Deception and Detection Clearest moonlight max.

16-17 yards

1. Recording of Psycho, Physiological Response Broad daylight max 100 yards

polygraph, word , stress evaluation
2. Drug administration (sodium pentothal, Firearm flash 2 letters read at 2 ft. by a .22
hyoscine hydrobromade, alcohol) Lightning flash sufficient to identify a person
3. Hypnosis
4. Observation Artificial light depending on the intensity of
5. Interrogation light
6. Confession
Determination of Age
Medico-Legal aspects of Identification
Legal importance:

1. Aids in identification
2. Determines criminal liability
3. Determination of right of suffrage
Rules in Personal Identification 4. Exercise of civil rights
5. Capacity to enter marriage
6. Requisite of certain crimes
Methods of Identification

Determination of fetal age: Hasses Rule

Identification of Persons 1. If <25 cm in length: square root of length in cm

= age in months
A. Ordinary Methods 2. If >25 cm in length: divide length in cm by 5 =
1. Personal Characteristic age in months

2. Anthropometry Identification of Blood and Bloodstains

A. Legal importance
1. In cases of disputed parentage
2. Circumstantial evidence in a crime
B. Scientific Methods 3. Determination of the cause of death
1. Finger print analysis 4. Determination of direction of escape
Dactylography recording 5. Estimation of time of commission of crime
Dactyloscopy comparison 6. Determination of the place where crime was
committed
2. Comparison of dental records 7. Determination of presence of certain diseases
3. Handwriting analysis
4. Skeletal identification B. Physical examination
a. Determination of Sex 1. Solubility tests - Hb S
1. Pelvis 2. Skull 3.Sternum 2. Heat Tests steam thermography
4. Femur 5. Humerus 3. Luminescence tests luminol; flouscein
b. Tests to determine Sex: 1. Social 2.
Genital 3. Gonadal 4. Chromosonal
C. Chemical Examination
Light as a Factor of Identification by: 1. Hermatin tests

1
 2. Benzidine tests
3. Gualacum test
4. Phenolphthalein test
5. Leucomalschite test
Identification of hair and fibers
Identification of human vs. animal hair
Comparison between forcibly extracted or
shred hair
Death
- Termination of life
- The complete cessation of all the vital functions
without possibility of resuscitation
- An irreversible loss of the properties of living
matter
Importance of death determination
- Civil personality of natural person extinguished
by death
- Property of person transmitted to heirs at time
of death
- Death of partner one of the causes of
dissolution of partnership agreement
- Criminal liability of person is extinguished by
death
Brain death vs Cardio-Respiratory death
1. Brain death deep irreversible coma, advance
of electrical brain activity and complete
cessation of all the vital functions without
possibility of resuscitation
Characteristic:
- unresponsiveness
- no movement or breathing
- no reflexes
- flat electroencephalogram (EEG)
2. Cardio-respiratory death there is a continuous and
persistent cessation of heart action and respiration
Kinds of death:
1. Somatic or clinical death state of body which
there is complete, persistent and continuous
cessation of the vital functions of the brain,
heart, and lungs which maintain life and health
2. Molecular or Cellular death after cessation of
vital functions of body there is still animal life
among individual cells, after 3-6 hours later,
there is death of cells
3. Apparent death or state of suspended
animation not really death but a transient loss
of consciousness or temporary cessation of the
vital functions of the body on account of
disease, external stimulus or other forms of
influence
Signs of death
1. Cessation of Heart Action and circulation
a. examination of the heart
b. examination of the peripheral circulation
2. cessation of respiration
3. cooling of the body (algor mortis) progressive
fall of body temperature is one of the most
prominent signs of death
a. factors influencing the rate of cooling
of the body
conditions connected with the body
conditions connected with the
surroundings
4. insensibility of the body and loss of power to
move
5. changes in the skin pale and waxy; livid; loss
of electricity
6. changes in and about the eye
tests for cessation of circulation
- magnus test: a ligature is applied around the
base of the finger (bloodless zone)
- injecting a solution of fluorescein (Icards test)
- looking through the web of the fingers at a
bright light
- the dulling of the steel needle when thrust into
the living body
- the clear outline of dead heart when viewed in
the fluorescent screen
- opening of small artery
- heat application on skin
- palpation of pulses
2

Changes in the body following death
1. changes in muscle
a. primary flaccidity muscles relax;
dilated pupils (2hr)
b. post mortem rigidity rigor mortis
(<3hr for 18-36hrs)
c. secondary flaccidity or commencement
of putrefaction
- cadaveric spasm or instantaneous rigor occurs
at the moment of death due to extreme
nervous tension and injury to the nervous
system
- Rigos Mortis appears 3-6hrs; all muscles of the
body;natural phenomenon
- Cadaveric spasm appears immediately after
death; only certain muscle or group may or may
not appear
2. Changes in blood
- Hemolysis of blood (reddish- brown color)
- Undergoes chemical change in the tissues
(greenish-yellow color)
a. Coagulation of blood (may remain fluid 6-
8hr after death)
b. Post mortem or cadaveric lividity starts to
appear 3-6hr after death and fully
developed 12h after death
Importance of cadaveric lividity:
- one sign of death
- may determine whether the position of the
body has been changed
- color of lividity may indicate the cause of death
- may determine how long the person has been
dead gives an idea as to the time of death
Antemortem clot
- firm
- surface of blood vessels raw
- homogenous
postmortem clot
- soft
- smooth
- in layers
Color of lividity may indicate cause of death:
- dark asphyxia
- pink carbon monoxide poisoning
- paler hemorrhage
- bright red hydrogen cyanide
- dark brown phosphorus
- coffee brown potassium chloride
3. Autolytic or autodigestive changes after death
4. Putrefaction of the body
- the breaking down of the complex proteins
into simpler components associated with the evolution
of foul smelling gases and accompanied by the change
of color of the body
Tissue changes in Puterfaction
1. changes in tissue color marbolization
2. evolution of gases from tissues ammonia,etc
3. liquefaction of soft tissues
Factors modifying rate of Putrefaction
a. internal factors
1. age healthy adults later than
infants
2. body condition obese more rapid
3. cause of death infection earlier
b. external factors
a. air free/moist/with bacteria earlier
b. soil moist accelerates
c. water running water more rapid
d. clothing tight clothing delays
Chronological Sequence of Putrefaction
- 12h: rigor mortis;greenish-yellow discoloration
- 24h: abdominal distension
- 48h: eggs/maggots of flies, distented trunk,
discoloration
- 72h: generalize swelling; loose nails and hair
- 1wk: putrefaction of soft viscera
- 2wks: soft tissue disappears
3
 - 1mo: body skeletonized

Submergence in water

- 4-5 days: rigor mortis; little change

- 5-7 days: bleaching of skin
- 1-2wks: skin is swollen; wrinkled hands and feet
- 6-8wks: abdominal distension; loose nails and
skin

Factors influencing floating of body in water

- Age: fully developed and nourished more rapid

- Sex: females float sooner
- Condition of body: obese float quicker
- Season of the year: warm, moist quicker
- Water conditions: shallow/ seawater sooner
- External factors clothing slower

Modifications in putrefaction

- Mummification: hot. Dry conditions with hot,

dry air
- Saponification: adipocere formation
- Maceration: tissue softening from water and
mocroorganisms

Presumption of death:

- Disputable presumption: not heard of in 7 years

- Presumption: after 7 years
- For purposes of Succession: 10 yrs
- Aboard a vessel: 4 yrs
- Armed forces: 4 yrs
- In danger of death: 4 yrs

Presumption of Survivorship

- Under 15 yrs: older survives

- 60yrs above: younger survives
- Under 15 and above 60: former survives
- Over 15 and under 60 male, older survives
- Older than 15 and below 60 survives