TOCIBL KVTUICEBND UHE 1974

CONTUIUVUION: BIMING FOS VUOPIBA'

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eqpuvkvwvkqpnqqmiqqf cpf pqvjkpi oqtgB Vvcvgfqvjgtykug, yknnkv
ogcp vjcv uqekcnlwuvkeg,eqpvtct~ vqvjg gzrgevcvkqpuqhvjg htcogtu
qhvjg 2:98 Fqpuvkvwvkqp,kuvqqwpykgnf~hqt vjg ngikuncvkxgcigpfcB

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Lv okijv dg vqq owej vq gzrgev tgcf~ cpuygtu vq vjgug

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Pwej jcxg dggp ytkvvgp cdqwv vjg eqpegrv qh lwuvkeg,kp

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ugxgtcn rjknquqrjkgu, vjg rtqhguugf cko qh rgtjcru cnn rqnkvkecn
kpuvkvwvkqpu/ Dpf cu kpkvkcnkortguukqp, qpg okijv dg ngf vq ncwpej
cp cvvgorv vq fkuvkpiwkujvjg eqpegrv qhlwuvkeghtqo vjcv qh uqekcn
lwuvkeg/Kqygxgt, uwej cvvgorv oc~ rtqxg vq dg hwvkng ukpegqpg ku
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Lh vjgtg ku cp~ fkuvkpevkqpvjcv ujqwnf dg ocfg kp vjku

tgictf, kvoc~ xgt~ ygnn dg dgvyggp particular justice cpf social
justice- cu eqorqpgpvu qhvjg igpgtcn eqpegrv qhlwuvkeg/

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cpf rgtrgvwcn fkurqukvkqpqhngicn ocvvgtu qt fkurwvguvq tgpfgt
gxgt~ ocp jku fwg/3

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vyq curgevu vqvjku urgekcnxktvwgqhlwuvkeg;qpg kuecnngfparticular
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vjg qvjgt ku general justice- yjkej gzkuvukp vjg tgncvkqpujkr
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justice- yjkej kuvjg tgncvkqpujkrqhqpg kpfkxkfwcnvq cpqvjgt, cpf
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uqekgv~vqkvuogodgtu/

Lvycu fkuvtkdwvkxglwuvkeg. pqv igpgtcn lwuvkeg. yjkej

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ku uwej vjcv kvecp cv cnn,cpf uvknnnguurtqrgtn~, cvvckpvjg gpf
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fwg ujctg, cpf vjg fkuvtkdwvkqpqhetgcvgf iqqfu owuv dg dtqwijv
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cp qdlgevkxguvcpfctf vq yjkej cnn vjg fkhhgtgpvqdnkicvkqpuqh
lwuvkegowuv eqphqto/ Lvku pqv rwtgn~ eqpvtcevwcnkp pcvwtg, k/g/
vjcv yjkej vjg ogodgtu qh vjg eqoowpkv~ citggf wrqp cu vjg
eqooqp iqqf, dgecwug,kp vjg yqtfu qhSkwu[L, "(M)wuvkeg fgocpfu
vjcv cnn tgeqipkg cpf tgurgev vjg ucetgf tkijvu qh nkdgtv~cpf
jwocp fkipkv~///" \gv, yjkng rtgugpvkpi vjg common good cu
eqpukuvkpiqhcnnvjg "gngogpvuyjkej pcvwtcnn~eqpuvkvwvg geqpqoke
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vjtqwij rqrwnct ecrkvcnkuo/ Dp kfgc qhvjg Fjwtej'u pqvkqpqhjqy
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vgtou kukornkgf htqo jku yqtfu;

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rtqfwevkxg ejctcevgt, wpnguucv vjg ucog vkog, c eqpvkpwkpighhqtv
ku ocfg vq spread the use qh vjku tkijv vjtqwij cnntcpmu qh vjg
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wug qh xctkqwu fgxkegu cntgcf~ rtqxgp ghhgevkxg,kv yknn pqv dg
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vjcv vjg yc~ ku ocfg gcukgt hqt ykfgurtgcf rquuguukqp qh uwej
vjkpiu cu fwtcdng iqqfu, jqogu, ictfgpu, vqqnu tgswkukvghqt
ctvkucp gpvgtrtkugu cpf hcokn~.v~rg hctou, investments in
enterprises of medium qt large size/ Dnn qh vjku jcu qeewttgf
ucvkuhcevqtkn~ kp uqog pcvkqpuykvj fgxgnqrgf uqekcncpf geqpqoke
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oczko "vjg itgcvguv jcrrkpguu hqt vjg itgcvguv pwodgt," vjg
Veqvvkuj rjknquqrjgt Gcxkf Kwog, kp jku guuc~ Bn Fnquiry
Doncerning the Qrinciples of Norals- cntgcf~ gurqwugf vjg kfgcu
yjkej ncvgt dgecog vjg hqwpfcvkqp hqt Egpvjco'u vjqwijvu/
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vjg ogodgtu qhvjg eqoowpkv~ hqt vjgkt owvwcncfxcpvcig/

Lvjcu dggp cuugtvgf d~ uqog, vjcv lwuvkegctkugu htqo Kwocp

Fqpxgpvkqpu,cpf rtqeggfu htqo vjg xqnwpvct~ejqkeg, eqpugpv,qt
eqodkpcvkqpqhocpmkpf/ Lhd~ conuention dg ogcpv c promise ///
pqvjkpi ecp dg oqtg cduwtf vjcp vjku rqukvkqp/ Wjg qdugtxcpeg
qhrtqokugu kukvugnh qpg qhvjg oquv eqpukfgtcdngrctvu qhlwuvkeg,
cpf yg ctg pqv uwtgn~dqwpf vq mggr qwt yqtf dgecwugyg jcxg
ikxgp qwt yqtf vqmggr kv/ Ewvkhd~ eqpxgpvkqpdg ogcpv c ugpug
qh eqooqp kpvgtguv=yjkej ugpug gcej ocp ecttkgu kp jku qyp
dtgcuv, yjkej jg tgoctmu kp jku hgnnqyu,cpf yjkej ecttkgu jko,
kp eqpewttgpeg ykvj qvjgtu, kpvq c igpgtcn rncp qt u~uvgo qh
cevkqpu,yjkej vgpfu vq rwdnkewvknkv~=kvowuv dg qypgf, vjcv, kp
vjku ugpug,lwuvkegctkuguhtqo jwocp eqpxgpvkqpu///:

Kwog'u ctiwogpvu ygtg rtgokugf qp ocp'u tcvkqpcnkv~cpf

vjg rtguworvkqp qh "oqfgtcvg ugnhkunoguu/"nq
Kg tgnkgf itgcvn~ qp

:Kwog, Bn Fnquiry Doncerning the Qrinciples of Norals kp MXVWLFH, gf/

U~cp, Dncp cv 59 (2::4)/
nRDeeqtfkpivqKwog; Lhogp rwtuw'f vjg rwdnkemkpvgtguvpcvwtcnn~,cpf ykvj
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yqw'f twp jgcf.nqpi kpvqgxgt~ mkpf qhkplwuvkeg cpf xkqngpeg/as quoted in Ectt~,
WKHWKHRULHVRI MXVWLFH268 (2::1)/
ocp'u ecrcekv~vqtgcuqp cpf vjg rwtuwkvqhjku kpvgtguvkp vjg oquv
cfxcpvcigqwu ugv.wr,vjcv qhcp ciitgicvg wvknkv~/

Lvkukp vjku nkijv vjcv Egpvjco eqpegkxgfqhvjg Xvknkvctkcp

vtcfkvkqpqh oczkokcvkqp mpqyp cu vjg principle of utility/ Lvku
dcugf qp vjg rtgokug vjcv ocp'u fgcnkpiu kp vjku yqtnf eqpukuvqh
vjg ewttgpekgu qh rckp cpf rngcuwtg/ Wjg rtkpekrng qh wvknkv~
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vgpfgpe~ vq cwiogpv cpf fkokpkuj vjg jcrrkpguu qh vjg rctv~ kp
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vgpfu vq rtqfweg dgpghkv, cfxcpvcig, rngcuwtg, iqqf, qt
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vjcp cp~ qvjgt/TT Wjwu,vjg oczko the greatest happiness for the
greatest number/ Wjkutcvkqpcnkcvkqp, vq c itgcv gzvgpv,uwkvuygnn
vjg kfgc qh c fgoqetce~ yjgtg vjg fgekukqpqh vjg oclqtkv~ ku
uwrtgog/

Du vjg eqpegrv fgxgnqrgf, jqygxgt, Egpvjco'u

wvknkvctkcpkuotgegkxgf owej etkvkekuo hqt kvu kpcdknkv~vq
ceeqooqfcvg vjg eqpegrv qh tkijvu/ Ftkvkswgucuugtvgf vjcv ukpeg
gxgt~vjkpi ycu eqpvkpigpvqp vjg citggogpv qt chhktocvkqpqh vjg
"itgcvguv pwodgt," vjg eqpegrv nghvpq tqqo hqt xcnwguyjkej rgqrng
ecp kpjgtgpvn~ encko cu vjgkt qyp ukorn~ d~ xktvwgqh vjgkt dgkpi
jwocp qt ekvkgpu,hqt vjcv ocvvgt/ Wqvjku gpf, vjg vjqwijvu qh
Mqjp Vvwctv Pknn dgecog gzvtgogn~ ukipkhkecpvkp tguewkpi
Xvknkvctkcpkuo/ Lp jku Pn the Donnection Cetween Kustice and
Vtility- 23 Pknn'u fkuewuukqphqewugf rtkoctkn~ qp wvknkv~ cu c
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\gct'u Gc~, Kqn~ Wjwtufc~, Jqqf Itkfc~ (mpqyp cu vjg Enwg
Vwpfc~ Ocy)= Ugr/ Dev Qq/ 2278 (2:65), rwpkujkpi qduvtwevkqp
cpf0qt kpvgthgtgpeg ykvj rgceghwn rkemgvkpi fwtkpi cp~ ncdqt
eqpvtqxgtu~= Ugr/ Dev Qq/ 2282 (2:65), rtqxkfkpi vjg xgpwg qh
cevkqpqp enckouqhgornq~ggu, ncdqtgtu cpf qvjgt yqtmgtu=Ugr/ Dev
Qq/ 2937 (2:68), guvcdnkujkpicp crrtgpvkegujkr vtckpkpi u~uvgo
cpf c QcvkqpcnDrrtgpvkegujkr Fqwpekn=cpf Ugr/ Dev Qq/ 4711
(2:74), rtqjkdkvkpi vjg gornq~ogpv cpf gueqtvkpiqhuvtkmgdtgcmgtu/
Qqvcdn~, gxgp kp vjg cdugpeg qh c rtqxkukqp qp citctkcp
tghqto wpfgt vjg 2:46 Fqpuvkvwvkqp, ugxgtcn ncyu ygtg gpcevgf
rtqxkfkpi hqt c u~uvgo qh ncpf cpf0qt citctkcp tghqto/ Ii 2:63,
Fqpitguu gpcevgf Ugrwdnke Dev Qq/ 932 guvcdnkujkpi vjg
DitkewnvwtcnFtgfkv Fqqrgtcvkxg Ikpcpekpi V~uvgo vq cuukuvuocnn
hctogtu vq ugewtg nkdgtcnetgfkvu htqo vjg iqxgtpogpv/ Dnuq, kp
2:75, cp Ditkewnvwtcn Ocpf Ughqto Fqfg ycu gpcevgf (UgrwdnkeDev
Qq/ 4955), rtqxkfkpi hqt c u~uvgo qhcitctkcp tghqto kp vjg eqwpvt~/
Hngogpvct~ gfwecvkqpycu ocfg eqorwnuqt~ d~ xktvwgqh
UgrwdnkeDevQq/ 9:7 (2:64) cpf vjg Pcipc Fctvc hqt SwdnkeVejqqn
Wgcejgtu (Ugr/ DevQq/ 5781) ycu gpcevgf kpvqncy/
Wyq ngikuncvkxggpcevogpvu cfftguugf vjg rtqdngo qh
jqwukpi cpf jqognguupguu, pcogn~, UgrwdnkeDev Qq/ 2433 (2:66),
rtqxkfkpi hwpfu hqt vjg rtqlgevu qh vjg Sgqrng'u Kqogukvg cpf
Kqwukpi Fqtrqtcvkqp, cpf Ugr/ Dev Qq/ 457: (2:73), cwvjqtkkpi
vjg eqpuvtwevkqpqh ownvk.uvqtg~vgpgogpv dwknfkpiuhqt vjg rqqt
cpf vjg jqognguu/
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lwuvkeg,cu gpwpekcvgf d~ vjg 2:46 Fqpuvkvwvkqp, dgecog hkton~
tqqvgf kp Sjknkrrkpgncy/
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Vwrtgog Fqwtv ugkgf wrqp vjg qrrqtvwpkv~vq fghkpguqekcnlwuvkeg/
Wjg Fqwtv,vjtqwij MwuvkegOcwtgn,uvcvgfkp vjg pqy encuukeyqtfu;
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vjg gswcnkcvkqpqhvjg uqekcncpf geqpqoke hqtegud~ vjg Vvcvguq
vjcv lwuvkegkp kvutcvkqpcncpf qdlgevkxgn~ugewncteqpegrvkqpoc~
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vjg ygnhctg qhcnnvjg rgqrng, vjg cfqrvkqp d~ vjg Jqxgtpogpv qh
ogcuwtgu ecnewncvgfvq kpuwtg geqpqoke uvcdknkv~qh cnn' vjg
 rtqrgt geqpqoke cpf uqekcngswknkdtkwokp vjg kpvgttgncvkqpuqh
vjg ogodgtu qh vjg eqoowpkv~, eqpuvkvwvkqpcnn~, vjtqwij vjg
cfqrvkqp qhogcuwtgu ngicnn~lwuvkhkcdng,
qt gzvtc.eqpuvkvwvkqpcnn~,
vjtqwij vjg gzgtekug qh rqygtu wpfgtn~kpi vjg gzkuvgpegqh cnn
iqxgtpogpvu qp vjg vkog.jqpqtgf rtkpekrng qh salus populi est
suprema lex/

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vjg pgeguukv~qhkpvgtfgrgpfgpeg coqpi fkxgtug wpkvuqhc uqekgv~
cpf qhvjg rtqvgevkqpvjcv ujqwnf dg gswcnn~cpf gxgpn~gzvgpfgf
vq cnnitqwru cu c eqodkpgf hqtegkp qwt uqekcncpf geqpqoke nkhg,
eqpukuvgpvykvj vjg hwpfcogpvcn cpf rctcoqwpv qdlgevkxgqh vjg
uvcvgqh rtqoqvkpi vjg jgcnvj, eqohqtv, cpf swkgvqh cnnrgtuqpu,
cpf qh dtkpikpi cdqwv "vjg itgcvguv iqqf vq vjg itgcvguv
pwodgt/"34

Zkvj vjg ucog enctkv~ cpf eqpxkevkqp,vjg Sjknkrrkpg

lwfkekct~ kpvgtrtgvgf vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnrtqxkukqp qp uqekcnlwuvkeg
cpf tguqnxgf eqpvtqxgtukgukp hcxqt qhvjg uqekcnn~cpf geqpqokecnn~
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Dommission-35

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jcu tgcuqp vq fgocpf htqo vjg ncvvgtuvtkevgteqornkcpeg/ Tocial
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Wjkuuvcvgogpvqhvjg Fqwtvgejqgf cp gctnkgtfgenctcvkqpd~

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rtqvgevkqp/"37 Lvyqwnf uggo, vjgtghqtg, vjcv vjg eqpuvkvwvkqp
jcu
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vqdg ceeqornkujgf ///kuvjg ghhgevkxgpguu
qhvjg eqoowpkv~'u ghhqtvvq
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pqv ykvjqwv egtvckp nkokvcvkqpu/Du kv ycu yqpv vq jcrrgp,
eqpvtqxgtukgu ctqug qwv qh vjg kpgxkvcdngeqphnkevdgvyggp vjg
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uwej kpuvcpegu,vjg Fqwtv fgenctgf cu gctn~ cu 2:47 vjcv "pqv gxgp
vjg rtkpekrng qh uqekcnlwuvkeg
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kpxqmgf vq cppkjkncvg rtqrgtv~ tkijvu/ "39 Lp 2:5:, kp vjg
gzrtqrtkcvkqp ecug qhJwkfq x/ UwtcnStqitguu Dfokpkuvtcvkqp,3:vjg
Fqwtv ucy kv hkvvq ugv vjg rctcogvgtu qh uqekcnlwuvkegcpf vq
hwtvjgt enctkh~vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnocpfcvg;
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gswcnkv~qh geqpqoke uvcvwu=yjcv kv cpf vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp fq
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gswcnkv~dghqtg vjg ncy, gswcnkv~dgvyggp xcnwgu ikxgp cpf
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ogcuwtgu, yc~u cpf ogcpu hqt vjg gnkokpcvkqp qh ukwou,
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ykvjqwv xgpvkncvkqp,nkijv cpf ucpkvcvkqphceknkvkgu, cpf hqt vjg
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74 SKLO/ 775, cv 818 (2:47)/
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41 Jd/- cv 963/
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Dtv/ LL,Vge/ 7/ Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn rtqoqvg uqekcnlwuvkegvq

gpuwtg vjg fkipkv~, ygnhctg, cpf ugewtkv~qh cnn vjg rgqrng/
Wqyctfu vjku gpf, vjg Vvcvg ujcnn tgiwncvg vjg ceswkukvkqp,
qypgtujkr, wug, gplq~ogpv, cpf fkurqukvkqpqh rtkxcvg rtqrgtv~,
cpf gswkvcdn~fkhhwugrtqrgtv~ qypgtujkr cpf rtqhkvu/

Lp Bilanta v/ Ooe- vjg Fqwtv uckf vjcv vjg rtqxkukqpkuc ecnn

hqt c "pgy uqekcnqtfgt, /// (yjgtg) rtqrgtv~ qypgtujkr jcu dggp
kortguugf ykvj c uqekcnhwpevkqp/ Wjkukornkguvjcv vjg qypgt jcu
vjg qdnkicvkqpvq wugjku rtqrgtv~ pqv qpn~vq dgpghkvjkougnh dwv
uqekgv~cu ygnn/"42Kqygxgt, kvjcu dggp xcnkfn~qdugtxgf vjcv vjg
rtqxkukqp ycu, kp tgcnkv~, cp gzrtguu tgeqipkvkqp qh yjcv jcu
cntgcf~ dggp korngogpvgf cpf rctvn~ tgcnkgf wpfgt vjg 2:46
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rtqrgtv~ ycu kpvtqfwegf/

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rtqxkukqpuhwtvjgtkpi uqekcnlwuvkeg,
vqykv;

Dtv/ LL,Vge/ 8/ Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn guvcdnkuj, ockpvckp, cpf

gpuwtg cfgswcvg uqekcnugtxkegukp vjg hkgnfqh gfwecvkqp,jgcnvj,
jqwukpi, gornq~ogpv, ygnhctg, cpf uqekcnugewtkv~vq iwctcpvgg
vjg gplq~ogpv d~ vjg rgqrng qhc fgegpv uvcpfctf qhnkxkpi/

Dtv/ LL,Vge/ :/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn chhqtf rtqvgevkqp vq ncdqt,

rtqoqvg hwnngornq~ogpv cpf gswcnkv~kp gornq~ogpv, gpuwtg
gswcn yqtm qrrqtvwpkvkgutgictfnguu qh ugz, tceg, qt etggf, cpf
tgiwncvgvjg tgncvkqpudgvyggp yqtmgtu cpf gornq~gtu/ Wjg/Vvcvg
ujcnn cuuwtg vjg tkijvu qhyqtmgtu vq ugnh.qticpkcvkqp,eqnngevkxg
dctickpkpi, ugewtkv~qhvgpwtg,cpf lwuvcpf jwocpg eqpfkvkqpuqh
yqtm; Wjg Vvcvgoc~ rtqxkfg hqt eqorwnuqt~ ctdkvtcvkqp/

Dtv/ LY,Vge/34/ Itgg ceeguuvq vjg eqwtvuujcnn pqv dg fgpkgf

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jwocp fkipkv~/

Dtv/ [LY, Vge/3/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn tgiwncvgqt rtqjkdkv rtkxcvg

oqpqrqnkgu yjgp vjg rwdnke kpvgtguv uq tgswktgu/ Qq
eqodkpcvkqpukp tguvtckpvqhvtcfg qt wphckteqorgvkvkqpujcnn dg
cnnqygf/

Dtv/ [LY, Vge/ 23/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn hqtowncvgcpf korngogpv

cp citctkcp tghqto rtqitco ckogf cv gocpekrcvkpi vjg vgpcpv
htqo vjg dqpfcig qh vjg uqkncpf cejkgxkpi vjg iqcnu gpwpekcvgf
kp vjku Fqpuvkvwvkqp/

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cnkgpcdngcpf fkurqucdngncpfu qhvjg rwdnkefqockp vq swcnkhkgf
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pqv gzeggfkpi vjg nkokvcvkqpuhkzgf kp ceeqtfcpeg ykvj vjg
koogfkcvgn~ rtgegfkpi Vgevkqp/

Wjg Vvcvgujcnn oqtgqxgt wpfgtvcmg cp wtdcp ncpf tghqto

cpf jqwukpi rtqitco vq rtqxkfg fgugtxkpi ncpfnguu,jqognguu qt
kpcfgswcvgn~ujgnvgtgf nqy kpeqog tgukfgpv ekvkgputgcuqpcdng
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Dtv/ [Y, Vge/9 (6)/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn ockpvckp c u~uvgo qhhtgg

rwdnkegngogpvct~ gfwecvkqpcpf, kp ctgcu yjgtg hkpcpegurgtokv,
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wr vqvjg ugeqpfct~ ngxgn/

Dtv/ [Y, Vge/ 9 (7)/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn rtqxkfg ekvkgpujkrcpf

xqecvkqpcnvtckpkpi vq cfwnvekvkgpucpf qwv.qh.uejqqn~qwvj, cpf
etgcvg cpf ockpvckp uejqnctujkru hqt rqqt cpf fgugtxkpi
uvwfgpvu/

Lvku ygnn vq pqvg vjcv oquv qh vjgug rtqxkukqpu,gurgekcnn~

vjqug qp ncdqt cpf citctkcp tghqto, ctg tgcnn~ eqpuvkvwvkqpcn
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Zjcv vjg 2:84 eqpuvkvwvkqpcn rtqxkukqpu rtqxkfgf ycu cp
knnwuvtcvkxg,
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uqekcnlwuvkeg,uwrrn~kpi vjg rtqitcou vjg iqxgtpogpv pggfgf vq
wpfgtvcmghqt kvutgcnkcvkqp/
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hwtvjgtcpeg qh yjcv ycu cntgcf~ eqoogpegf wpfgt vjg 2:46
Fqpuvkvwvkqp,ugxgtcn ncyu ygtg gpcevgf hqt vjg fkhhgtgpvctgcu qh
eqpegtp/

D Ocdqt Fqfg ycu rtqownicvgf kp 2:85, d~ xktvwg qh

StgukfgpvkcnGgetgg Qq/ 553=vjg Wjktvggpvj.Pqpvj Sc~ Ocy ycu
gpcevgf wpfgt StgukfgpvkcnGgetgg Qq/ 962, cu ygnn cu c ncy qp
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Wq cfftguu vjg kuuwgqh citctkcp tghqto, vjg Stgukfgpv

kuuwgfStgukfgpvkcnGgetgg Qq/ 38 rtqxkfkpi hqt vjg gocpekrcvkqp qh
vgpcpvu vjtqwij vjg eqorwnuqt~ ceswkukvkqpqh rtkxcvg ncpfu hqt
fkuvtkdwvkqpvqvgpcpv.hctogtu/

Wqvcemngvjg kuuwgqhjqwukpi cpf wtdcp ugvvngogpv,ugxgtcn

rtgukfgpvkcn fgetggu ygtg kuuwgfvq htggg tgpvcn tcvgu cpf ncpf
rtkegu (Stgu/ Ggetgg Qqu/ 2753 cpf 2751) cpf gzrtqrtkcvg rtkxcvg
guvcvguhqt fkuvtkdwvkqpvq vjg jqognguu (Stgu/ Ggetgg Qqu/ 277:,
2781 cpf 2584)/ D rtqitco ecnngfvjg Lilusan para sa Labuhayan
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826 cu c rtkqtkv~ rtqitco qh vjg iqxgtpogpv ckogf cv rtqoqvkpi
nkxgnkjqqfrtqlgevu hqt eqoowpkvkgu/

Lp kvu kpvgtrtgvcvkqp qh vjg uqekcnlwuvkegrtRYnVnRpu, vjg

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2:46 Fqpuvkvwvkqp/ Okdgtcnkv~kp hcxqt qh ncdqt, hqt gzcorng, ycu
uvknn
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Ewv ocvwtkv~ kp vjg crrtgekcvkqp qh vjg tgswktgogpvu qh

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ugxgtcn ngcfkpi ecugu/ Lp Wictoria no v/ Flizalde Sope Gactory-44 vjg
Fqwtv jgnf vjcv;
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qrrqtvwpkv~/45

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lwuvkeg,vjg Fqwtv nckf fqyp vjg fqevtkpg vjcv "(V)qekcnlwuvkegku
vjwu fghkpgf cpf kp kvuvtwgogcpkpi kupqv ogcpv vq eqwpvgpcpeg,
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cickpuv ncpfjqnfgtu ///"46 Lp vjg ecug qhOilo u/ DB-47 vjg Fqwtv ycu
ecvgiqtkecnkp kvurtqpqwpegogpv vjcv;
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tkijvu qh ncpfqypgtu qp vjg rngc qh jgnrnguupguucpf jgctvnguu
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Ewvyjkng vjg Vwrtgog Fqwtv crrgctgf vq jcxg cfqrvgf c

oqtg fgnkdgtcvg cpcn~ukuqh vjg eqpukfgtcvkqpu wpfgtn~kpi vjg
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kp uqog Vvcvguqhvjg Dogtkecp Xpkqp ujqwnf pqv hkpf cfjgtgpeg
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47 239 VFUD62: (2:95)/

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jqurkvcn cpf uwtikecnugtxkegucpf cu c eqpugswgpegwpfwn~ftckp
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tkum/49

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yjgp vjg ncy ku engct cpf xcnkf, kvukorn~ owuv dg crrnkgf= dwv
yjgp vjg ncy ecp dg kpvgtrtgvgf kp oqtg yc~u vjcp qpg, cp
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Fqpuvkvwvkqp hqnnqygfvjg ucog rcvj .. cpf ygpv gxgp hwtvjgt/ Wjg
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hwpfcogpvcn ncy kvugnhrtqxkfg c xkxkf rkevwtg qh vjg rqnke~
iwkfgnkpgucpf uvtwevwtcnoqfgn vq korngogpv uqekcnlwuvkeg/Wjg
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rgtogcvgu cnn ugevqtu qh vjg uqekgv~cpf "eqxgtu cnn'rjcugu qh
pcvkqpcn fgxgnqrogpv dwv ykvj gorjcuku pqv lwuv qp vjg uqekq.
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"51

Dv vjg qwvugv,wpfgt vjg GgenctcvkqpqhStkpekrngucpf Vvcvg

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ocpfcvg;

Dtv/ LL,Vge/:/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn rtqoqvg c lwuvcpf f~pcoke

uqekcnqtfgt vjcv yknngpuwtg vjg rtqurgtkv~ cpf kpfgrgpfgpeg qh
vjg pcvkqpcpf htgg vjg rgqrng htqo rqxgtv~ vjtqwij rqnkekguvjcv
rtqxkfg cfgswcvg uqekcnugtxkegu,rtqoqvg hwnngornq~ogpv, c
tkukpi uvcpfctf qhnkxkpicpf cp kortqxgf swcnkv~qhnkhg hqt cnn/

49 :6 VFUD 359, cv 38: (2:91)/

4: EHUQDV,op/ cit/ supra pqvg43, cv 57/
/) Jbid/
 Dtv/ LL,Vge/ 21/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn rtqoqvg uqekcnlwuvkegkp cnn
rjcugu qhpcvkqpcnfgxgnqrogpv/

Vwrrngogpvct~ cpf kpvgitcnn~tgncvgf rqnkekgukp uwrrqtv qh

uwej c vqwij qtfgt ctg cnuq rtqxkfgf hqt kp vjg uwdugswgpv
rtqxkukqpu,vqykv;

Dtv/ LL,Vge/ 25/ Wjg Vvcvgtgeqipkgu vjg tqng qh yqogp kp

pcvkqp.dwknfkpicpf ujcnngpuwtgvjg hwpfcogpvcn gswcnkv~dghqtg
vjg ncy qhyqogp cpf ogp/

Dtv/ LL,Vge/26/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnnrtqvgev cpf rtqoqvg vjg tkijv

vqjgcnvj qhcnnvjg rgqrng cpf kpuvknnjgcnvj eqpuekqwupguucoqpi
vjgo/

Dtv/ LL,Vge/27/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnnrtqvgev cpf cfxcpeg vjg tkijv

qh vjg rgqrng vq c jgcnvjhwncpf dcncpegf geqnqi~kp ceeqtf ykvj
vjg tj~vjo cpf jctoqp~ qhpcvwtg/

Dtv/ LL,Vge/ 28/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn ikxg rtkqtkv~ vq gfwecvkqp,

uekgpeg cpf vgejpqnqi~, ctvu, ewnvwtg,cpf urqtvu vq hquvgt
rcvtkqvkuo cpf pcvkqpcnkuo, ceegngtcvg uqekcn rtqitguu, cpf
rtqoqvg vqvcnjwocp nkdgtcvkqpcpf fgxgnqrogpv/

Dtv/ LL,Vge/ 29/ Wjg Vvcvgchhktou ncdqt cu c rtkoct~ uqekcn

geqpqoke hqteg/Lvujcnnrtqvgev vjg tkijvu qhyqtmgtu cpf rtqoqvg
vjgkt ygnhctg/

Dtv/ LL,Vge/32/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnnrtqoqvg eqortgjgpukxg twtcn

fgxgnqrogpv cpf citctkcp tghqto/

Dtv/ LL,Vge/33/ Wjg Vvcvgtgeqipkgu cpf rtqoqvgu vjg tkijvu

qh kpfkigpqwu ewnvwtcneqoowpkvkgu ykvjkp vjg htcogyqtm qh
pcvkqpcnwpkv~cpf fgxgnqrogpv/

Dv vjg eqtg qh vjku dtqcfgpgf eqpegrvkqpqh uqekcnlwuvkegku

uvknnvjg eqpegtp hqt vjg rtgxcknkpi /geqpqoke kpgswcnkv~/
Wjwu, vjg
eqpuvkvwvkqpqtfckpu cp geqpqoke rqnke~vjcv uggmuvq hwtvjgt uqekcn
lwuvkeg/ Lp/ eqpukfgtcvkqp vjgtgqh, vjg eqpegpvtcvkqp kp vjg
qypgtujkr qh rtqrgtv~ cpf vjg ocnfkuvtkdwvkqpqh geqpqoke
tguqwtegu ctg vjg oquv dcuke cpf rtguukpi eqpegtpu/ Wjwu, vjg
htcogtu tgkvgtcvgf kp vjg 2:98 Fqpuvkvwvkqp vjg cfoqpkvkqp' qp vjg
uqekcnrwtrqug qh rtqrgtv~, fghkpkpi vjg rctcogvgtu qh qypgtujkr
ceeqtfkpi vq vjg fgocpfu qh uqekcn lwuvkeg/ Wq tghngev vjku
rgturgevkxg, vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp
rtqxkfgu;

Dtv/ [LL, Vge/ 2/ Wjg iqcnu qh vjg pcvkqpcngeqpqo~ ctg c

oqtg gswkvcdngfkuvtkdwvkqp qhqrrqtvwpkvkgu,kpeqog, cpf ygcnvj=
c uwuvckpgf kpetgcug kp vjg coqwpv qh iqqfu cpf ugtxkegu
rtqfwegf d~ vjg pcvkqp hqt vjg dgpghkvqh vjg rgqrng= cpf cp
gzrcpfkpi rtqfwevkxkv~cu vjg mg~vqtckukpi vjg swcnkv~qhnkhghqt
cnn,gurgekcnn~vjg wpfgtrtkxkngigf/

Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn rtqoqvg kpfwuvtkcnkcvkqpcpf hwnn

gornq~ogpv dcugf qp uqwpf citkewnvwtcnfgxgnqrogpv cpf
citctkcp tghqto, vjtqwij kpfwuvtkguvjcv ocmg hwnncpf ghhkekgpv
wugqh jwocp cpf pcvwtcntguqwtegu,cpf yjkej ctg eqorgvkvkxg
kp dqvj fqoguvke cpf hqtgkip octmgvu/ Kqygxgt, vjg Vvcvgujcnn
rtqvgev Iknkrkpq gpvgtStkugucickpuv wphckt hqtgkip eqorgvkvkqp
cpf vtcfg rtcevkegu/z z z

Dtv/ [LL, Vge/7/ Wjg wugqhrtqrgtv~ dgctu c uqekcnhwpevkqp,

cpf cnngeqpqoke cigpvu ujcnn eqpvtkdwvgvq vjg eqooqp iqqf/
Lpfkxkfwcnu cpf rtkxcvg itqwru, kpenwfkpi eqtrqtcvkqpu,
eqqrgtcvkxgu,cpf ukoknct eqnngevkxg qticpkcvkqp, ujcnn jcxg vjg
tkijv vqqyp, guvcdnkuj,cpf qrgtcvg geqpqoke gpvgtrtkugu,uwdlgev
vq vjg fwv~ qh vjg Vvcvgvq rtqoqvg fkuvtkdwvkxg lwuvkegcpf vq
kpvgtxgpgyjgp vjg eqooqp iqqf fgocpfu/

Iwtvjgtoqtg, vq gtcug, rgtjcru, cp~ tgockpkpi fqwdvucu vq

vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp'utguqnwvguvcpegqp uqekcnlwuvkeg,cp gpvktgctvkeng
ycu fgxqvgf gurgekcnn~vqvjkuocvvgt/

Dtvkeng[LLLqh vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp gzrtguugu vjg hwpfnnogpvcn

qdlgevkxguqh vjg Vvcvg'uuqekcnlwuvkegrtqitco, cpf "eqoocpfu c
ngicn dkcu kp hcxqt qh vjqug yjq ctg wpfgtrtkxkngigf gkvjgt
geqpqokecnn~qt rqnkvkecnn~/"52

Vkpeguqekcntkijvu ctg pqv ugnh.gzgewvqt~, wpnkmgvjg tkijvu

rtqxkfgf wpfgt vjg Eknnqh Ukijvu, vjg Fqpitguu ycu vcumgfvq rwv
vjg tgswktgogpvu qhuqekcnlwuvkegkpvqghhgevkp vjg hqto qhncyu/
Dtv/ [LLL,Vge/ 2/ Wjg Fqpitguu ujcnn ikxg jkijguv rtkqtkv~vq
vjg gpcevogpv qhogcuwtgu vjcv rtqvgev cpf gpjcpeg vjg tkijv qh
cnn vjg rgqrng vq jwocp 'fkipkv~, tgfweg uqekcn,geqpqoke, cpf
 rqnkvkecn
kpgswcnkvkgu,cpf tgoqxg ewnvwtcn kpgswkvkgu
d~ gswkvcdn~
fkhhwukpiygcnvj cpf rqnkvkecnrqygt hqt vjg eqooqp iqqf/

Wq vjku gpf, vjg Vvcvg ujcnn tgiwncvg vjg ceswkukvkqp,

qypgtujkr, wug,cpf fkurqukvkqpqhrtqrgtv~ cpf kvukpetgogpvu/

Dtv/ [LLL,Vge/3/ Wjg rtqoqvkqp qhuqekcnlwuvkegujcnn kpenwfg

vjg eqookvogpv vq etgcvg geqpqoke qrrqtvwpkvkgudcugf qp
htggfqo qhkpkvkcvkxgcpf ugnh.tgnkcpeg/

Egtpcu pqvgf vjcv vjg vgto "jkijguv rtkqtkv~"ykvj tghgtgpeg

vq uqekcnlwuvkegogcuwtgu ycu fgnkdgtcvgn~wugf d~ vjg htcogtu "vq
eqoowpkecvg vjg oguucig vjcv yjcv kugzrgevgf qh Fqpitguu kupqv
lwuvvjg gzgtekugqhfc~ vq fc~ rqnkegrqygt dwvqhrqygtu pggfgf vq
cejkgxg tcfkecn uqekcntghqto qhetkvkecnwtigpe~/"53

Lp cffkvkqp, vjgug qdlgevkxguqh uqekcnlwuvkegygtg vq dg

rwtuwgf qp vyq vtcemu;vjg tgiwncvkqpqhvjg ceswkukvkqp,qypgtujkr,
wug cpf fkurqukvkqpqh rtqrgtv~, cpf vjg etgcvkqp qh geqpqoke
qrrqtvwpkvkgudcugf qp htggfqo qhkpkvkcvkxgcpf ugnh.tgnkcpeg/54

Wjg pqvkqpqhtgiwncvkqpqhvjg tkijvu rgtvckpkpi vq rtqrgtv~

wug ku eqpvckpgf kp vjg rtqxkukqpu cntgcf~ swqvgf cdqxg= cv vjg
ucog vkog, wpfgt vjg Ggenctcvkqpqh Stkpekrngucpf VvcvgSqnkekgu,
vjg kfgc jgnf qwvd~ vjg ugeqpf vtcemycu cntgcf~ kpvkocvgf/

Ewv vjg rtqoqvkqp qh uqekcnlwuvkegecppqv dg fkxqtegf htqo

vjg cfqrvkqp qh c rtq.Iknkrkpq cpf rtq.rgqrng geqpqoke rqnke~, cu
ecp dg kornkgf htqo vjg hqnnqykpirtqxkukqpu;

Dtv/ [LL, Vge/ 23/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn rtqoqvg vjg rtghgtgpvkcn

wug qh Iknkrkpqncdqt, fqoguvke ocvgtkcnu cpf nqecnn~rtqfwegf
iqqfu, cpf cfqrv ogcuwtgu vjcv jgnr ocmg vjgo eqorgvkvkxg/
Dtv/ [LL, Vge/ 26/ Wjg Fqpitguu ujcnn etgcvg cp cigpe~ vq
rtqoqvg vjg xkcdknkv~ cpf itqyvj qheqqrgtcvkxgucu kpuvtwogpvu
hqt uqekcnlwuvkegcpf geqpqoke fgxgnqrogpv/
Dtv/ [LL, Vge/ 2:/ Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn tgiwncvg qt rtqjkdkv
oqpqrqnkgu yjgp vjg rwdnke kpvgtguv uq tgswktgu/ Qq
eqodkpcvkqpukp tguvtckpvqhvtcfg qt wphckteqorgvkvkqpujcnn dg
cnnqygf/

53 Jbid/
54 Jd/- cv 68=1
 Lp fgvckn, vjgug hwpfcogpvcn eqpegrvu egpvtcn vq vjg
eqpuvkvwvkqpcn rtguetkrvkqp hqt uqekcnlwuvkegtgswktg vjg cfqrvkqp qh
vjg rqnkekgucpf rtqitcou ugvhqtvj kp vjg hqnnqykpirtqxkukqpu;

Dtv/ [LLL,Vge/ 4/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn chhqtf hwnnrtqvgevkqp vq

ncdqt, nqecn cpf qxgtugcu, qticpkgf cpf wpqticpkgf, cpf
rtqoqvg hnn gornq~ogpv cpf gswcnkv~ qh gornq~ogpv
qrrqtvwpkvkguhqt cnn/

Lv ujcnn iwctcpvgg vjg tkijvu qh cnn yqtmgtu vq ugnh.

qticpkcvkqp, eqnngevkxg
dctickpkpi cpf pgiqvkcvkqpu,cpf rgceghwn
eqpegtvgf cevkxkvkgu,kpenwfkpivjg tkijv vq uvtkmgkp ceeqtfcpeg
ykvj ncy/ Wjg~ ujcnn dg gpvkvngfvq ugewtkv~qh vgpwtg, jwocpg
eqpfkvkqpuqhyqtm, cpf c nkxkpiycig/ Wjg~ ujcnn cnuqrctvkekrcvg
kp rqnke~cpf fgekukqp.ocmkpirtqeguugu chhgevkpivjgkt tkijvu cpf
dgpghkvucu oc~ dg rtqxkfgf d~ ncy/

Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn rtqoqvg vjg rtkpekrng qh ujctgf

tgurqpukdknkv~ dgvyggp yqtmgtu cpf gornq~gtu cpf vjg
rtghgtgpvkcn wug qh xqnwpvct~ oqfgu kp ugvvnkpi fkurwvgu,
kpenwfkpieqpeknkcvkqp,
cpf ujcnn gphqteg vjgkt owvwcneqornkcpeg
vjgtgykvj vqhquvgtkpfwuvtkcnrgceg/

Wjg Vvcvgujcnn tgiwncvg vjg tgncvkqpudgvyggp yqtmgtu cpf

gornq~gtu, tgeqipkkpi vjg tkijv qh ncdqt vq kvulwuvujctg kp vjg
htwkvuqh rtqfwevkqp cpf vjg tkijv qh gpvgtrtkugu vq tgcuqpcdng
tgvwtpu qp kpxguvogpvu,cpf vqgzrcpukqp cpf itqyvj/

Vge/61 Wjg Vvcvgujcnn,d~ ncy, wpfgtvcmgcp citctkcp tghqto

rtqitco hqwpfgf qp vjg tkijv qh hctogtu cpf tgiwnct
hctoyqtmgtu, yjq ctg ncpfnguu,vqqyp fktgevn~qt eqnngevkxgn~ vjg
ncpfu vjg~ vknnqt, kp vjg ecug qh qvjgt hcto yqtmgtu, vq tgegkxg c
lwuv ujctg qh vjg htwkvuvjgtgqh/ Wq vjku gpf, vjg Vvcvg ujcnn
gpeqwtcig cpf wpfgtvcmgvjg lwuvfkuvtkdwvkqp qh cnncitkewnvwtcn
ncpfu, uwdlgevvq uwej rtkqtkvkgucpf tgcuqpcdng tgvgpvkqpnkokvu
cu vjg Fqpitguu oc~ rtguetkdg, vcmkpi kpvq ceeqwpv geqnqikecn,
fgxgnqrogpvcn, qt gswkv~ eqpukfgtcvkqpu, cpf uwdlgev vq vjg
rc~ogpv qhlwuveqorgpucvkqp/ Lp fgvgtokpkpi tgvgpvkqpnkokvu,
vjg Vvcvgujcnn tgurgev vjg tkijv qh uocnn ncpfqypgtu/ Wjg Vvcvg
ujcnn hwtvjgt rtqxkfg kpegpvkxguhqt xqnwpvct~ncpf.ujctkpi/

Vge/ 6/ Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn tgeqipkg vjg tkijv qh hctogtu,

hctoyqtmgtu, cpf ncpfqypgtu, cu ygnncu eqqrgtcvkxgu,cpf qvjgt
kpfgrgpfgpv hctogtu' qticpkcvkqpu vq rctvkekrcvg kp vjg
rncppkpi, qticpkcvkqp, cpf ocpcigogpv qh vjg rtqitco, cpf
ujcnn rtqxkfg uwrrqtv vq citkewnvwtg vjtqwij crrtqrtkcvg
vgejpqnqi~ cpf tgugctej, cpf cfgswcvg hkpcpekcn,rtqfwevkqp,
octmgvkpi, cpf qvjgt uwrrqtv ugtxkegu/

zzz
Vge/ :/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn, d~ ncy, cpf hqt vjg eqooqp iqqf,
wpfgtvcmg, kp eqqrgtcvkqp ykvj vjg rtkxcvg ugevqt, c eqpvkpwkpi
rtqitco qh wtdcp ncpf tghqto cpf jqwukpi yjkej yknn ocmg
cxckncdngcv chhqtfcdngequvfgegpv jqwukpi cpf dcuke ugtxkeguvq
wpfgtrtkxkngigf cpf jqognguu ekvkgpukp wtdcp egpvgtu cpf
tgugvvngogpvctgcu/ Lvujcnn cnuqrtqoqvg cfgswcvg gornq~ogpv
qrrqtvwpkvkguvq uwej ekvkgpu/Lp vjg korngogpvcvkqp qh uwej
rtqitco, vjg Vvcvgujcnn tgurgev vjg tkijvu qh uocnn rtqrgtv~
qypgtu/

Vge/21/ Xtdcp qt twtcn rqqt fygnngtu ujcnn pqv dg gxkevgfpqt

vjgkt fygnnkpiu fgoqnkujgf, gzegrv kp ceeqtfcpeg ykvj ncy cpf kp
c lwuvcpf jwocpg ocppgt/

Qq tgugvvngogpv qh wtdcp qt twtcn fygnngtu ujcnn dg

wpfgtvcmgp ykvjqwv cfgswcvg eqpuwnvcvkqp ykvj vjgo cpf vjg
eqoowpkvkguyjgtg vjg~ ctg vqdg tgnqecvgf/

Vge/ 22/ Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn cfqrv cp kpvgitcvgf cpf

eqortgjgpukxg crrtqcej vq jgcnvj fgxgnqrogpv yjkej ujcnn
gpfgcxqt vq ocmg guugpvkcniqqfu, jgcnvj cpf qvjgt uqekcn
ugtxkegucxckncdngvq cnnvjg rgqrng cv chhqtfcdngequv/Wjgtg ujcnn
dg rtkqtkv~ hqt vjg pggfu qh vjg wpfgtrtkxkngigf, ukem,gnfgtn~,
fkucdngf, yqogp, cpf ejknftgp/ Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn gpfgcxqt vq
rtqxkfg htgg ogfkecn ectg vqrcwrgtu/

Vge/ 23/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn guvcdnkujcpf ockpvckp cp ghhgevkxg

hqqf cpf ftwi tgiwncvqt~ u~uvgo cpf wpfgtvcmg crrtqrtkcvg
jgcnvj ocprqygt fgxgnqrogpv cpf tgugctej, tgurqpukxg vq vjg
eqwpvt~'ujgcnvj pggfu cpf rtqdngou/
Vge/ 24/ Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn guvcdnkuj c urgekcn cigpe~ hqt
fkucdngf rgtuqpu hqt vjgkt tgjcdknkvcvkqtv,
ugnh.fgxgnqrogpv cpf
ugnh.tgnkcpeg,cpf vjgkt kpvgitcvkqp kpvq vjg ockpuvtgco qh
uqekgv~/

Vge/ 25/ Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn rtqvgev vjg yqtmkpi yqogp d~

rtqxkfkpi hqt c uchgcpf jgcnvjhwnyqtmkpi eqpfkvkqpu,vcmkpikpvq
ceeqwpv vjgkt ocvgtpcn hwpevkqpu,cpf uwej hceknkvkgucpf
qrrqtvwpkvkguvjcv yknngpjcpeg vjgkt ygnhctg cpf gpcdng vjgo vq
tgcnkgvjgkt hwnnrqvgpvkcnkpvjg ugtxkegqhvjg pcvkqp/
 Vge/ 26/ Wjg Vvcvg ujcnn tgurgev vjg tqng qh kpfgrgpfgpv
rgqrng'u qticpkcvkqpu vqgpcdngvjg rgqrng vqrwtuwg cpf rtqvgev,
ykvjkp vjg fgoqetcvke htcogyqtm, vjgkt ngikvkocvgcpf eqnngevkxg
kpvgtguvucpf curktcvkqpuvjtqwij rgceghwncpf ncyhwnogcpu/

Sgqrng'u qticpkcvkqpu ctg bona fide cuuqekcvkqpuqh ekvkgpu

ykvj fgoqpuvtcvgf ecrcekv~ vq rtqoqvg vjg rwdnkekpvgtguvcpf
ykvj kfgpvkhkcdngngcfgtujkr, ogodgtujkr, cpf uvtwevwtg/

Vge/ 27/ Wjg tkijv qh vjg rgqrng cpf vjgkt qticpkcvkqpu vq

ghhgevkxgcpf tgcuqpcdng rctvkekrcvkqp cv cnn ngxgnuqh uqekcn,
rqnkvkecncpf geqpqoke fgekukqp.ocmkpi ujcnn pqv dg cdtkfigf/
Wjg Vvcvgujcnn, d~ ncy, hceknkvcvgvjg guvcdnkujogpvqh cfgswcvg
eqpuwnvcvkqp ogejcpkuou/

Dtv/ [LY, Vge/ 2/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn rtqvgev cpf rtqoqvg vjg

tkijv qh cnnekvkgpuvq swcnkv~gfwecvkqpcv cnnngxgnucpf ujcnn
vcmgcrrtqrtkcvg uvgru vqocmg uwej gfwecvkqpceeguukdng vqcnn/

Dtv/ [LY, Vge/3 (3)/ (Wjg Vvcvgujcnn)guvcdnkujcpf ockpvckp

c u~uvgo qh htgg rwdnkegfwecvkqp kp vjg gngogpvct~ cpf jkij
uejqqn ngxgnu/Zkvjqwv nkokvkpivjg pcvwtcn tkijv qh rctgpvu vq
tgct vjgkt ejknftgp, gngogpvct~ gfwecvkqpku eqorwnuqt~ hqt cnn
ejknftgp qhuejqqn cig=

(4) Huvcdnkujcpf ockpvckp c u~uvgo qh uejqnctujkr itcpvu,

uvwfgpv nqcp rtqitcou, uwdukfkgu,cpf qvjgt kpegpvkxguyjkej
ujcnn dg cxckncdngvq fgugtxkpi uvwfgpvu kp dqvj rwdnke cpf
rtkxcvg uejqqnu,gurgekcnn~vqvjg wpfgtrtkxkngigf=z z z

Dtv/ [Y/ Vge/4 (4)/ (Wjg Vvcvgujcnn fghgpf) Wjg tkijv qhvjg
hcokn~vqc hcokn~nkxkpiycig cpf kpeqog=z z z

Dtv/ [YL/ Vge/ 8/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn rtqxkfg koogfkcvg cpf

cfgswcvg ectg, dgpghkvucpf qvjgt hqtou qh cuukuvcpegvq yct
xgvgtcpu cpf xgvgtcpu qh oknkvct~ ecorckipu, vjgkt uwtxkxkpi
urqwugu cpf qtrjcpu/ Iwpfu ujcnn dg rtqxkfgf vjgtghqt cpf fwg
eqpukfgtcvkqp ujcnn dg ikxgp vjgo kp vjg fkurqukvkqp qh
citkewnvwtcnncpfu qhvjg rwdnkefqockp cpf, kp crrtqrtkcvg ecugu,
kp vjg wvknkcvkqp
qhpcvwtcntguqwtegu/
Dtv/ [YL, Vge/9/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn,htqo vkog vqvkog, tgxkgy vq
writcfg vjg rgpukqpu cpf qvjgt dgpghkvufwg vq tgvktgguqh dqvj
vjg iqxgtpogpv cpf vjg rtkxcvg ugevqtu/
 Dtv/ [YL, Vge/ :/ Wjg Vvcvgujcnn rtqvgev eqpuwogtu htqo
vtcfg ocnrtcevkegu cpf htqo uwduvcpfctf qt jcctfqwu rtqfwevu/

Wq eqorn~ ykvj vjg ctfwqwu vcum qh dwknfkpi wrqp vjku

fgvckngf dnwgrtkpv, Fqpitguu jcu gpcevgf ugxgtcn ngikuncvkxg
ogcuwtgu fgcnkpi ykvj particular curgevuqhuqekcnlwuvkeg/

Lp 2:98, vjg Fqortgjgpukxg Ditctkcp Ughqto Ocy (Ugr/ Dev

Qq/ 7768) ycu gpcevgf ugvvkpikpvqoqvkqp c vgp.~gct rtqitco qh
fkuvtkdwvkpicitkewnvwtcnncpfu vq ncpfnguuhctogt.dgpghkekctkgu/Rh
eqorctcdng korqtvcpeg kuvjg Xtdcp Ggxgnqrogpv cpf KqwukpiDev
(Ugr/ Dev Qq, 838:) rtqownicvgf kp 2::3 vq fgcn ykvj vjg rtqdngo
qhwtdcp jqwukpi cpf ujgnvgt/

Rp vjg qvjgt jcpf,/ vjg rtkpekrng qh rgqrng gorqygtogpv

ycu ikxgp c oqtg fghkpkvghqto ykvj vjg gpcevogpv qh ugxgtcnncyu
uwej cu Ugrwdnke Dev Qqu/ 7:49 cpf 7:4:,gpcevgf kp 2::1,
rtqxkfkpi hqt c Fqqrgtcvkxgu Fqfg cpf etgcvkpi vjg Fqqrgtcvkxgu
Ggxgnqrogpv Dwvjqtkv~,tgurgevkxgn~/

Vqog ugevqturtgxkqwun~octikpcnkgf ygtg ikxgp c tqng kp

pcvkqpcnfgxgnqrogpv cpf rtqitguu vjtqwij uvcvwvgunkmgUgrwdnke
Dev Qq/ 8543 (2::3), yjkej oczkokgu vjg eqpvtkdwvkqpqh ugpkqt
ekvkgpuvq pcvkqpcnfgxgnqrogpv, cpf U/D/ Qq/ 82:3 (2::3), yjkej
rtqxkfgu hqt vjg tqngqhyqogp kp pcvkqp.dwknfkpi/

UgrwdnkeDev Qq/ 8993 (2::6) rtqxkfgu hqt cuukuvcpegvq

yqogp gpicigf kp oketq cpf eqvvcigdwukpguugpvgtrtkugu/

Lp vjg ctgc qh ncdqt ngikuncvkqp,vjg Zcig/ Ucvkqpcnkcvkqp

Dev(U/ D/ Qq/ 7838) ycu gpcevgf kp 2:9: vqtcvkqpcnkgvjg hkzkpiqh
okpkowo ycigu d~ cogpfkpi egtvckp ugevkqpuqh vjg Ocdqt Fqfg
cpf ugvvkpihqtvj egtvckp uvcpfctfu qt etkvgtkchqt okpkowo ycig
hkzkpi,coqpi qvjgtu/ Lp 2::1, vjg Stqfwevkxkv~LpegpvkxguDevR(U/
D/ Qq/ 7:82) ycu rcuugf rtqxkfkpi hqt kpegpvkxguvq dqvj ncdqt cpf
ocpcigogpv hqt vjg ujctkpi qh tgurqpukdknkv~cpf htwkvu qh
rtqfwevkqp/ Wjg Wtkrctvkvg Lpfwuvtkcn Sgceg Fqwpekn ycu
guvcdnkujgf d~ HzgewvkxgRtfgt Qq/ 36 vq dqquv rtqfwevkxkv~
 Wjg Mwfkekct~,qp vjg qvjgt jcpf, hwnhknngf kvuujctg qh vjg
vcum qh ikxkpi hqto cpf uwduvcpegvq uqekcnlwuvkeg/Lp FDQ v/
Oational Yages and Qroductivity Dommission- vjg Fqwtv fgenctgf
vjcv "(W)jg Fqpuvkvwvkqp ku rtkoctkn~ c fqewogpv qh uqekcnlwuvkeg,
cpf ///kvjcu pqv godtcegf hwnn~ vjg eqpegrv qhnckuughcktg/"55Wjku
ogcpu vjcv, kp vjg g~gu qh vjg Mwfkekct~..cpf kpfggf, qh vjg
iqxgtpogpv..uqekcn lwuvkegku vq dg cejkgxgf vjtqwij vjg ghhqtvuqh
iqxgtpogpv, korqugf qt gocpcvkpi htqo cdqxg, uq vq urgcm/ Wjwu,
vjg Fqwtv eqpvkpwgfqp ykvj vjg rtcevkeg qhkpvgtrtgvkpi vjg ncyu kp
hcxqt qhvjg nguuhqtvwpcvg,kp vjg urktkvqhuqekcnlwuvkeg/LpSosario
v/ DB-56 vjg Fqwtv, kp cnnqykpivjg qeewrcpv vq eqpvkpwgrquuguukqp
qhncpf, uwdlgevvqtgkodwtugogpv, uvcvgf;
Lhvjg encko qhvjg uwdnguuggcevwcnn~kp rquuguukqpyqwnf dg
kipqtgf qt fkutgictfgf, vjg tguwnvyqwnf dg vq jgkijvgp uqekcn
vgpukqpcpf ciitcxcvg hwtvjgt vjg wptguvvjcv jcu kvutqqvu kp uq
ocp~ qh qwt eqwpvt~ogp dgkpi fgpkgf vjg qrrqtvwpkv~qh qypkpi
gxgp c uocnn rkgeg qhncpf ///Lvjcu dggp vjg eqpuvcpvrqnke~qhvjku
Fqwtv, kp vjg eqpuvtwevkqpqhncyu vjcv hkpf kvuqtkikp kp vjg uqekcn
lwuvkegocpfcvg qhvjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp, vq cuuwtg vjcv kvudgpghkegpv
ghhgevudg gplq~gf d~ vjqug "yjq jcxg nguukp nkhg/"57

Lp tguqnxkpi yqtmogp'u eqorgpucvkqp ecugu, vjg Fqwtv

eqpvkpwgfykvj kvunkdgtcncvvkvwfgkp hcxqt qhgornq~ggu "gurgekcnn~
yjgtg vjgtg ku uqog dcuku kp vjg hcevu hqt kphgttkpi c yqtm.
eqppgevkqpykvj vjg kpekfgpv/"58
Kqygxgt, kp egtvckp ecugu, vjg Fqwtv uqwijv vq fghkpgoqtg
engctn~vjg dqwpfctkgu ykvjkp yjkej vjg eqpegrv qh uqekcnlwuvkeg
qrgtcvgu/ Pqtg ukipkhkecpvn~, kp QMEU v/ OMSD-59 vjg Fgwtv ocfg
vjg rtqpqwpegogpv vjcv;
(V)grctcvkqp rc~ ujcnn dg cnnqygf cu c ogcuwtg qh uqekcn
lwuvkegqpn~ kp vjqug kpuvcpeguyjgtg vjg gornq~gg ku fkuokuugf
hqt ecwuguqvjgt vjcp ugtkqwuokueqpfwev qt vjqug tghngevkpiqp
jku oqtcn ejctcevgt/

55312 VFUD cv 86:/ Tee also DFFID x/ FXJFR, 41 VFUD75: (2:7:)/

5V 322 VFUD 495 (2::3)/
Y1
57 Jd/- cv 499 citing Wcpci HzgewvkxgVgetgvct~, 48 VFUD,cv 917/
58 Qkvwtcx/ HFF, 312 VFUD389, cv 394 (2::2 )/
59 275 VFUD782 (2:99)/
 hqt ecwuguqvjgt vjcp ugtkqwuokueqpfwev qt vjqug tghngevkpiqp
jku oqtcn ejctcevgt ///
Wjg rqnke~qh uqekcnlwuvkegku pqv kpvgpfgf vq eqwpvgpcpeg
ytqpifqkpi ukorn~ dgecwug kv ku eqookvvgf d~ vjg
wpfgtrtkxkngigf/ Dv dguv, kv oc~ okvkicvg vjg rgpcnv~ dwv kv
egtvckpn~yknnpqv eqpfqpg vjg qhhgpug/Fqorcuukqp hqt vjg rqqt ku
cp korgtcvkxg qh gxgt~ jwocpg uqekgv~dwv qpn~ yjgp vjg
tgekrkgpvkupqv c tcuecn enckokpi cp wpfgugtxgf rtkxkngig/Vqekcn
lwuvkegecppqv dg rgtokvvgf vq dg tghwig qh ueqwpftgnucp~ oqtg
vjcp ecp gswkv~dg cp korgfkogpv vq vjg rwpkujogpv qh vjg
iwknv~/Wjqug yjq kpxqmguqekcnlwuvkegoc~ fq uq qpn~ khvjgkt
jcpfu ctg engcp cpf vjgkt oqvkxgu dncognguu cpf pqv ukorn~
dgecwugvjg~ jcrrgp vqdg rqqt/5:

Zkvj uwej c ecvgiqtkecnuvcvgogpv, uwdugswgpvncdqt ecugu

ygtg fgekfgf wukpi vjg uvcpfctfu vjwu ugv/ Ii Tan Niguel v/
Vbaldo- hqt gzcorng, vjg rtkpekrng ycu chhktogf vjcv "(W)jg
gornq~gt oc~ pqv dg tgswktgf vq ikxg vjg fkuokuugf gornq~gg
hkpcpekcncuukuvcpeg,qt yjcvgxgt pcog kvkuecnngf,qp vjg itqwpf qh
uqekcnlwuvkegyjgtg vjg gornq~gg ku xcnkfn~fkuokuugf hqt ugtkqwu
okueqpfwev/"61 Pcpcigogpv tkijvu ygtg cnuqtgeqipkgf hwtvjgt kp
OBTVSFGDP v/ OMSD62 yjgtg kv ycu jgnf vjcv hckt rnc~
eqoocpfu vjcv vjg tgurgev cpf tgkphqtegogpv qh vjg tkijvu qh vjg
gornq~gt cpf vjcv kv ujqwnf pqv dg uwrrqugf vjcv gxgt~ ncdqt
fkurwvgyknndg cwvqocvkecnn~ fgekfgf kp hcxqt qhncdqt/

Ewv hqt cnn kpvgpvu cpf rwtrqugu, vjg Vwrtgog Fqwtv

kpvgtrtgvgf vjg uqekcnlwuvkegocpfcvg wpfgt vjg 2:98 Fqpuvkvwvkqp
kp dcukecnn~vjg ucog yc~ kv fkf wpfgt vjg 2:84 Fqpuvkvwvkqp/
Zjgtg vjg ncpiwcig qh vjg ncy ecnngfhqt uqog kpvgtrtgvcvkqp,vjg
Fqwtveqpvkpwgfvqfq uq kphcxqt qhvjg wpfgtrtkxkngigf/

Itqo/ vjg fkuewuukqpcdqxg, kv ecp dg uggp vjcv vjg

Fqpuvkvwvkqpfkf pqv gpxkukqpuqekcnlwuvkegvq dg ghhgevgfvjtqwij c
ygnhctg uvcvg,tcvjgt, vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp
uggmuvqgtcfkecvg kpgswcnkv~
cpf kpgswkv~cpf vq fkhhwugygcnvj d~ ikxkpi gxgt~ Iknkrkpq cp

5: Jd/- cv 782/
uq 329 VFUD3:4, cv 412 (2::4)/
73 331 VFUD563 (2::4)/
geqpqoke rqygt/ Lvoc~ gxgp dg uckf vjcv vjg ygnhctg uvcvgeqpegrv
kucpvkvjgvkecnvqvjg eqpegrv qhuqekcnlwuvkegkp vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp/

Wjg Zgnhctg Vvcvgu~uvgo kuukorn~ cpf guugpvkcnn~ c u~uvgo

qh Vvcvgejctkv~, yjgtg vjg Vvcvgvczgu vjg tkej vq fkuvtkdwvg
iqqfkgu vq vjg fkurquuguugf/Dpf ejctkv~ qhcp~ mkpfwpfgtokpgu
vjg urktkvqh ugnh.tgnkcpegcpf ugnh.tgurgevqh vjg rgqrng/ Lvecp
qpn~rtqxkfg vgorqtct~ dgpghkv,hqt kvfqgu pqv uqnxgvjg rtqdngo
qhfgrgpfgpeg cv kvutqqvu/Wjg fkuvtkdwvkqp qhiqqfkgu kp vjg hqto
qh ogfkectg, hcokn~ cnnqycpegu, uqekcn kpuwtcpeg, ku ocfg
pgeguuct~ hqt vjqug yjq ctg pqv ygnn.vq.fq/ Ewv vjg u~uvgo
rgtrgvwcvgu vjg pggf hqt Vvcvgejctkv~/ Lvfqgu pqv cvvgorv vq
ocmg rtqrgtv~ qypgtu cpf ygnn.vq.fq qh vjg tgekrkgpvuqh vjg
iqqfkgu/ Lv fqgu pqv nkdgtcvgvjgo htqo vjg pggf qh eqpvkpwgf
fgrgpfgpeg qp ygnhctg ogcuwtgu/

Wjwu,vjg u~uvgo rtqxkfgf d~ vjg Zgnhctg Vvcvgrgtrgvwcvgu

vjg fkxkukqpqhencuuguqhecrkvcnkuvcpf gpvtgrtgpgwtu qp qpg ukg,
cpf yqtmgtu cpf gornq~ggu qp vjg qvjgt= qhrtqrgtv~ qypgtu qp
qpg ukfg, cpf rtqrgtv~nguu rgqrng qp vjg qvjgt/ Wjg tguwnvku
eqpvkpwgfvgpukqpudgvyggp vjg vyq encuugu,cpf vjg eqpvkpwgf
fgocpf hqt kpetgcugu kp ycigu cpf ucnctkgu..vjg tqqv ecwug qh
ejtqpke rtqdngou qh kphncvkqpyjkej chhgev gxgp vjg ygnn.
fgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu/"63

Y/ PHHWLQJ WKHVRFLDO MXVWLFHLVVXHKHDG RQ;

WKH VRFLDO UHIRUP DJHQGD

Wjg VqekcnUghqto Digpfc (VUD)ku vjg rtqfwev qh c nqpi

cpf vgfkqwu rtqeguu qh eqpuwnvcvkqpucpf rtqitco.hqtowncvkqp
rctvkekrcvgf kp d~ vjg fkhhgtgpvdtcpejgu qh iqxgtpogpv cpf vjg
rtkxcvg ugevqt/ Dnvjqwij vjg jqnfkpi qh c pcvkqpykfg eqpuwnvcvkqp
uejgog (Sgqrng'u Heqpqoke Vwookv) ycu c dtckpejknf qh vjg
Ogikuncvwtg,vjg kpkvkcvkxg
ycu ugkgfd~ vjg Hzgewvkxg/

Fqpegrvwcnn~, vjg VUD LV "vjg iqxgtpogpv'u oco

kpuvtwogpv hqt vjg wrnkhvqh vjg oquv fkucfxcpvcigf ugevqtu kp
Sjknkrrkpg uqekgv~/Du uwej, kv qrgtcvkqpcnkguvjg iqxgtpogpv'u
jwocp fgxgnqrogpv iqcnu godqfkgf kp vjg Pgfkwo Wgto
Sjknkrrkpg Ggxgnqrogpv Sncp (PWSGS) vjtqwij c ugv qh

63 V/ Dtcpgvc, Ttate Dapitalism- Yelfare Ttate and Quhunang Qanglahat kp

SKLOFRQVD UHDGHU, 287.288 (2:8:)/
kpvgtxgpvkqpu ckogf cv vjg cnngxkcvkqpqh rqxgtv~ cpf vjg
cvvckpogpv qhuqekcnlwuvkeg,gswkv~cpf c ncuvkpirgceg/"64

Lvku tqqvgf kp c eqpuwnvcvkxg rtqeguu vjcv kpenwfgf vjqug

eqpfwevgf d~ vjg QcvkqpcnXpkhkecvkqpFqookuukqp (QXF) hqt vjg
hqtowncvkqpqhc eqortgjgpukxg rgceg rtqeguu, cpf vjqug eqpfwevgf
d~ vjg Qcvkqpcn Heqpqoke cpf Ggxgnqrogpv Dwvjqtkv~ (QHGD),
cpf vjqug vjcv ngf vqvjg Sgqrng'uHeqpqoke Vwookv/65

Itqo vjg' Sgqrng'u Heqpqoke Vwookv jgnf qp Vgrvgodgt 9,

2::4 ecog cdqwv vjg eqpegrv qh c VqekcnScev hqt Horqygtgf
Heqpqoke Ggxgnqrogpv (VSHHG)godqf~kpi urgekhkeogcuwtgu hqt
vjg tgcnkcvkqpqh uqekcncpf geqpqoke tghqto/ Rp Mwpg28, 2::5, c
Sgqrng'u Horqygtogpv Fcwewu ycu jgnf, htqo yjkej vjg Vqekcn
Ughqto Digpfc ycu dqtp/ E~ xktvwgqhPgoqtcpfwo Rtfgt Qq/ 324
kuuwgfd~ Stgukfgpv Ucoqu qp vjg ucog fcvg (28 Mwpg2::5), vjg
korngogpvcvkqp qh vjg VqekcnUghqto Digpfc cpf vjg oqdknkcvkqp
qh cnneqpegtpgf iqxgtpogpv fgrctvogpvu cpf cigpekgu ycu ugv kp
oqvkqp/ Wjg ownvkugevqtcn VqekcnUghqto Vwookv ycu vjgp jgnf qp
Vgrvgodgt 38, 2::5 yjkej ~kgnfgf vjg hkpcncpf fgvckngf tgrqtv qp
vjg qrgtcvkqpcnkcvkqpqh vjg VUD/ HzgewvkxgRtfgt Qq/ 314 (38
Vgrvgodgt 2::5) ycu kuuwgf vq rtqxkfg hqt vjg eqookvvggu,
eqorqugf qh qhhkekcnuhtqo vjg iqxgtpogpv cpf mg~ngcfgtu qh vjg
rtkxcvg ugevqt,vqkorngogpv vjg VUD/

Wjg eqpegrv qh uqekcntghqto godqfkgf kp vjg VUD ku pqv

pgeguuctkn~kfgpvkecnvq vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcn
qt ngicn eqpegrv qh uqekcn
lwuvkeg=cpf vjgtg ku pq cvvgorv vq rcuu qhh vjg VUD cu vjg
hwnhknnogpvqh vjg uqekcn lwuvkeg ocpfcvg godqfkgf kp vjg
Fqpuvkvwvkqp/ Wjkuku crrctgpv kp vjg hqnnqykpirtkpekrngu66yjkej
iwkfgf vjg hqtowncvkqpqhvjg VUD;

2/ Vqekcntghqto ku c eqpvkpwkpi rtqeguu vjcv cfftguugu vjg

dcuke kpgswkvkgukp Iknkrkpq uqekgv~vjtqwij c u~uvgocvke, wpkhkgf
cpf eqqtfkpcvgf uqekcntghqto rcemcig/

64 ILQDO UHSRUW;
VRFLDO
UHIRUPVXPPLW,2{2 (38 Vgrvgodgt 2::5)/ Zhereinafter
cited as Tummit Seport[
65 Jbid/

66 Jd/- cv 2/6/
 3/ Wjg VUDyknnpqv dg fghkpgf d~ Jqxgtpogpv cnqpg, dwvkp
gswcnrctvpgtujkr ykvj vjg fkhhgtgpvugevqtuvjtqwij crrtqrtkcvg
cpf ogcpkpihwneqpuwnvcvkqpu cpf rctvkekrcvkqpkp iqxgtpcpeg/

4/ Wjg VUD owuv cfftguu vjg fkucfxcpvcigf ugevqtu'

okpkowo dcukepggfu; jgcnvj cpf pwvtkvkqp, ycvgt cpf ucpkvcvkqp
(hqt uwtxkxcn)=kpeqog ugewtkv~,ujgnvgt, rgceg cpf qtfgt (hqt
ugewtkv~)=dcuke gfwecvkqp/cpf nkvgtce~, cpf rctvkekrcvkqp kp
iqxgtpcpeg (hqtgpcdnkpi pggfu)/

5/ Fqookvogpvu htqo dqvj Jqxgtpogpv cpf vjg rtkxcvg

ugevqt ujcnn dg fgnkpgcvgfvq gpuwtg c yqtmcdng korngogpvcvkqp
qhvjg VUD/

6/ D rqnke~gpxktqpogpv eqpfwekxgvqc uwuvckpcdng

VUDujcnn
dg rwtuwgf/

c/ vjg oquv fkucfxcpvcigqwu ugevqtu )i/e/- hctogtu cpf

ncpfnguu twtcn yqtmgtu, hkujgthqnm,wtdcp rqqt, kpfkigpqwu
rgqrngu, yqtmgtu, gurgekcnn~kp vjg kphqtocn ugevqt, cpf qvjgt
fkucfxcpvcigf itqwru),cpf

d/ qp vjg dcukeqdlgevkxguqh ceeguuvq swcnkv~dcukeugtxkegu,

ceeguuvqgeqpqoke qrrqtvwpkvkgucpf rctvkekrcvkqpkp iqxgtpcpeg,
vjg VUD,fguetkdgf cu c "rcemcig qh kpvgtxgpvkqpu" dgvyggp vjg
iqxgtpogpv cpf pqp.iqxgtpogpv cigpekgu, ycu hqtowncvgf
eqpukuvkpiqh pkpg (:) Inciujkr Stqitcou eqxgtkpi vjg hqnnqykpi
ctgcu;

3/ Ikujgtkgu cpf Dswcvke Uguqwtegu Fqpugtxcvkqp,

Pcpcigogpv cpf Ggxgnqrogpv=

4/ Ugurgev, Stqvgevkqp cpf Pcpcigogpv qh Dpeguvtcn

Gqockpu=
 8/ Lpuvkvwvkqp.Ewknfkpi
cpf HhhgevkxgSctvkekrcvkqp Lp
Jqxgtpcpeg=

Itqo vjg hqtgiqkpi cpf vjg gctnkgt fkuewuukqpqp vjg uqekcn

lwuvkegocpfcvg qh vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp, kv ku gcukn~pqvgf vjcv vjg
uqekcncpf geqpqoke ocru ugvqwvd~ vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp cpf vjg VUD
ctg kpfgrgpfgpv qh gcej qvjgt/ Vkpeg vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqpku vjg
uwrtgog ncy :h vjg ncpf cpf cntgcf~ rtqxkfgu hqt vjg htcogyqtm qh
uqekcnlwuvkegkp ncdqtkqwufgvckn,kvycu pgeguuctkn~gzrgevgf vjcv
yjcvgxgt rtqitco vjg Hzgewvkxg hqtowncvguyqwnf dg kp rwtuwkvqh
cpf yqtmcdng ykvjkp vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcn htcogyqtm/ Kqygxgt, vjg
VUDfkf pqv ocmg cp~ tghgtgpegvqvjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcn eqpegrv cv cnn/
Du uvcvgf gctnkgt,vjg VUDfgtkxgu kvuocpfcvg htqo Pgoqtcpfwo
Rtfgt Qq/ 324 cpf vjg uwdugswgpvgzgewvkxgqtfgtu/ Lp P/R/ Qq/
324, vjg gzrnkekvtghgtgpeg ku vq "vjg iqcn qh Sjknkrrkpgu 3111
_yjkejb uggmu vq dcncpeg inqdcn eqorgvkvkxgpguu cpf rgqrng
gorqygtogpv, vjcv ku, rwtuwkpi geqpqoke fgxgnqrogpv pqv qpn~
vjtqwij vjg rtqoqvkqp qh ghhkekgpe~ kp vjg octmgvrnceg, dwv oqtg
korqtvcpvn~, vjtqwij vjg cfxcpegogpv qh uqekcngswkv~vjtqwij
cuugvtghqtou, lwuvujctkpi qh vjg dgpghkvuqh itqyvj, cpf ghhgevkxg
rgqrng rctvkekrcvkqpkp vjg rqnkvkecncpf geqpqoke ockpuvtgco/" Lp
ghhgev,vjg VUD jcu etgcvgf kvu qyp cigpfc crctv htqo vjcv
rtqxkfgf kp vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp/

Kqygxgt, htqo c nctigt rgturgevkxg, vjg gpf uqwijv vq dg

cejkgxgf d~ vjg VUDkukp hcevvjcv gpxkukqpgfkp vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp/
Dpf yjkng uqekcn lwuvkegoc~ dg c eqpugswgpeg qh vjg hwnn
korngogpvcvkqp qhvjg VUD,vjgtg kupq rtgvgpukqp vjcv vjg VUDku
the xgjkeng hqt cvvckpkpiuqekcnlwuvkeg/Wjg VUD ecp dg tgictfgf
vjgp cu vjg dnwgrtkpv hqt uqekqgeqpqoke fgxgnqrogpv cv vjg
itcuutqqvu ngxgn/ Du kpfkecvgf gctnkgt, kv ku vjg itcuutqqvu
korngogpvcvkqp qh vjg iqxgtpogpgu ogfkwo.vgto fgxgnqrogpv
rncp/
 Wjg VqekcnUghqto Vwookv et~uvcnnkgfvjg uwduvcpegqh
gcej qh vjg Inciujkr Stqitcou d~ rtqxkfkpi hqt vjg gzrgevgf
qwvrwvu,vjg tgswktgf eqookvogpvu cpf vjg tgswktgf uvtcvgike
cevkqpuhqt gcej rtqitco/

Bgricultural Eevelopment
Wjg yjqng rtqitco kuckogf cv gpcdnkpi hctogtu, kpenwfkpi
ugcuqpcn cpf ncpfnguu citkewnvwtcnyqtmgtu, vq kpetgcug vjgkt
kpeqog vjtqwij qypgtujkr qh vjg ncpfu vjg~ vknn/Dnnghhqtvuctg
hwpfcogpvcnn~ hqewugfqp vjg kpvgpukhkgfkorngogpvcvkqp qh vjg
FDUS cpf kvuuwrrqtv rtqitcou/ Wjg Ggrctvogpv qh Ditkewnvwtg
(GD) kuvcumgfvqqtkgpvcpf oqdknkgvjg fkhhgtgpvfgrctvogpvu cpf
cigpekgu vqyctf vjg korngogpvcvkqp cpf cuuguuogpv qhvjg FDUS/
Dnncigpekgu kpxqnxgfkp citkewnvwtcnfgxgnqrogpv ctg gzrgevgf vq
eqpvkpwgyqtmkpi hqt jkijgt dwfigv cnnqecvkqpu
hqt vjg rtqitco hqt
vjg pgzv hkxg ~gctu/ Wjg~ ctg pqv rtgenwfgf htqo qdvckpkpi
cffkvkqpcnhwpfuhtqo qvjgt uqwtegu/

Wjg Fqpitguu ku gzrgevgf vq rnc~ kvutqng d~ rtqxkfkpi hqt

kpetgcugf dwfigv cnnqecvkqpuhqt vjg korngogpvcvkqp qh vjg FDUS/
Pqtgqxgt, kp eqpvgorncvkqp qh vjg cpvkekrcvgf ejcpigu dtqwijv
cdqwvd~ vjg ghhgevuqhvjg JDWW,vjg hqnnqykpingikuncvkxg ogcuwtgu
jcxg cnuqdggp tgeqoogpfgf;
c/ Dogpfogpv vqvjg Pcipc Fctvc hqt VocnnIctogtu
d/ Dogpfogpv vqvjg Vggf Lpfwuvt~Ggxgnqrogpv Dev
e/ Dogpfogpv vqvjg Ditk.Ditc Ocy
f/ Ugrgcn qhUD 23:7
g/ Ugrgcn qhUD 3823
h/ Scuucig qhvjg LttkicvkqpFtkukuDev

Gisheries and Bquatic Sesources Donservation- Nanagement

and Eevelopment

Wjg rncp hqt vjg hkujgthqnm

ckou vq cnngxkcvg
rqxgtv~ coqpi
ogodgtu qh vjg ugevqt d~ gpeqwtcikpi vjgkt qticpkcvkqp cpf
vtckpkpi, cpf ikxkpi vjgo itgcvgt ceeguu vq cpf eqpvtqn qxgt
hkujgtkgucpf cswcvke tguqwtegu/ Dv vjg ucog vkog, vjg rtqitco
cvvgorvu vq dcncpeg vjku iqcn ykvj vjcv qh eqpugtxkpi cpf
rtqvgevkpi pcvwtcn tguqwtegu/ Wq vjku gpf, vjg GD ku qpeg oqtg
vcrrgf vq ngcf vjg oqdknkcvkqpqh hqtegu rtkoctkn~ d~ rwujkpi hqt
vjg crrtqxcn qh egtvckp ngikuncvkxg
cpf g;Mtgewvkxgogcuwtgu cpf d~
uvtgpivjgpkpi qp.iqkpi rtqlgevu/ Wjg rcuucig qh vyq ngikuncvkxg
ogcuwtgu ctg fggogf egpvtcn vq vjg rtqitco; vjg Fqortgjgpukxg
Ikujgtkgu Fqfg cpf, cu kpenwfgf kp vjg rtqrqugf Fqfg, vjg Pcipc
Fctvc hqt vjg Ikujgthqnm/ Wjg etgcvkqp qh Ikujgtkgu Uguqwteg
Pcpcigogpv Fqwpeknukp vjg ctgc qh vjg Hzgewvkxgujcnn cnuq dg
rwujgf/ Wjg Ggrctvogpv qhLpvgtkqtcpf OqecnJqxgtpogpv (GLOJ)
cpf vjg tgurgevkxg nqecn iqxgtpogpv wpkvu(OJG), qp vjg qvjgt
jcpf, ctg gzrgevgf vqrtqownicvg tguqnwvkqpu cpf qtfkpcpegu ikxkpi
rtghgtgpvkcn vtgcvogpv vq vjg hkujgthqnmugevqt/ Lorngogpvcvkqp qh
vjg Vgxgp (8) OcmguUghqto Stqitco, vqdg rtgrctgf d~ vjg Ociwpc
OcmguGgxgnqrogpv Dwvjqtkv~,ujcnn cnuqdg gpuwtgf/

Wjg LpfkigpqwuSgqrngu qhvjg eqwpvt~ctg eqortkugf qh 221

gvjpqnkpiwkuvkeeqoowpkvkgu yjqug yc~ qh nkhg ku ewnvwtcnn~,
geqpqokecnn~ cpf rqnkvkecnn~fkuvkpevhtqo vjcv qh ockpuvtgco
uqekgv~/Wjkurtqitco qh vjg VUD uggmuvq gpuwtg vjg kpvgitkv~qh
vjku fkxgtukv~vjtqwij vjg tgeqipkvkqpcpf rtqvgevkqpqh vjgkt tkijvu
vq vjgkt cpeguvtcn fqockpu/ Vwej tkijvu kpenwfg vjg "tkijv vq
ocpcig cpf gzrnqkvgzenwukxgn~ vjg tguqwtegu hqwpf ykvjkp vjgkt
fqockpu, vjg tkijv vq ugnh.fgvgtokpcvkqp,cpf vjg tkijv vq cfgswcvg
dcuke ugtxkegu/"Rp vjg rctv qh vjg Hzgewvkxg,vjg Df.jqe Lpvgt.
Digpe~ Fqookvvgg, etgcvgf d~ xktvwgqhPR Qq/ 324 cpf ejcktgf d~
vjg GHQU Vgetgvct~, ujcnn dg ocfg rgtocpgpv cpf ujcnn
eqqtfkpcvg kpvgt.cigpe~ rctvkekrcvkqpkp vjg korngogpvcvkqp qh vjg
rtqitco/ Iwtvjgtoqtg, vjg hwnnkorngogpvcvkqp qh ugxgtcn GHQU
Dfokpkuvtcvkxg Rtfgtu ykvj tgurgev vq Lpfkigpqwu Sgqrngu cpf
cpeguvtcn fqockpu ujcnn dg rwtuwgf, rtghgtcdn~ ykvj ownvk.ugevqtcn
rctvkekrcvkqp/ Wjg rcuucig qh vjg Dpeguvtcn Gqockpu Ocy d~ vjg
Fqpitguu kuxkvcnvq vjg uweeguuqhvjg rtqitco/ Lvycu citggf wrqp
vjcv qpn~ swcnkhkgfcpf etgfkdng ogodgtu qh vjg ugevqt ujqwnf dg
crrqkpvgf vq cp~ Fqookuukqp yjkej yknndg etgcvgf vjgtgkp/

Fgtvckp tgeqoogpfcvkqpu kp vjg tgrqtv, kh cfqrvgf, yknn

kpfggf dg rtqitguukxg;
 (2) Dfqrvkqp qhvtcfkvkqpcnoqfcnkvkgukp vjg fqewogpvcvkqp,
fgnkpgcvkqpcpf ocrrkpi qhcpeguvtcnfqockpu=

(3) D oqtcvqtkwo qp cnn kuuwcpeguqh rgtokvu, nkegpugu,

ngcugucpf vjg nkmgchhgevkpiLSucpf cpeguvtcnfqockpu kp qtfgt
vqrtgugtxg vjg kpvgitkv~qhcpeguvtcnfqockpu=

(4) Dnnqecvkqpqh hwpfu vq uwrrqtv vjg fqewogpvcvkqp

vqyctfu rquukdngeqfkhkecvkqpqh ewuvqoct~ ncyu, ewuvqou cpf
vtcfkvkqpud~ vjg LSuvjgougnxgu=cpf

(5) Lpenwukqpkp vjg gfwecvkqpcn ewttkewnwo qh vjg

fqewogpvgf ewuvqoct~ ncyu, ewuvqoucpf vtcfkvkqpu/

Iqewukpi qp yqtmgtu htqo vjg kphqtocn ugevqt,vjg rtqitco

kpvgpfu vq gpjcpeg vjgkt qticpkcvkqpcn ecrcdknkv~,nguugp vjg
kpekfgpeg qh kttgiwnct gornq~ogpv, cpf gzrcpf ceeguu vq uqekcn
ugewtkv~cpf rtqvgevkqp/

Wjg Ggrctvogpv qhOcdqt cpf Hornq~ogpv (GROH),cu ngcf

cigpe~, ku gzrgevgf vq gpuwtg vjg gphqtegogpv qh cpf eqornkcpeg
ykvj gzkuvkpincyu qp ncdqt uvcpfctfu, vgejpkecnuchgv~uvcpfctfu
cpf jgcnvj uchgv~uvcpfctfu/ Dp gzrcpfgf eqxgtcig qh vjg uqekcn
ugewtkv~ cpf gornq~ggu' eqorgpucvkqp rtqitco jcu dggp
tgeqoogpfgf vqvjg ngikuncvwtg/ Wjg rcuucig qhncyu tgiwncvkpivjg
rtcevkeg qhuwd.eqpvtcevkpicpf vjg jktkpi qhpqp.tgiwnct gornq~ggu
ku cnuq fggogf guugpvkcn/Wjg cuukuvcpegqh vjg SwdnkeDvvqtpg~'u
Rhhkegyknncnuqdg uqwijv kp ecugu kpuvkvwvgf d~ qxgtugcu eqpvtcev
yqtmgtu cickpuv knngicntgetwkvgtu/

Iqt vjg wtdcp rqqt ugevqt,vjg VUDkpeqtrqtcvgu c rtqitco

vjcv uggmuvq rtqxkfg chhqtfcdng cpf fgegpv jqwukpi rtkoctkn~
vjtqwij vjg hwnnkorngogpvcvkqp qh vjg Xtdcp Ggxgnqrogpv cpf
Kqwukpi Dev (XGKD)/ D ocuvgtnkuv qh Vqekcnkgf Kqwukpi
Egpghkekctkgucpf cp kpxgpvqt~ qh kfng ncpfu yknn dg ocfg kp
rtgrctcvkqp hqt vjg dwknfkpi cpf fkuvtkdwvkqpqh wpkvkp vjgug
jqwukpi rtqlgevu/ Wqhwtvjgt hceknkvcvg vjg korngogpvcvkqp qh vjg
rtqitco, vjg VUDrwujgu hqt vjg fgegpvtcnkcvkqpqhghhqtvuvjtqwij
 Wqigvjgt ykvj vjg uvtgpivjgpkpi qh vjg Stgukfgpvkcn
Fqookuukqp qp vjg Xtdcp Sqqt (SFXS), vjg VUDcnuqecnnuhqt vjg
rcuucig qh vjg Lpvgitcvgf Vjgnvgt Ikpcpekpi Dev cpf vjg Pcipc
Fctvc hqt vjg Xtdcp Sqqt/

Wjkurctv qh vjg Digpfc nworu vqigvjgt cu disadvantaged

groups hcoknkgu,yqogp, ejknftgp, ~qwvj, rgtuqpu ykvj fkucdknkvkgu,
vjg gnfgtn~ cpf xkevkouqh pcvwtcncpf ocp.ocfg ecncokvkgu/Wjg
gorqygtogpv qh vjgug itqwru vjtqwij qticpkcvkqp cpf ceeguu.
rtqxkukqp hqt vjg ucvkuhcevkqp qh vjgkt okpkowo dcuke pggfu ku
gzrgevgf vq dg tgcnkgf wpfgt vjku rtqitco/ Fqoowpkv~ Stqhkngu
yknndg ftchvgf vqkfgpvkh~vjg oquv fgrtguugf ugevqtu0hcoknkguvqdg
rtkqtkvkgf=uejqqnucpf encuutqqou yknndg dwknv= uqekcncpf jgcnvj
ugtxkegu(kpenwfkpifc~.ectg egpvgtu) cv vjg dctcpic~ ngxgnyknndg
fgxgnqrgf cu ugnh.ocpcigf, uwuvckpgf cpf kpuvkvwvkqpcnkgf
u~uvgou/ Wjg korngogpvcvkqp qh vjg Deeguukdknkv~ Ocy (Ecvcu
Scodcpuc ELi/ 455) ujcnn dg rtqoqvgf/ Wjg ngikuncvkxg eqorqpgpv
ecnnhqt vjg rcuucig qh vjg Lpvgteqwpvt~Dfqrvkqp Eknn,vjg Vgzwcn
Kctcuuogpv Eknn(yjkej jcu ukpegdggp gpcevgf kpvqncy), cpf c ncy
etgcvkpi c Fqookuukqp qp vjg IknkrkpqIcokn~/

Wjg hqewuqhvjku rtqitco kuvq oqdknkgcfgswcvg tguqwtegu

hqt vjg rqqt cpf fkucfxcpvcigf ugevqtuhqt vjg kortqxgogpv qhvjgkt
ecrcdknkvkguvqyctf ugnh.tgnkcpegcpf geqpqoke ygnn.dgkpi/ D
Sgqrng'u Ftgfkv cpf Ikpcpeg Fqtrqtcvkqp (SFIF) ujcnn dg
qticpkgf/ Wjg etgfkv rtqitco hqt vjg citkewnvwtcnugevqt ujcnn dg
urgctjgcfgf d~ vjg DitkewnvwtcnFtgfkv Sqnke~Fqwpekn(DFSF)
vqigvjgt ykvj vjg Ocpf Ecpm qhvjg Sjknkrrkpgu(OES)/ Xpfgt vjku
Inciujkr Stqitco, vjg qrvkowo rctvkekrcvkqpqhpqp.iqxgtpogpvcn
qticpkcvkqpu (QJRu), eqqrgtcvkxgu cpf qvjgt ogodgtu qh vjg
rtkxcvg ugevqt ujcnn dg uqwijv/ Wjg Fqqrgtcvkxg Ggxgnqrogpv
Dwvjqtkv~(FGD), qp vjg qvjgt jcpf, ujcnnkorngogpv c eqqrgtcvkxg
uvtgpivjgpkpi cpf fgxgnqrogpv rtqitco hqt vjqug itcfwcvkpi htqo
vjg Ftgfkv hqt vjg Sqqt Stqitco/ Wjg QcvkqpcnFtgfkv Fqwpekn
(QFF) ujcnn dg hqtogf vq jctoqpkg gzkuvkpiiqxgtpogpv etgfkv
rtqitcou, ykvj vjg hqnnqykpighhgevkxgu~uvgou vq dg guvcdnkujgf
ceeqtfkpin~; vjg OES vq rtqxkfg etgfkv vq uocnn hctogtu cpf
hkujgthqnm=vjg VqekcnVgewtkv~V~uvgo (VVV)hqt ucnctkgf cpf ugnh.
gornq~gf kpfkxkfwcnu=vjg Ggxgnqrogpv Ecpm qh vjg Sjknkrrkpgu
(GES) hqt uocnn cpf ogfkwo gpvgtrtkugu/

Wq vjku gpf, vjg Ogikuncvwtg'ueqqrgtcvkqp ku gzrgevgf

vjtqwij vjg gpcevogpv kpvqncy qhvjg hqnnqykpirtqrqucnu;

(2) Dogpfogpv vq OES'u ejctvgt vq gpcdng kvvq kpetgcug kvu

ecrkvcnkcvkqp,vjgtgd~ oqdknkkpi oqtg etgfkv tguqwtegu hqt vjg
eqwpvt~ukfg=

(3) D etqr kpuwtcpeg cpf iwctcpvgg u~uvgo yjkej yknn

uvtgpivjgp citk.ngpfkpi= cpf

(4) Dogpfogpv vq vjg VVV ncy yjkej yknn rtqxkfg vjg

rqtvcdknkv~qh JVLV cpf VVVogodgtujkr (k/g/, vtcpuhgtcdknkv~
htqo qpg u~uvgo vqcpqvjgt)/

E~ etgcvkpi dgvvgt qrrqtvwpkvkgu cpf rtqxkfkpi umknnu

vtckpkpi, vjg Okxgnkjqqf Stqitco ckou vq cfqrv c oqtg fktgev
kpvgtxgpvkxgcrrtqcej kp vcemnkpivjg rqxgtv~ kuuwgjgcf.qp yjkng
uvtwevwtcntghqtou kp vjg uqekcncpf geqpqoke u~uvgou ctg dgkpi
wpfgtvcmgp/ Hpvtgrtgpgwtujkr ujcnn dg gpeqwtcigf cpf ghhgevkxg
tgurqpugu vq pcvwtcncpf ocp.ocfg ecncokvkguyknndg kpeqtrqtcvgf
kp vjg rtqitco/ SwdnkeHornq~ogpv VgtxkeguRhhkegukp gxgt~ nqecn
iqxgtpogpv wpkvujcnn dg vjg ugcv qh qrgtcvkqpu cv vjg itcuutqqvu
ngxgn/Ncdwjc~cp Fgpvgtu cv vjg nqecnngxgnujcnn ugtxg cu vjg dcuke
eqqtfkpcvkpi ogejcpkuou/ Wjg rctvkekrcvkqpcpf wvknkcvkqp qhpqp.
iqxgtpogpvcn qticpkcvkqpu ujcnncnuqdg kpuvkvwvkqpcnkgf/

Jnstitution.Cuilding and Fffective Qarticipation

in Hovernance

Wjku rctv qh vjg Digpfc cvvgorvu vq hceknkvcvgvjg

kpvgitcvkqpqhvjg qvjgt rtqitcou cdqxg.ogpvkqpgf cpf ewvucetquu
vjg xctkqwu ugevqtu .. iqxgtpogpv, rgqrng'u qticpkcvkqpu, pqp.
iqxgtpogpvcn qticpkcvkqpu, cpf vjg dcuke ugevqtu (hctogtu,
hkujgthqnm,gve/)/ Mqkpvxgpvwtgu cpf eqqrgtcvkxg wpfgtvcmkpiu
coqpi vjgug ugevqtu ujcnn dg hqtigf hqt ghhgevkxgiqxgtpcpeg cpf
cfokpkuvtcvkqp cv vjg nqecnngxgn=kpegpvkxguhqt itqyvj, kpenwfkpi
vcz tghqtou, yknncnuq dg fgxgnqrgf ykvj vjg rctvkekrcvkqp qh cnn
ugevqtu/

Itqo vjg hqtgiqkpi ceeqwpv qh vjg Vwookv Rwvrwvu,vjg

koogfkcvg kortguukqp uggou vqdg vjcv vjgtg kutgcnn~pqvjkpi pgy
qt urgevcewnctcdqwvvjg VUD/Lvkuukorn~ c fqewogpv yjgtgkp vjg
fkhhgtgpvugevqtu,wpfgt vjg ngcfgtujkr qhiqxgtpogpv, rngfigf vq fq
vjgkt tgurgevkxglqdu kp rwtuwkvqh vjg rgqrng'u ygnhctg/ Lvku vjg
"kpxkukdngjcpf" ocfg xkukdng vjtqwij yqtfu cpf rtqokugu/ Ewv,qh
eqwtug,vjgtg kupq cuuwtcpeg vjcv yjcv ycu gnqswgpvn~ ytkvvgp qp
rcrgt yknndg vtcpuncvgfkpvqtgcnkv~/

Qqvg vjcv; (c) vjg VUDfqgu pqv fgtkxg ngicn ocpfcvg htqo
cp~ uvcvwvgqt vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp= vjgtghqtg, c ekvkgpfqgu pqv jcxg
cp~ ngicn tgeqwtug vq ecnnhqt vjg korngogpvcvkqp qt qdugtxcpeg qh
cp~ Inciujkr rtqitco gzegrv khvjg ucog kukp vjg hqto qhc uvcvwvg=
cpf (d) kv ku tgcnn~ cp cigpfc hqt vjg iqxgtpogpv uwej vjcv kvu
tgcnkcvkqpnctign~ fgrgpfu wrqp vjg iqxgtpogpv ngcfgtujkr'u
rqnkvkecnyknn cpf eqookvogpv= cpf, (e) vjg rctvkekrcvkqp qh vjg
rtkxcvg ugevqt kp vjg VUD'u korngogpvcvkqp ku eqpvkpigpv wrqp
iqxgtpogpv'u guvcdnkujogpv qh vjg pgeguuct~ urceg kp vjg
uvtwevwtg/

Wjg 2:98 Fqpuvkvwvkqp ku wpkswg,kp vjcv kv tgswktgu vjg

Vvcvgvq rtqoqvg c fghkpkvguqekcnqtfgt, k/g/,"c lwuvcpf f~pcoke
uqekcnqtfgt vjcv yknngpuwtgvjg rtqurgtkv~ cpf kpfgrgpfgpeg qhvjg
pcvkqp cpf htgg vjg rgqrng htqo rqxgtv~ vjtqwij rqnkekguvjcv
rtqxkfg cfgswcvg uqekcnugtxkegu,rtqoqvg hwnn gornq~ogpv, c tkukpi
uvcpfctf qh nkxkpi, cpf cp kortqxgf swcnkv~qh nkhg/ "67 Wjg
Fqpuvkvwvkqpcnuq ocpfcvgu vjcv uqekcnlwuvkegdg rtqoqvgf cv cnn
rjcugu qhpcvkqpcnfgxgnqrogpv/ 68

Wjg rtkoct~ rqnke~ qdlgevkxgudgjkpf vjgug rtRYLVLRpu ctg

vjtgg.hqnf vjg rtqurgtkv~ qh vjg pcvkqp, vjg geqpqoke
kpfgrgpfgpeg qh vjg pcvkqp, cpf htggfqo htqo rqxgtv~ .. cpf vjg~
ctg cnnuqekqgeqpqokekp pcvwtg/

Rp vjg qvjgt jcpf, vjg ogcpu qh tgcnkkpi vjgug rtkoct~

qdlgevkxgu ctg rtqitcou vjcv rtqxkfg cfgswcvg uqekcn ugtxkegu,
rtqoqvg hwnngornq~ogpv, c tkukpi uvcpfctf qh nkxkpi, cpf cp
kortqxgf swcnkv~qh nkhghqt cnn/Wjkuetgcvgu c ugeqpf nkpgqh rqnke~
qdlgevkxgu/

Wjgug vyq ugvu qh rqnke~qdlgevkxgu,vqigvjgt, ocmg wr vjg

Fqpuvkvwvkqp'urkevwtg qh vjg kfgcn uvcvg qh chhcktuqh vjg Iknkrkpq
uqekqgeqpqokeoknkgw, yjkej, ceeqtfkpi vq vjg Fqpuvkvwvkqp, owuv
dg rtqoqvgf kp cnnrjcugu qhpcvkqpcnfgxgnqrogpv/

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