce 0, else if it is 1, it will in-
troduce 1
What are access modi ers ?

These public, protected and private, these can be applied to class, variables, constructors and methods.
But if you dont specify an access
modi er then it is considered as Friendly
Can protected or friendly features be accessed from different packages ?

No when features are friendly or protected they can be accessed from all the classes in that package but
not from classes in another package
How can you access protected features from another package ?

You can access protected features from other classes by subclassing the that class in another package,
but this cannot be done for friendly
features
What are the rules for overriding ?

Private method can be overridden by private, friendly, protected or public methods
Friendly method can be overridden by friendly, protected or public methods
Protected method can be overridden by protected or public methods
Public method can be overridden by public method
Explain modi er nal?

Final can be applied to classes, methods and variables and the features cannot be changed. Final class
cannot be subclassed, methods cannot be
overridden
Can you change the reference of the nal object ?

No the reference cannot be change, but the data in that object can be changed
Can abstract modi er be applied to a variable ?

No it is applied only to class and methods
Can abstract class be instantiated ?

No abstract class cannot be instantiated i.e you cannot create a new object of this class
When does the compiler insist that the class must be abstract ?
If one or more methods of the class are abstract.
If class inherits one or more abstract methods from the parent abstract class and no implementation is
provided for that method.
If class implements an interface and provides no implementation for those methods
How is abstract class different from nal class?

Abstract class must be subclassed and nal class cannot be subclassed
Where can static modi ers be used ?

They can be applied to variables, methods and even a block of code, static methods and variables are not
associated with any instance of
class
When are the static variables loaded into the memory ?

During the class load time
When are the non static variables loaded into the memory ?
They are loaded just before the constructor is called
How can you reference static variables ?
Via reference to any instance of the class

Computer comp = new Computer ();
comp.harddisk where hardisk is a static variable
comp.compute() where compute is a method
Via the class name
Computer.harddisk
Computer.compute()
Can static method use non static features of there class
No they are not allowed to use non static features of the class, they can only call static methods and can
use static data
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What are the rules for casting primitive types ?

You can cast any non Boolean type to any other non boolean type
You cannot cast a boolean to any other type; you cannot cast any other type to a boolean
What are the rules for object reference assignment and method call conversion?
An interface type can only be converted to an interface type or to object. If the new type is an interface,
it must be a superinterface of the old
type. A class type can be converted to a class type or to an interface type. If converting to a class type
the new type should be superclass of the old type. If
converting to an interface type new type the old class must implement the interface
An array maybe converted to class object, to the interface cloneable, or to an array. Only an array of ob-
ject references types may be converted to
an array, and the old element type must be convertible to the new element
When do we say an exception is handled ?

When an exception is thrown in a try block and is caught by a matching catch block, the exception is con-
sidered to have been handled
When do we say an exception is not handled ?

There is no catch block that names either the class of exception that has been thrown or a class of excep-
tion that is a parent class of the one
that has been thrown, then the exception is considered to be unhandled, in such condition the execution
leaves the method directly as if no try has been executed
In what sequence does the nally block gets executed ?

If you put nally after a try block without a matching catch block then it will be executed after the try
block
If it is placed after the catch block and there is no exception then also it will be executed after the try
block
If there is an exception and it is handled by the catch block then it will be executed after the catch block
What can prevent the execution of the code in nally block ?

The death of thread
Use of system.exit()
Turning off the power to CPU
An exception arising in the nally block itself
What are the rules for catching multiple exceptions ?

A more speci c catch block must precede a more general one in the source, else it gives compilation er-
ror
Only one catch block, that is rst applicable one, will be executed
What does throws statement declaration in a method indicate ?

This indicates that the method throws some exception and the caller method should take care of han-
dling it
What are checked exception ?

Checked exceptions are exceptions that arise in a correct program, typically due to user mistakes like en-
tering wrong data or I/O problems
What are runtime exceptions ?

Runtime exceptions are due to programming bugs like out of bond arrays or null pointer exceptions.
What is difference between Exception and errors ?

Errors are usually compile time and exceptions can be runtime or checked
How will you handle the checked exceptions ?

You can provide a try/catch block to handle it.
OR
Make sure method declaration includes a throws clause that informs the calling method an exception
might be thrown from this particular
method
When you extend a class and override a method, can this new method throw ex-
ceptions other than those that were declared by the original method ?
No it cannot throw, except for the subclasses of those exceptions
Is it legal for the extending class which overrides a method which throws an ex-
ception, not o throw in the overridden class ?
Yes it is perfectly legal
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6/21/2017 Java Interview Questions and Answers | Java J2EEBrain
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Java Interview Questions and Answers

Below is a good collection ofJava Interview Questions and Answers which will help you to prepare for
any interview related to Java technology.
What is the name of the class that is super class for every class?
Object
Is it possible to extend the java.lang.String class?
No. java.lang.String is declared as nal. Class declared as nal cannot be used as a parent class in
inheritance.
What is the difference between a static and non-static method?

A static method is associated with the class as a whole rather than a speci c instance of a class. Whereas
a non static method can be called only through an object
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instance.
What is the purpose of garbage collection in java?

The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer referenced by a
program so that they can be reclaimed and reused.
How many public classes are permitted within a single java class le?
We can de ne only one public class within a single java class le.
What is the command line utility used to compile java source code into bytecode?
javac is the command line utility to compile java source code.
Why is the main() method always declared as a static method?

The main() method is declared as a static method so that it can be invoked without having to create an
instance of the corresponding class.
How are constants declared in java?

Declaring a variable as nal makes the variable constant.
What is an object wrapper?

An object wrapper is a set of java classes that are used to change basic data type such as int or oat into
Objects.
Eg. java.lang.Integer, java.lang.Float etc.
How are command line arguments passed in java?

The command line arguments are passed as an array of Strings. If the application requires some input in
any particular data type format then the string passed should
be type casted to the required data type.
What is static initializer code ?
A class can have a block of initializer code that is simply surrounded by curly braces and labeled as static
e.g.
public class Demo{
static int =10;
static{
System.out.println(Hello world);
}
}
And this code is executed exactly once at the time of class load
Where is native modi er used?

It can refer only to methods and it indicates that the body of the method is to be found else where and it
is usually written in non java
language
What are transient variables?

A transient variable is not stored as part of objects persistent state and they cannot be nal or static
What is synchronized modi er used for ?

It is used to control access of critical code in multithreaded programs
What are volatile variables?

It indicates that these variables can be modi ed asynchronously
What are the rules for Object reference casting ?

Casting from Old types to Newtypes
Compile time rules
When both Oldtypes and Newtypes are classes, one should be subclass of the other
When both Oldtype ad Newtype are arrays, both arrays must contain reference types (not primitive),
and it must be legal to cast an element of Oldtype to an element
ofNewtype
You can always cast between an interface and a non- nal object
Runtime rules
If Newtype is a class. The class of the expression being converted must be Newtype or must inherit from
Newtype
If NewType is an interface, the class of the expression being converted must implement Newtype
When do you use continue and when do you use break statements ?
When continue statement is applied it prematurely completes the iteration of a loop. When break state-
ment is applied it causes the entire loop to be abandoned.
What is the base class from which all exceptions are subclasses?
All exceptions are subclasses of a class called java.lang.Throwable
How do you intercept and thereby control exceptions ?

We can do this by using try/catch/ nally blocks
You place the normal processing code in try block.
You put the code to deal with exceptions that might arise in try block in catch block
Code that must be executed no matter what happens must be place in nally block
What are the rules for primitive arithmetic promotion conversion ?
For Unary operators :
If operant is byte, short or a char it is converted to an int

If it is any other type it is not converted
For binary operands :
If one of the operands is double, the other operand is converted to double

Else If one of the operands is oat, the other operand is converted to oat
Else If one of the operands is long, the other operand is converted to long
Else both the operands are converted to int
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6/21/2017 Java Interview Questions and Answers | Java J2EEBrain - Part 2

JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

What are the important principles of object oriented concepts?

Explain the principle of encapsulation?

outside the wrapper.

Explain polymorphism principle?

What are the different forms of polymorphism in java?

What feature of java support multiple inheritance?

abstract methods and constants which could be implemented by java classes.

What is the difference between getClass() and instanceOf in java?

Is it possible for an anonymous class to be de ned to implement an interface or

What is the difference between == operator and equals () method?

What is the purpose of nalize () method?

exist. This method could be overridden to clean up non java resource.

In a try-catch- nally statement what is the use of nally clause?

was thrown or caught.

JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

What does a default member mean?

What is the difference between String class and StringBuffer class?

What does Java Sandbox term mean?

system resource that can be con gured by end user.

What method is used to start the execution of the thread?

What is the purpose of synchronized keyword?

Difference between hash map and hash table?

Difference between swing and AWT?

What is the difference between ServerSocket and DatagramSocket transport

What are checked and unchecked Exception?

JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

functions in the class are de ned with the keyword abstract.

Describe synchronization with respect to multithreading.

What are checked and unchecked exceptions?

called. Methods may be overridden to be more public, not more private.

What is the default value of an object reference declared as an instance variable?

What are pass by reference and pass by value?

copy of the value.

Are Objects in java passed by value or by reference?

How do I serialize an object to a le?

Which methods of Serializable interface should I implement?

What are some common uses of serialization?

What happens to object references during serialization?

objects is not serializable then a NotSerializableException will be thrown.

maintained even after serialization.

What is the purpose of nalization?

What is the difference between static and non-static variables?

Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.

be reassigned (assigned a new value).

What is the purpose of the keyword transient?

If (a != null && a.length() > 10) {.}

JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Java Interview Questions

What happens to a static var that is de ned within a method of a class ?

Cant do it. Youll get a compilation error.

How many static init can you have ?

Describe the Garbage Collection process in Java ?

GC process but is NOT guaranteed.

How do you ensure size of a primitive data type ?

Can RMI and Corba based applications interact ?

What is the diffrence between an Abstract class and Interface ?

What do you know about the garbage collector ?

What is the use of Servlets ?

What is JDBC? How do you connect to the Database ?

Using jdbc drivers provided by db drivers.

What is the difference between RMI & Corba ?