Gutenberg Bible

precisely datable printing is the Gutenbergs 31-line In-

dulgence which is known to already exist on 22 October
1454.[7]
Gutenberg made three signicant changes during the
printing process.[8] The rst sheets were rubricated by be-
ing passed twice through the printing press, using black
and then red ink. This was soon abandoned, with spaces
being left for rubrication to be added by hand.

Gutenberg Bible of the New York Public Library. Bought by

James Lenox in 1847, it was the rst copy to be acquired by a
United States citizen.

The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible,

the Mazarin Bible or the B42) was the rst major book
printed in the West using mass-produced movable type.
It marked the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the
age of the printed book in the West. Widely praised for
its high aesthetic and artistic qualities,[1] the book has an
iconic status. Written in Latin, the Gutenberg Bible is an
edition of the Vulgate, printed by Johannes Gutenberg,
in Mainz, in present-day Germany, in the 1450s. Forty-
eight copies, or substantial portions of copies, survive, Spine of the Lenox copy
and they are considered to be among the most valuable
books in the world, even though no complete copy has Some time later, after more sheets had been printed, the
been sold since 1978.[2][3] The 36-line Bible, believed to number of lines per page was increased from 40 to 42,
be the second printed version of the Bible, is also some- presumably to save paper. Therefore, pages 1 to 9 and
times referred to as a Gutenberg Bible, but is likely the pages 256 to 265, presumably the rst ones printed, have
work of another printer. 40 lines each. Page 10 has 41, and from there on the 42
lines appear. The increase in line number was achieved
by decreasing the interline spacing, rather than increasing
the printed area of the page.
1 Printing history
Finally, the print run was increased, necessitating reset-
ting those pages which had already been printed. The new
All that has been written to me about that marvelous man sheets were all reset to 42 lines per page. Consequently,
seen at Frankfurt [sic] is true. I have not seen complete there are two distinct settings in folios 1-32 and 129-158
Bibles but only a number of quires of various books of of volume I and folios 1-16 and 162 of volume II.[8][9]
the Bible. The script was very neat and legible, not at all
dicult to followyour grace would be able to read it The most reliable information about the Bibles date
without eort, and indeed without glasses. comes from a letter. In March 1455, the future Pope Pius
II wrote that he had seen pages from the Gutenberg Bible,
Future pope Pius II in a letter to Cardinal Carvajal, being displayed to promote the edition, in Frankfurt.[10]
March 1455[4] It is not known how many copies were printed, with the
1455 letter citing sources for both 158 and 180 copies.
The Bible was not Gutenbergs rst work.[5] Preparation Scholars today think that examination of surviving copies
of it probably began soon after 1450, and the rst n- suggests that somewhere between 160 and 185 copies
ished copies were available in 1454 or 1455.[6] It is not were printed, with about three-quarters on paper. [11][12]
known exactly how long the Bible took to print. The rst However, some books say that about 180 copies were

1
2 2 THE PRODUCTION PROCESS: DAS WERK DER BCHER

printed and it took about three years to produce them.

2 The production process: Das

Werk der Bcher

A vellum copy of the Gutenberg Bible owned by the U.S. Library

of Congress

In a legal paper, written after completion of the Bible,

Gutenberg refers to the process as Das Werk der
Bcher": the work of the books. He had invented the First page of the rst volume: The Epistle of St. Jerome from the
printing press and was the rst European to print with University of Texas copy. The page has 40 lines.
movable type.[13] But his greatest achievement was ar-
guably demonstrating that the whole process of printing
actually produced books. the middle to leave a 2:1 white margin, both horizontally
Many book-lovers have commented on the high standards and vertically. Historian John Man writes that the ratio [5]
achieved in the production of the Gutenberg Bible, some was chosen to be close to the golden ratio of 1.61:1.
describing it as one of the most beautiful books ever To reach this ratio more closely the vertical size should
printed. The quality of both the ink and other materials be 338 mm, but there is no reason why Gutenberg would
and the printing itself have been noted.[1] let this non-trivial dierence of 8 mm go by in a work so
detailed in other aspects.
A single complete copy of the Gutenberg Bible has 1,286
2.1 Pages pages (usually bound in two volumes); with 4 pages per
folio-sheet, 322 sheets of paper are required per copy.[15]
The paper size is 'double folio', with two pages printed The handmade paper used by Gutenberg was of ne qual-
on each side (four pages per sheet). After printing the ity and was imported from Italy. Each sheet contains a
paper was folded once to the size of a single page. Typi- watermark left by the papermold.
cally, ve of these folded sheets (10 leaves, or 20 printed
pages) were combined to a single physical section, called
a quinternion, that could then be bound into a book. Some 2.2 Ink
sections, however, had as few as 4 leaves or as many as
12 leaves.[14] Some sections may have been printed in a In Gutenbergs time, inks used by scribes to produce
larger number, especially those printed later in the pub- manuscripts were water-based. Gutenberg developed
lishing process, and sold unbound. The pages were not an oil-based ink that would better adhere to his metal
numbered. The technique was not new, since it had been type. His ink was primarily carbon, but also had a
used to make blank white-paper books to be written af- high metallic content, with copper, lead, and titanium
terwards. What was new was determining beforehand the predominating.[16] Head of collections at the British Li-
correct placement and orientation of each page on the ve brary, Dr Kristian Jensen, described it thus: if you look
sheets to result in the correct sequence when bound. The (at the pages of The Gutenberg Bible) closely you will
technique for locating the printed area correctly on each see this is a very shiny surface. When you write you use
page was also new. a water based ink, you put your pen into it and it runs o.
The folio size, 307 x 445 mm, has the ratio of 1.45:1. The Now if you print thats exactly what you don't want. One
printed area had the same ratio, and was shifted out of of Gutenbergs inventions was an ink which wasn't ink,
 3

its a varnish. So what we call printers ink is actually a

varnish, and that means it sticks to its surface. [17]

2.3 Type

The rst part of the Gutenberg idea was using a single,

hand-carved character to create identical copies of itself.
Cutting a single letter could take a craftsman a day of
work. A single page taking 2500 letters made this way
was impractical. A less labour-intensive method of repro-
duction was needed. Copies were produced by stamping
the original into an iron plate, called a matrix. A rect-
angular tube was then connected to the matrix, creating
a container in which molten type metal could be poured.
Detail showing both rubrication and illumination.
Once cooled, the solid metal form was released from the
tube. The fundamental innovation is that this matrix can
be used to produce many duplicates of the same letter.
Initially the rubrics the headings before each book
The result of each molding was a rectangular block of
of the Bible were printed, but this experiment was
metal with the form of the desired character protruding
quickly abandoned, and gaps were left for rubrication to
from the end. This piece of type could be put in a line,
be added by hand. A guide of the text to be added to each
facing up, with other pieces of type. These lines were ar-
page, printed for use by rubricators, survives.[20]
ranged to form blocks of text, which could be inked and
pressed against paper, transferring the desired text to the The spacious margin allowed illuminated decoration to
paper. be added by hand. The amount of decoration presum-
ably depended on how much each buyer could or would
Each unique character requires a master piece of type
pay. Some copies were never decorated.[21] The place of
in order to be replicated. Given that each letter has up-
decoration can be known or inferred for about 30 of the
percase and lowercase forms, and the number of various
surviving copies. Perhaps 13 of these received their dec-
punctuation marks and ligatures (e.g. the sequence ''
oration in Mainz, but others were worked on as far away
combined in one character, commonly used in writing)
as London.[22] The vellum Bibles were more expensive
the Gutenberg Bible needed a set of 290 master charac-
and perhaps for this reason tend to be more highly deco-
ters. It seems probable that six pages, containing 15600
rated, although the vellum copy in the British Library is
characters altogether, would be set at any one moment.[5]
completely undecorated.[23] There has been speculation
that the Master of the Playing Cards was partly responsi-
ble for the illumination of the Princeton copy, though all
2.4 Type style that can be said for certain is that the same model book
was used for some of the illustrations in this copy and for
The Gutenberg Bible is printed in the blackletter type
some of the Masters playing cards.[24]
styles that would become known as Textualis (Textura)
and Schwabacher. The name texture refers to the tex- Although many Gutenberg Bibles have been rebound over
ture of the printed page: straight vertical strokes com- the years, nine copies retain fteenth-century bindings.
bined with horizontal lines, giving the impression of a Most of these copies were bound in either Mainz or
woven structure. Gutenberg already used the technique Erfurt.[22] Most copies were divided into two volumes,
of justication, that is, creating a vertical, not indented, the rst volume ending with The Book of Psalms. Copies
alignment at the left and right-hand sides of the col- on vellum were heavier and for this reason were some-
umn. To do this, he used various methods, including us- times bound in three or four volumes.[1]
ing characters of narrower widths, adding extra spaces
around punctuation, and varying the widths of spaces
around words.[18][19] On top of this, he subsequently let
punctuation marks go beyond that vertical line, called 3 Early owners
Hanging punctuation, thereby using the massive black
characters to make this justication stronger to the eye.
The Bible seems to have sold out immediately, with ini-
tial sales to owners as far away as England and possi-
bly Sweden and Hungary.[1][25] At least some copies are
2.5 Rubrication, illumination and binding known to have sold for 30 orins - about three years
wages for a clerk.[26][27] Although this made them sig-
Copies left the Gutenberg workshop unbound, without nicantly cheaper than manuscript Bibles, most students,
decoration, and for the most part without rubrication. priests or other people of ordinary income would have
4 7 RECENT HISTORY

been unable to aord them. It is assumed that most were

sold to monasteries, universities and particularly wealthy
individuals.[20] At present only one copy is known to have
been privately owned in the fteenth century. Some
are known to have been used for communal readings in
monastery refectories; others may have been for display
rather than use, and a few were certainly used for study.[1]
Kristian Jensen suggests that many copies were bought
by wealthy and pious laypeople for donation to religious
institutions.[23]

4 Inuence on later Bibles

Another Gutenberg Bible
The Gutenberg Bible had a profound eect on the history
of the printed book. Textually, it also had an inuence on
future editions of the Bible. It provided the model for sev-
eral later editions, including the 36 Line Bible, Mentelins
Latin Bible, and the rst and third Eggestein Bibles. The
third Eggestein Bible was set from the copy of the Guten-
berg Bible now in Cambridge University Library. The
Gutenberg Bible also had an inuence on the Clementine
edition of the Vulgate commissioned by the Papacy in the
late sixteenth century.[28][29]

5 Forgeries Locations of known complete Gutenberg Bibles.

Niels Henry Sonne, the Head Librarian, said, A no-
table possession of the General Theological Seminary
Library is a complete and excellent copy of the Guten-
berg Bible.[30] The copy of the Gutenberg Bible held by
the General Theological Seminary Library, was found to
have a forged leaf. The forged leaf was discovered by
Mr. Joseph Martini, a New York book dealer. The leaf
carried part of Chapter 14, all of Chapter 15, and part
of Chapter 16 of the Book of Ezekiel. It was impossi-
ble to tell when the forged leaf had been inserted into the
volume. In the fall of 1953, a generous friend of the Sem-
inary gave a copy of the missing leaf to the General The-
ological Seminary Library, "...and the Seminarys great
Bible became the rst imperfect Gutenberg Bible ever
restored to completeness. The substitute leaf was taken
from a defective copy of volume two, which was being
broken up for sale in parts and leaves.[31]
6 Surviving copies
In 2009, forty-nine 44-line Bibles are known to exist,
but of these only 23 are complete. Others have leaves
or even whole volumes missing. In addition, there are
a substantial number of fragments, some as small as in-
dividual leaves, which are likely to represent about an-
other 16 copies. Many of these fragments have survived
because they were used as part of the binding of later
books.[25] There are twelve surviving copies on vellum,
although only four of these are complete and one is of
the New Testament only.
Copy numbers listed below are as found in the Incunabula
Short Title Catalogue, taken from a 1985 survey of exist-
ing copies by Ilona Hubay; the two copies in Russia were
not known to exist in 1985, and so were not catalogued.
7 Recent history
Today, few copies remain in religious institutions, with
most now owned by university libraries and other major
scholarly institutions. After centuries in which all copies
seem to have remained in Europe, the rst Gutenberg
Bible reached North America in 1847. It is now in the
New York Public Library.[34] In the last hundred years,
several long-lost copies have come to light, considerably
improving the understanding of how the Bible was pro-
duced and distributed.[25] The only copy held outside Eu-
rope or North America is the rst volume of a Guten-
berg Bible (Hubay 45) at Keio University in Tokyo. The
HUMI Project team at Keio University is known for its
high-quality digital images of Gutenberg Bibles and other
rare books.[35]
In 1921 a New York rare book dealer, Gabriel Wells,
bought a damaged paper copy, dismantled the book and
sold sections and individual leaves to book collectors and
libraries. The leaves were sold in a portfolio case with an

Binding of the copy at the University of Texas at Austin
essay written by A. Edward Newton, and were referred
to as Noble Fragments.[36][37] In 1953 Charles Scrib-
ners Sons, also book dealers in New York, dismembered
a paper copy of volume II. The largest portion of this,
the New Testament, is now owned by Indiana University.
The matching rst volume of this copy was subsequently
discovered in Mons, Belgium.[11]
The last sale of a complete Gutenberg Bible took place
in 1978. It fetched $2.2 million. This copy is now in
Stuttgart.[34] The price of a complete copy today is esti-
mated at $2535 million.[2][3] Individual leaves now sell
for $20,000$100,000, depending upon condition and
the desirability of the page. 8 leaves (Book of Esther)
from the fragment owned by the Collection of the Library
of the Jewish Theological Seminary (New York) had been
sold in June 2015 by Sothebys for $970,000.
A two-volume paper edition of the Gutenberg Bible was
stolen from Moscow State University in 2009 and subse- [10] British Library, Gutenbergs life: the years of the Bible
quently recovered in a FSB sting operation in 2013.[38]
This particular copy had been looted by the Soviet Army
[11] White, Eric Marshall (2002). Long Lost Leaves from
after World War II from the Library of the University of
Leipzig, Germany, and is estimated to be worth in excess
of $20.4 million.
8 See also
For other works printed by Gutenberg or from the
workshop he founded, See: Johannes Gutenberg.
Incunable
5
36 Line Bible
Printing press
9 Bibliography
Niels Henry Sonne. Americas Oldest Episcopal
Seminary Library and the Needs It Serves. New
York?: General Theological Seminary, 1953.
St. Marks Library (General Theological Seminary).
The Gutenberg Bible of the General Theological
Seminary. New York: St. Marks Library, the Gen-
eral Theological Seminary, 1963.
10 References
[1] Davies, Martin (1996). The Gutenberg Bible. British Li-
brary. ISBN 0-7123-0492-4.
[2] MSNBC: In the book world, the rarest of the rare
[3] Luxist.com: The World of Rare Books: The Gutenberg
Bible, First and Most Valuable
[4] Childress 2008, p. 62
[5] Man, John (2002). Gutenberg: How One Man Remade the
World with Words. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
ISBN 0-471-21823-5.
[6] The Gutenberg Bible. utexas.edu.
[7] Wagner, Bettina; Reed, Marcia (2010-12-23). Early
Printed Books as Material Objects: Proceeding of the
Conference Organized by the IFLA Rare Books and
Manuscripts Section Munich, 19-21 August 2009. p. 11.
ISBN 9783110255300.
[8] British Library, Three phases in the printing process ac-
cessed 4 July 2009
[9] British Library, The dierences in line lengths per page:
pictures showing dierences between the Keio copy (40
lines per page) and the British Library copy (42 lines per
page) in Genesis 1. Accessed 10 July 2009
accessed 10 July 2009
Gutenbergs Mons-Trier II Bible. Gutenberg Jahrbuch
77: 1936.
[12] Lane Ford, Margaret (2010). Deconstruction and Re-
construction: Detecting and Interpreting Sophisticated
Copies. In Wagner, Bettina and Reed, Marcia. Early
Printed Books as Material Objects: Proceedings of the Con-
ference Organized by the Ia Rare Books and Manuscripts
Section Munich, 19-21 August 2009. De Gruyter Sur. pp.
291304. ISBN 978-3-11-025324-5.
[13] British Library, Gutenberg Bible: background accessed
10 July 2009
6 11
[14] British Library, Making the Bible: the gatherings accessed
10 July 2009
[15] Fast Facts: The Gutenberg Bible. utexas.edu.
[16] British Library, Making the Bible: the ink accessed 18
October 2009.
[17] BBC Radio 4 programme Gutenberg: In the Beginning
Was the Printer rst broadcast 21-10-2014
[18] Television presentation, The Machine that Made Us,
presenter: Stephen Fry
[19] http://www.typografi.org/justering/gut_hz/gutenberg_
hz_english.html
[20] Kapr, Albert (1996). Johann Gutenberg: The Man and
His Invention. Scolar Press. ISBN 1-85928-114-1.
[21] Gutenberg Bible: The Copy on Paper - the Decoration.
bl.uk.
[22] Estes, Richard (2005). The 550th Anniversary Pictorial
Census of the Gutenberg Bible. Gutenberg Research Cen-
ter. p. 151.
[23] Jensen, Kristian (2003). Printing the Bible in the f-
teenth century: devotion, philology and commerce. In
Jensen, Kristian. Incunabula and their readers: printing,
selling and using books in the fteenth century. British Li-
brary. pp. 11538. ISBN 0-7123-4769-0.
[24] Anne H. van Buren, Sheila Edmunds: Playing Cards and
Manuscripts: Some Widely Disseminated Fifteenth Century
Model Sheets, In: The Art Bulletin 56. March 1974, p.12-
30, ISSN 0004-3079
[25] White, Eric Marshall (2010). The Gutenberg Bibles
that Survive as Binders Waste. In Wagner, Bettina
and Reed,Marcia. Early Printed Books as Material Ob-
jects: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Ia
Rare Books and Manuscripts Section Munich, 19-21 Au-
gust 2009. De Gruyter Sur. pp. 2135. ISBN 978-3-11-
025324-5.
[26] McGrath, Alister (2001). In the Beginning: The Story of
the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Lan-
guage, and a Culture. Anchor Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-385-
72216-8.
[27] Cormack, Lesley B.; Ede, Andrew (2004). A History of
Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility. Broadview
Press. p. 95. ISBN 1-55111-332-5.
[28] Needham, Paul (1999). The Changing Shape of the
Vulgate Bible in Fifteenth-Century Printing Shops. In
Saenger, Paul and Van Kampen, Kimberly. The Bible as
Book:the First Printed Editions. British Library. pp. 53
70. ISBN 0-7123-4601-5.
[29] Needham, Paul (2010). Copy Specics in the Print-
ing Shop. In Wagner, Bettina and Reed,Marcia. Early
Printed Books as Material Objects: Proceedings of the Con-
ference Organized by the Ia Rare Books and Manuscripts
Section Munich, 19-21 August 2009. De Gruyter Sur. pp.
920. ISBN 978-3-11-025324-5.
EXTERNAL LINKS
[30] Sonne, Niels H. Americas Oldest Episcopal Seminary Li-
brary and the Needs It Serves. New York?: s.n, 1953.
Page 8.
[31] St. Marks Library (General Theological Seminary). The
Gutenberg Bible of the General Theological Seminary.
New York: St. Marks Library, the General Theological
Seminary, 1963.
[32] Howard, Nicole (2005-09-30). The Book: The Life Story
Of A Technology. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31.
ISBN 9780313330285. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
[33] Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive
Search. google.com.
[34] Clausen Books Gutenberg Bible Census accessed 7 July
2009
[35] The Gutenberg Bible Online Digital Facsimile, Keio
University These are low resolution thumbnail images
only, approximately 350x500 pixels in size, useless for
close examination or reading of the text. Even though a
few of the thumbnails are hyperlinked, where the links ex-
ist, they only produce blank screens and do not bring up
full-size images.
[36] Incunabula Leaf Biblia Latina (ca 1450) Gutenberg.
The McCune Collection. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 1
October 2014.
[37] http://lbis.kenyon.edu/sca/exhibits/incunabula/z241b58.
phtml
[38] Russia sentences secret agents over theft of Gutenberg
Bible. BBC News.
11 External links
(German) gutenbergdigital.de
Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible Information
about Gutenberg and the Bible as well as online im-
ages of the British Librarys two copies
Incunabula Short Title Catalogue entry for Guten-
berg Bible
Gutenberg Bible Census Details of surviving copies,
including some notes on provenance
The Munich copy of the Gutenberg Bible on
bavarikon
Tabula rubricarum (German) Image of rubricators
instructions from the Munich copy
The Gutenberg Bible at the Beinecke Podcast from
the Beinecke Library, Yale University
McCune Collection Image and information about a
single Noble Fragment held by the McCune Col-
lection
 7

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
Gutenberg Bible Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible?oldid=685734463 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Bryan Derksen,
Danny, M~enwiki, Heron, Hephaestos, Olivier, Someone else, Leandrod, Fransvannes, Infrogmation, Gabbe, Jebba, Mike Linksvayer,
Jstanley01, Morwen, Bevo, Raul654, Jerzy, Hajor, David Edgar, Jleedev, Gospodin david, Matt Gies, Lunkwill, Nunh-huh, Everyking,
Hansjorn, Yekrats, Gugganij, Quadell, Mukerjee, Phil Sandifer, Magadan, Jklamo, Gscshoyru, Gary D, MakeRocketGoNow, Auricfuzz,
Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Florian Blaschke, Xezbeth, Methoxodus, Michael Zimmermann, TerraFrost, Mr. Billion, Concord,
Steve099, Carlon, Lankiveil, Bookofjude, Dayvd, Dpaajones, Alpheus, Amorpheous, Haham hanuka, Ociallyover, A2Kar, Merope,
Qwghlm, Andrew Gray, RainbowOfLight, LFaraone, Dzhim, Ghirlandajo, Deror avi, Dennis Bratland, Japanese Searobin, Kevin Hayes,
Mindmatrix, Camw, StradivariusTV, Thivierr, Broquaint, MONGO, Twthmoses, Cbustapeck, Hotshot977, Radiant!, DePiep, Rjwilmsi,
Koavf, CristianChirita, Kajmal, Cethegus, FlaBot, Crazycomputers, Cherubino, Shadow007, Davidbrake, Chobot, Quir, YurikBot, Ugha,
Longbow4u, Subsurd, Hydrargyrum, Ritchy, Lilath, Mipadi, Johann Wolfgang, Thoughts77, Howcheng, Yoninah, Shinmawa, Jimbo35353,
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AP1787, DayKart, Levimanthys, Grover cleveland, Stevenmitchell, Bigturtle, Savidan, Hoof Hearted, Battamer, Only, Kendrick7, His-
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vanath, Orion2k4, AntoniusJ~enwiki, Shamatt, Huntaub, Jonwilliamsl, ABF, Jimmy white, TallNapoleon, Mercy, Vipinhari, Kwedin,
Falcon8765, Brianga, Logan, Terrypruett, AlphaPyro, Yintan, Twirling, Jimthing, RSStockdale, MrZeebo, Porsenna1, Ucr, Vanished user
ewsn2348tui2f8n2o2utjfeoi210r39jf, Dolphin51, Martarius, Elassint, ClueBot, Dex1337, TypoBoy, Piledhigheranddeeper, DragonBot,
Excirial, JasonAQuest, Heironymous Rowe, Triptropic, Skittles the hog, EEng, Addbot, Raymond walshe, Jojhutton, Leszek Jaczuk,
BabelStone, Chamal N, Lavivier, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, DerechoReguerraz, Donfbreed, Victoriaearle, Angel ivanov
angelov, AnomieBOT, Archon 2488, Hadden, Piano non troppo, Jimi 66, RandomAct, , Ekwos, 4twenty42o, Omnipaedista, The
Interior, Amaury, Kia 80, Bartimaeus blue, Citation bot 1, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Fumitol, Selahobadiah, Travelk, Lotje, Reaper
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BethNaught, Brechindunc, Darksidegil, Unician, The Average Wikipedian, Cmcmadwiki and Anonymous: 249

12.2 Images
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