Non Linear Analysis

Ex.
No: 18 NON LINEAR ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM
Date :
Non Linear Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
Introduction
There are several causes for nonlinear behaviour such as Changing Status (ex.
contact elements), Material Nonlinearities and Geometric Nonlinearities (change
in response due to large deformations).
This tutorial will deal specifically with Geometric Nonlinearities . To solve this
problem, the load will added incrementally. After each increment, the stiffness matrix
will be adjusted before increasing the load.
The solution will be compared to the equivalent solution using a linear
response. In this figure the nonlinear analysis of the beam
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1. Give example a Title
Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
2. Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure to create a
beam with a length of 5 inches.
3. Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.
4. Define Element Types
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3
degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis). With
only 3 degrees of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis.
5. Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
Cross-sectional area AREA: 0.03125
Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 4.069e-5
Total beam height HEIGHT: 0.125
This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 0.25 x 0.125 inches.
6. Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
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In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
Young's modulus EX: 30e6
Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
If you are wondering why a 'Linear' model was chosen when this is a non-linear
example, it is because this example is for non-linear geometry, not non-linear material
properties. If we were considering a block of wood, for example, we would have to consider
non-linear material properties.
7. Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines...
For this example we will specify an element edge length of 0.1 " (50 element divisions along
the line).
8. Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All
Solution: Assigning Loads and Solving

1. Define Analysis Type
Solution > New Analysis > Static
2. Set Solution Controls
Select Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Control...
The following image will appear:
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Ensure the following selections are made (as shown above)
A. Ensure Large Static Displacements are permitted (this will include the
effects of large deflection in the results)
B. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows
ANSYS to determine a ppropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the
step size usually ensures better accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic
Time Step feature will determine an appropriate balance. This feature also activates
the ANSYS bisection feature which will allow recovery if convergence fails.
C. Enter 5 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/5 th of
the total load.
The following example explains this: Assume that the applied load is 100
lb*in. If the Automatic Time Stepping was off, there would be 5 load steps (each
increasing by 1/5 th of the total load):
20 lb*in
40 lb*in
60 lb*in
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80 lb*in
100 lb*in
Now, with the Automatic Time Stepping is on, the first step size will still
be 20 lb*in. However, the remaining substeps will be determined based on the
response of the material due to the previous load increment.
D. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the
solution does not converge after 1000 steps.
E. Enter a minimum number of substeps of 1.
F. Ensure all solution items are written to a results file.
NOTE
There are several options which have not been changed from their default values.
For more information
A. about these commands, type help followed by the command into the
command line.
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3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOFs constrained).
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Place a -100 lb*in moment in the MZ direction at the right end of the beam
(Keypoint 2)
5. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
The following will appear on your screan for NonLinear Analyses
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This shows the convergence of the solution.
General Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

1. View the deformed shape
General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape... > Def + undeformed
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2. View the deflection contour plot
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu... > DOF solution,
UY
3. List Horizontal Displacement

If this example is performed as a linear model there will be no nodal deflection in
the horizontal direction due to the small deflections assumptions. However, this is
not realistic for large deflections.
Modeling the system non-linearly, these horizontal deflections are calculated by
ANSYS.
General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...> DOF solution, UX
As you recall, the load was applied in steps. The step size was automatically
determined in ANSYS
1. Define Variables
Select: TimeHist Postpro > Define Variables > Add... > Nodal DOF results
Select Keypoint 2 (Node 2) when prompted
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Complete the following window as shown to define the translational displacement
in the y direction
Translational displacement of node 2 is now stored as variable 2 (variable 1 being

time)
2. Graph Results over time
Select TimeHist Postpro > Graph Variables...
Enter 2 (UY) as the 1st variable to graph (shown below)
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Command File Mode of Solution
The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User
Interface (or GUI) and the command language interface of ANSYS. This
problem has also been solved using the ANSYS command language interface.
Open the .HTML version, copy and paste the code into Notepad or a similar
text editor and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read input
from...' and select the file.
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Ex. No: 19 DESIGN OPTIMIZATION
Date :
Introduction
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce a method of solving design
optimization problems using ANSYS. This will involve creating the geometry
utilizing parameters for all the variables, deciding which variables to use as design,
state and objective variables and setting the correct tolerances for the problem to
obtain an accurately converged solution in a minimal amount of time. The use of
hardpoints to apply forces/constraints in the middle of lines will also be covered in
this tutorial.
Problem Specification:
A beam has a force of 1000N applied as shown below. The purpose of this
optimization problem is to minimize the weight of the beam without exceeding the
allowable stress. It is necessary to find the cross sectional dimensions of the beam
in order to minimize the weight of the beam. However, the width and height of the
beam cannot be smaller than 10mm. The maximum stress anywhere in the beam
cannot exceed 200 MPa. The beam is to be made of steel with a modulus of elasticity
of 200 GPa
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Preprocessing: Defining the Problem
/title, Design Optimization
2. Enter initial estimates for variables
To solve an optimization problem in ANSYS, parameters need to be defined
for all design variables.
Select: Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters...
In the window that appears (shown below), type W=20 in the Selection section
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Click Accept. The 'Scalar Parameters' window will stay open.
Now type H=20 in the Selection section
Click Accept'
Click Close in the Scalar Parameters window.
NOTE: None of the variables defined in ANSYS are allowed to have negative
values.
3. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
We are going to define 2 Keypoints for this beam as given in the following table:
4. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
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5. Create Hard Keypoints
Hardpoints are often used when you need to apply a constraint or
load at a location where a keypoint does not exist. For this case, we want to apply a
force 3/4 of the way down the beam. Since there are not any keypoints here and we
can't be certain that one of the nodes will be here we will need to specify a
hardpoint
Select Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > Hard PT on line >
Hard PT by ratio. This will allow us to create a hardpoint on the line by defining
the ratio of the location of the point to the size of the line. Select the line when
prompted
Enter a ratio of 0.75 in the 'Create HardPT by Ratio window which appears.
You have now created a keypoint labelled 'Keypoint 3' 3/4 of the way down the
beam.
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element
has 3 degrees of freedom.
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric
properties: (Note that '**' is used instead '^' for exponents)
Cross-sectional area AREA: W*H
Area moment of inertia IZZ: (W*H**3)/12
Thickness along Y axis: H
NOTE: It is important to use independent variables to define dependent variables

such as the moment of inertia. During the optimization, the width and height will
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change for each iteration. As a result, the other variables must be defined in
relation to the width and height.
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear >
Elastic > Isotropic
Young's modulus EX: 200000
9. Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines...
For this example we will specify an element edge length of 100 mm (10 element
divisions along the line).
10. Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static (or) use command
ANTYPE,0
P in Keypoint 1 (ie UX, UY constrained) and constrain Keypoint 2 in the Y
direction.
3. Apply Loads
Apply a vertical (FY) point load of -2000N at Keypoint 3
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
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4. Solve the System
Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

Extracting Information as Parameters:
To perform an optimization, we must extract the required information.
In this problem, we would like to find the maximum stress in the beam and the
volume as a result of the width and height variables.
1. Define the volume
Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... > Add...
The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to obtain
the volume of the beam
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Note that this is the volume of each element. If you were to list the element
table you would get a volume for each element. Therefore, you have to sum the
element values together to obtain the total volume of the beam. Follow the
instructions below to do this.
Select General Postproc > Element Table > Sum of Each Item...
A little window will appear notifying you that the tabular sum of each element
table will be calculated. Click 'OK'
You will obtain a window notifying you that the E Volume is now 400000 mm2
2. Store the data (Volume) as a parameter

Select Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data...
In the window which appears select 'Results Data' and 'Elem table
sums' The following window will appear. Select the items shown to store the
Volume as a parameter.
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3. Define the maximum stress at the i node of each element in the beam
The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to obtain the maximum
stress at the i node of each element and store it as 'SMAX_I'.
Note that nmisc,1 is the maximum stress. For further information type Help beam3
into the command line. Now we will need to sort the stresses in descending order
to find the maximum stress
Select General Postproc > List Results > Sorted Listing > Sort Elems
Complete the window as shown below to sort the data from 'SMAX_I' in
descending order
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4. Store the data (Max Stress) as a parameter
In the window which appears select 'Results Data' and 'Other operations'
In the that appears, fill it in as shown to obtain the maximum value.
5. Define maximum stress at the j node of each element for the beam
Fill this table as done previously, however make the following changes:
save the data as 'SMAX_J' (instead of 'SMAX_I')
The element table data enter NMISC,3 (instead of NMISC,1). This will give you
the max stress at the j node.
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Select General Postproc > List Results > Sorted Listing > Sort Elems to sort
the stresses in descending order. However, select 'SMAX_J' in the Item, Comp
selection box
6. Store the data (Max Stress) as a parameter
In the window which appears select 'Results Data' and 'Other operations'
In the that appears, fill it in as shown previously , however, name the parameter
'SMaxJ'.
7. Select the largest of SMAXJ and SMAXI
Type SMAX=SMAXI>SMAXJ into the command line
This will set the largest of the 2 values equal to SMAX. In this case the maximum
values for each are the same.
However, this is not always the case.
8. View the parametric data
Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters
Note that the maximum stress is 281.25 which is much larger than the allowable
stress of 200MPa
Design Optimization
Now that we have parametrically set up our problem in ANSYS based on our
initial width and height dimensions, we can now solve the optimization problem.
1. Write the command file
It is necessary to write the outline of our problem to an ANSYS command
file. This is so that ANSYS can iteratively run solutions to our problem based on
different values for the variables that we will define.
Select Utility Menu > File > Write DB Log File...
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In the window that appears type a name for the command file such as
optimize.txt
Click OK.
/BATCH
! /COM,ANSYS RELEASE 7.0 UP20021010 16:10:03 05/26/2003
/input,start70,ans,'C:\Program Files\Ansys Inc\v70\ANSYS\apdl\',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1
/title, Design Optimization
*SET,W , 20
*SET,H , 20
/PREP7
K,1,0,0,,
K,2,1000,0,,
L, 1, 2
!*
HPTCREATE,LINE,1,0,RATI,0.75,
!*
ET,1,BEAM3
!*
!*
R,1,W*H,(W*H**3)/12,H, , , ,
!*
!*
MPTEMP,,,,,,,,
MPTEMP,1,0
MPDATA,EX,1,,200000
MPDATA,PRXY,1,,.3
!*
LESIZE,ALL,100, , , ,1, , ,1,
LMESH, 1
FINISH
/SOL
!*
*SET,SMAX,SMAXI>SMAXJ
! LGWRITE,optimization,,C:\Temp\,COMMENT
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Several small changes need to be made to this file prior to commencing the
optimization. If you created the geometry etc. using command line code, most of
these changes will already be made. However, if you used GUI to create this file
there are several occasions where you used the graphical picking device.
Therefore, the actual items that were chosen need to be entered. The code 'P51X'
symbolizes the graphical selection. To modify the file simply open it using notepad
and make
the required changes. Save and close the file once you have made all of the
required changes. The following is a list of the changes which need to be made to
this file (which was created using the GUI method)
Line 32 - DK,P51X, ,0, ,0,UX,UY, , , , ,
Change this to: DK,1, ,0, ,0,UX,UY,
This specifies the constraints at keypoint 1
Line 37 - DK,P51X, ,0, ,0,UY, , , , , ,
Change to: DK,2, ,0, ,0,UY,
This specifies the constraints at keypoint 2
Line 42 - FK,P51X,FY,-2000
Change to: FK,3,FY,-2000
This specifies the force applied on the beam
There are also several lines which can be removed from this file. If you are
comfortable with command line coding, you should remove the lines which you
are certain are not required.
2. Assign the Command File to the Optimization

Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Analysis File > Assign
In the file list that appears, select the filename that you created when you wrote
the command file. Click OK.
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3. Define Variables and Tolerances
ANSYS needs to know which variables are critical to the optimization. To define
variables, we need to know which variables have an effect on the variable to be
minimized. In this example our objective is to minimize the volume of a beam
which is directly related to the weight of the beam.
ANSYS categorizes three types of variables for design optimization.
Design Variables (DVs)

Independent variables that directly effect the design objective. In this example, the
width and height of the beam are the DVs. Changing either variable has a direct
effect on the solution of the problem.
State Variables (SVs)
Dependent variables that change as a result of changing the DVs. These variables
are necessary to constrain the design. In this example, the SV is the maximum
stress in the beam. Without this SV, our optimization will continue until both the
width and height are zero. This would minimize the weight to zero which is not a
useful result.
Objective Variable (OV)
The objective variable is the one variable in the optimization that needs to be
minimized. In our problem, we will be minimizing the volume of the beam.
NOTE: As previously stated, none of the variables defined in ANSYS are allowed
to have negative values. Now that we have decided our design variables, we need
to define ranges and tolerances for each variable. For the width and height, we will
select a range of 10 to 50 mm for each. Because a small change in either the width
or height has a profound effect on the volume of the beam, we will select a
tolerance of 0.01mm. Tolerances are necessary in that they tell ANSYS the largest
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amount of change that a variable can experience before convergence of the
problem.
For the stress variable, we will select a range of 195 to 200 MPa with a
tolerance of 0.01MPa. Because the volume variable is the objective variable, we do
not need to define an allowable range. We will set the tolerance to 200mm3. This
tolerance was chosen because it is significantly smaller than the initial magnitude
of the volume of 400000mm3 (20mm x 20mm x 1000mm).
a. Define the Design Variables (width and height of beam)
Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Design Variables... > Add...
Complete the window as shown below to specify the variable limits and tolerances
for the height of the beam.
b. Define the State Variables

Select Main Menu > Design Opt > State Variables... > Add...
In the window fill in the following sections
Select 'SMAX' in the Parameter Name section.
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Enter: Lower Limit (MIN = 195)
Upper Limit (MAX = 200)
Feasibility Tolerance (TOLER = 0.001)
c. Define the Objective Variable
Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Objective...
Select VOLUME in the Parameter Name section.
Under Convergence Tolerance, enter 200.
4. Define the Optimization Method
There are several different methods that ANSYS can use to solve an
optimization problem. To ensure that you are not finding a solution at a local
minimum, it is advisable to use different solution methods. If you have
trouble with getting a particular problem to converge it would be a good idea
to try a different method of solution to see what might be wrong.
For this problem we will use a First-Order Solution method.
Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Method / Tool...
In the Specify Optimization Method window select First-Order
Click OK
Enter: Maximum iterations (NITR = 30), Percent step size SIZE = 100,
Percent forward diff. DELTA = 0.2
Click OK.
Note: the significance of the above variables is explained below:
NITR
Max number of iterations. Defaults to 10.
SIZE
% that is applied to the size of each line search step. Defaults to 100%
DELTA
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forward difference (%) applied to the design variable range that is used to
compute the gradient. Defaults to 0.2%
5. Run the Optimization
Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Run...
In the Begin Execution of Run window, confirm that the analysis file,
method/type and maximum iterations are correct. Click OK.
The solution of an optimization problem can take awhile before
convergence. This problem will take about 15 minutes and run through 19
iterations.
View the Results
1. View Final Parameters
Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters...
You will probably see that the width=13.24 mm, height=29.16 mm, and the stress
is equal to 199.83 MPa with a volume of 386100mm2.
2. View graphical results of each variable during the solution
Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Design Sets > Graphs / Tables...
Complete the window as shown to obtain a graph of the height and width of the
beam changing with each iteration
A. For the X-variable parameter select Set number.

B. For the Y-variable parameter select H and W.
C. Ensure that 'Graph' is selected (as opposed to 'List')
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Now you may wish to specify titles for the X and Y axes
Select Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes...
In the window, enter Number of Iterations for the X-axis label section.
Enter Width and Height (mm) for the Y-axis label.
Click 'OK'
Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls
In the graphics window, you will see a graph of width and height throughout the
optimization. You can print the plot by selecting Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Hard
Copy...
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You can plot graphs of the other variables in the design by following
the above steps. Instead of using width and height for the y axis label and
variables, use whichever variable is necessary to plot. Alternatively, you
could list the data by selecting Main Menu > Design Opt > Design Sets >
List... . In addition, all of the results data (ie stress, displacement, bending
moments) are available from the General Postproc menu.
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Ex. No: 20 NON LINEAR MATERIALS
Date :
Non Linear Materials

Introduction:
The purpose of the tutorial is to describe how to include material nonlinearities
in an ANSYS model. For instance, the case when a large force is applied resulting
in a stresses greater than yield strength. In such a case, a multilinear stress-strain
relationship can be included which follows the stress-strain curve of the material
being used. This will allow ANSYS to more accurately model the plastic
deformation of the material.
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For this analysis, a simple tension specimen 100 mm X 5 mm X 5 mm is
constrained at the bottom and has a load pulling on the top. This specimen is made
out of a experimental substance called "WhoKilled Kenium". The stress-strain curve
for the substance is shown above. Note the linear section up to approximately 225
MPa where the Young's Modulus is constant (75 GPa). The material then begins to
yield and the relationship becomes plastic and nonlinear.

/title, NonLinear Materials
2. Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
/PREP7
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure to create a
beam with a length of 100 millimeters:
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3. Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.
L,1,2
For this problem we will use the LINK1 (2D spar) element. This element has 2
degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's) and can only be used in
2D analysis.
In the 'Real Constants for LINK1' window, enter the following geometric
properties:
o Cross-sectional area AREA: 25
o Initial Strain: 0
This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 5 x 5 millimeters.
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
o Young's modulus EX: 75e3
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o Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
Now that the initial properties of the material have been outlined, the stress-
strain data must be included.
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Nonlinear >
Elastic > Multilinear Elastic
The following window will pop up.
Fill in the STRAIN and STRESS boxes with the following data. These are
points from the stress-strain curve shown above, approximating the curve with linear
interpolation between the points. When the data for the first point is input, click Add
Point to add another. When all the points have been inputed, click Graph to see
the curve. It should look like the one shown above. Then click OK.
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To get the problem geometry back, select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot.
/REPLOT
7. Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Manual Size > Size Cntrls > Lines > All Lines...
For this example we will specify an element edge length of 5 mm (20 element
divisions along the line).
8. Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
Solution: Assigning Loads and Solving
2. Set Solution Controls
Select Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Control...
The following image will appear:
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Ensure the following selections are made under the 'Basic' tab (as shown above)
A.Ensure Large Static Displacements are permitted (this will include the effects of
large deflection in the results)
B. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows ANSYS
to determine appropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the step size
usually ensures better accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic Time
Step feature will determine an appropriate balance. This feature also activates the
ANSYS bisection feature which will allow recovery if convergence fails.
C. Enter 20 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/20 th of
the total load.
D. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the
solution does not converge after 1000 steps.
E. Enter a minimum number of substeps of 1.
F. Ensure all solution items are writen to a results file. This means rather than just
recording the data for the last load step, data for every load step is written to the
database. Therefore, you can plot certain parameters over time. Ensure the
following selection is made under the 'Nonlinear' tab (as shown below)
Ensure Line Search is 'On'. This option is used to help the Newton-Raphson solver
converge. Ensure Maximum Number of Iterations is set to 1000.
NOTE
There are several options which have not been changed from their default values.
For more information about these commands, type help followed by the
command into the command line.
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Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOFs constrained).
4. Apply Loads
Place a 10,000 N load in the FY direction on the top of the beam (Keypoint 2).
5. Solve the System
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This shows the convergence of the solution.
General Postprocessing: Viewing the Results
1. To view the element in 2D rather than a line: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls >
Style > Size and Shape and turn 'Display of element' ON (as shown below).
2. View the deflection contour plot
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu... > DOF
solution, UY
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Time History Postprocessing: Viewing the Results
As shown, you can obtain the results (such as deflection, stress and bending
moment diagrams) the same way you did in previous examples using the General
Postprocessor. However, you may wish to view time history results such as the
deflection of the object over time.
1. Define Variables
Select: Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro. The following window should open
automatically.
If it does not open automatically, select Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro
> Variable Viewer Click the add button in the upper left corner of the window to
add a variable.
Select Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of displacement
(as shown below) and click OK. Pick the uppermost node on the beam and click
OK in the 'Node for Data' window.
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To add another variable, click the add button again. This time select Reaction
Forces > Structural Forces > Y Component of Force. Pick the lowermost node
on the beam and click OK.
On the Time History Variable window, click the circle in the 'X-Axis'
column for FY_3. This will make the reaction force the x-variable. The
Time History Variables window should now look like this:
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2. Graph Results over Time
Click on UY_2 in the Time History Variables window.
Click the graphing button in the Time History Variables window.
The labels on the plot are not updated by ANSYS, so you must change them
manually. Select Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify
Axes and re-label the X and Y-axis appropriately.
This plot shows how the beam deflected linearly when the force, and
subsequently the stress, was low (in the linear range). However, as the force
increased, the deflection (proportional to strain) began to increase at a greater rate.
This is because the stress in the beam is in the plastic range and thus no longer relates
to strain linearly.
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Ex. No: 21 APPLICATION OF JOINTS AND SPRINGS IN ANSYS
Date :
Problem:
A 1000N vertical load will be applied to a catapult as shown in the figure

below. The catapult is built from steel tubing with an outer diameter of 40 mm, a
wall thickness of 10, and a modulus of elasticity of 200GPa. The springs have a
stiffness of 5 N/mm.
This tutorial will introduce:

the use of multiple elements in ANSYS
elements COMBIN7 (Joints) and COMBIN14 (Springs)
obtaining/storing scalar information and store them as parameters
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1. Open preprocessor menu
/title,Catapult
For this problem, 3 types of elements are used: PIPE16, COMBIN7 (Revolute
Joint), COMBIN14 (Spring-Damper). It is therefore required that the types of
elements are defined prior to creating the elements. This element has 6 degrees of
freedom (translation along the X, Y and Z axis, and rotation about the X,Y and Z
axis).
a. Define PIPE16
With 6 degrees of freedom, the PIPE16 element can be used to create the 3D
structure.
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add'
Select 'Pipe', 'Elast straight 16'
Click on 'Apply' You should see 'Type 1 PIPE16' in the 'Element Types' window.
b. Define COMBIN7
COMBIN7 (Revolute Joint) will allow the catapult to rotate about nodes 1 and 2.
Select 'Combination', 'Revolute Joint 7'
Click 'Apply'.
c. Define COMBIN14
Now we will define the spring elements. Select 'Combination', 'Spring damper 14'
Click on 'OK'
In the 'Element Types' window, there should now be three types of elements
defined.
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Real Constants must be defined for each of the 3 element types.
a. PIPE16
Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add'
Select Type 1 PIPE16 and click 'OK'
Enter the following properties, then click 'OK'
OD = 40
TKWALL = 10
'Set 1' will now appear in the dialog box
b. COMBIN7 (Joint)
Five of the degrees of freedom (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, and ROTY) can be
constrained with different levels of flexibility.
These can be defined by the 3 real constants: K1 (UX, UY), K2 (UZ) and K3
(ROTX, ROTY). For this example, we will use high values for K1 through K3
since we only expect the model to rotate about the Z axis.
Click 'Add'
Select 'Type 2 COMBIN7'. Click 'OK'.
In the 'Real Constants for COMBIN7' window, enter the following
geometric properties (then click 'OK'):
X-Y transnational stiffness K1: 1e9
Z directional stiffness K2: 1e9
Rotational stiffness K3: 1e9
'Set 2' will now appear in the dialog box.
Note: The constants that we define in this problem refer to the relationship
between the coincident nodes. By having high values for the stiffness in the X-Y
plane and along the Z axis, we are essentially constraining the
two coincident nodes to each other.
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c. COMBIN14 (Spring)
Click 'Add'
Select 'Type 3 COMBIN14'. Click 'OK'.
Enter the following geometric properties:
Spring constant K: 5
In the 'Element Types' window, there should now be three types of elements
defined.
1. Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models
2. In the 'Define Material Model Behavior' Window, ensure that Material Model
Number 1 is selected
3. Select Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic
4. In the window that appears, enter the give the properties of Steel then click 'OK'.
Young's modulus EX: 200000
6. Define Nodes
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Nodes > In Active CS...
7. Create PIPE16 elements
a. Define element type
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > Elem Attributes ...
The following window will appear. Ensure that the 'Element type number' is set to
1 PIPE16, 'Material number' is set to 1, and 'Real constant set number' is set to 1.
Then click 'OK'.
138
139
b. Create elements
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > (-Auto Numbered-) Thru
Nodes E, node a, node b
Create the following elements joining Nodes 'a' and Nodes 'b'.
Note: because it is difficult to graphically select the nodes you may wish to use the
command line (for example, the first entry would be: E,1,6).
140
8. Create COMBIN7 (Joint) elements
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > Elem Attributes
Ensure that the 'Element type number' is set to 2 COMBIN7 and that 'Real constant
set number' is set to 2. Then
click 'OK'
b. Create elements
When defining a joint, three nodes are required. Two nodes are coincident at the
point of rotation. The elements that connect to the joint must reference each of the
coincident points. The other node for the joint defines the axis of rotation. The axis
would be the line from the coincident nodes to the other node.
Nodes E,node a, node b, node c
Create the following lines joining Node 'a' and Node 'b'
9. Create COMBIN14 (Spring) elements

Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > Elem Attributes
Ensure that the 'Element type number' is set to 3 COMBIN7 and that 'Real constant
set number' is set to 3. Then click 'OK'
b. Create elements
Nodes E,node a, node b
141
Create the following lines joining Node 'a' and Node 'b'
10. Meshing
Because we have defined our model using nodes and elements, we do
not need to mesh our model. If we initially defined our model using keypoints and
lines, we would have had to create elements in our model by meshing the lines. It
is the elements that ANSYS uses to solve the model.
11. Plot Elements

Utility Menu > Plot > Elements
You may also wish to turn on element numbering and turn off keypoint numbering
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering ...
142
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
2. Allow Large Deflection
Solution > Sol'n Controls > basic
Because the model is expected to deform considerably, we need to include
the effects of large deformation.
Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) > Displacement > On Nodes
Fix Nodes 3, 4, 12, and 13. (ie - all degrees of freedom are constrained).
4.Apply Loads
Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) > Force/Moment > On Nodes
Apply a vertical point load of 1000N at node #7.
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
Note: To have the constraints and loads appear each time you select 'Replot' in
ANSYS, you must change some settings under Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls >
Symbols.... In the window that appears check the box beside 'All Applied BC's' in
the 'Boundary Condition Symbol' section.
143
5. Solve the System
Solution > (-Solve-) Current LS
SOLVE
Note: During the solution, you will see a yellow warning window which states that
the "Coefficient ratio exceeds 1.0e8". This warning indicates that the solution has
relatively large displacements. This is due to the rotation about the joints.
Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

1. Plot Deformed Shape
General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape
144
2. Extracting Information as Parameters
In this problem, we would like to find the vertical displacement of node #7. We
will do this using the GET command.
a. Select Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data...
b. The following window will appear. Select 'Results data' and 'Nodal results' as
shown then click 'OK'
145
c. Fill in the 'Get Nodal Results Data' window as shown below:
d. To view the defined parameter select Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar
Parameters...
Therefore the vertical displacement of Node 7 is 323.78 mm. This can be

repeated for any of the other nodes you are interested in.
146

Non Linear Analysis

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No: 18 NON LINEAR ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM

Non Linear Analysis of a Cantilever Beam

7. Define Mesh Size

Solution: Assigning Loads and Solving

General Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

3. List Horizontal Displacement

Translational displacement of node 2 is now stored as variable 2 (variable 1 being

NOTE: It is important to use independent variables to define dependent variables

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

Solution > Solve > Current LS

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

2. Store the data (Volume) as a parameter

2. Assign the Command File to the Optimization

Design Variables (DVs)

b. Define the State Variables

A. For the X-variable parameter select Set number.

Non Linear Materials

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

A 1000N vertical load will be applied to a catapult as shown in the figure

This tutorial will introduce:

9. Create COMBIN14 (Spring) elements

11. Plot Elements

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

Therefore the vertical displacement of Node 7 is 323.78 mm. This can be

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