5.2 - Invaded Zone Resistivity

NExT, A Schlumberger Company
5599 San Felipe, Suite 100

Houston, Texas 77056
www.NExTtraining.net
Produced by NExT
Copyright 2012 NExT. All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying or recording, without the prior written consent of the publisher. While the information presented herein is believed to be accurate, it is provided as
is without express or implied warranty.
An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to denote a mark of Schlumberger. Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their
respective owners.
5.2- Invaded Zone Resistivities

'&(

)
&(#
&'

!
!
$"
%

"#
!

Dr. M. Watfa
1 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

1
Invasion Profile
Invasion Profiles

Water Bearing Zone: '&( Invasion profiles
&(# )
&'

! % !

$"

"#
!

Oil Bearing Zone: Invasion profiles

2
Invasion Profile
Annulus Invasion

'&( Creation
Annulus
(#)

&
&'

%!
! Invading Mud Filtrate

$"
"#
!
displaces oil and formation

water

In the annulus the formation
water pushed back pushes

the oil out
This creates an annulus

with water saturation higher
than that of the virgin zone.
3
Invasion Profile
examples of filtrate
invasion

)invaded
The '&
( volumes

'computed
( #

&
& here show an

!
increase with depth.
! %
"#$" This partially fluid

!

segregation.

The results could be used to

plan sampling points or a

well test.
The shape of the invasion
can be obtained from the
various resistivity
measurements.
4
Invasion Profile
Why Measure parameters in the Invaded Zone?

We need Rxo to correct for the The Rxo equation
is important in
deep resistivity reading tools to
)'&(
other interpretations (variable-

&(
#
obtain Rt &'
m).

!
The fluid displacements and the $"An ! %
Rxo measurement is another

"# method of finding Rw when a
diameter of invasion (di) are !
wet zone is available.

good indicators of permeability.

Rxo can be used to enhance the

All the porosityandlithology

vertical resolution of other
measuring tools (Acoustic,

measurements (Alpha-
Density, Neutron) measurements
processing)
take place in the invaded zone.

5
Micro Inverse (MI) & Micro Normal (MN),
Microlog Applications
If the zone of investigation is shale (no invasion),

both curves read the same.

If the zone is sand (with
invasion),
( Microinverse
some '&
reads mud cake plus ( #) of the formation and
Micronormal
reads & ' &
some mud cake plus the

(slightly % !
formation
!
higher).

are"only
# $ "
We ! interested in the separation between
these
curves and so scales are chosen to show

this and not the rest of the readings.

Microlog is used to identify permeable
zones.
2" Micronormal. (A M2)
1"x1" Microinverse. (A M1)
(Slightly different depths of investigation).
6
The rubber Microlog pad is pressed against the

Microlog Principle borehole wall by arms and springs.
The face of the padhas three small inline

electrodes spaced 1 inch(
'& (2.5 centimeters)
&(# )
apart.
&'

!electrodes
Withthese %! a 1 by 1 inch
"#$"
microinverse (R1x1) and a 2-inch (5.1
centimeters)
! micronormal (R2) measurement

are recorded simultaneously.

The currents emitted from these electrodes are
totally unfocused and hence flow by the path of
least resistance
In impervious formations, the two curves read
similarly or exhibit some negative separation.
Here the resistivities are usually much greater
than in permeable formations
7
Microinverse (MI) and Micronormal (MN)

Essentially

MI reads mainlyin (the &mudcake
MN
(
MI
) '
#
MN readsinthe &
&'mud cake plus invaded

zone !%
!
"#$"
permeable
Reservoir
In zones we will see
separations
!

(red-shading)

In non-permeable zones (e.g. Shales) we

will not have any separations- curves
overlay
The absolute values of MI and MN are
not important. Sometimes MI > MN or MN
Shale
. MI
8
MI / MN profiles
The Microlog separation is used to

indicate mudcake build-up and potential
permeable zones.
)'&(
Absoluteseparation &(# is relatively
&' It does reflect the value of
unimportant-

Rxo and % !

! mudcake thickness.
Rxo
"In#$"Shales, siltstone, salt, anhydrite, tight
!
porosity, etc.. there will be no separation
(impermeable zones).

There will be separations between
MI/MN even when the permeability is as
low as 1 mD.
Negative separation can also take place
in fresh muds (low salinity) if Rmc > Rxo

9

&MI
Typical ( / MN Log
)'

'& ( #

& This log shows one permeable

!
!
$"
%
intervals. This is the zone of

"# interest.
!

Difficult log to interpret with

high GR and High resistivity

intervals.


10

MI
Typical &(
)'
/ MN Log

'& ( #

& This log shows four

!
!
$"
%
permeable intervals.

"# These intervals seem to be
!

separated by high resistivity

beds (possibly

salt/anhydrite/zero-porosity).

The Microlog is a great aid for

interpretations to focus on
permeable zones.

11
Microlog comparison

)'&(

&(#

two &' Microlog examples

!

! obtained from pad
%
"#$" measurement

!
and from model derivatives

The correlations is good.


12
Microlog Limitations

'&(can be used
Under favorable circumstances the Microlog
(#)

'&

to obtain Rxo but it is generally
considered
a good
&
!%
!

"#$"
qualitative indicator of permeability, rather than an Rxo
!
measurement.

Rxo/Rmcmust

be less than about 15.

Mudcake thickness <1.2 cm
Depth of flushing >10 cm, otherwise the Microlog
readings are affected by Rt.
13
MicroSpherically Focused Log (MSFL)

This is a pad tool
(that is pushed against
(wall.
#)
'&
'
the borehole &

This tool&uses a combination of
!%
!

"#$electrodes to focus the measure current,
"
! so that:

The loss of voltage caused by the

mudcake is minimal
The focusing of the tool reduces the

measure currents depth of investigation.
The volume of investigation is essentially
a semi-sphere with the bulk of the
volume in the invaded zone (5-10cm).

14
MicroSpherically Focused log

MSFL

A focusing current '&( flowing between
the
A0 and # )
&( A1 electrodes passes
&'

Measure Voltage
mainly ! through the mud cake.

$" ! %

"# In this way, the measuring current is
!

constrained to the formation and

importantly to the invaded zone.

The exact depth investigated

depends on the mud cake thickness
and the resistivities of the mud
k (Vb - Vc) components.
RMSFL = However, it is normally around 5-
Io
10cm.
15
Pseudo-Geometric Factors
J
This essentially shows how

)'tool
each
&( is affected by the
&(#
&'invasion.
The value of Ra is

! % !
the apparent resistivity

"#$" measurement of each tool.

!

Example-1: LLD for an

invasion of 20-inches ,
J=0.15, this means the LLD
reads 85% from the Rt
Example-2: for an invasion of
20-inches, the MSFL has a
J=1, which means it reads
mainly Rxo
16

Example:
&(

Rxo / RMSFL
RMSFL = 20 )'
RMC = 2, '& ( #
Mud-cake !&
hmc = inches
%
$" !
thickness
Answer: Rxo/RMSFL= 0.92
"#
Rxo = 18.4 ohm-meter !

RMSFL / RMC
Most measurements require corrections since the measurements are affected by the environment
For the MSFL, the effects of mud cake properties are the main corrections needed.
hmc comes from calliper readings, RMC comes from mud measurements
17
Spherically Focused Log (SFL)
Spherically Focused
log
(SFL)

This
)is'&an
( MSFL-Like tool

(#
'measurement
&
&

! Except- we use a mandrel

! %
"#$" (centralised tool)

!

Focusing process is very
similar to that of the MSFL

However, we read deeper

than MSFL: usually 20-30
inches.
This helps to define the
invasion and transition profiles
in the formation.
18
MicroCylindrically Focused Log (MCFL)
MCFL Principle:
Very similar principle to that of

the
MSFL '&(
Main (#
)

& ' & difference is that a semi-

! cylindrical volume is measured
!
$"
%

"#
in the invaded zone.
! The design and the new

technology improved the

vertical resolution and reduced
the borehole effects.

Tool can be modelled and
digitally simulated
M - Monitor Electrode
N - Auxiliary Voltage Electrode
A0 and A1 - Guard Electrodes

19
Objectives - MCFL
The main objectives of the Microresistivity
measurement are to provide:
)'&(
High Resolution Rxo &(#
&'
Rxo Insensitive to Thin Mudcakes
! % !

$"

!"#
Rxo Corrected for Thick Mudcakes
Estimation of Mudcake
Thickness
or Stand-Off

In order to achieve:

correction of Deep resistivity measurement
Invasion
Detection of permeable zones
Evaluation of sand-shale laminations
Quantitative Sxo (moveable oil) estimate

20
Passive and Active Focusing

Passive Focusing (Vertical)

To ensure measure currents from B0, B1
'&(
and B2 are
focussed
(#
) straight when it leaves
&'
the pad. &
! %
Accomplished
!
by using A0 electrode which

"#surrounds
$" all the measure buttons. This
! creates an equipotential around them.

Active Focusing (Horizontal)

To ensure equipotentials are azimuthal in

nature as it leaves the pad
To probe currents fully into invaded zone.
Current injection from A1 is controlled by the
monitoring condition:
MCFL Left Upper Quarter VM - VA0 = 0

21
Main MCFL Characteristics

'&(
High vertical resolution (better than 1)
(#)

&
&'

%!
!
Shallow Rxo (3 depthof
"investigation)
#$"

!

to mudcake up to .4 thick
Rxo insensitive

Rxo corrected for thick mudcakes (> .4)
Quantitative standoff estimate

22
To acquire:
Forward Model Inversion
Rxo, Rmc, hmc

from a set of measurements: Forward
)'&(
&(#
B0,B1,B2
&'
model

!
!
$"
%
Use Forward Model Inversion
"#
!

Computed
Develop a relationship between the Parameters

+ +

input (B0,B1,B2) and the output

Measurements
(Rxo, Rmc, hmc): Cost
Function
ie, BUILD up a MODEL from
A Priori on - - Actual
KNOWN values
Parameters Measurements
Then identify SOLUTION from a set
of measurements based on PRIOR
knowledge
23
NO

Forward Model
YES

Computed
'&(
(#)
Computed Results
&
Data
&'

%!
!

$"
"#
!
Log

Inversion Measurements

Experimental
Database
Forward Model Inversion

24
Modelling vs. Experiment

Rxo = 7.7 Ohm.m, Rmc = .9 Ohm.m
10
Experimentaldata given by points

Modelled
)data( given by lines

&(# '&
B0
MCFL design facilitates accurate

! &'

$" ! %simulation.
B* (ohm-m)

"# This allows digital real time corrections
(Ohm.m)

!

to obtain an accurate Rxo.

B1

Today you can design tools that can be

B*
simulated so that if we only see a small

Modelled

(Theoretical) B2 fraction of the formation signal (< 50%)
Experimental we can still extract an accurate
1 formation signal (Rxo)
0 6
Mudcake thickness (in.)

25

'&(

)
&(#
&'

B2

!
!
$"
%
B1
"#
!

Bo

Rmc Tool is forward modeled

Results are compared with
Rm Rxo Experimental test measurements

26
Algorithm
Estimation performed by an Extended Kalman Filter - objective is

to minimise the function from actual and computed measurements
'&(
&(# )
&'
Advantages:
! % !

"#$"
Noise and uncertainties !into
taken account

Confidence outputs

Real time
Former methods (charts) are no longer used.

27
B0 response vs. hmc for various Rxo/Rmc values B0 Response

10 4

'&(

Insensitive

( #) to mudcake

&' up to 0.4&
10 3

!

!
Apparent Resistivity (Ohm.m)
%

10 2
"#$" Can also be used as
! good Rx0 measurement

(when outside the

10 1

inversion domain, or as

10 0 cross check)
10 -1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
hmc (in.)
Circles are experiments, lines are models

28
B1 response vs. hmc for various Rxo/Rmc values
B1 Response

10 4

'&(
)
&(#
10 3

&'

!
!
%
$" Insensitive to
"#
10 2
! mudcake up to 0.2

10 1

10 0

10 -1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
hmc (in.)

29
B2 response vs. hmc for various Rxo/Rmc values

10 4

B2Response
&(
(#)
'
&
10 3
&'

%!
!
$"
"#
10 2
! Insensitive to mudcake up to

0.1
10 1

10 0

10 -1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
hmc (in.)

30
Microresistivity Comparison
MSFL MCFL
Architecture Pad mounted on Integrated with density
separate tool
on HRMS skid

)'&(
Focusing Spherical
Cylindrical
&(#

&'
Pad application Wide, flexible pad Narrow solid skid
subject to damage
! % !

Vertical resolution 3 in.
! "#$" 2 in.

Mudcake corrections

Poorly defined
Well defined up to 0.6 in.

Rxo limit

1000Ohm-m

1000 Ohm-m

synthetic Microlog
Auxiliary measurement Standoff, Microlog output
Length
20 ft 14 ft
Weight 335 Ibm 249 Ibm
Diameter 5 1/4 in. 4 5/8 in.
Temperature 350 F 260 F
Pressure 20,000 psi 10,000 psi
31
MCFL Log Examples
MSFL-MCFL
Comparison

'&(
(#)

& and MCFL in thin bedded
MSFL
formation.
&'

% !
! MCFL gives a much sharper

"#$"
!

vertical resolution.
This can be of great help in thin

laminated sand-shale formations.

Helps to:

Provide enhanced vertical
resolution.
Accurate digital modelling
Accurate Rxo and hence
Sxo

32
MCFL Log Examples
Microlog Example

A good
)'&( of a Microlog (MI
example
MI / MN
and MN) (# in a laminated formation
&' &

%with
!
!
impermeable layers.

$"
"#
! This will help identify all the

reservoir section.

This could significantly increase

the reservoirs net pay. e net

33
MCFL Log Examples
ThinlyBedded

Example

)'&(
&(#

&'

%!A good example of thin laminated
!
$" sandstone.

"# The MCFL was used to model and
!
improve the vertical resolution of

the deep reading Resistivities

(Shallow-Medium-Deep).

This gave an overall improvement
in the estimated values of Sw and
Sxo, as well as defining the bed
boundaries.

34
MCFL Log Examples
MCFL vs. MSFL

in Rugose
)'&( Zones
&(
#
&'

!
! Poor borehole conditions- high
%
"#$" rugosity
!

The MCFL pad design and
digital modelling compensated

for the poor borehole

conditions.
The MSFL in poor hole
conditions read low (mud
reading).

35
MCFL Log Examples
MCFL Comparison
with FMI

MCFL Log '&(
(#)

&
FMI&has'
The
! the best vertical resolution

in open
! %
hole measurements.
"#$"
! The FMI serves as a good reference for

vertical bed definitions.

The example shows the MCFL log super-

imposed on the FMI images.

Light image high resistance
Dark Images conductive beds.
The MCFL picks effectively the variations
in bed conductivities.

36

5.2 - Invaded Zone Resistivity

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

5.2 - Invaded Zone Resistivity

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

NExT, A Schlumberger Company

5599 San Felipe, Suite 100

Copyright 2012 NExT. All rights reserved.

1 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

2 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

This creates an annulus

 "#$" This partially fluid

Why Measure parameters in the Invaded Zone?

5 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

If the zone of investigation is shale (no invasion),

The rubber Microlog pad is pressed against the

Microinverse (MI) and Micronormal (MN)

The Microlog separation is used to

9 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

10 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

11 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

12 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

14 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

MicroSpherically Focused log

mainly ! through the mud cake.

 "#$" measurement of each tool.

 "#$" (centralised tool)

19 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

20 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Passive and Active Focusing

21 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Main MCFL Characteristics

Quantitative standoff estimate

22 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Forward Model Inversion

Modelling vs. Experiment

  simulated so that if we only see a small

25 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Rmc Tool is forward modeled

26 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Former methods (charts) are no longer used.

27 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

B0 response vs. hmc for various Rxo/Rmc values B0 Response

Circles are experiments, lines are models

B1 response vs. hmc for various Rxo/Rmc values

  ! mudcake up to 0.2

Circles are experiments, lines are models

B2 response vs. hmc for various Rxo/Rmc values

  ! Insensitive to mudcake up to

Circles are experiments, lines are models

32 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

33 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

34 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

MCFL vs.   MSFL

35 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

36 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Вам также может понравиться

"#$" This partially fluid

"#$" measurement of each tool.

"#$" (centralised tool)

simulated so that if we only see a small

! mudcake up to 0.2

! Insensitive to mudcake up to

MCFL vs. MSFL