Review - Chapter 16 - The Endocrine System

1. What is a hormone?

A chemical messengers that is secreted by cells into Extracellular fluids and transported in the
blood to distant extracellular targnets

2. Which organ system works with the endocrine system to control or regulate body functions?
Compare and contrast these two organ systems.

Nervous; quick, short acting, localized, use electrochemical impulses

Endocribe: use hormones, slow, longer acting, and the targers are distant

3. Which organ is considered a neuroendocrine organ?

Hypothalamus

4. Which organs or glands have both exocrine and endocrine functions?

Pancreas, gonads, placenta,

How do autocrines and paracrines differ from hormones?

They are more localized, paracrine requires contanct, autocrine is on the cell itself

5. Name the two chemical classes of hormones and the hormones included in each class.

Aminoa acid based: amino acid derrivatives, peptides, and proteins

Steriods: from cholesterol, sex hormones, and the adrenocortical hormones

6. Hormones circulate through blood to all body cells, but only cells with __________________
for a specific hormone will respond to that hormone.

The specific receptor

7. Describe the two mechanisms of hormone action at target cells.
Which class of hormones acts by each mechanism and why does it act by this mechanism?

Water Soluble hormones: all AA hormones except thyroid hormones, act via G-proteins and
secondary messengers

Lipid Soluble Hormones: act on intraceullular receptors, enter cell and directly activate
genes

8. Hormones that bind to plasma membrane receptors are able to cause their effects at even
very low concentrations. How is this possible?

They trigger secondary messenger mechanism

9. Synthesis/release of most hormones is controlled by ____________ feedback mechanisms.

Negative

10. Describe the three types of stimuli that trigger endocrine glands to release their hormones.
Give an example of each type of stimulus.

1. Humoral Stimuli: changing blood levels of iions and nutrients, PTH and calcium
2. Neural Stimuli: Nerve stimulis, i.e. stress response
3. Hormonal stimuli: hormones from one gland stimulate release of hormones from other
endocribe organs, adrenal hormones

11. Define tropic hormone, and give an example.

Hormones that stimulate other hormones, FSH, ACTH, etc.

12. Which organ system can override the endocrine system and make adjustments to maintain
homeostasis?
Describe a situation in which the endocrine system might be overridden.

Nervous, insulin control of glucose gets xcvhbjnhdxszAcvx cfgv,overridden, blood glucose rises
for fight or flight

13. After hormones have exerted their effects, most hormones are removed from the blood and
broken down by the ____________________ and ____________________. The resulting
breakdown products are excreted in the ___________________ and _________________.
 , kidneys and the liver, excreted in the urine or the feces

14. Define permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism. Give an example of each.

Permissiviness; 1 hormone needs another hormone to produce full effect, Thyroid hormone
is necessary for normal development of reproductive structures

Synergism: Comine for better effects: glucagon, and epinephrine

Anatogonism: Insulin, and glucagon

15. Describe the structural and functional relationships between the hypothalamus and the
pituitary gland.

Connected by a stalk i.e the infiduiblulum

Neurohormonal Control of

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16. Why is the posterior pituitary not considered a true endocrine gland?

Composed of Neural tissue, does not produce hormones just stores them.

17. How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?
What are these communication systems called?

Hypotthalmic-hypoopheseal tract to the posterior pitatuary, hypothalamic nueceli syntehize

neurohomones, which are stroed in the axon ternminlas in the posterior pituitary, and these
are released in response to action potentials

Anterior Pitutary: hypohyseal poral system: 2 capillaries, and veins, carries releasing and
inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

18. Name the hormones released by the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary.
List the basic functions of these hormones.
Which of these hormones are tropic hormones?

Posterior Pituatary: oxytocin (labor contractions), and ADH (water reapsorption, lower blood
pressure, prevents urine formation)

Anterior; GH, PRL, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Tropic: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

19. Why does drinking alcoholic beverages cause a person to urinate more?
 Alchohol inhibits ADH

20. The major targets of growth hormone are ________________ and ___________________.

Bone and Skeletal Muscle

21. How does growth hormone regulate metabolism and growth?

Mobilizes fat, decreases glucose uptake and metabolism, i.e. high blood glucose levels, and
promotes glycogen breakdown protein synthesis by increasing AA uptake

22. Explain the hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ feedback loop as it relates to the following:
Thyroid hormone

Stimulated by TRH, and inhibited by high levels of thyroid hormones, and Growth hormone
inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus

Cortisol: CRH, ACTH, Cortisol (from adrenal cortex

FSH and LH: gnRH, FSH, and LH

23. What are the most frequent symptoms of an anterior pituitary tumor?

Hypersecrretion of Prolaction, i.e innapropriate lactation, lack of menses, and infertility, and
impotence

24. Which specific cells produce thyroid hormone?

Which specific cells produce calcitonin?

The Follicular cells for the thyroid, and the parafollicular cells for the calcitonin

25. Describe the structure of thyroid hormone.

What element is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?

Amino Acid hormone containing iodine, colloid serves as a precursor (stored in the follicle)
26. By what mechanism does thyroid hormone affect its target cells?
What other hormones act by this same mechanism?

Direct gene activation, like sterioid hormones

27. The bodys major metabolic hormone is ___________________________________.

The thyroid hormone

28. List several metabolic functions of thyroid hormone.
1. BMR
Promote normal activity of the heart
2. Regulates tissue growth and development

29. List two things that stimulate the release of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus.

1. exposure of infants to cold

2. Negative Feedback regulation of TH release

30. What is goiter? What causes goiter?

Lack of iodine, enlarged thyroid gland, unstable throgolobulin colloid

31. Which gland and hormone is the major regulator of blood calcium homeostasis?
What stimulates the release of this hormone?
What organs are the major targets of this gland and what effects are produced in these
target organs?
What is the ultimate effect on blood calcium levels when this hormone is released?

Parathoryoid gland and the parathroyoid hormone, release is when blood calcium levels are
low, the major target organs are the skeletal system, the kidnesy, and the intestines

32. Describe the location and structure of the adrenal glands.

Suprarenal (above the kidneys), there is the adrenal medulla and the cortex (the medullar is
the inside composed of SNS nervous tissue), and the cortex is three layers of glandular
tissue, which secretes corticososteriods
33. Name the three layers of the adrenal cortex, the hormones produced in each layer, and the
major functions of each hormone.

Zona Glomerulus: minneralcorticoids: aldosterone (water balance)

Zona Fasiculata: Gluccoortoids cortisol (stress resistance)
Zona Reticulais: gonadocorticoids (sex hormones

34. List three conditions that stimulate aldosterone secretion.

1. Decreasing Blood Volumes
2. Decrease Bloood Pressure
3. Increase blood levels of K+

35. What are the primary functions of cortisol?

1. Sterioid Hormone increase in blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
a. Gluconeogeniss, fatty acids from adipose, breaks down stored proteisn
b. Enhances vasonconstrction by SNS

36. How does cortisol function during prolonged stress

a. Blood pressure increases, and oxygen to sells, ani-infallmatory, and anti-immune
effects
37. What are the adverse effects of excessive levels of cortisol?
a. Cushings diease: high blood glucose, infections (tumor in ACTH)
b. Addisons disease: dehydration, hypotension

38. What are gonadocorticoids and what are their effects? (adrenal sex hormones produced by
zona reticularis) they are weak androgens

39. Synthetic glucocorticoids such as prednisone are often given for arthritis or after tissue
transplant surgery. Why?

To decrease bone formation

40. Which specific gland intensifies the activities of the sympathetic nervous system during
acute, short-term stress?
Which hormones are produced by this gland?
How do these hormones prolong the fight-or-flight response?

Adrenal Medulla, with the chromaffin cells, synthesize epinephrine, and norepinephre, which
results in vasoconstriction, and increased heart rate

41. A tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces episodes of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous
system activity is called a _____________________________.

Pheochomocytoma

42. Name two hormones involved in the stress response.

Which glands produce these hormones?

Corisol, and Catecholamines

43. Name the two hormones produced by the pancreas, the specific cells that produce these
hormones, and the function of each hormone.

Beta: insulin (decrease blood glucose levels0 alpha: glucagon

44. Is the stimulus for insulin and glucagon release hormonal, humoral, or neural?
What is the specific stimulus for each hormone?

High and low levels of blood sugar (i.e humoral)

45. How do insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels?

1. Glucagon: liver glycogenolysis (breakdown of sugar to glucose), and gluoneogensis

high blood sugar
2. Insulin: inhibits these two processes
46. What are the four primary effects of insulin after it enters a cell?
Which of these effects is the most important?
a. Oxidation of Glucose to ATP (most important)
b. Formation of glycogen
c. Glucose fat
d. Amino acid uptake protein synthesis

47. The brain, liver, kidneys, and red blood cells can use glucose without the help of insulin.
Why is insulin necessary for other cells to be able to use glucose?

48. Why do blood glucose levels remain high in diabetes mellitus?

Glucose is unable to enter the cell, and it cannot be used for energy

49. What causes lipidemia and ketoacidosis in diabetes mellitus?

Occurs in deibiites Lipiedmeia (fats in blood), Ketacodiss: ketones from fatty acids
accumulates (blood pH drops)

50. List the three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus.

1. Polyria: excessive urination
2. Polydipsia: excessive thirst
3. Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consugmption

51. Name two causes of hypoglycemia. Which one is the most common cause?

1. Hperinsulims
a. Islet cell tumor
b. Overdose of inslulin
52. What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus?
What symptoms do they have in common?
What would be found in the urine of a patient with diabetes mellitus but not in the urine of a
patient with diabetes insipidus?

Excessive thrrst, and severly dilute urine, excessive glucose in the blood is unique to
Metiltilitius,

53. Which chemical class of hormones do the gonadal hormones belong to?
What other endocrine gland secretes hormones belonging to this same chemical class?

Sterioids , the thyroid hormones3

54. What hormones are produced by the ovaries and testes?

What are the functions of these hormones?

Ovaries: estorene progesterone

Testes: Testoterone

55. List the hormones and hormone functions of the following organs: placenta, adipose tissue,
gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidneys, skin, thymus

Placenta: fetal nutrition and waste, secretion estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic
goandotrin

Adipose: leptin suppression of appepitite

GI: enteroendocrine Gastrin, ghrelin (hungery), secretin, and cholcyskokinin

Heart: ANP, decrease blood volume and BP

Kindeys: erythropetein: bone marrow, and renin: increase blood pressure

Skin: cholcalifercoL: sytnehesize Vitamin D precursor

Thymus: T cell development

56. List or make a table of all the major hormones studied. Be sure to include:

Hormone
Organ that secretes the hormone
Stimulus for secretion
Target organ
Functions or effects
Effects/symptoms of hyposecretion
Effects/symptoms of hypersecretion