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The correct answer is B. The combination of leg edema and pulmonary edema (as
indicated by shortness of breath and sleeping on multiple pillows) strongly suggests
that the patient has congestive heart failure involving both ventricles. Heart failure is
a pathologic state in which an abnormality of cardiac function leads to failure of the
heart to pump blood throughout the body at a rate sufficient to meet the body's
requirements. Some of the adaptive mechanisms that compensate for the failing
heart include increasing preload (through the Frank-Starling mechanism), myocardial
hypertrophy (to restore elevated ventricular wall stress to within normal limits),
redistribution of cardiac output from non-vital organs to vital organs, and
neurohumoral adjustments. Congestion develops behind the failing ventricle, with left
ventricular failure causing signs and symptoms of pulmonary congestion, and right
ventricular failure causing signs and symptoms of systemic congestion.
Lipedema (choice D) is not a true edema (and would not show pitting), but is instead
the deposition of fatty tissues around the ankles of obese individuals.
Low serum albumin (choice D) can be seen in liver and kidney disease.
*** Microsoft beyond the screen, Kleptomania above the screen ***
Question 3 of 6
A chest x-ray film additionally demonstrates a markedly enlarged cardiac shadow
with dilation of both the right and left ventricles.
Echocardiography shows dilated, hypokinetic ventricles. The physician
prescribes several medications, including captopriI. Which of the
following best characterizes captopriI?
/A. ACE inhibitor
/B. AIpha blocker
/C. Beta blocker
/D. Diuretic
/E. Positive inotrope
Loop diuretics (choice D), such as bumetanide and furosemide, are also
considered to be first-line agents in the treatment of heart failure. These
agents are indicated for the treatment of edema associated with CHF, hepatic
cirrhosis, and renal disease, as well as treatment of hypertension (furosemide
and torsemide).
Question 4 of 6
An increase in which of the following is the most likely explanation for the edema
in her legs?
/A. Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
/B. Lymph flow
/C. PIasma colloid osmotic pressure
/D. Right atrial pressure
/ E. Stroke volume
Explanation - Q: 1.4 Close
Fluid loss from the capillaries washes protein molecules from the interstitial
compartment and thereby decreases interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
(choice A).
Question 5 of 6
As this patient's condition progresses, she is started on digoxin. Her most recent
digoxin blood level was 2.0 ng/mL. She will be at the highest
risk for developing digoxin toxicity if she has which of the following conditions?
/A. Hypokalemia
/B. Hyponatremia
/C. Hypophosphatemia
/D. Vitamin B12 deficiency
/E. Vitamin K deficiency
The correct answer is E. The structure is most likely an inflamed vein. Large
superficial veins are common on the legs.
The superficial arteries (choice A) of the legs are usually much less apparent
and located deeper than are the veins.
Ligaments (choice B) attach bone to bone, and can be palpated, but not
usually seen, in the feet and at the knee.
Tendons (choice D) also produce cord-like structures, but they are pale in
color and do not appear blue through the skin.
A 55-year-old woman consults a physician because of edema involving her lower
legs. While both of her ankles are swollen, the left one is
much more swollen than the right. Physical examination additionally
demonstrates a swollen, tender, bluish, cord-Iike structure immediately
below the skin on her left lower leg extending from her ankle to near her knee.
Edema at sites other than the ankles is not apparent on physical
examination. The patient has not been having any other symptoms. The woman
works as a nurse and had a long airplane trip during the
previous week.
Question 2 of 5
Which of the following is the most likely cause of the increased edema in the
patient's left lower leg?
/A. Congestive heart failure
/B. Lymphatic obstruction
/C. Pulmonary failure
/D. Renal failure
/E. Venous obstruction
Lymphatic obstruction (choice B) can also produce localized edema, but this
woman has an obviously inflamed vein, and that is the more likely cause.
Question 3 of 5
Which of the following is the most serious complication of this condition?
/A. Focal arterial obstruction
/B. Involvement of deep leg veins
/C. Obstruction of a joint space
/D. Rupture of an involved tendon
/E. Secondary lymphangiosarcoma
The artery (choice A), joint space (choice C), and tendons (choice D) are
not directly involved by this disease process.
Question 4 of 5
Which of the following techniques is most useful for initial evaluation of the
presence of this complication?
/A. Computed tomography
/B. D-dimer levels in serum
/C. Duplex ultrasonography
/D. Magnetic resonance imaging
/E. Prothrombin time
Question 5 of 5
Following the appropriate studies, which demonstrated the most serious
complication of this condition, the decision is made to anticoagulate
the patient. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial choice of
medications?
/A. Intravenous Coumadin
/B. Intravenous heparin
/C. Oral aspirin
/D. OraI Coumadin
/E. Oral heparin
Heparin is not available orally (choice E), and Coumadin is not usually given
intravenously (choice A).
Choledocholithiasis (choice A), or stones in the common bile duct, can cause
a conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, but it is typically accompanied by severe
right upper quadrant pain and it does not cause ascites.
The patient's edema could be the result of renal failure (choice E), but renal
failure would fail to explain the rest of his symptoms. Renal failure does not
cause jaundice or GI bleeding.
Question 2 of 5
A serum analysis is performed and it is found that the patient is infected with
Hepatitis C. Which of the following best describes the Hepatitis C
virus?
/A. FIavivirus
/B. Picornavirus
/C. Poxvirus
/D. Reovirus
/E. Rhinovirus
The picornavirus is a small RNA virus ( "pico" + RNA) (choice B). The most
well known virus in this group causes polio.
The reovirus (choice D) family consists of two distinct classes of virus; the
rotavirus and the enteric calicivirus. Rotavirus can cause diarrheal illness,
particularly in children. The enteric caliciviruses cause gastroenteritis in adults
and children. Neither causes hepatitis C.
Question 3 of 5
The fluid shifts in ascites are slow (compare with choice B), and would not
cause altered mental status. The kidneys "sense" this fluid shift as
hypovolemia and retain fluid accordingly.
This patient has suffered a minor GI bleed. Given that the vitals are stable
and the hemoglobin has fallen only slightly, it is unlikely that there is
hemodynamic instability that would cause an altered level of consciousness
(choice D).
Lactulose is not absorbed from the gut so it could not act as an osmotic
diuretic (choice A). Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic used to decrease
intracranial pressure.
Lactulose is not absorbed from the gut and thus cannot act on the blood-brain
barrier (choice D).
Lactulose is not absorbed from the gut and thus cannot affect axonal
transmission (choice E).