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( HISTORY)
r 1. THE GREAT MUGHALS
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of Gaghra in A.D 1529. Thus Babur Humayun's brothers were ambitious
founded the Mughal Empire in India . to occupy the throne of Delhi.
His Empire extended from Bihar in The Rajputs wanted to drive the
the East to Punjab, Kabul, Mughals out of India. Bahadur Shah
Kandhahar and Badakshan in the of Gujarat also threatened
West. However, he did not live long Humayun. Sherkhan of Bengal and
to enjoy the fruits of his success. In Bihar was a great challenge to
A.D 1530 at the age of 47, Babur Humayun. Thus Humayun was
died of illness, after nominating surrounded by enemies on all sides.
Humayun as the successor. Sherkhan defeated Humayun in
HIS PLACE IN HISTORY the battle ofChausa inA.D 1539 and
again in the battle of Kanauj in
Babur is one of the most A.D. 1540. Humayun managed to
interesting figures in the history of escape and became a homeless
Medieval India. He was a great wanderer for 15 years. He married
warrior, scholar and poet. He wrote Hamida Banu Begum and Akbar
his Autobiography, "Tuzuk-i-Babri", was born at Amarkot in A.D 1542.
populary known as "Memoirs of With the support of Shah of Persia,
Babur" in Turkish language. Babur Humayun recovered Kabul and
was the most brilliantAsian Prince of Kandhahar from his brother
his age. There is no doubt that Kamran. He recaptured Delhi and
Babur laid the foundation for the Agra in A.D 1555, and became the
mighty Mugal Empire that ruled
king after 15 years of his exile.
India forever 200 years.
"Humayun" means "fortunate",
HUMAYUN (A.D.1530-A.D.1540 but he was an unfortunate son of
and A.D 1555- A.D 1556) Babur. As a king, he failed. "If there
Humayun, the eldest son of was any possibility of falling,
Babur, succeeded to the throne in Humayun was not a man to miss it".
A.D 1530 after the death of his According to Lanepoole, "He
father. He was born in Kabul in tumbled through life and tumbled out
A.D. 1508. He had three brothers of it". Finally, he met his tragic end in CA
namely Kamran, Askari and Hindal. A.D 1556. Before his death, he O
At the age of 20, he was appointed nominated his son Akbar as his M
as the Governor of Badakshan. successor and Bairam Khan as the
guardian.
>
r-
The throne inherited by
Humayun was not a bed of roses. He SHER SHAH SUR (A.D.1540-1545) (A
had faced many difficulties. Babur Ci
The original name of Shershah M
had no time to consolidate his Sur was Farid. He was the son of m
empire. As there was no law of Hussain. Farid was born in A.D Z
primogeniture, (elder son
succeeding the throne) war of
1472. He entered into the services of m
the Afghan Governor of Jauripur,
succession arose after the death of
who conferred on him the title
\Babur.
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"Sherkhan" the "Lion King" for his Insha incharge of royal
brave killing of a tiger (Sher) on a proclamations and despatches.
hunting expedition. He took up the ProvincialAdministration
services under the Governor of
Bengal. Later, he became the ruler For the administrative
of Bihar and called himself convenience, he divided his empire
'Shershah'. The dynasty founded by into number of Sarkars. It was
him was known as "Sur Dynasty". further divided into number of
parganas. Each pargana comprised
CONQUESTS of a number of villages. The village
In the battle of Chausa in was the lowest unit of provincial
A.D 1539, Sherkhan defeated administration.
Humayun. After this victory, he
began to dream of capturing the Revenue Administration
throne of Delhi. He declared himself The land revenue system of
the king of Bengal and Bihar. In Shershah occupies an important
the battle of Kanauj in A.D.1540,he place. Land was measured and the
once again defeated Humayun and tax was fixed according to the fertility
occupied Delhi and Agra and called of the soil. Land Tax was important
himself Sher Shah. Then he source of income. The share of the
conquered Sindh and Multan. Later state was fixed as one-third of the
on, Malwa, Raisin and Marwarwere average produce of the land. He
brought under his control. His issued "Patta" to the cultivators. He
last expedition was against the fort introduced the "Ryotwari System".
of Kalinjar in Bundlekhand. He was Many of the reforms of Shershah
injured by the explosion of gun were followed later by Akbar.
powder and died in A.D 1545. Hence Shershah has been called as
Shershah's Administration the Fore-runner of Akbar.
Central Administration Military Administration
Shershah was the architect of a Shershah was a great warrior
brilliant administrative system. He and military genius. He followed
LL)
O was not only an autocratic but also the main principles of Ala-ud-din
z
LU
enlightened and vigorous. He did
not listen the advise of Ulemas. He
Khilji's military system.He had a well
organized army. His army consisted
M even looked into small details of
VJ of infantry, cavalry, artillery and
V) administration. He was assisted by a elephantry, but great emphasis was
council of ministers. There were four laid on cavalry. He appointed the
important ministers. Diwan-i- Wizarat Afghan soldiers in higher posts. He
incharge of income and introduced the Dagh" system (or)
VJ expenditure, Diwa-i-Ariz incharge of
o "branding the horses" to avoid false
<J) recruitments, organization of army, musters. He also maintained a
Diwan-i-Rasalat incharge of descriptive roll for the soldiers.
ambassadors and envoys, Diwan-i-
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Judicial Administration Estimate
Shershah was a fountain-head Shershah was a great empire-
of justice. He had a strong sense of builder. He was an administrative
justice. All were treated as equal genius. He also contributed more to
before the law. He was the highest the field of architecture. His
court of appeal. He was assisted by mausoleum built at Sasaram in
chief Qazi. No one could escape Bihar is a marvel of Indo-lslamic
from punishment on account of his architecture. He also built Purana
status. Qila at Delhi. He was one of the
OTHER REFORMS greatest rulers of India. It is said that
Intelligence Department if Shershah had been spared, the
mighty Mughals would not have
Shershah revived the Dak- appeared in the history of India.
chauki, the espionage system. This
system worked efficiently and AKBAR THE GREAT
Shershah was able to get (A.D.1556-A.D.1605)
information from all parts of his Akbar, the Great was one of the
dominion. greatest rulers of India. Jalaluddin
Roads
Shershah improved the means
of communication and paid great
attention towards restoring old
roads and building new ones. Four
important roads were laid by him to
connect all the four corners of
his kingdom. He built caravan sarais
all along the roads for the benefit of
the people.
Currency Reforms
AKBAR
Shershah abolished old and U)
mixed currency. He fixed the ratio Muhammad Akbar was bom at
Amarkoton 23rd November 1542.
O
between copper and silver coins. He C*
issued silver and gold coins. These Humayun made Bairam Khan
coins bore his name in Devanagiri Akbar's guardian as he was only 13
scripts. This currency was useful to years old when he was crowned
improve the general economic Emperor in
Ci
condition of the nation. Hence M
Shershah has been called as the
CONQUESTS m
father of modem currency".
SECOND BATTLE OF PANIPAT Z
(A.D. 1556)
m
The throne inherited by Akbar
was not a bed of roses. The
V
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immediate problem facing Akbar Jodhpur. His empire extended from
was to deal with the rising power of Bengal in the East to Afgariisthan in
Hemu, the Prime Minister of the West, from Himalayas in the
Muhammad Shah of Bengal. Hemu North to Golkonda in the South.
tried to capture Delhi. The armies of RAJPUT POLICY
Akbar and Hemu met at the historic
plains of Panipat inA.D.1556. Hemu Akbar followed cordial relations
was defeated and killed. Akbar towards the Rajputs who were
consolidated the Mughal rule honest and brave. He married
strongly in Delhi and Agra. Jodhbai, the princess of Jaipur. The
rulers of Bikaner and Jaisalmar also
Akbar was under the control of gave their daughters in marriage to
Bairam Khan for 4 years. After four Akbar. Akbar appointed the Rajputs
years Akbar wanted to become the in higher positions. Raja Mansingh,
real ruler of India. Hence he wanted Raja Bhagawan Das, Raja Todar
to get rid of Bairam Khan. In Mai and Birbal were the notable
A.D.1560he sent Bairam Khan on a ones. Akbar abolished 'Jizya' and
pilgrimage to Mecca but he was 'Pilgrimage taxes' which were
killed by his commanders. Later collected from non-Muslims.
Akbar's foster mother Maham
Anaga controlled the affairs for two DECCAN POLICY
years. The period of her rule was To extend his kingdom and to
also known as "Petticoat check the rising power of the
Government". As Maham Portuguese, Akbar turned his
Anaga proved to be unscrupulous, attention towards Deccan. Ahmed
Akbar wanted to do away with her. Nagar was being ruled by Chand
So, he killed her son Adam Khan. Bibi. Akbar defeated her and
Maham Anaga also died of grief. annexted it. Berar and Khandesh
LaterAkbar becamethe real ruler. were also captured by him.
Other conquests LITERARY WORKS
Akbar extended his empire by Though an illiterate, Akbar
LU many conquests. He annexed
O patronized scholars. Raja Todar Mai
z
LU
Chunar and Malwa. Bihari Mai of
Amber (Jaipur) accepted his
translated Bhagavata Purana into
Persian. Abul Fazal and his brother
M overlordship. He gave his daughter Abul Faizi translated several
VJ
V) iri marriage to Akbar. Jahangir was Sanskrit works into Persian. Abul
born to them. Akbar annexed the Fazl wrote Ain-i-Akbari and
Rajput state of Gondwana, Rani Akbar Nama. Abul Faizi translated
Durgavathi, offered a stiff Ramayana and Mahabaratha into
VJ resistance, but she was defeated. Persian from Sanskrit. Tansen was a
O great musician who adornedAkbar's
<S) After that he conquered some
territories like Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Court.
V 246
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RELIGIOUS POLICY required to sign a qubuliyat (Deed of
(DIN-I-ILAHI) Agreement).
Akbar was not an orthodox MANSABDARI SYSTEM
Muslim. He was very tolerant. The Mansabdari system of the
Akbar's father was a Sunni Muslim
Mughals was the basis of civil and
while his mother was a Shia. His military administration of the
guardian Bairam Khan was a Shia,
country. It was introduced by Akbar
Sheikh Mubarak, his tutor was also a
which he borrowed from Persia. The
Shia. All these made Akbar tolerant word 'Mansab' means 'Grade' or
towards all religions. In 1575, he
'Rank'. The Mansabdars were to
constructed a building known as recruit their troops and help the
Ibadat Khana. He invited religious emperor when required. Each
leaders of various faiths and had Mansabdar was given a piece of
discussions. He issued the famous
land according to his rank. The
"Infallibility Decree" which made
Mansabdars drew their salaries
Akbar as the religious head as well
from the revenue of the land.
as the King. Finally in 1582, Akbar This system worked well under
promulgated a new religion called Akbar but later on it deteriorated.
"Din-i-llahi" (Divine Faith). Its object
was to establish a National Religion Contribution in the field of art and
based on universal toleration. It architecture
comprised of the good principles of Akbar's period witnessed a
all religions. Akbar never compelled remarkable growth in the field of art
anyone to follow his new religion. and architecture. He built the Buland
After Akbar's death, Din-i-llahi Darwaza, an imposing gateway at
began to disappear. Fatehpur Sikri to commemorate his
Din-l-llahi was the Brain-Child Gujarat conquest. He constructed a
of tolerant Akbar. new palace at Fatehpursikri. The
Akbari Mahal, Jahangiri Mahal, the
Land- Revenue Reforms of Akbar Lahore Fort.Panch Mahal, Jodh Bai
Shershah was the forerunner of Palace etc., were built in Red sand CO
Akbar in the field of land revenue stone. O
system. With the help of Raja AKBAR'S PLACE IN HISTORY Pi
Todarmal, Akbar im proved
land revenue system. Survey Akbar died in 1605 A.D., after a
of land was made and the state glorious rule of 50 years. He
occupies a unique position in the in
revenue was fixed as 1/3 of the Oi
actual produce. The ryots could pay history of India. He has been M
their tax either in cash or in kind. regarded as the real founder of the m
Loans were provided to them which Mughal Empire in India. Z
could be repaid easily by annual JAHANGIR (A.D. 1605 -A.D. 1627) m
instalments. Every cultivator was After the death of Akbar, his
g.iven a 'patta' (Title Deed) and eldest son 'Salim' assumed the title
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s
' Akbar's Empire
Kandhar
Bay of Bengal
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UJ
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m w
Q | Indian Ocean
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Jahangir (or) "conqueror of the Which ruler in Ancient Tamil
World" and became the emperor of country introduced the chain of
India inA.D 1605.After a few months justice during his reign?
of his accession, his eldest son,
Prince Khusru revolted against
ROLE OF NURJAHAN
him. Khusru received the blessings
of Guru Arjun Dev the 5th Sikh Guru. The story of NurJahan occupies
But Khusrau was defeated, arrested an important place in the history of
and blinded. Later on he was put to the Mughals. She was the daughter
death. Guru Arjun Dev was also not of Mirza Ghias Beg. Her original
spared. He was also put to death name was Mehr-un-Nisa. She was
and his property was confiscated. extremely beautiful. She was
This incident strained the married to Sher Afghan who was
relationship between the Sikhs and killed by Jahangir. In A.D 1611,
theMughals. Jahangir married her and gave her
the title "Nur Mahal" or "Light of the
BRITISH TRAVELLERS
Palace". Later on she was called as
During Jahangir's reign, captain Nur Jahan or "Light of the World".
William Hawkins and Sir Thomas She was an intelligent, educated
Roe from England visited his court. and cultured woman. During
Sir Thomas Roe obtained Jahangir's reign, she exercised the
permission from Jahangir in real power. The period between
A.D.1615 to trade at Surat. 1611-1626 may easily be called as
"the Age of NurJahan". However,
Recall some other travellers after the death of Jahangir in
who visited India at various times. A.D. 1627, she lost her importance
<
* and died in A.D. 1645.
LITERARY WORKS
Jahangir was a great scholar Name the first woman ruler
and a good writer. He wrote his of Medieval India.
autobiography. "Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri",
which gives an account of his reign. CA
ESTIMATE O
He was a lover of poetry and art. Jahangir was a kind and Oi
generous ruler. He laid out beautiful M
JUSTICE
gardens. At Srinagar he laid out the >
Jahangir was famous in the field
Shalimar and Nishat Gardens. He
of justice. He ordered for the setting CO
had a great interest in the field of Ci
up of a "Chain of Justice" between
architecture. Some of his H
Shah Burji palace in the fort of Agra
remarkable buildings are Akbar's m
and a stone pillar fixed on the banks Tomb at Sikhandara, Itmad-ud- Z
of the river Yamuna for enabling the
aggrieved persons to pull the chain
daula's Tomb near Agra and the m
Great mosque at Lahore.
and ask for justice.
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/SHAH JAHAN Whose period was known as
(A.D.1628-A.D 1658) "The Golden Age" inAncient India?
Shah Jahan was the son of
Jahangir. His original name was Prince of Builders
Khurram. He was born in A.D. 1592 Shah Jahan has been called as
at Lahore of a Hindu mother. the "Prince of Builders", and
When Jahangir died in A.D. 1627, "Engineer King". Shah Jahan was
Nur Jahan summoned her son-in- the founder of the Mughal cities in
law Shahriyar with a view to put him Red sandstone and left them in
on the throne. At that time, Khurram white marble. He built a new capital
was in Deccan. NurJahan "Shahjahanabad". He built the Red
proclaimed Shahriyar as the fort in Delhi which consisted of Rang
Emperor. Asaf Khan, the father-in- Mahal, Moti Mahal, Diwan-i-Kham and
law of Khurram (Shah Jahan) sent Diwan-i-khas, "Paradise on Earth".
forces against Nur Jahan and Jama Masjid
Shahriyar, defeated them and
placed Shah Jahan "King of the It was built by Shah Jahan at
World on the throne of Delhi. Delhi in white marble. It is
considered to be one of largest
CONQUEST mosques in the world.
ShahJahan fought with the The Taj Mahal
Portuguese. He sent MahabatKhan
towards Deccan to conquer Ahmed The Taj Mahal is the most
Nagar. It was annexed with the famous building of Shah Jahan. It
Mughal empire in A.D. 1636. Hetried
to recapture Khandhahar and made
three attempts but failed. It exposed
the weakness of the Mughal army.
He defeated the rulers of Bijapur and
Golkonda. He made Aurangazeb,
the Governor of Deccan.
LU
U Golden Age of the Mughals
Z The reign of ShahJahan has Taj Mahal
LU been considered as the "Golden Age
M
VJ of the Mughals". The power and was built at Agra on the banks of
</) prestige of the Mughal empire river Yamuna, in memory of his
reached its height during his time. beloved wife Mumtaz.The Taj Mahal
There was both prosperity and has been considered as one of the
VJ poverty during his period. His seven wonders of the world and a
o architectural wonders tell about dream in marble. It was built by
vo prosperity while poverty is known Ustad Isa, the chief architect of that
through the accounts of foreigners. time. The estimated cost was about
?20 lakhs and took nearly 22 years to
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complete it. He also built Moti Masjid ShahJahan fell ill inA.D. 1657 a war
or "Peart Mosque" at Agra and the of succession started among the
Tomb of Jahangir. He had a grand four sons of ShahJahan namely,
collection of precious stones. It DaraShuko, Shahshuja,
included the 'Peacock Throne' and Aurangazeb and Murad. On hearing
the valuable Kohinoor Diamond. Shahjahan's illness Aurangazeb
The peacock throne is a who was in Deccan rushed to Delhi.
crowning example of Mughal He ascended the throne in A.D.
Jewellery. The Persian invader 1658 after killing his three brothers
Nadir Shah took it away in and imprisoning his father. He
A.D.1739. assumed the title of "Aiamgir*.
<
M
J
Sivaji was imprisoned. But he
escaped from the prison and
continued to be a constant enemy
For the administrative
convenience the empire was divided
into a number provinces known as
VJ to the Mughals. "Subas". Each Suba was under a
o Subedar (or) Governor. During the
w DECCAN POLICY
Akbar's time, there were 15 Subas.
Aurangazeb spent about 25 The Subedar was incharge of the
Vyears in the Deccan. On account of
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Empire of Aurangzeb
Peshawar,
Kandahar
Panipat
Delhi
Rajputs
'atna
lenares
R.Kave |Madras
Pondicherry
Tranquebar
Cochl
Polygars
m
Sri Lanka
m
Indian Ocean
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Subas. The Subas were further mansabdars were to help the
divided into Sarkars and Sarkar into emperor in times of war. In return for
"Parganas. Village was the lowest their help they were given fixed
unit of provincial administration. salary.
RevenueAdministration Judicial Administation
The main source of income of The king was the fountainhead
the state was land revenue. Raja of justice. He was assisted by the
Todar Mai, the famous Revenue Chief Qazi. Cases were tried
Minister helped Akbar in this field. according to Quaranic Law.
He had already worked under Punishments were severe.
Shershah. Akbar made Mutilation was an ordinary
improvements on Shershah's land punishment.
revenue system. Mainly due to this Causes for the downfall of the
Shershah had been called as the Mughal Empire
"Forerunner of Akbar. Akbar
introduced "Zabti" system. All the Aurangazeb's religious policy
lands were measured with an was the most important cause for
uniform standard of measurement. the downfall of the Mughal Empire.
On the basis of the fertility of the soil His ill-treatment of the Hindus, the
and the yield of the crops, lands Rajputs and the Sikhs made them
were classified into three deadly enemies against the
categories. One third of the average Mughals. As the Mughal Empire
yield was fixed as the land tax. It became vast, it was very difficult for
could be paid either in cash or in the Mughal rulers to control the
kind. In times of famine or floods, tax distant parts of the empire. So
remissions were given. The officers revolts broke out in many parts. The
were instructed to be kind to the successors of Aurangazeb were
peasants. very weak. They could not check the
disintegration of the empire. The
Military Administration absence of the law of primogeniture
LL) The Mughal army was consisted of was another cause for the downfall
<o infantry, artillery, cavalry and of the empire. After the death of each
z
LU
elephantry. Cavalry was an mughal emperor, there was a war of
M important branch of the army. Akbar succession among his sons and it
VJ introduced a new system called paved the way for their own
"Mansabdari system" "Mansab" downfall. There was deterioration
means "rank" or "place". Each and demoralization in the Mughal
<
M
mansab was valued on the basis of army.
VJ the number of horsemen they had. The soldiers cared more about
O TherewasagradeofMansabdars. It their personal benefits than winning
w ranged from 10 to 10,000 mansab. the battles. The Marathas emerged
Besides horses, they were to powerful under the dynamic
maintain foot soldiers also. The
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leadership of Shivaji and proved to The mighty Mughal dynasty founded
be deadly enemies of the by Babur, consolidated by Akbar
Mughals. The coming of the began to disintegrate even during
Europeans also paved the way for the reign of Aurangazeb. Thus the
the deterioration of the Mughal Mughal Dynasty came to an end.
empire. Last, but not the least, the
invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad
Shah Abdali gave a serious blow to
the already tottering Mughal Empire.
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1. The first Battle of Pariipat was fought in A.D
a) 1536 b) 1526 c) 1506
2. Sher Shah has been called as the Forerunner of
a) Akbar b) Humayun c) Shah Jahan
3. set up a "Chain of Justice"
a) Aurangazeb b)Jahangir c) Babur
4. Guru Arjun Dev was the _ Sikh guru
a) Fifth b) ninth c) tenth
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3. Who was Akbar's guardian?
4. Who was known as the "light of the world"?
VII) Activity.
1. Make an album by collecting pictures of art and architecture of the
Mughals.
LU ( Formative Assessment
z
1. Prepare an Album by collecting pictures of Baburto Aurangazeb.
VJ 2. Draw a chart on Mughal rulers.
3. Draw a Timeline chart showing Important events of the Mughal period.
4. The Taj Mahal, one of the wonders of the world - discuss.
5. Prepare a rotating disk depicting literary contributions of the Mughals.
6. Anti- reactionary religious policy of Auragazeb resulted in the downfall of
Mughal Empire - Discuss in the class room.
V
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2. RISE OF THE MARATHAS
Marathas were people who His mother was Jija Bai. Later on,
lived in the hilly region of Deccan in Shahji Bhonsle marriedTukabai and
and around Maharashtra. The neglected his first wife Jijabai and
physical features of the Maratha Shivaji. Hence he was brought up by
region developed certain special his tutor and Guru Dadaji Khonda
qualities among the people. They Dev. During his childhood he
worked under the Shia kings of the learned the Puranic legends and
Deccan. The hill forts and the stories of the Ramayana and the
hillocks provided them excellent Mahabharatha through his mother.
protection against their enemies. As a pious lady, his mother did a lot
They developed a peculiar type of to mould the character of her son.
Warfare called "Guerilla Warfare". His Guru trained him in horse-riding,
S- N
warfare and also taught him the art
"GuerillaWarfare" means "Irregular of administration.
Warfare", whereby the Marathas
used to hide amidst the mountains
and suddenly make an attack on
enemies.
257
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Shivaji, ("Mountain-Rat") dead or Shivaji a "Mountain-Rat". After the
alive in A.D.1659. When Shivaji great escape Shivaji became the
got to know about Afzal's bitter enemy of Aurangzeb.
Khan's treacherous plan he In A.D.1674, Shivaji got himself
made his own preparations to coronated at Raigarh and assumed
meet him. At the appointed the title of "Chatrapati". A new
place, Afzal khan met and embraced Maratha Empire came into existence.
Shivaji and tightened his grip. With The coronation ceremony cost the
his right hand, he tried to kill Shivaji Royal treasury dearly. Due to the
but the Maratha chief tore Afzal financial crisis, he was compelled to
khans bowels open with the help of invade the Carnatic region. He
the "Tiger Claws" (Baghnakh) Afzal captured Jinji, Vellore and many
Khan cried out in agony and fell other important forts. His kingdom
down. This event led to an increase included a large part of Mysore,
in the powerand prestige of Shivaji. Konkan and Maharashtra.
Shivaji and Mughals Unfortunately, he did not live long.
In A.D.1660 Aurangazeb sent His reign lasted only for six years.
Sayistakhan, the Governor of HediedinA.D.1680 at Raigarh.
Deccan to check the activities of Administration of Shivaji
Shivaji. Sayistakhan camped at
S h i vaj i was a great
Poona. At night, Shivaji entered the
administrator. He always had the
house intheguiseof a marriage party
welfare of his people in his mind. He
and attacked Sayistakhan, who was
had a council of eight ministers
fast asleep. Sayistakhan escaped
called "Ashtapradhan" to assist his
losing his thumb.
administration.
Aurangazeb again sent Raja Jai
Singh to deal with Shivaji. Shivaji
In whose court were the
was surrounded on all sides. Finding
"Ashtadiggajas"? "Navarathnas"?
himself helpless, Shivaji agreed to
come to terms with Jai Singh. In
LL) A.D.1665, Treaty of Purandhar was 1. Peshwa Prime Minister
<o signed between them. Jai Singh
z
LU persuaded Shivaji to meet
2. Mantri
3. Sachiv
Chronicler
Home Secretary
M Aurangazeb in his court. When 4. Sumant Foreign Secretary
VJ Shivaji and his son Sambaji reached 5. Senapathi Commander-in-chief
Agra in A.D.1666, they were not 6. Amatya Finance Minister
respected properly. Shivaji was 7. Pandit Rao Ecclesiastical Head
<
M upset and when he opposed it, he 8. Nyayadhish Chief Justice
VJ was imprisoned byAurangzeb. But
O Each minister was in charge of a
Shivaji pretended to be ill and
w escaped from prison by hiding department. The kingdom was
himself in a large basket filled with divided into several provinces. They
apples. Aurangazeb were further divided into Parganas
called
258
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and villages. The territory under played a very important role and
Shivaji was known as "Swarajya". they were considered as Mother".
RevenueAdministration Soldiers were paid regularly in cash
Shivaji abolished the Zamindari and even after their death, their
system. He had direct contact with families were taken care of. Women
the ryots (cultivators). The land was were not permitted in the military
assessed after a careful survey. 2/5 camps. Standing corps were not
of the produce was fixed as the destroyed. Soldiers were given
share of the state. It would be paid strict orders not to kill or torture
either in cash or in kind. Loans were women, children and the aged.
provided to the farmers in times of Estimate
famine. His land revenue system Shivaji was a born leader.
resembled the system followed by Though an illiterate, he understood
Raja Todar Mai under Akbar. The the complicated problems of the
state also collected custom duties state and tackled them
and professional taxes. The two diplomatically. His greatness lies in
other important taxes collected creating a strong nation for the
during his time were Chauth and Marathas. He continued to be a
Sardeshmuki. formidable foe to the Mughals who
were scared of his diplomatic
List some taxes that we pay moves. Shivaji took the glory of the
to our Government. Maratha kingdom to its zenith with
firm determination.
JudicialAdministration Successors of Shivaji
Justice was administered After the death of Shivaji, his
according to Hindu Laws. eldest son Sambhaji ascended the
Panchayats settled the disputes in throne. He was not as efficient as his
the villages. Patel, an officer equal to father. Aurangazeb arrested
the present day Tahsildar, enquired Sambhaji and his son Sahu after
the criminal cases. All civil and capturing Bijapur and Golconda. (J)
criminal appeal cases were Sambhaji was put to death.
enquired by 'Nyayadhish, who was a O
Rajaram, another son of Shivaji Ci
member of Ashtapradhan. became the Chatrapathi. When he
Military Administration died in A.D. 1700, his wife Tara Bai
Shivaji was a great warrior and a began to rule the empire on behalf of
her minor son Shivaji-ll. After in
military genius. He maintained a Ci
standing army with great discipline. Aurangazeb's death, Bahadur Shah I H
became the emperor. He released m
His army consisted of infantry, Z
cavalry, artillery, elephantry, camel Sahu. A civil war broke out between
corps and even a navy. The cavalry Sahu and TaraBai. Tara Bai was m
was the most important force. Forts defeated and Sahu became the
Maratha king in A.D. 1708. His
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success was mainly due to Balaji Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao
Viswanath, whom he appointed as (1740 A.D-1761 A.D.)
the "Peshwa" or "Prime Minister". As He was the 3rd Peshwa. He had
the successors of Shivaji were the able guidance of his cousin
weak, the Peshwas became the Sadasiva Rao and the Maratha
actual rulers of the Maratha Empire, power attained its zenith in 1758
and proved to be efficient A.D. The Marathas occupied Punjab
administrators. and the Maratha flag was unfurled
over the fort of Attock. In 1761 A.D.
Peshwas
The Prime Minister of the the Maratha power reached its
Maratha Empire was called the climax but they received a severe
"Peshwa". Their rule started from blow at the hands of Ahmad Shah
A.D.1713. Abdali.
Peshwa Balaji Viswanath The Third Battle of Panipat
(1713 A.D-1720 A.D.) (A.D. 1761)
He became the first Peshwa The conquest and occupation of
under the Maratha emperor Sahu. Punjab by the Marathas had brought
He was called as the founder of the them into conflict with Ahmad Shah
Peshwa rule. He made Peshwaship Abdali, the king of Afghanistan. He
hereditary. He appointed the feudal made huge preparations to invade
chiefs to collect the taxes like India with the help of
Chauth and Sardeshmuki. He Nazib-ud-daulah ofRohilkhand and
revived the greatness of the Shuja-ud-daulah of Oudh. He met
Marathas. He died in 1720A.D. the Maratha forces led by
Sadasiva Rao plains of Panipat
Peshwa Baji Rao in 1761 A.D. It was called third
(1720 A.D-1740 A.D) battle of Panipat. Sadasiva
After the death of Balaji Rao over estimated his artillery
Viswanath, his son Baji Rao became strength. Abdali was able to cut off
the Peshwa. On account of his great the line of communication of the
LU ability, he was generally regarded as Marathas. Initially, the Marathas had
O the "greatest of the Peshwas". He an upper hand but ultimately they
z
LU
wanted to expand the Maratha were defeated. This battle decided
M power in the north and followed a the fate of Marathas. It lowered their
"Forward Policy". He compelled the prestige and paved the way for the
V)
Nizam of Hyderabad to sign a peace rise of the British.
treaty. He captured Bassein from the Causes for the defeat of the
Portuguese and captured Thana Marathas
VJ and Salsette. He died in 1740 A.D.
O The Maratha empire became Maratha's policy of aggression
powerful in India during his period. and plunder brought their downfall.
The Marathas lost the sympathies of
their own religionists, Rajputs, Jats
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and Sikhs. Ahmad Shah Abdali's 20 crore of rupees as promised by
army was well trained and the Mughal emperor. Hestayedfor15
disciplined than the Maratha army. days at Delhi and plundered it.
The Marathas failed to get their Thousands of residents of Delhi
regular supplies. The Maratha were killed. He did not spare the
leaders were no match to Ahmad Mughal emperor and deprived him
ShahAbdali. of the famous Kohi-noor Diamond
After the third battle of Panipat, and the Peacock Throne. After two
the Maratha empire continued to be months, Nadir Shah returned to his
ruled by inefficient peshwas. This country with huge booty. However
led to the disintegration of the he was killed by his own soldiers in
Maratha empire and paved the way A.D.1747.
for their downfall in the history Results
of India. The invasion of Nadir Shah gave
Invasion of Nadir Shah (A.D.1739) a death blow to the Mughal empire
Nadir Shah was one of the and hastened its downfall. It
greatest warriors of Persia. He was exposed the weakness of the
a mere shepherd who rose into Mughal empire to the world.
prominence because of his abilities. The weakness of Mughals led to the
In A.D.1 739, he invaded India for a rise of many powers like the
variety of reasons. Marathas, Jats, Sikhs, Rohillas etc.
India was deprived of much of its
He wanted to plunder the wealth. In short, the invasion of
immense wealth of India. He also Nadir Shah left the country quite
wanted to earn name and fame by "prostrate and bleeding".
conquering the distant territories. He
came to know that India was ruled by Invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali
a weak and incompetent ruler, (A.D.1761)
Muhammad Shah. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the
Events head of the Abdali tribe of the
Afghans. He was made as the CA
He had sent an envoy to general by Nadirshah. On the
Muhammad Shah requesting him O
demise of Nadirshah, Abdali
not to provide shelter to the Afghans became the ruler of Afghanistan. He M
fleeing from Khandhar and Ghazni. invaded India many times from A.D. >
r-
As Muhammad Shah did not 1748toA.D. 1767.
reply, Nadir Shah invaded CO
India in A.D.1 739. After capturing Causes Ci
M
Peshawar, he faced the Mughal Like Nadirshah, Abadali too m
army at Karnal. The Mughal wanted to plunder the abundant Z
emperor was defeated and wealth of India. He also wanted to m
Nadirshah marched towards Delhi earn name and fame for himself
to receive the huge war indemnity of through his invasions.
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Maratha's Empire
Mumbai
Bellary
Chennai
Bay of Bengal
uhanjavur
Arabian Sea cf
Indian Ocean
262
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Events Results
Before facing the Marathas in The invasion of Ahmad Shah
the Third Battle of Panipat in Abdali gave a severe death blow to
A.D.1761, Abdali had invaded India the Maratha empire. The wealth of
for four times. After conquering, India was plundered and thousands
Punjab, he reached Delhi and of people were killed. Due to Abdali's
plundered the city. invasion, confusion prevailed in
He had looted Mathura, Agra Punjab, which provided a golden
and several other places. In the opportunity to the Sikhs to establish
Third Battle of Panipat in A.D.1761, their power. Ahmad Shah Abdali
he came out successful against the gave a crushing blow both to the
Marathas and shattered Maratha and the Mughal emperors.
their power. In 1767 It cleared the way for the British to
he invaded Punjab, against the establish their sovereignty in India.
Sikhs. But he could not proceed too
far and returned to Afganisthan.
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1. Shivaji's tutor was _
a) Dadaji Khonda dev b) Shahji Bhonsle c) Baji Rao
2. Shivaji had a council of _ ministers called "Ashtapradhan".
a) seven b) eight c) nine
3. The first Peshwa was _ .
a) Balaji Viswanath b) Balaji Baji Rao c) Baji Rao
4. Treaty of Purandhar was signed between _ and Shivaji.
(J)
a) Raja Jaisingh b) Afzal khan c) Shaistakhan
o
M
II) Fill in the blanks. >
r-
1. The Marathas adopted warfare.
CO
2. The Sultan of Bijapur sent __ to subdue Shivaji. Ci
M
3. The Prime Minister of the Maratha Empire was called _ m
4. After Aurangazeb's death _ became the Mughal Z
Emperor. m
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Ill) Match the following.
1. Baji Rao Persia
2. Nadir Shah Ashtapradhan
3. Nyayadhish king of Afganistan
4. Ahmad Shah Abdali Forward policy
IV) Answer in a word.
1. When was the third Battle of Panipat fought?
2. In which year did Nadir Shah invade India?
3. When was the treaty of Purandhar signed?
4. Who was known as "Mountain - Rat?
LU Formative Assessment
O
z
LU
M 1. Divide the class into groups and enact scenes from the life of Shivaji
V) from birth to death.
2. Find out more about Guerilla warfare and discuss other countries that
have adopted these tactics.
3. Draw a time line to show the important events of the Maratha regime.
to
V 264
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3. ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS
267
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' European Settlements in India
The Portuguese, the Dutch, the British, the Danish and the French
N
A
DtU
(Portuguese]
Daman
(Portuguese)!
(British)
Goai
(Portuguoso)
M Cochin (Dutch)!
VJ
V)
VJ
O Indian Ocean
if)
268
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2.
Pondicherry, which became the Under such circumstances there
headquarters of the French was bound to be a conflict between
settlements in India. In 1690 they the Frenchand the English to establish
established their settlement at supremacy in India. The clash of
Chandranagore. They got Mahe in trade interests between the two
1725 and Karaikal in 1739. Dupleix ultimately led to a series of wars
came to India 1742 as the Governor called the Carnatic Wars. Finally the
of the French possessions. Under English came out successful and
him the French increased their established their power in India by
influence all around. sending the French out of India.
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1. The great trading centre _was captured by Ottoman Turks
in 1453A.D.
a)Afghanistan b) Constantinople c) Baluchistan
_ was the first Viceroy of Portuguese possessions iri India
a) Francisco-de-Almedia b) Alfonso-de-Albuquerque
c) Barthalomeo Diaz
3. The English East India Company was started in _ .
a) 1600A.D. b) 1644A.D c)1664A.D.
4. _ became the head quarters of the French settlements in
India.
a) Chandranagore b) Pondicherry c)Mahe
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IV) Answer the following in a word.
1. When was the French East India Company formed?
2. Who was Francis Day?
3. In which city is Fort St. George located?
4. In which continent is the Cape of Good Hope located?
VII) Activity.
1. On the Rivers map of India mark the places occupied by the
Portuguese, Dutch, the English, the Danishand the French
2. Make a visit to Fort St.George
LU Formative Assessment
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-
4. ANGLO FRENCH STRUGGLE (CARNATIC WARS)
The English and the French East Dupleix, the French Governor of
India companies were established Pondicherry had an ambition to
with the motive of trading with India. establish the French power in India.
In course of time their competition Course
turned into rivalry and both the
powers tried to remove the other Dupleix wanted to make the
from the Indian scene. Their trade French Power supreme in South
interest was also diverted towards India. When the war started in
politics. Making use of the situation Europe, Dupleix sent an appeal to
and the rivalry among the native La Bourdonnais, the Governor of
rulers, the English and the French Mauritius to capture Madras. He
tried to capture power in India and to besieged Madras and captured it in
establish their supremacy. 1746.
Between 1740-1763 the rivalry The Nawab of Carnatic,
between the English and French led Anwaruddin did not like this. So he
to three wars in India. These wars sent an army against the French. At
were known as Carnatic Wars as Santhome on the banks of the river
they were fought in the Carnatic Adayar, Anwaruddin's army was
region. Carnatic was originally a defeated.
Mughal Province under the Nawab. Then Dupleix tried to capture
It was ruled by Anwar-ud-din, the Fort St. David from the English but
Nawab of Carnatic. The Nawab failed. Later the English attacked
ruled the territory as an Pondicherry but the French
independent ruler. Arcot was the successfully defended the city. In
capital of Carnatic. 1748 the war of Austrian Succession
The British and the French came to an end in Europe. So the
exploited the region to strengthen Carnatic war also came to an end in
their power. In the end, the British India. CO
drove the French out of India by Results O
1763 and established their The First Carnatic war came to Pi
supremacy over the Carnatic region. an end by the treaty of Aix-la-
The First Carnatic War Chappelle (1748) As a result the
(AD.1746-AD.1748) English got back Madras. in
Causes Oi
The Second Carnatic War M
This war was an echo of the (A.D.1748- A.D. 1754) m
Austrian war of succession. In this Causes Z
First Carnatic war, the English and The second Carnatic war was m
the French took opposite sides. connected with the succession
They began to fight in India in 1746. disputes between the Nizam of
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Hyderabad and the Nawab of recalled in 1754 and was succeeded
Carnatic. by Godeheu.
The Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Results
Shah died in 1748. There arose a The Second Carnatic war came
competition between his son to an end with the Treaty of
NasirJung and his grandson Pondicherry in 1755. By this treaty
Muzzafar Jung. At the same both the sides agreed not to interfere
time the Nawab of Carnatic, Dost AN in the internal affairs of the Indian
died. There was a dispute princely states and returned each
between Anwar-ud-din and his son- others territories captured during the
in-law Chanda Sahib for the throne war. Mohammad AM was
of Arcot. The French supported acknowledged as the Nawab of
Muzzafur Jung and Chanda Sahib. Carnatic.
Hence Nasir Jung and Anwarud-din The Third Carnatic War
were forced to seek the assistance (AD 1756-AD 1763)
of the English. So a war broke out Causes
'
in 1748.
In 1756 the Seven Years war
Course broke out in Europe and the same
With the help of the French, war echoed in India as the Third
Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib Carnatic war.
defeated and killed.Anwar-ud-din at Course
the battle of Ambut in 1749. But
his son Mohammad AN took refuge The French General Count de
in the fort of Trichirappalli. Chanda Lally captured Fort St. David. Bussy
Sahib became the Nawab of
the French General at Hyderabad
was asked to attack Madras which
Carnatic. In Hyderabad, both Nasir
Jung and Muzzaffar Jung were killed. was a great blunder committed by
the French. When Bussy left
General Bussy, the French
Hyderabad the British captured
Governor made Salabat Jung the
Hyderabad. Count de Lally and
Nizam of Hyderabad. In return for
LL) Bussy together attacked Madras.
<0 the French help, he handed over the
But the British general, Sir Eyre
z
LU
Northern Circarstothe French.
Coote defeated both the French
M The condition of the English generals at the battle of Wandiwash
VJ became very critical. Robert Clive a in 1760. In the next year 1761 Count-
clerk in the English East India de-Lally surrendered Pondicherry to
<
M
J Company changed the course of the
war. He attacked Arcot, the Capital
the British.
Results
VJ of Carnatic. He defeated Chanda
o Sahib and made Mohammed AN, The war came to an end with the
w the Nawab of Arcot. Clive was called Treaty of Paris in 1763. Pondicherry,
as the "Hero of Arcot". Dupleix was Karaikal, Chandranagore and Mahe
were returned to the French but
272
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Carnatic Wars
Indian Ocean
273
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they were not allowed to fortify their trade privileges. It enraged the
them. The French lost all their Nawab. Siraj-ud-daulah marched
prestige and influence in India. with his army and captured Calcutta.
British became more powerful in One hundred and forty six
India. British soldiers were taken as
Causes for the Success of the captives and they were locked up in
British a very small room. Most of them died
Britain was commercially due to suffocation. Only twenty three
superior and the British in India were of them were survived. This incident in
supported by the Home history is called as the Black Hole
Government. The naval power of the Tragedy. On hearing about this
British was far superior to that of the tragedy, Admiral Watson and Robert
French. There was full co-operation Clive were sent to Bengal. They re
among the English Officers. The captured Calcutta.
mistakes committed by Count -de Course
-Lally enabled the British to capture On 23rd June 1757 Siraj-ud-
Madras. The British could daulah met Robert Clive in a village
concentrate on wars as there was called Plassey near Calcutta. Within
peace in England while the French a few hours, the Nawab was
were too busy fighting wars in defeated and killed. British appointed
Europe. Mir jafaras the Nawab of Bengal.
Establishment of British Battle of Buxar
Supremacy over Bengal
After few years Mir Jafar was
Bengal a very rich province of removed and Mir Qasim was made
the Mughal Empire developed into the Nawab of Bengal.
an independent kingdom under A misunderstanding developed
Alivardi Khan After his death, his between Mir Qasim and the British.
grandson Siraj-ud-daulah became Mir Qasim was also removed, so he
the Nawab of Bengal. The Battle of entered into an alliance with Shuja-
LL) Plassey was a result of a quarrel that ud-daulah the Nawab of Oudh and
<o arose between Siraj-ud-daulah and Shah Alam II the Mugal Emperor
z
LU
the British in 1757. against the British and invaded
M Battle of Plassey (AD 1757) Bengal. A battle between the
VJ Causes combined army of Indian rulers and
The English and the French the British took place at Buxar on
were strengthening their fortification October 22, 1764. In this battle,
<
M in Bengal. Siraj-ud-daulah, Nawab Mir Qasim and others were
VJ of Bengal asked them not to fortify defeated. Mir Qasim fled from
O their Forts. The French obeyed the battlefield while Shuja-ll
w but the English refused to do so. surrendered to the British.
More over the British were misusing
V
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Results Dindigul. The king of Mysore asked
The Treaty of Allahabad was his help. After arriving at Mysore, he
signed in 1765 between the English over for threw the king and ascended
on one side and Shah Alam-ll and the throne of Mysore. Though he
Shuja-Ud-Daulah on the other side. was an illiterate, he was very
Shuja-ud-Daulah was asked to pay intelligent. He treated both the
a war indemnity of 50 lakhs to the Hindus and the Muslims alike. He
British and also gave Kara and was known for his impartial Justice.
Allahabad to the British.The Mughal
Emperor was given an annual The First Anglo-Mysore War
pension of rupees 26 lakhs. Shah (A.D.1767-A.D.1769)
Alam II granted the Diwani rights of Causes
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the Mysore under Hyder AM
English. Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and emerged as one of the most
Carnatic practically came under the powerful kingdoms. Hyder Ali's
control of the British. The Battle of growing power and his friendly
Buxar made the English East India relations with the French became a
Company a sovereign power in matter of concern for the English
India. East India Company. This led to the
After the Battle of Buxar, Robert First Anglo-Mysore War.
Clive became the Governor of Course
Bengal in1765.A.D.
In 1766, the British, the
HyderAli Marathas and the Nizam formed a
HyderAli was born in 1722. He coalition against Hyder Ali. But
was the son of a Faujdar and he Hyder Ali was very clever and he
started his career as an ordinary bribed the Marathas and the Nizam
soldier. He rose to the position as the and won over their support. But in
chief of the Army due to his hard 1767 Hyder Ali and Nizam were
work. When a Civil War broke defeated at Changma by the British.
out in Mysore, Hyder was in But Hyder Ali captured Ambur,
Mangalore and established his rule. cn
Then he captured Baramahal, o
c>
Karur, Tanjore and Cuddalore. He
then besieged Madras which forced
the English to sign the Treaty of
Madras in 1769. in
Ci
Results M
m
The Treaty of Madras was Z
signed in 1769. Both the sides Pi
agreed to restore places. The first m
Mysore war ended in favour of
HyderAli HyderAli.
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Robert Clive and widow's of those who died in
Robert Clive became the service. After receiving the Diwani
Governor of Bengal in 1765. During (Civil) and Nizamat (cirminal) rights
his first tenure as a governor he was from the Mughal emperor Shah
known for his conquests and during Alam II, Robert Clive introduced a
his second tenure for his new system called Dyarchy or Dual
administrative reforms. or Double Government. According
to this system, the British enjoyed all
Administrative Reforms
powers but no responsibility. The
The servants of the company Nawab was reduced to a position of
were forbidden to receive any gift all responsibility and no power.
from Indians. They were forbidden In this system of Government,
to indulge in private trade. He
neither the Nawab, nor the English
increased the salaries of the
cared for the welfare of the people.
company's servants. Robert Clive
The Dual Government was finally
gave double Bhatta (field
abolished in 1772. Bengal was
allowances) to the officers in times
brought under the direct rule of the
of peace. He set up a Fund known as
company.
Lord Clive's Fund with a view to
help poor servants of the company
EXERCISE
I) Choose the Correct answer .
1.The Carnatic Wars were fought in_
a) 1736-1744 b) 1740-1744 c) 1746-1763
2. The battle of Plassey was fought in _ .
a) 1764 b) 1757 c) 1765
3. The founder of the British Empire in India was _ .
LL) a) Robert Clive b)Dupleix c)MirJafar
VJ 4. Count-de-Lally was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote at the battle of
2
UJ
M a) Madras b)St.Thomas c) Wandiwash
VJ
V)
II) Fill in the blanks.
1.The capital of Carnatic was
VJ
O 2. TheHeroofArcotwas _
if) 3. The Battle of _ made the English East India company a
sovereign power in India.
V 276
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4. La Bourdonnais was the French Governor of
Formative Assessment in
O
Ci
1. On the outline map of India mark the important places of Carnatic wars.
2. Write an essay (about 15 lines) on why you think that The Battle of
Plassey was a turning point in the History of India.
3. Prepare a time-line chart to show the establishment of British rule in India
m
Z
m
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r \
SOCIAL SCIENCE
STANDARD EIGHT
TERM II
143
J
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f N
history!
!RULE OF THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
FROM A.D.1773-A.D.1857
LORD WARREN HASTINGS *An Executive Council
(A.D1772-AD 1785) consisting of four members was set
up to assist Governor General.
Warren Hastings became the Defects of the RegulatingAct
Governor of Bengal in 1772.Later he The Regulating Act did not
was raised to the position of Governor
clearly define the jurisdiction of the
General of Benga/. As soon as he Supreme Court or the powers of
assumed office, he had to face many
the Governor General and the
difficulties. In 1772 a terrible famine members of his executive Council.
affected Bengal. The Dual The members of the executive
Government had ruined the council of the Governor General
economy of Bengal. The farmers
often created problems. The
and artisans led a miserable life. The Governors of Bombay and Madras
officials of the English East India did not obey the orders of the
Company were misusing their Governor General of Bengal. This
privileges and amassing great
Act made the position of the
wealth. The administration was Governor General weak.
crippled. So the company had to ask
the British Government for a huge In order to remove the defects of the
amount as a loan. At this stage, the Regulating Act, the British Prime
British Government decided to Minister William Pitt, the Younger,
interfere in the affairs of the passed the Pitts IndiaAct in 1784.
Company. To regulate the affairs of Provisions of the Pitts India Act
the East India Company in 1773 the
British Parliament passed the The Governor General was to be
Regulating Act in 1773. This was the appointed with the approval of the
first landmark Act in the British Crown.
Constitutional development of India. The number of members in
Governor General's Council was
-
The Regulating Act 1773
reduced from four to three.
Provisions For administrative purposes, a
'Appointment of a Governor Board of Control consisting of six
General in Calcutta who was
superior to the Governors of members was established in Britain
Bombay and Madras. to monitor the affairs iri India.
The Governor General was
'Provision was made to set up made the Commander-in-Chief of
a Supreme Court in Calcutta with a the British troops in India and was
chief justice and three judges. Sir given total control over the
Elijah Impey was the first Chief Presidencies of Bombay and
Justice. Madras.
This Act helped the British
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Government to have control over the Educational Reforms
company's affairs. Warren Hastings was also a
Reforms of Warren Hastings great patron of learning. In 1781 he
Administrative Reforms founded the Calcutta Madarasa for
He put an end to the Dual the promotion of Islamicstudies.
Government introduced in Bengal The RohillaWar (A.D. 1774)
by Robert Clive. The East India
The Rohillas were Afghans and
Company took over the
were frequently attacked by the
administration of the provinces. The Marathas. They sought the help of
treasury was shifted from the Nawab Oudh to subdue the
Murshidabad to Calcutta. Marathas. The Nawab demanded
Judicial Reforms Rs.40 lakhs and the Rohillas
accepted the demand. When the
Two courts of Appeal namely the
Marathas appeared in Rohilkhand in
Sadar Diwani Adalat (Civil) and the 1773, they saw the forces of Nawab
Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal) of Oudh behind the Rohillas, so the
were established at Calcutta. Civil Marathas retreated without fighting
and criminal courts were set up in Shuja-ud-daulah. The Nawab of
each district. A digest of Hindu and Oudh demanded the promised 40
Muslim law was compiled. lakhs from the Rohillas. The Rohilla
Commercial Reforms Chief refused to pay the money. The
Nawab of Oudh approached the
A Board of Trade was set up to English for help. He even agreed to
buy quality goods for the company. pay 40 lakhs to the British. So
Company servants were not allowed warren Hastings send an army
to carry on private trade. In order to against the Rohillas. Rohillas were
encourage Indian trade, he reduced defeated and their territory was
the customs duty by 2.5%to merchants. annexed to Oudh.
Many of the customs houses were The Second Anglo-Mysore War
abolished and he set up only five (A.D.1780-A.D.1784)
customs houses at Calcutta, Dacca, The treaty of Madras was signed
Hoogly, Patnaand Murshidabad. in 1769 between Hyder Ali and the
Revenue Reforms British, both agreed to help each
A Board of Revenue was set up other against the common enemy-The
at Calcutta to look into the revenue Marathas. But in 1771,when the Marathas
administration. English Collectors invaded Mysore, the English did not
were appointed in every district. The come forward to help Hyder Ali. The
land was given for 5 years to the English also captured the French
highest bidder. The land owners got port Mahe which was of great
the right to collect land revenue and importance to Hyder Ali so he
pay it to the Government protested and declared war against
British. In 1781 the British army
under Sir EyreCoote defeated Hyder
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Ali at Porto Novo and at Ami in 1782. Raja Chait Singh of Benares. On his
Hyder Ali died of cancer during the refusal to pay the revenue, Hastings
course of the war. Hyder Ali's son deposed the ruler. Similarly he took
Tipu Sultan continued the war. In away the personal treasures of the
1784 Tipu Sultan and the English Begums of Oudh. Warren Hastings
signed the Treaty of Mangalore by is also believed to have been
which the conquered territories were responsible for sentencing a person
restored to both the parlies. called Nanda Kumar to death on
The FirstAnglo-Maratha War false charges of forgery. Warren
(AD 1775-AD 1782) Hastings was criticized and later on
impeached by the British Parliament
Warren Hastings declared war for hisactions.Later he was acquitted
against Marathas in A.D.1775. This from all charges because he had
war came to an end with the signing rendered great services to British
of the Treaty of Salbai in power in India.
1782. Madhava Rao Narayan became
the Peshwa after the signing of the
treaty.
Impeachment of Warren Hastings
The First Anglo-Maratha war put
the English under a great financial
strain. So Warren Hastings
demanded additional revenue from
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1. Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor of Bengal in
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II) Fill in the blanks.
1. In 1772 a terrible famine affected _ .
2. The British Prime Minister_ passed the Pitts India Act in
1784.
3. Warren Hastings put an end to the Dual Government introduced by
J
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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. Debate:
The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first step towards development of
the Indian constitution - conduct a debate in your class.
2. In your scrapbook write and stick pictures of Warren Hastings and the
reforms he introduced.
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Thana was headed by a Daroga. educated and a great soldier. He
As in the civil services in the was against the presence of British
police department too, the in India.Hebuilt many strong forts like
Indians were excluded from the Dorrg to defend his kingdom. He
higher posts. was a lover of art and architecture.
Judicial Reforms
A
M >
Lord Cornwallis improved t
the judiciary. The collector was r '
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British Position Under Lord Wellesley
N
A
RAJAPUTANA
Alahal
BENGAL \
PRESIDENCY
Bellary
Mysore
Madras
V J
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r
Tipu Sultan was called the "Tiger maintain British troops in his state,
of Mysore". The Tiger emblem was either by giving some of his territory
sculpted on his throne and the or by paying for the maintenance of
military uniforms also bore the Tiger the troops.
emblem. He was buried at
Srirangapatnam. The Indian ruler could not fight or
sign treaties with any other power.
LordWeilesley This system allowed the British to
(AD 1796-AD 1805) maintain a large army at the
expense of the local rulers.
Merits
It helped the Company to
maintain a large army at the
expense of the Indian rulers. The
English became the supreme power
in India. They began to control the
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the Yamuna to the British. Peshwa member of the old Hindu royal family
Baji Rao-ll also entered into the from whom Hyder AN had captured
subsidiary Alliance with British. the throne of Mysore. Tipu's family
was sent to Vellore fort. This war put
-
The Fourth Anglo Mysore War
(1799)
an end to Muslim rule in Mysore and
made the British the strongest
Causes power in South India.
The fourth Anglo-Mysore war The Second Anglo-Maratha War
was fought in 1799 between the (1803)
British and Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan
wanted to recover his territories Peshwa Baji Rao-ll
which he lost in the Third accepted the Subsidiary Alliance
Mysore War and he did not with the British and signed the
accept the Subsidiary Alliance. He Treaty of Bassein in 1802. The
wanted to take revenge on the Maratha leaders Scindia and
English. Tipu Sultan sent emissaries Bhonsle refused to acknowledge
to Kabul, Constantinople, Arabia this treaty. So they joined together
and France to get their support and attacked the British.
against British. So war became
In 1803 Arthur Wellesley
inevitable between Tipu and the
defeated the Marathas. As a result
British.
Maratha Power was weakened and
Tipu was defeated at Malavalli. the English expanded their power
He died on 4th May 1799 while and authority.
defending his capital Estimate
Srirangapatnam. With his death, the
war came to an end in 1799. Wellesley was one of the
greatest governor generals of the
The important territories of English East India Company. He
Kanara, Coimbatore and defeated Tipu Sultan and humbled
Srirangapatnam were annexed by the Marathas. He transformed the
the British. A small part of the Mysore trading English East India Company
Kingdom was restored to Krishna III, a into a strong political power in India.
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3.
I) Choose the correct answer.
a)Oudh
EXERCISE
b)Travancore
c)1788
2. During the Third Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu attacked _ a
Hindu State in South India.
c)Carnatic
_ is called the Father of Indian Civil Service.
a) John Shore
b) 1799
Lord Wellesley
Treaty of Seringapatnam
3. Sir John Shore Lord Cornwallis
4. Third Anglo - Mysore War Non-intervention
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V) Answer the following questions briefly.
1. How did Lord Cornwallis improve the judiciary?
2. What were the causes forthe fourth Anglo -Mysore war?
3. Write a short note on Tipu Sultan.
Activity.
1. The Indian Civil Service was called the backbone of the British Rule of
India. Prepare a report on the Indian Civil Service tracing its growth from
its inception to its current form as the IndianAdministrative Service.
2. On the river map of India, mark the extent of British Empire under
Wellesley.
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>
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. Prepare a scroll:
Prepare an information scroll about the reforms of Lord Cornwallis.
2. Report:
Prepare a report on why Tipu Sultan was called as "Tiger of Mysore".
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4. Debate:
The subsidiary system of Lord Wellesley curbed the independent
nature of native rulers - Debate in your class.
5. Trace the growth of the British Rule in India from the 17th to 20th
centuries.
- Entry into Indiatrade
-Acquisition of a few trade areas and warehouses.
-Acquisition of trading stations and settlements.
- Control of Indian states
- Complete subjugation of India.
Usethe above hints and write a few sentences on each.
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3. MARQUESS OF HASTINGS (A.D. 1813 A.D. 1823) -
Marquess of Hastings better Western education was provided to
known as Lord Hastings became the Indians.
Governor General in 1813. He The Gurkha War
completed the work begin by Lord (AD 1814-AD 1816)
Wellesley. When he became the The Gurkhas of Nepal were a
Governor General, the Gurkhas of great challenge to British. They
Nepal, the Pindaris and the Maratha captured Sheoroj and Butwal in
chiefs wanted to overthrow the 1814. The British regarded it as a
British power. But Hastings boldly challenge and declared war on
faced all these problems and made them. The English defeated the
the English the paramount power Gurkha leader Amarsingh. The
in India. Gurkhas were compelled to sign the
During his tenure the Charter treaty of Sagauli in 1816 with
Act of 1813 was passed by the English. Thus the war came to an
British Government. end.
Provisions of the Charter Act of ThePindariWar
1813 (AD 1816 -AD 1818)
The Charter Act of 1813 The Pindaris were the gang of
renewed the trading rights of the robbers in Central India. The
East India company for another important leaders of the Pindaris
twenty years. The company was were Amirkhan, Wasil Muhammad,
deprived of its monopoly to trade Karim Khan and Chettu. Hastings
with India. The British Government sent a huge army to subdue the
allotted one lakh rupees every Pindaris. Thus Hastings
year for the development of exterminated the Pindaris and
education in India. The Act made relieved the people of Central India
provisions for the appointment of a From their suffering.
Bishop and three Arch Deacons The Fourth Anglo-Maratha War
[Priests] to look after the welfare of (AD 1817- AD 1818)
the Europeans in India. The British
The Marathas were jealous of
merchants and missionaries were
the growing power of the English.
allowed to settle in India after getting
Peshwa Baji Rao II tried to form a
licence from the Board of Control.
confederacy of all the Maratha
Importance of the Charter Act of Chiefs against the English. In 1817
1813 the Peshwa attacked the British
The monopoly of the company's residency at Pune. It resulted in
trade came to an end. The Fourth Anglo-Maratha war. The
missionaries preached Christianity. Marathas were completely defeated
after this war.
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Results the people. In 1817 a college was
The office of the Peshwa was opened in Calcutta for the
abolished. Baji Rao II was paid an development of the English
annual pension of 8 lakh rupees. Language. He removed the
The small kingdom of Satara was restrictions on the press. The first
created and one of the descendants vernacular (Regional) newspaper
of Chatrapathi Shivaji, Pratab Singh 'Samachar Patrika' was published.
was placed on the throne. Thus the He appointed Indians to higher
mighty Maratha power lost its power. posts in administration. During his
The British became the paramount period the Ryotwari system of
power in India. revenue collection was introduced in
the Madras Presidency. It was a
Reforms of Lord Hastings settlement between the ryots and
Hastings passed the Bengal the British. This system made ryot
Tenancy Act in 1822 to protect the the owner of the land as long as
interests of the tenants. He took he paid the revenue without default.
efforts to promote education among
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1. Lord Hastings completed the work started by Lord_ .
a) Warren Hastings b) Wellesley c) Minto I
2. The Charter Act was passed in_ .
a) 1813 b) 1814 c)1815
3. The fourth Anglo -Maratha war began in_ .
a) 1817 b) 1718 c)1870
4. The _ system of revenue was introduced during the
period of Lord Hastings.
a) Mahalwari b) Ryotwari c) Permanent
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Ill) Match the following.
1. Amar Singh Pindari leader
2. Marquess of Hastings capital of Nepal
3. Amir khan Gurkha leader
4. Kathmandu Governor General
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-
/ N
>
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
_ /
1. Discuss:
Discuss in your class about the provisions of the Charter Act of 1813.
2. Make a table:
Form a tabular column on the Permanent Land Revenue System and the
Ryotwari System - Bring out the difference between the two.
3. Project:
Prepare a project how the Charter Act of 1813 was the first step towards
the development of Indian Education System.
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r SOCIAL SCIENCE
STANDARD EIGHT
TERM III
Textbook Team
[ Chairpersons ]
History & Civics Geography & Economics
Thiru. A.P. Janarthanam, Dr. Maria Anitha Anandhi,
Principal(Retd), Associate professor,
SS. Govt. Arts College, Nirmala College for Women,
Tiruttani, Thiruvallur District. Coimbatore.
Reviewers
Dr. M.N.Rajendiran, Dr. R. Miriam,
Associate professor, Associate professor,
Presidency College, Nirmala College for Women,
Chennai-5. Coimbatore.
Thiru. R.Sengodan, Dr. M. Ragunathan,
Head Master, Senior Lecturer,
Govt. Girls Hr.Sec. School, DIET, Perundurai, Erode District.
Kambainallur, Dharmapuri District.
Authors
Tmt. Glorina Ravindrakumar, Tmt. K.Sobana,
PSGR Krishnammal Hr.Sec. School, PG. Assistant,
Peelamedu, Coimbatore-4. NKTN Girls Hr. Sec. School,
Triplicane, Chennai-5.
Tmt. J.Geetha,
PG. Assistant, Tmt. J.Jacklin Joel,
Prince Mat. Hr.Sec. School, B.T. Assistant,
Madipakkam, Chennai-91 . Avila Convent Mat. Hr.Sce.School,
Coimbatore.
Tmt. Ramabai,
Agarwal Vidyalaya Mat.Hr. Sec. School, Tmt. Lakshmi Prabha,
Vepery, Chennai-7. St. John's Mat. Hr.Sec.School,
Mandaveli, Chennai-28.
Tmt. Valarmathy,
B.T. Assistant, Tmt. E.Sahaya Mary Faboila,
Govt. Boys Hr. Sec. School, PG. Assistant in Ecomonics,
Thiruvalam, Vellore District. Zion Mat. Hr.Sec. School,
Selaiyur, Chennai.
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( HISTORY )
large numbers; They were either put He carried out many useful
to death or punished severely. reforms in the social, administrative,
financial and judicial fields. For his
Educational reforms sympathetic attitude towards the
Bentinck decided to use the Indians, he can be compared to
money sanctioned by the Charter Lord Ripon. He promoted English
Act of 1813 to promote western education in India and did a lot for
education through the medium of the welfare of the people.
English. As a result English became
SOCIAL SCIENCE
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1. Lord Amherst was succeeded by as the Governor
General of India.
a) William Bentinck b) Lord Hastings c)LordCurzon
2. Lord William Bentinck is famous for his _ .
a) appearance b)wars c) reforms.
3. The use of _ as court language was abolished.
a) English b) Persian c) Sanskrit
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2.3.
4. Human Sacrifice was practiced by
a) Wild tribes of Odesa b) Rajputs
II) Fill in the blanks.
1826.
c) people of Central India
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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. Discuss
Welfare of the state is based on the welfare of the people under the
rule this statement is proved by Lord William Bentinck - Discuss.
2. Write an essay
Write an essay on the reforms of Lord William Bentinck.
3. Oratorical competition
Topic suggested: The increasing social evils in Indian society
4. Group Discussion
Education Policy of Lord Macaulay - Discuss.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
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2. Lord Dalhousie (A.D.1848-A.D.1855)
Lord Dalhousie became the
Governor General of India in Multan was a part of Sikh kingdom.
A.D.1848. To expand the British The Sikhs under the leadership
Empire in every possible way, he of Mulraj revolted against the British.
adopted three methods. They were:- So Lord Dalhousie declared a war
Annexing the states against the Sikhs in 1848. The sikhs
a) By Doctrine of Lapse were defeated. Punjab was
annexed by Lord Dalhousie in 1849.
b) Through wars
The second Burmese war
c) on the grounds of mis- (A.D.1852)
government.
After the first Burmese war the
Annexation by Doctrine of Lapse British merchants were allowed to
Lord Dalhousie adopted a new carry on trade and settle down in
policy known as Doctrine of Lapse to Burma. But they were ill-treated.
extend British Empire. According to They appealed to Dalhousie for
Doctrine of Lapse "if the ruler of a help. So Dalhousie sent an army to
dependent state in India died attack Burma. Thus the second
without male issue, his adopted son Burmese war broke out in 1852. The
would not succeed him but the state Burmese were defeated. By this war
would pass back to the British and the whole of lower Burma came
the adopted son would inherit only under the control of British.
the personal property of the Annexation on grounds of
deceased". misgovernment
On the basis of the Doctrine of
Lapse, Dalhousie annexed the The Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali
states of Satara, Jaipur, Shah was deposed from the throne
Sambhalpur Udaipur, Jhansi and in A.D.1852 on the pretext of mis-
Nagpur. This policy of Doctrine of governance. Oudh was annexed
Lapse was bitterly opposed by the with the British Empire. Tanjore was SOCIAL SCIENCE
Indians and it was one of the root also annexed with British Empire.
causes for the sepoy mutiny. (Great Reforms of Lord Dalhousie
revolt of 1857). Dalhousie was not only a great
Annexation by war conqueror but also a great
The second Anglo-Sikh war administrator. He introduced many
(A.D.1848-A.D.1849) reforms in India.
The second Anglo-Sikh war was Administrative reforms
fought during the time of Lord
The Governor-General of India
Dalhousie. Though the Sikhs were also acted as the Governor of
defeated in the First Anglo-Sikh war,
Bengal. But during the time of
they were not completely crushed.
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Dalhousie, Lieutenant Governor Commercial reforms
was appointed to look after the Lord Dalhousie introduced free
affairs of Bengal. Provinces were trade. Madras, Bombay and
divided into districts and each Calcutta ports were improved. He
district was put under a Deputy improved several harbours with
Commissioner. Simla was made as modern facilities. He encouraged
the summer capital while Calcutta the trade relations between India
remained as the winter capital. He and England.
introduced uniform system of
administration in the provinces of Social reforms
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. He tried to abolish sati which
Introduction of Railways was practiced in some parts of the
country. He also supressed the
Dalhousie is credited with the Thugs. In 1856 the Hindu widow re
introduction of railways in India. The marriage Act was passed. He
first railway line was laid in 1853 encouraged the widow re
between Bombay and Thana. In marriages. He allowed a person to
1854 a railway line was laid from inherit his ancestral property even if
Howrah to Ranikanj. In 1856, a he changed his religion.
railway line was laid from Madras to
Arakonam. The railways increased Public works department
the volume of trade. It was easy for Lord Dalhousie set up a Public
the British government to send the Works Department. Many canals,
troops, goods and raw materials roads and bridges were built and
easily from one place to another. several other welfare works were
made. The Grand Trunk road
Lord Dalhousie was called the (pucca) connecting Calcutta to
'Father of Indian Railways' Peshwar was refurnished. The
Ganga canal was also dug.
Post and Telegraph
Educational reforms
Post and telegraph offices were
SOCIAL SCIENCE
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2.2.
Education to the people. An Estimate
engineering college was also Lord Dalhousie was the
established in Rurkee. The system youngest Governor-General of
of grants - in aid to affiliated schools India. His period is ever
and colleges was also introduced. remembered for the introduction of
Military reforms railways, posts and telegraphs.
Gurkhas were encouraged to Hence he is called as the 'Maker of
join the Indian army. Modern India'.
Army headquarters were shifted
from Calcutta to Simla.
The headquarters of Bengal
artillery got shifted from Calcutta to
Meerut.
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1. Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by
a) Lord Dalhousie b) Lord Amherst c) Lord Hastings.
_ was annexed by Lord Dalhousie due to misgovernment
a) Satara b) Jhansi c) Oudh
3. The Hindu Widow Re-Marriage Act was passed in _ .
a) 1853 b) 1855 c) 1856
4. The first railway line was laid between Bombay and _ .
a) Madras b) Thana c) Pune
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IV) Answer the following in one word. \
1. When was the second Anglo-Sikh war fought?
2. Who set up public works department?
3. Name the universities set up during the period of Dalhousie
Activity
1. On the outline map of India, mark the extent of British empire during
the period of Lord Dalhousie.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. Discuss
Steps taken by Lord Dalhousie to modernize India - Discuss.
2. Oratorical competition
Topic suggested: If you were an adopted child of Navab, how would you
be affected by the Doctrine of Lapse introduced by the British.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
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3. The Great Revolt of 1857
made the Indian rulers as the dead Enlistment Act passed in 1856
enemies of the English. during the time of Lord Canning
created great bitterness among
Economic causes Indian soldiers as they were
Under the British rule, the reluctant to go overseas. Moreover
economic condition of the people in order to make the sepoys look
had deteriorated. All trade and smarter, the sepoys were asked to
commerce of the country went into trim their moustaches and beards.
the hands of the English. The They were also ordered to remove
introduction of machine made goods their caste marks on their forehead
by the British destroyed the and to replace the turban with
indigenous industries. Hundreds of leather hat. The Hindus and the
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Muslims felt that it was against their Then Bahadur Shah-ll, the old
religion. The Sikhs never trim their Mughal Emperor was declared as
hair or beard. This hurt them deeply. Emperor of India.
Immediate cause The English troops under Sir
The immediate cause of the John Nicholson laid siege to Delhi
revolt of 1857 was the introduction of and occupied Delhi. A large number
greased cartridges in the new of people were killed mercilessly.
Enfield Rifle. These cartridges had Bahadur Shah II the Mughal
to be bitten by the sepoys in order to emperor was caught and charged of
fit them in the New Rifles. A rumour rebellion and sent to Rangoon for life
spread that these cartridges were imprisonment where he died in
greased with the fat of the cow and 1862. With his death the mighty
pig. Both the Hindus and the Mughal dynasty came to an end.
Muslims refused to use this greased Kanpur
cartridges. The sepoys got AtKanpurthe leader of the revolt
infuriated and refused to use them was Nana Sahib, the adopted son of
as cow was considered sacred by the last Peshwa Baji Rao II. With the
the Hindus and the pig was detested help of Tantia Tope, Nana Sahib
by the Muslims. captured the fort of Kanpur and
The first soldier to protest declared himself as the Peshwa.
against the greased cartridge was Colonel Havelock and colonel
Mangal Pandey, the Brahmin Sepoy, O'Neil entered Kanpur and defeated
at Barrackpore in Bengal. He the rebels and recaptured Kanpur
refused to use the cartridges and on 17th July 1857. Nana Sahib
shot his officer dead on April 18th however managed to escape to
1857. He was arrested and hanged Nepal where he died after some
to death. years.
Main events of the Revolt Lucknow
The main event started from Begum Hazarat Mahal of Oudh,
Meerut on 9th may 1857. On the very wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah led the SOCIAL SCIENCE
next day of 10th May the sepoys broke revolt at Lucknow. She declared her
into open revolt, shot down their son Birjis Kadar as the Nawab of
officers, released the prisoners and Oudh. The Mutineers killed Sir
set English bungalows on fire, then Henry Lawrence. Later General
they marched to Delhi. Outram and Havelock recaptured
Delhi Lucknow in March 1858. A large
number of its inhabitants were
When they reached Delhi, the mercilessly massacred.
sepoys of Delhi also joined with them
and they soon occupied Delhi after Central India
killing a large number of Europeans. In central India, the revolt was
led by Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi
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and Tantia Tope. She encouraged The lack of resources both in men
even women to fight against the and money proved very
British. disastrous to the freedom fighters.
These two great freedom The telegraphic network and postal
fighters offered a tough resistance to systems helped the British in
the English. When the English communications. The railways
forces under Sir Hugh Rose laid a could transport the soldiers quickly.
siege to the fort of Jhansi, Lakshmi A great part of the English army
Bai fought bravely but could not including the Sikh, Rajput and the
defend the fort. She escaped to Gurkha battalions remained faithful
Kalpi. At Kalpi she was helped by to the British Government. The
Tantia Tope and both of them British troops were led by good
captured Gwalior. When the British generals. But the Indian Generals
attacked it, she fought bravely till her were no match for them. The British
death. Tantia Tope however had mastery over the seas and so
managed to escape but he was they could get men and materials
captured and put to death. With his from England into India. South
death the revolt came to an end. Indian remained calm.
Even though the revolt ended in Results of the revolt of 1857
failure, it sowed the seed for India's The revolt of 1857 put an end to
Independence. the rule of the English East India
Company. The administration of
India was taken over by the British
Crown. Queen Victoria's
Proclamation was issued on
November 1, 1858. The Board of
Control and the Court of Directors
were abolished and the office of the
Secretary of the State for India and
Indian Council was created. The
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Centres of Revolt in 1857
Gwalioi
lahabai
Araah
Indore
Bombay
Poona
Bay of Bengal
Arabian Sea
Madras
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Srilanka
Indian Ocean
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3.1.
Queen's Proclamation of 1858 The office of a Secretary of State
A Royal Durbar was held at was created. He was assisted by a
Allahabad on November 1st 1858, Council consisting of fifteen
where Queen's Proclamation was members. The Doctrine of Lapse
was cancelled. A general amnesty
declared. It was read at the Durbar
by Lord Canning who was the last (or) pardon was granted to the
rebels except those who were
Governor General and the first
Viceroy of India. directly involved in killing the British
subjects.
Features
The Act laid down that India shall
be governed by and in the name of
the Queen. It abolished the Board of
Control and the Court of Directors.
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1. The Great Revolt of 1857 took place during the period of Lord
4. The main political cause for the great Revolt of 1857 was
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4. The English troops under Sir John Nicholson captured
Activity
Use the outline map of India and
mark the important centres of
sepoy mutiny.
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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. Group discussion
Conduct a group discussion on the topic the revolts against the British
rule.
2. Drama
Act as Jansi Rani / Rani Lakshmi bai who are the icons of Bravery.
3. Discuss
Discuss the reasons for claiming that the Sepoy mutiry, 1857 evoked the
patriotic feeling in the mind of Indians though it was defeated by the British.
4. Essay Writing
Indian Magna Carta - write an essay.
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c "
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army and practised the same of Madurai. Diplomatically she
method of cutting the noses of the saved the kingdom. She
enemies. This strange event was encouraged Christian missionaries.
termed as "war of noses". She provided more facilities to
pilgrim centres. Roads were made
safe. She planted shady trees, built
choultries and made journey easy
and comfortable. She made rich
endowments to temples. She paid
more interest on irrigational
projects. 'Uyyakkondan Canal'
speaks about her contribution to
irrigation.
Meenakshi
Vijayaranga died without a male
Other works of Thirumalai Nayak
issue. His wife Meenakshi became
Thirumalai Nayak established the successor. She adopted Vijaya
an efficient system of Kumara and started her rule as a
administration. He maintained regent. Bangaru, father of
peace and security. He gave a free Vijayakumara conspired against
hand to the Portuguese and the Meenakshi to occupy the throne. So,
Dutch. He shifted his capital from Meenakshi sought the help of
Trichy to Madurai. He repaired many Chanda Sahib, the Nawab of
temples. The temple administration Carnatic and promised to offer a
came under his direct control. He crore of rupees. Chanda Sahib
gifted a number of villages for the defeated Bangaru and saved
maintenance of the temples. The Meenakshi. Later Chanda Sahib
Pudhu mandapam, Mariamman showed his true colour and threw off
Theppakkulam and Thirumalai the promises and imprisoned
Nayak Mahal were constructed Meenakshi in her own palace at
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Sevappa Nayak Vijayaragava Nayak
Sevappa Nayak was the founder Ragunatha was succeeded by
of the independent Nayak kingdom his son Vijayaragava Nayak. He was
at Tanjore. He paid attention for the a weak and incompetent ruler and
maintenance of Hindu temples. He was unable to defend the country.
gave permission to the Portuguese He was the last Nayak ruler of
to settle at Nagapattinam and gave Tanjore. Chokkanatha Nayak of
10 veli of land to the Mulavur Madurai invaded and killed
Temple. He repaired Shivaganga Vijayaragava Nayak and captured
Lake. Later it was called Tanjore. Thus, the Nayak rule of
"Sevappaneri". He gave grants to Tanjore came to an end inA.D.1673.
Thiruvannamalai and The Nayaks of Senji (Gingee)
Virudhachalam temples.
The region between palar and
Achutappa Nayak coleroon formed the Nayak
Sevappa was succeeded by his kingdom of Senji. The Nayaks of
son Achutappa Nayak. He Senji were related to the royal house
maintained cordial relations with
Vijayanagar and helped
Vijayanagara king in the battle of
Talikotta. He gave diamond throne
to Lord Ranganatha and made IIIh
of* Iin-
nirr imm
endowments to Rameswaram nuTTniT
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promoted cultivation. He maintained head of the State. He was assisted
a powerful army. He erected a town by a council of ministers. The empire
called "Krishnapattinam" on the was divided into provinces,
banks of the river Vellar. He was mandalams, simai or makana and
tolerant towards all religions. He villages. Paligar system was
gave grants to Jesuits for building followed. Land tax was the main
churches. He permitted Jains to source of income to the state.
erect a shrine at Sithamur and Social and Economic Conditions
saivites to build a temple at
Tindivanam. He rebuilt the The Nayaks upheld varnasrama
Govindaraja shrine at system in society. Caste system
Chidambaram. His general remained rigid. Brahmins occupied
Venkata, dug out a large tank called the high position, valankai and
Chennasagaram for promoting idankai struggle continued. Villagers
irrigation. lived in ignorance and poverty. The
Nayaks occupied mostly the dry
The successors of Krishnappa areas except Kaveri, Vaigai and
Nayak-ll were weak and inefficient. Thamiraparani areas. Agrarian
Bijapur Sultan (AN Adil Shah) sent economy continued. Agriculturists
Mir Jumla to capture Senji in 1648. depended on rains. Tanks, wells,
He captured Senji and appointed canals and rivers were the main
Nasir khan as its governor. In 1648, source for irrigation.
Shivaji captured Senji.
Art and Architecture
After Shivaji, it came under the
Rajput general Swaroop Singh, who The Nayaks were the great
acted as a mughal vassal and paid patrons of art and architecture. The
annual tribute. He was succeeded Krishnapuram temple and
by his son Raja Desingh. Sadat ullah Nellaiappar temples at Thirunelveli,
khan, the ruler of Arcot invaded, Kasi Viswanatha Temple at Tenkasi,
defeated and killed Raja Desingh Ramanathapuram temple at
and annexed Senji. Raja Rameswaram and the Big Gopura of
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2.
help of Italian architect. It is a Thiruvannamalai Temple. He also
classical fusion of Dravidian, Islamic built Vishnu Temple at Tindivanam.
and European style. It is considered He permitted the Jains to construct a
as one of the wonders in south India. Jain Temple(palis) at Sittamur.
The Queen Mangammal built the Literature
Mangammal Palace at Madurai.
Nayaks made great contribution
Sevappa Nayak of Tanjore for the growth of literature.
repaired many temples and built the Thirumalai Nayak's
Sivaganga fort at Tanjore. Big Chidambarapuranam,
Mandapam at Thiruvannamalai, Paranjothiar's Chidambarapattial,
Virudachalam etc, were built by him. Haridasa's Irusamaya Vilakkam,
Achutappa gave grant to Sri Umarupulavar's Seerapuranam,
Ranganatha at Srirangam and Siva Kumaraguruparar's Kandar Kali
Temple at Rameswaram. He Venba and Meyngnana Vilakkam by
completed the tower of Thiruvenkatam were the most
Arunachaleswarar at important literary works during the
Thiruvannamalai. Nayak's period. Thus the Nayak's
Achyuta Ramabhadra Nayak rule occupied an important place in
of Senji built the enclosing walls as the history of Tamil country.
well as the majestic gopuram for
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1.Paligar system was introduced by
a) Vishwanatha Nayak b) Rani Mangammal c)Ragunatha Nayak
2. Tower ofArunachalaeswara temple was completed by _ .
a) Thirumalai Nayak b)Achutappa c) Vijaya Ragava
SOCIAL SCIENCE
3. "War of the Noses" took place during the reign of _ .
a) Krishnappa Nayak b) Rani Meenakshi c) Thirumalai Nayak
4. Umarupulavarwrote _ .
a) Kandar Kalivenbah b) Irrusamaya vizhakam c) Seerapuranam
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4.
3. Rani Meenakshi was imprisoned by _
Trichy.
at the palace at
V) Answer in detail.
1. Give an account of Tirumalai Nayak's rule.
2. Explain the contributions of the Nayaks in the field of art architecture
and literature.
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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. Write an essay
Write an essay on the Rule of Nayakars in Tamil Nadu.
2. Drama
Dramatise the life history of Rani Mangammal.
3. Know yourself
Know about the life histroy of Raja Desingu from your teacher.
4. Picture Collection
Prepare an album of Gingee Architecture.
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r 5. THE RULE OF THE MARATHAS OF THANJAVUR
(A.D.1676-A.D.1856)
Chokkanatha Nayak of Madurai death of Tukaji a war of succession
invaded and captured Thanjavur arose. In the war of succession,
and appointed his half-brother Pratap singh ascended the throne of
Alagiri as Governor of Thanjavur. Thanjavur with the help of Nawab of
But he quarrelled with Chokkanatha Arcot and maintained unity and
and sought the help of Bijapur stability in Thanjavur.
Sultan to appoint Sengamaladass Tuljaji ascended the throne of
as the Nayak of Thanjavur. So the Thanjavur in 1763. During his rule,
sultan sentVenkaji (Ekoji)to capture boundary disputes started between
Thanjavur. He succeeded and Ramnad and Thanjavur. Ramnad
captured Thanjavur and established sought the help of the Nawab of
Maratha rule. They ruled Thanjavur Arcot. So the Nawab invaded
from 1676 to 1856A.D. Thanjavur and in 1773 Thanjavur
Ekoji alias Venkoji came under the control of the
Ekoji was the son of Shaji Nawab of Carnatic. When it was
Bhonsle and Tuka Bai. In order to brought to the notice of English East
plunder the wealth and to spread India Company, the Company
Hindu faith in the South, Shivaji led Directors, directed the governor of
an expedition against Carnatic Madras to restore Tuljaji as the king
region. He captured Golkonda and of Thanjavur. Tuljaji was crowned as
Senji. He marched towards the ruler of Thanjavur and became a
Thanjavur and demanded his share nominee of company and kept an
from Venkoji which ended in failure. English army to maintain peace at
So Shivaji captured Coleroon and Thanjavur.
put Shantaji as his Viceroy and Amarsingh and Serfoji-ll
returned. After his return, Venkoji Tuljaji's adopted son Serfoji-ll
recaptured all the territories and
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Virapandya Kattabomman was Kattabomman and his brother
born inA.D. 1761 and came to power escaped to Pudukottai. But the Raja
in A. D. 1790. His wife was of Pudukkottai Vijaya Ragunatha
Jakkammal and his brother was Thondaiman captured
Umathurai. Virapandya Kattabomman and handed over to
Kattabomman did not pay the tribute Bannerman. An enquiry was made.
regularly and it fell arrears. Jackson, Kattabomman was found guilty. On
the Collector of Ramnad wrote a 16th oct 1799 Kattabomman was
letter asking him to meet and to hanged at Kayatharu. Even at the
pay the arrears in full. But last moment of his life, he
Kattabomman disobeyed and said "it demonstrated his courage and
rains, the land yields, why should we patriotism. His relatives were
pay tax to the English"? It enraged captured and severely punished, but
the Collector. Later Kattabomman the struggle was not totally crushed.
decided to meet the Collector and The South Indian Rebellion
settle the issue amicably. Jackson (1800-1801)
was on tour in Thirunelveli district.
Kattabomman went to Tirukutralam The South Indian Rebellion was
but Jackson refused to meet him. the outburst of the accumulated
After 23 days, Kattabomman and his hatred and anger against the
ministers met Jackson. But company's rule.
Kattabomman was insulted. Causes
Jackson tried to arrest The interference of the
Kattabomman but he escaped with company in the matters of local
the help of his brother Umathurai. principalities reduced the power and
After this, Kattabomman prestige of the local rulers. The
decided to overthrow the princes and the poligars lost their
overlordship of the British and made an dignity and respectable status in the
alliance with Marudhu Pandyar of society. The oppressive policy in
Sivagangai. Many poligars joined administration, the rude means of
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Marudhu Pandiar and the palace in the fort at Trichy. Another
Southern League copy was pasted on the walls of the
Marudhu Pandiar was one of the great Vaishnava Temple at
heroes of south Indian rebellion. He Srirangam. He invited people of all
served loyal under Muthu castes and religions to join in the
Vadukanath Deva of Sivaganga. struggle against the British.
When Kattabomman was hanged to The conflict started on 29th May
death, he gave protection to 1801. The rebels were defeated at
Umathurai and others. This was not various places. Dindigul, Ramanad
liked by the merchants of and Madurai came under the control
Sivaganga. Anticipating a struggle of the British. Marudhu Pandiar hid
with the British, Marudhu Pandiar himself in the Singapuneri forest.
prepared himself to face any attack But Thondaiman of Pudukottai
from the British. This greatly captured Marudhu Pandiar and
alarmed the British. The British sent handed over to the British. Marudhu
their force under col. Agnew against Pandiar and others were hanged to
Marudhu Pandiar. Realising the death on Oct 24, 1801 A.D. and
seriousness, Marudhu Pandiar Umaithurai was impaled at
issued a proclamation to call the Panchalamkuruchi on 16th
Indians to unite against the British. A November 1801 A.D. Thus the south
copy of it was pasted on the walls of Indian rebellion came to an end.
the gate-way of the Nawab's
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1. Ekoji was the son of_ .
a) Shaji Bhonsle b) Shivaji c) Shambaji
2. Saraswathy Mahal was established by_ SOCIAL SCIENCE
a) Viswanatha Nayak b) Thirumalai Nayak c) Serfoji-ll
3. Panchalankuruchi was ruled by_ .
a) Serfoji-ll b) Sethupathy c) Kattabomman
4. Vira Pandiya Kattabomman was hanged at_
a) Sivaganga b) Kayatharu c) Kalaiyar Koil
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3. Vira Pandiya Kattabomman was humiliated by the British
collector_ .
4. In the year_ Kattabomman was hanged.
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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. Preparation of Album
Prepare an album of Tanjore Architecture.
2. Discuss
Saraswathi mahal is a crown of Marathas - Discuss.
3. Act as
Act as Kattapomman / Umaithurai to reveal their Bravery.
4. Group Discussion
The revolt of Palayakars and Maruthu Brothers was controlled but not
totally terminated.
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6. VELLORE MUTINY - 1806
The South Indian rebellion was Indian people. Most of the sepoys
over by A.D.1801. But the rude were from the Palayams after the
shock was not erased from the death of their great leaders like
minds of the people. The English Pulithevan, Kattabomman,
East India Company emerged as Marudhu brothers. It left deep scar in
unopposed ruler of Madras the hearts of the rebels. The sepoys
Presidency from 1801 A.D. Lord were from both Tamil and Kanada
William Bentinck was governor of speaking regions and they
Madras Presidency and John exchanged betel leaf in order to find
Cradock was commander-in-chief. themselves together for the
His army reforms invited a mutiny at attainment of a common goal.
Vellore. The Vellore Mutiny of 1806 The strict discipline, new
was the first instance of a mutiny by weapons, new methods and
Indian sepoys against the East India changes in dress code introduced
Company. It is one of the significant by the British created resentment
events not only in the history of Tamil among the sepoys. Hindus were
Country but also India. It took place prohibited from wearing ornaments
in the south Indian town Vellore. As it like earings and caste marks on their
was led by the sepoys of Vellore fort, forehead. Muslims were required to
it was called as the Vellore Mutiny. It shave their beard and trim their
was presumed as a prelude to the moustache. This also created a
Great Revolt of 1857. strong resentment among the
Causes for the Revolt soldiers.
The mutineers were influenced The immediate cause was the
by the family of Tipu Sultan who introduction of the Agnew Turban
were confined to the Vellore fort after designed by General Agnew. It
the death of Tipu Sultan. resembled the European hat
SOCIAL SCIENCE
EXERCISE
I) Choose the correct answer.
1. The Vellore mutiny took place in the year_ .
a) 1806 b) 1807 c) 1808
SOCIAL SCIENCE
2. The sepoys were influenced by _ .
a) English officers b) Tipu's family c) Native rulers
3. The Governor of madras presidency at the time of Vellore sepoy
mutiny was_ .
a) Wiliam Bentinck b) Caronwallis c) Robert Clive
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2. _ was outside the fort when the mutiny started.
3. The mutiny was suppressed by_ .
V) Answer in detail.
1. What were the causes for Vellore Mutiny?
2. Trace the course of the mutiny? Why did the mutiny fail?
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