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content>\n <p>\n WELCOME: Welcome to Part 3 of the Algorithms Specialization:
Greedy Algorithms, Minimum Spanning Trees, and Dynamic Programming! Like the
previous two parts, the course will have four weeks of lectures and assignments,
followed by a final exam. Here are the highlights of the course's first week.\n
</p>\n <p>\n TWO MOTIVATING APPLICATIONS: We begin with a fairly non-technical
discussion of two motivating applications --- distributed shortest-path routing in
the Internet, and sequence alignment --- to build excitement for the tools that
you'll acquire later in this course (and also in Part 4 of the specialization).\n
</p>\n <p>\n INTRODUCTION TO GREEDY ALGORITHMS: The focus of this week and the
next is the greedy algorithm design paradigm. These two non-technical videos
discuss the pros and cons of this paradigm and describe a cool application to the
optimal management of the contents of a cache.\n </p>\n <p>\n A SCHEDULING
APPLICATION: Scheduling problems come up all the time (e.g., how should a shared
resource be allocated?) and greedy algorithms are often useful for them. We'll
discuss a specific success story --- minimizing the weighted sum of completion
times of a bunch of tasks --- in detail. The correctness proof furnishes a
particularly clean example of an \"exchange argument.\"\n </p>\n <p>\n PRIM'S MST
ALGORITHM: The minimum spanning tree (MST) problem, in addition to enjoying several
applications, is a uniquely great problem for the study of greedy algorithms.
Unusually, several different greedy algorithms always compute an optimal solution.
We begin here with the Dijkstra-esque Prim's algorithm. The correctness proof
requires understanding the subtly beautiful structure of cuts in graphs, while its
blazingly fast implementation relies on a deft application of the heap data
structure.\n </p>\n <p>\n VIDEOS AND SLIDES: A reminder that videos can be
streamed or downloaded and watched offline (recommended for commutes, etc.). We are
also providing PDF lecture slides (typed versions of what's written in the lecture
videos), as well as subtitle files (in English and in some cases other languages as
well). And if you find yourself wishing that I spoke more quickly or more slowly,
note that you can adjust the video speed to accommodate your preferred pace.\n
</p>\n <p>\n HOMEWORK #1: The first problem set consists of 5 problems, about
greedy scheduling algorithms and minimum spanning trees. The first programming
assignment asks you to implement some of the algorithms that we've covered, run
them on large inputs, and enter the answer. For the seasoned programmers out there
looking for an additional challenge, try doing the programming assignments in a
programming language that you don't already know!\n </p>\n <p>\n DISCUSSION
FORUMS: Discussion forums play an absolutely crucial role in massive online
courses. If you have trouble understanding a lecture or completing an assignment,
you should turn to the forums for help. After you've mastered the lectures and
assignments for a given week, I hope you'll contribute to the forums and help out
your fellow learners. While I won't have time to carefully monitor the discussion
forums, I'll check in and answer questions whenever I find the time.\n </p>\n <p>\n
SUGGESTED READINGS FOR WEEK 1: Abbreviations in suggested readings refer to the
following textbooks:\n </p>\n <ul bullettype=\"bullets\">\n <li>\n <p>\n CLRS
- Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein,\n <em>\n Introdution to Algorithms
(3rd edition)\n </em>\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n DPV - Dasgupta,
Papadimitriou, and Vazirani,\n <em>\n Algorithms\n </em>\n </p>\n
</li>\n <li>\n <p>\n KT - Kleinberg and Tardos,\n <em>\n Algorithm
Design\n </em>\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n SW - Sedgewick and
Wayne,\n <em>\n Algorithms (4th edition)\n </em>\n </p>\n </li>\n
</ul>\n <ul bullettype=\"bullets\">\n <li>\n <p>\n CLRS: Chapter 16 (Sections
1 and 2) and Chapter 23\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n DPV: Sections 5.1.1,
5.1.2, and 5.1.5\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n KT: Sections 4.1, 4.2, 4.3,
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content>\n <h3 level=\"3\">\n Course overview\n </h3>\n <p>\n Algorithms are the
heart of computer science, and the subject has countless practical applications as
well as intellectual depth. This specialization is an introduction to algorithms
for learners with at least a little programming experience. The specialization is
rigorous but emphasizes the big picture and conceptual understanding over low-level
implementation and mathematical details. After completing this specialization, you
will have a greater mastery of algorithms than almost anyone without a graduate
degree in the subject.\n\nSpecific topics in Part 3 of the specialization include:
greedy algorithms (scheduling, minimum spanning trees, clustering, Huffman codes)
and dynamic programming (knapsack, sequence alignment, optimal search trees).\n
</p>\n <h3 level=\"3\">\n Resources\n </h3>\n <ul bullettype=\"bullets\">\n
<li>\n <p>\n Mathematics for Computer Science (by Eric Lehman and Tom
Leighton):\n <a
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df\">\n
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<p>\n Video Lectures\n </p>\n <ul bullettype=\"bullets\">\n <li>\n <p>\n
Lectures will be made available weekly, for a total of four weeks. In a given week,
there will generally be two hours of required material, plus additional optional
material (some review, some advanced topics).\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n
Below each lecture video there is a PDF of typed versions of the slides.\n </p>\n
</li>\n <li>\n <p>\n You can download the videos of the lectures for offline
viewing.\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n The video player supports speeding
up and slowing down the pace.\n </p>\n </li>\n </ul>\n <p>\n Weekly Programming
Assignments and Problem Sets\n </p>\n <ul bullettype=\"bullets\">\n <li>\n <p>\n
Each week there will be a new problem set and a new programming assignment.\n
</p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n For each problem set you are allowed a maximum
of two attempts in a 12-hour period (we'll use the best score).\n </p>\n </li>\n
<li>\n <p>\n For each programming assignment you're allowed a maximum of 10
attempts in a 12-hour period (we'll use the best score).\n </p>\n </li>\n
<li>\n <p>\n For the final exam, you're allowed one attempt per 24 hours.\n
</p>\n </li>\n </ul>\n <p>\n Grading\n </p>\n <ul bullettype=\"bullets\">\n
<li>\n <p>\n To pass a problem set, you must get at least 4 of the 5 questions
correct (80%).\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n To pass a programming
assignment, you must get all of the answers correct (100%).\n </p>\n </li>\n
<li>\n <p>\n To pass the final exam, you must get at least 70% of the total
points (14 out of 20).\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n To pass the course,
you must pass all of the problem sets, all of the programming assignments, and the
final exam.\n </p>\n </li>\n </ul>\n <p>\n Theory Problems\n </p>\n <ul
bullettype=\"bullets\">\n <li>\n <p>\n These are totally optional theory
questions (no deadlines or credit given).\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n We
encourage you to attempt these questions and discuss them in the forums to develop
a deeper understanding of the design and analysis of algorithms.\n </p>\n
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completely optional and will not be graded. While they vary in level, many are
pretty challenging, and we strongly encourage you to discuss ideas and approaches
with your fellow students on the \"Theory Problems\" discussion forum.\n </p>\n <ol
bullettype=\"numbers\">\n <li>\n <p hasmath=\"true\">\n Consider a connected
undirected graph $$G$$ with not necessarily distinct edge costs. Consider two
different minimum-cost spanning trees of $$G$$, $$T$$ and $$T'$$. Is there
necessarily a sequence of minimum-cost spanning trees $$T = T_0, T_1, T_2, \\ldots,
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counterexample.\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n Consider the following
algorithm. The input is a connected undirected graph with edge costs (distinct, if
you prefer). The algorithm proceeds in iterations. If the current graph is a
spanning tree, then the algorithm halts. Otherwise, it picks an arbitrary cycle of
the current graph and deletes the most expensive edge on the cycle. Is this
algorithm guaranteed to compute a minimum-cost spanning tree? Prove it or exhibit a
counterexample.\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p hasmath=\"true\">\n Consider
the following algorithm. The input is a connected undirected graph with edge costs
(distinct, if you prefer). The algorithm proceeds in phases. Each phase adds some
edges to a tree-so-far and reduces the number of vertices in the graph (when there
is only 1 vertex left, the MST is just the empty set). In a phase, we identify the
cheapest edge $$e_v$$ incident on each vertex $$v$$ of the current graph. Let $$F =
\\{ e_v \\}$$ be the collection of all such edges in the current phase. Obtain a
new (smaller) graph by contracting all of the edges in $$F$$ --- so that each
connected component of $$F$$ becomes a single vertex in the new graph ---
discarding any self-loops that result. Let $$T$$ denote the union of all edges
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studying a second greedy MST algorithm, due to Kruskal. First, it's a beautiful
algorithm, worthy of a greatest hits compilation. Second, to obtain a super-fast
implementation of it, we'll need to learn about the simple but fundamental \"Union-
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<p>\n CLUSTERING: Clustering is an important form of unsupervised learning (i.e.,
extracting patterns from unlabeled data). These two videos discuss how Kruskal's
MST algorithm suggests flexible and useful greedy approaches to clustering
problems.\n </p>\n <p>\n UNION-FIND LECTURES: This is purely optional material
about advanced implementations and analysis of the union-find data structure. For
those of you looking for some seriously next-level (but beautiful) material, check
it out when you get a chance.\n </p>\n <p>\n HOMEWORK #2: The second problem set
is all about MSTs. The second programming assignment asks you to implement the
greedy clustering algorithm from lecture. For part (a), a straightforward
implementation should suffice. Part (b) involves a graph that is likely too big to
fit in your computer's memory, so answering this part might take some ingenuity.\n
</p>\n <p>\n SUGGESTED READINGS FOR WEEK 2:\n </p>\n <ul bullettype=\"bullets\">\n
<li>\n <p>\n CLRS Chapter 21 and Chapter 23 (Section 2)\n </p>\n </li>\n
<li>\n <p>\n DPV Sections 5.1.3 and 5.1.4\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n
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completely optional and will not be graded. While they vary in level, many are
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bullettype=\"numbers\">\n <li>\n <p hasmath=\"true\">\n Consider a connected
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on your smartphone, faster downloads, and so on. Huffman coding is a fundamental
type of lossless compression, used for example in the MP3 standard. In these videos
we'll learn about the optimality of Huffman codes, and a blazingly fast greedy
algorithm for computing them.\n </p>\n <p>\n DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING: This week also
introduces the dynamic programming design paradigm; next week we'll see a selection
of killer applications. For now, we content ourselves with the development of a
linear-time algorithm for a relatively simple problem, computing a maximum-weight
independent set of a path graph. We conclude the week by zooming out and
identifying the key principles of dynamic programming.\n </p>\n <p>\n HOMEWORK #3:
The third problem set and programming assignment reinforce the concepts and
algorithms studied in the lectures, and the programming assignment asks you to
implement the greedy algorithm for Huffman coding and the dynamic programming
algorithm for finding a maximum-weight independent set of a path.\n </p>\n <p>\n
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<li>\n <p>\n DPV Sections 5.2 and 6.7\n </p>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>\n
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