1.

Hallows around light

1. Incipient stage of cataract due to water vacuoles in lens

2. acute congestive glaucoma - Prodromal stage - due to water

vacoules in corneal epithelium

3. muco purulent conjunctivitis

4. corneal oedema

Moving ulcer in cornea

1. Mooren's ulcer
2. fasicular ulcer

3. typical hypopyon ulcer

Blue sclera

1. Children

2. High myopia

3. Buphthalmos

4. Over staphyloma

5. Osteogenesis imperfecta
Red eye

1. Acute irido cyclitis

2. Acute conjunctivitis

3. Acute primary congestive glaucoma

4. acute keratitis

5. Dry eye

Unilateral irreactive pupil

1. Local Atropine

2. Third nerve paralysis

3. Absolute glaucoma

4. Acute congestive glaucoma

5. sedrosis bulbi

6. traumatic mydriasis

Glued lashes

1. Ulcerative blepharitis - with hot water wash there is uclerated

surface and normal conjucntiva

2. Mucopurulent conjunctivitis - with hot water wash there is

conjunctival hyperaemias and free from ulcer red margin

Pseudo membranes

1. Severe purulent conjunctivitis

2. Viral conjunctivitis

3. Fungal conjunctivitis

4. Chemical burn

5. Diphteria until proved otherwise

6. steven johnson syndrome

1. Congenital glaucoma

2. Ophthalmia neonatorum

3. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Follicular conjunctivitis

1. Adenovirus

2. Chlamydia

3. Herpes simplex
4. hypersensitivity to topical medication

Sore throat in ophthalmology

1. Phylcten

2. Diphtheria

3. Adenovirus

4. Dendritic ulcer

Corneal Phylcten
1. Limbal area spring catarrah

2. Pinguecula

3. Episcleritis

4. Trachomatous pannus

Enlarged blindpsot

1. Bilateral Papilloedema

2. Optic neuritis

3. Annular crescent of high myopes

Tubular field

1. Advanced case of glaucoma

2. Advanced case of retinitis pigmentosa

3. CRAO with abnormal cilio-retinal branch

4. retinitis pigmentosa

Vitreous Haemorrhage

1. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

2. Blunt trauma

3. CRVO

4. Retinal tear

5. Intra Occular malignancies

6. Blood diseases

Melanoma

1. Naveus

2. Choroidal haemangioma

3. metastic from breast

Amourotic Cat's eye - Leucoria

1. Neonatal enophthalmitis
2. Retinoblastoma

3. Tuberous sclerosis

4. Persistant hyperplastic primary vitreous - PHPV

5. Toxoplasma Chorioretinitis

6. Congenital Cataract

7. Coat`s Disease

8. Posterior Polar Cataract

9. cyclitic membrane

10. granulomas

11. coloboma of choroid

12. advanced retinopathy of prematurity

Painfull Proptosis
1. Pan opthalmitis - Hazy cornea + Anterior chamber purulent
exudates

2. Cavernous sinus thrombosis - mastoid oedema

3. Acute dacroadenitis - swelling + pain over the lacrimal gland

4. Orbital Cellulitis

papillary conjunctivitis

1. Trachoma

2. Spring catarrah

3. Giant papillary conj(contact lens,artificial tears)

4. Ophthalmia neonatorum

Pannus
1. degenerative pannus in absolute glaucoma

2. contact lens wearer

3. trachomatous pannus

4. phlyctenulus pannus

5. leprotic pannus

keratoconus

1. keratectasia :bulging of weak corneal scar (outer layer only)

2. anterior staphyloma

3. Acute dacrocystitis - swelling + pain over the lacrimal gland

4. keratoglobus
Ulcer with steroids

1. fasicular ulcer(phlectenular)

2. Disciform (herpetic)

3. Marginal (staph)

Effect of phlycten

1. Corneal phlycten

2. phlyctenular ulcer

3. Ring ulcer(if multiple)

4. Pannus

5. Fascicular ulcer(moving)

Pear Shaped Pupil

1. Rupture Globe Of Cornea Due To Local Trauma

2. Pupillary Margin Tearing Form Local Trauma

3. small peripheral corneal perforation due to ulcer

4. cataract surgery (uncommon, in the past) or any other corneal

wound of any cause

Cherry Red Spot

1. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

2. Retinal Oedema (Commotio -Retina)or Berlin`s Oedema

3. Macular Hole With Central Retinal Detachment

4. Quinnine Poisoning

5. amaurotic Family Idiothy

photopsia + musca
1. choroiditis

2. retinal tear

2ry buphthalmos

1. retinoblastoma

2. rubella

large cornea at birth

1. buphthalmos

2. congenital myopia

3. megalocornea
sudden drop of vision

1. trauma

2. vascular : CRAO , fuch's spot , vit. hge , ica thrombosis

3. amoaurosis fugax: 3p = papielledema + prodroma of CRAO +

Postural hypotension

unilat. total loss of vision

1. CRAO

2. optic n. avulsion

3. rupture globe

s shaped deformity of eyelid

1. acute dacryoadenitis
2. sarcoidosis

3. leukemia

4. hodgkin lymphoma

Causes of Glucoma in blunt Trauma

1. hyphema

2. Sublaxated lens

3. lanterior and posterior dislocation of lens

4. Traumatic iridocyclitis

5. Vitreous hge

6. Retrobulbar hematoma

7. Carotid cavernous fistula

Causes of Hyphema

1. Hemorragic iridocyclitis

2. trauma

3. blood disease

4. Hypertension

5. Rubiosis iridis

Causes of tremulous iris

1. hypermature senile cataract

2. Aphakia

3. Posterior dislocation of the lens

4. sublaxated lens

5. congential Glucoma(Buopthalmous)

Contraindications of pilocarbine

1. Irido cyclitis

2. Axial opacity

3. Pupillary block

4. neovascular Glucoma

Causes of custoid macular edema

1. Diapetic maculopathy

2. CRVO
3. Drug induced

4. hodgkin lymphoma

causes of ring scotoma

1. Primary open angle Glucoma

2. Retinitis pigmentosa

ORAL contraceptives

1. CRVO

2. pseudo tumor cerebri

3. migraine
pulsated proptosis

1. carotid cavernous fistula

2. meningeoencephalocoele

3. ophthalmic artery aneurysm

4. highly vascular rhabdomyosarcoma

uniocular diplopia

1. iridodialysis

2. sublaxated lens

3. big peripheral iridectomy

4. congenital polycoria ( multiple pupils )

5. incipient stage of senile cortical cataract

binocular diplopia

1. Anisometropia corrected by glasses

2. Anisometropia more than 4 diopter

3. Paralytic squint

4. Restrictive myopathy:-symblepharon ,blow owt fracture,

dysthyroid ophthalmopathy

5. incipient stage of senile cortical cataract

Nodule at limbus

1. CONGENITAL CYST

2. EPITHELIAL IMPLANTATION CYST

3. AQUEOUS CYST

4. DERMOID
5. LIPODERMOID

6. PAPILLOMA

7. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

8. NAEVUS

9. FOREIGN BODY GRANULOMA

10. PHYLCTEN

11. NODULAR EPISCLERITIS

12. SARCOIDOSIS

13. MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF UVEA

14. VASCULARISED LIMBAL KERATITIS

15. LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS

pneumococci causes:

1-Typical hypopyon ulcer

2-Endophthalmitis
3-Chronic dacryocystitis

4-MPC

Uses of Synaptophore:

1-Evaluation of binocular vision

2-Train binocular vision
3-Measure angle of squint
4-Detect abnormal retinal correspondance

Uses of retinoscopy:

1-
measure refraction of eye
2-
Examine red reflex
3-
detect punctum remotum
4-
Detect and measure astigmatism

Uses of fluorescine:

1-
corneal ulce:Green
2-
Conjunctival ulcer:yellow
3-
Xerosis:break up time test
4-
Dacryocystitis:John's one test54-River signiffrentiate descmatocele
from perforation
5-
Applination tonometry
6-
River signiffrentiate descmatocele of corneal ulcer
7-
Hard contact lens

uses of Goldman:

1-
examination of the angle
2-
examination to the fundus
3-
laser to the angle
4-
laser to the fundus

Deep anterior chamber:

1-
Buphthalmous
2-
high myopia
3-
posterior lens dislocation
4-
posterior rupture sclera
5-
Megalocornea
6-
Kerato conus
7-
Aphakia
Indications of keratoplasty:

1-
Acute hydrops in seeing eye
2-
Central leukoma
3-
Resistant corneal ulcer

Double red reflex:

1-
Iridodialysis
2-
malignant melanoma of ciliary body

cyclitic membrane effect:

1-
repeated attack of pain
2-
tractional retinal detachement
3-
Atrophia bulbi
4-
simulate retinoblastoma

Delayed hypersenstevity:
1-
occular sarcoidosis
2-
sympathetic ophthalmitis
3-
phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis
4-
Vogt_koyanagi_Harada syndrome
5-
Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy

Rubeosis iridis:
1-
long standing iridocyclitis
2-
proliferative diabetic retinopathy
3-
cebral retinal vein occlusion
4-
Cgronic irido cyclitis
5-
Intraoccular malignancy
6-
Cerebrovascular insufficiency

indications of enucleation:

1-
blind painful eye
2-
sever traumatized eye
3-
intra occular malignancy
Causes of transient errors of refraction:

1-
chalazion in upper lid
2-
Uncontroled diabetes
3-
Miosis
4-
iridocyclitis
5-
anterior lens dislocation

Altitudinal field defect:

Trunk retinal artery occlusion

trunk vein occlusion

early retinal detachment

Electrophysiological studies:

1-
EOG: test retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors
2-
ERG flash: check function of all retina except ganglion cell layer
3-
ERG pattern: check function of ganglion cell layer
4-
VEP:check function from ganglion cell layer to brain(occipital cortex
+visual pathway


12:33 AM dahdoh ; 17th November 2011

2. 18th November 2011 08:20 PM#2

Midooo

Oct 2008

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3. 26th November 2011 11:33 PM#3

dahdoh

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: :
Spots in Ophthalmology

Bitot's spot=White, foamy area of keratinising squamous

metaplasia of bulbar conjunctiva,seen in vitamin A deficiency.
Brushfield spot=Whitish grey spot in peripheral iris,seen in Down's
syndrome.
Elschnig spot=Yellow patches overlying area of choroidal infarction
in hypertension.
Fischer-Khunt spot=Senile scleral paque,area of hyalinised sclera
anterior horizontal rectus muscle insertion.Seen in old age.
 Fuch's spot=Pigmented (RPE hyperplasia) macular leisons in
pathological myopia.
Roth spots=haemorrhageswith white centres,seen in SABE, severe
anaemia,collagen vascular disorders.

Dots in ophthalmology
Gunn's dot=light reflectios from internal limiting membrane around
disc and macula
Horner-Trantras Dot=Collections of eosinophils at limbus in
vernal conjunctivitis.
Kayes' dot=subepithelial infiltrates seen in corneal graft rejection
Mittendorf's dot=whitish spot at posterior lens surface,remnant of
hyaloid artery.

Lines in Ophthalmology

Arlt's Line = conjunctival scar in sulcus subtarsalis.

Ehrlich-Turck Line = linear deposition of KPs in ueitis
Ferry's Line = corneal epithelial iron line at the edge of filtering
blebs.
Hudson-Stahil Line= Horizonatl corneal epithelial iron line at the
inferior one third of cornea due to aging.
Khodadoust Line = corneal graft endothelial rejection line
composed of inflammatory cells.
Paton's Line = Circumferential retinal folds due to optic nerve
edema.
Sampaoelesi line = Increased pigmentation anterior to Schwalbe's
line in pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
Scheie's Line = pigment on lens equator and posterior capsule in
pigment dispersion syndrome.
Schwalbe's Line = Angle structure representing peripheral edge of
Descemets membrane.
Stockers Line = Corneal epithelial iron line at the edge of
pterygium
White lines of Vogt = Sheathed or sclerosed vessels seen in
Lattice degeneration

4. 26th November 2011 11:42 PM#4
dahdoh

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Triads in Ophthalmology
BÁLINT'S SYNDROME is loosely associated with a triad of
visuospatial dysfunctions: simultanagnosia, optic ataxia, and ocular
motor apraxia

BEHÇET'S DISEASE was initially described by Behet in

1937 as a triad of oral ulcers, genital ulcers and hypopyon uveitis.

CEREBRAL WHIPPLE'S DISEASE includes a triad of somnolence,

dementia and ophthalmoplegia.

CONE DEGENERATION includes the hallmark triad of progressive

central acuity loss, color vision disturbances and photophobia.

CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA includes the commonly described triad

of epiphora, blepharospasm and photophobia .

CONGENITAL RUBELLA RETINOPATHY includes the triad of

cataracts, deafness and congenital heart disease which was first
described by Gregg in 1941

CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS includes the classic triad of

retinochoroiditis, hydrocephalus and intracranial calcifications
although other signs such as fever, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, and
seizures may occur if the infection is acquired earlier than the third
trimester.

DE MORSIER'S SYNDROME, the congenital syndrome of septo-

optic dysplasia includes the clinical triad of short stature, nystagmus
and optic disc hypoplasia.

FECHTNER'S SYNDROME includes triad of nephritis, sensorineural

hearing loss and eye abnormalities

GAUCHER DISEASE, classic Gaucher triad consists of trismus,

strabismus, and opisthotonus.

HORNER'S SYNDROME includes classic triad of ptosis, miosis and

ipsilateral anhidrosis of the face

INTRAOPERATIVE FLOPPY IRIS SYNDROME described by John

Campbell and David F. Chang in 2005 which includes the triad by a
flaccid iris stroma that undulates and billows in response to ordinary
intraocular fluid currents ,a propensity for the floppy iris stroma to
prolapse toward the phaco and side-port incisions, despite proper
wound construction and progressive intraoperative pupil constriction
despite standard preoperative pharmacologic measures designed to
maximize dilation (topical cycloplegics, phenylephrine, and
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications).

KEARNSSAYRE SYNDROME includes the triad of external

ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy and cardiac conduction
block during the first or second decade of life

LAMBERTEATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME includes triad of

muscle weakness, autonomic dysfunction and hyporeflexia

MILLER-FISHER SYNDROME consists of the triad of ataxia,

ophthalmoplegia and areflexia .It is described as a variant of
Guillain-Barr syndrome.

OCULAR ISCHEMIC SYNDROME includes the classic triad includes

 midperipheral dot hemorrhages, dilated retinal veins and iris
neovascularization.

OCULAR TILT REACTION consists of the triad of skew deviation,

cyclotorsion of both eyes and paradoxical head tilt, all to the same
sidethat of the lower eye

OPTIC NERVE SHEATH MENINGIOMA are characterized by the

clinical triad of the presence of optociliary venous shunts on the
disc, when accompanied by diffuse disc edema (eventually replaced
slowly by pallor) and insidious visual loss

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA originally described late in the 18th

century, osteogenesis imperfecta (Van der Hoeve's syndrome,
brittle bone disease) was not well described as a clinical syndrome
until 1918 by Van der Hoeve. The syndrome includes triad of brittle
bones, blue scleras and deafness (otosclerosis) .

PHARYNGOCONJUNCTIVAL FEVER by Adenoviruses sometimes

produces the classic triad of fever, pharyngitis and acute follicular
conjunctivitis.

PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME includes the diagnostic triad of

micrognathia, glossoptosis and cleft palate.

PIGMENTARY GLAUCOMA includes the classic triad consists of

corneal pigmentation (Krukenberg's spindle); slit-like, radial,
midperipheral iris transillumination defects; and heavy accumulation
of pigment in the trabecular meshwork.

PRESUMED OCULAR HISTOPLASMOSIS SYNDROME includes

the triad: peripapillary atrophy, punched-out chorioretinal lesions
and disciform macular scarring in young and middle-aged adults

REITER'S SYNDROME was originally described by the classic triad

of arthritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis. In 1981, the American
Rheumatism Association expanded this original set of criteria .
 SCHWARTZ'S SYNDROME includes triad of rhegmatogenous
retinal detachment, uveitis and glaucoma

SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME Sjögren's syndrome

originally was described as a triad of dry eyes, dry mouth, and
Arthritis (dry joints). It subsequently has become apparent that
Sjögren's syndrome may coexist with a variety of other
connective tissue diseases

SPASMUS NUTANS occurs in the first year of life and includes triad
of pendular nystagmus, head nodding and torticollis.

STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME includes triad of port wine facial

telangiectasis (nevus flammeus) in the distribution of the trigeminal
nerve that respects the vertical midline, ipsilateral
glaucoma(ipsilateral buphthalmos)and contralateral seizures caused
by ipsilateral leptomeningeal hemangiomatosis.

UGH SYNDROME, an IOL-related inflammation which involves the

triad of uveitis, glaucoma and hyphema. UGH syndrome occurred
more frequently in the 1970s, when iris-fixed lenses were commonly
used.
Triads from Anatomy
The rod and cone terminals are organized as invaginating synapses,
termed triads, each containing a single presynaptic ribbon, two
lateral processes from horizontal cells, and a single central process
from a bipolar cell. Each rod spherule contains a single triad; each
cone pedicle contains several triads

advanced

.
dahdoh ; 26th November 2011 11:58 PM

5. 27th November 2011 12:07 AM#5

dahdoh


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Remember Keratoconus with the help of CONES

Central scarring & Fleischer ring
Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops)
Nerves prominent
Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze (Munsons sign)
Striae (Vogts)
Remember Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome with ICE
Iris Naevus
Chandler Syndrome
Essential Iris Atrophy
Remember Behcet's Disease with the help of ORAL UPSET
Occlusive periphlebitis
Retinitis
Anterior uveitis
Leakage from retinal vessels
Ulceration (aphthous/genital)
Pustules after skin trauma (Pathergy test)
Scratching leaves lines (dermatographism)
Erythema nodosum
Thrombophlebitis

Remember posterior scleritis with POST SCLER

 Proptosis
Ophthalmoplegia
Swelling of disc
Thickening of sclera (US/CT) & T sign (fluid in sub-Tenons space)
Subretinal exudates
Choroidal foLds
Exudative RD
Ring choroidal detachment
Remember causes of Choroidal neovascular membrane with
HAMMAR
Histoplasmosis
ARMD
Multifocal Choroiditis
Myopia
Angiod
Rupture of the choroid
Remember the causes of trabecular pigmentation with PIGMENT
Pseudoexfoliation & Pigment dispersion syndrome
Iritis
Glaucoma (Post angle closure Glaucoma)
Melanosis of angle (oculodermal melanosis)
Endocrine (Diabetes & Addisons Syndrome)
Naevus (Cogan-reese syndrome)
Trauma
Remember sterilization in ophthalmology with ABCDEFG
AUTOCLAVE
BOILING
CHEMICALS like Alcohol (Rectified spirit), Isopropyl alcohol/CIDEX:
2% Glutaraldehyde
DRY HEAT temperature of 150C is used for 90 minutes
ETHYLENE OXIDE for sterilization of IOL etc.
FUMIGATION of operation theatre/ FORMALIN vapour
GAMMA-IRRADIATION: Gamma rays from Cobalt-60
Remember the ocular structures derived from neuroectoderm
with MORE
 Muscles of pupil
Optic Nerve
Retina (with RPE)
Epithelium of Iris
Epithelium of Cilliary Body
Remember the structures derived from surface ectoderm with
S1L2E3
Skin of Eyelids and its derivatives viz. cilia, tarsal glands,
conjunctival gland
Lens,
Lacrimal Gland,
Epithelium of Conjunctiva,
Epithelium of Cornea,
Epithelium of lacrimal passage
Remember Stromal dystrophies with Marilyn Monroe Always
Gets Her Man in LA City.
Macular dystrophy
Mucopolysaccharide
Alcian blue

Granular Dystrophy
Hyaline material
Masson's Trichrome

Lattice Dystrophy
Amyloid
Congo Red
Remember the drugs causing cataract with ABCD
Amiodarone
Busulphan
Chlorpromazine
Dexamethasone
Remember the causes of Uniocular diplopia as ABCD
Astigmatism
Behavioral: psychogenic
 Cataract
Dislocated lens
Remember microtropia with 3 A
Anisometropia
Angle small
Absent central field (Central suppression scotoma)
Remember the refractive indices of ocular media with 8303
(from anterior to posterior)
cornea 1.38
aq humour 1.33
lens 1.40
vit humour 1.33
Remember the types of colour blindness with TuB PaR DoG
TRITOANOPES = BLUE
PROTOANOPES = RED
DEUTROANOPES= GREEN
Remember the causes of lid retraction with 4 MP
4M= Myasthenia Gravis,Marcus Gunn jaw winkling
syndrome,Myotonic causes like dystrophica myotonica.Metabolic
cuses like uraemia,cirrhosis
4P=Perinauds syndrome,Parkinson's Disease/Progressive
supranuclear palsy,Ptosis of other eye,Palsy (aberrant III crnaial
nerve regeneration)
Remember content & veins draining the Cavernous Sinus with
Rule of 3

3 Afferent veins: Sphenoparietal sinus (Vault veins), Supf Middle

cerebral Vein (Brain), Ophthalmic vein (Orbit)
3 Efferent Veins: Superior petrosal sinus, Inferior Petrosal Sinus,
Communicating vein to pterygoid plexus
3 Contents; Cranial Nerves (III,IV, V1,V2 & VI)
3 Areas Drain into it: Vault Bones, Brain (Cerebral Hemisphere),
Orbit
3 Nerves: Motor(III,IV,VI),Sensory (V1,V2), Sympathetic
 Remember the causes of pseudo tumor cerebri with " Idiopathic
IDEA"
Idiopathic
Infections-Otitis media,mastoiditis,viral infections etc
Drugs-Steroid withdrawl,Vitamin A intoxication,Nalidixic
acid,amidarone,cyclosporin,minocycline
Endocrine-obese,amennorrheic woman of child bearing age,
Hypoparathyroidism
Anaemia
Remember the causes of downbeat nystagmus with DoWNBEAT
Degeneration,Demyelination or Drugs (Lithium)
Wernicke's Encephalopathy
Neoplasm or paraneoplastic cerebeller degeneration
Brainstem disease (Syringomyelia)
Encephalitis
Arnold-Chiari malformation
Trauma or Toxin
Remember characteristics of congenital nystagmus with
CONGENITAL
Convergence & eye closure dampens
Oscillopsia absent
Null zone that is present,increases foveation time which results in
increased acuity
Gaze poisition doesnot change the horizontal direction of nystagmus
Equal amplitude and frequency in each eye
Near acuity is good
Inversion of optokinetic response
Turning of head to acheive null point
Abolishes in sleep
Latent (occlusion) nystagmus occurs
Remember "DWARF" for decribing Nystagmus
Direction=plane of movement-horizontal,vertical
Waveform= Pendular or Jerky
Amplitude= fine or coarse
Rest=At primary position or gaze evolked
Frequency= How often the eye moves
 Remember the characteristics of Perinaud's Dorsal Midbrain
Syndrome with "CLUES"
Convergence retraction nystagmus
Lightnear Dissociation
Upgaze paralysis
Eyelid retraction
Skew deviation
Remember ocular features of acromegaly with ACROM
Angiod streaks
Chiasmal syndrome
Retinopathy
Optic atrophy,papilloedema
Muscle enlargement
Remember the systemic features of Marfan syndrome with
MARFANS
Mitral prolapse
Aortic dissection
Regurgitant aortic valve
Fingers long (arachnodactyly)
Arm span>height
Nasal voice (high arched palate)
Sternal excavation

Remember the ocular features of Marfans syndrome with

CLUMPS
Cupping (glaucoma)
Lattice
Upward lens subluxation
Myopia
Cornea Plana
Sclera blue
Remember angle structures with "I Can See Till Schwalbe's Line"
Iris root
Cilliary Body
Scleral spur
Trabecular Meshwork
 Schwalbe's Line

6. 27th November 2011 12:17 AM#6

dahdoh

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Origin of Terms In Ophthalmology

The study of origin of word is known as etymology.Most of the

ophthalmic terminology is derived from Greek and Latin words. Most
probably Hippocrates (460-370 BC) was the first to use specific
ophthalmic terms that we are still using now a days.He has been
credited for using the terms like amblyopia, hippus, nystagmus &
phthisis. Similarly terms like canthus, exophthalmos,glaucoma and
leukoma are thought o be the contribution of Aristotle (384-322
BC). It was Galen (13 l-201 AD) who used the terms like chalazion,
chemosis, iris, mydriasis, pteygium, strabismus and trichiasis. Here
in this section i have compiled some terms of ophthalmology with
their root of origin
compiled by : Parthopratim Dutta Majumder.

Canthus= Greek word kanthas = angle

Levator palpebrae superioris = In Latin, levator = to lift,
palpebrae = an eyelid, superioris = upper
Caruncle = Latin word means flesh.
Plica semilunaris = Latin word Plicare = to fold, semilunaris =
half moon.
Tarsus = Greek word means flat, Ancient greeks used to call various
flat object as tarsus- suchas wing of bird, blades of sword.
Chalazion= A Greek word which means hailstones.
Papilla= A Latin word means elevation
Punctum= A Latin word means point
Lacrima = Latin word for tear
Conjunctiva = conjoin = to join = as this structure (mucous
membrane) joins eyeball to the lids.
Pterygium = In Greek means wing (of a butterfly)
Pinguicula = Greek pinguis = fat
Cornea = Kerato or Latin " cornu" means horn like. Ancient greeks
used to believe that cornea is derived from thinly sliced horn of
animal.
Choroid= from greek word chorion
Aqueous = Latin word for water
Acanthamoeba= Greek akantha - thorn, spine; amoibe change
Humour = Latin humour = moist.
Gonio= from greek means corner
Scopy = means examination
Sclera = Greek scleros = hard (epi = upon)
Lamina cribrosa = Latin cribrum = sieve
Uvea = Latin word uva = a grape, Why a grape? Well, the idea
was that, if the stem is removed from a grape, the hole looks like
the pupil and the grape the eyeball.
Iris = Greek word iris = rainbow,(a greek goddess)
Pupil = Greek pupa = a small doll like figure.
Zonule = both greek & latin word means belt or ring
Coloboma = greek word means curtailed or mutilated
Vitreous = Latin vitreous means glass
Retina = latin = net
Macula lutea = Latin macula = a spot, lutea = yellow.
Fovea centralis = latin for central small pits/depression
Optic Chaisma= from greek word chi or ? ,which means crossing (
greek ? was given Galen, famous greek physician)
Lat. Geniculate body = Latin genu = knee (because of its knee
shaped structure)
Focus = Latin word means fireplace, as fireplace was the central
point of any room in ancient times.
Emmetropia = Greek em = within, metro = measure & opia =
 eye.
Acuity= Latin acuo - to sharpen (similar word of origin
acupuncture,acute,just note the use of Acuo)
Hypermetroopia = Greek hyper =beyond, metro = measure,
opia = eye.
Myopia = Greek my = close & opia = eye
Aniseikonia= Greek an = not, iso = equal & eikon =images
Aphakia = Greek a = Absent, phaco = Lens
Presbyopia = Greek presbyo = old, opia = eye
Spectacle = Latin spectaculum = show
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca = Latin sica = dryness.
Herpes= Greek herpes = creep, (metaherpetic keratitis , meta =
after)
Corneal dystrophy = Greek dys = defective, trophy =
nourishment
Corneal guttata =Latin gutta = drop
Glaucoma = Greek glaukos = bluish gray
Buphthalmos = greek buph = ox
Applanation = Latin ad planare = to flatten
Tonography = Greek tonos = which can be stretched, graphos =
write.
Strbismus = Greek strabismos = twisted
Epicanthus = Epi =upon, canthus = angle.
Orthoptics= orthos = straight & ops = eye.
Amblyopia = Greek amblyo = dull/lazy, ops = eye.
Rhegmatogenous = Greek rhegma = hole,
Retinoschisis = Greek schisis = to split
Arteriosclerosis = Greek scleros = hard, Latin osis = full of.
Exudates = Latin exe = out, sudare = to sweat
Neovascularisation =Greek neo = new.
Circinate retinopathy= Latin, circum =circle
Vitelliform degeneration = Latin vitellus = egg yolk
Angioid streaks = greek angi = vessels
Tapetoretinal Degeneration = Greek tapetum = carpet
Xanthelasma = Greeks xanthus = yellow elamos = a metal
plate.
Hemangiomas = Greek haima = blood angioma= tumor of
vessels
Leukocoria = Greek leuko = white kore = pupil.
 Microaneyrysm = Greek aneurysma = a swelling.
Amaurosis= Greek "amauros" means dark and "osis"- condition
Atropine= Greek "Atropos" = undeviating; one of the three Fates,
fabled to cut the thread of life(because of the lethal nature of the
plant Atropa belladonna)
Bombe = French "Bombi" means rounded, bulging
Exophthalmos = Greek, ex = out of, ophthalmos = eye
Optic nerve = Greek optikos = an eye.
Occipital area = Latin oc =back of, caput=head.
Trigeminal nerve = Latin trigeminus = triplets.
Trochlear nerve = Latin word means pulley.
Ophthalmoplegia = Greek plegia means paralysis.
ec = out
tomy = to cut
Ectomy = to cut out
Cataract = Greek "katarrhakies" - a downrushing means something
that rushes out like a waterfalls
Haptics = Greek haptics = to lay hold of
Dellen= plural of Dutch delle - low ground, pit
Dendrite= Greek dendron tree
Diopter= Greek dioptra - leveling instrument
Drusen= plural of German druse bump
Hippus= Greek hippos - horse (spasmodic movements of the iris
fancifully suggesting the galloping of a horse)
Sarcoid= Greek sarx - flesh; - eidos - resemblance
Pannus= Latin pannus - cloth
Schisis= Greek schizo - to cleave or split, to separate (hence
schizophrenia)
Scintillans= Latin scintilla spark
Xerosis= Greek xeros dry
Luxated = Latin word means dislocated.
Keratome = greek tome = to incise.
Blepharoplasty = Greek blepharo = eyelids.
Dacryo = Greek Dakryon = tear.
Entropion = en = in, tropia = to turn.Ectropion = ec = out,
tropia = to turn