Chapter 9 Intructor Training

Chapter 9: Subnetting
IP Networks
Introduction to Networking
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Dermot Clarke DIT Sept 2013
Network Segmentation
Reasons for Subnetting
Large networks need to be segmented into smaller sub-networks,
creating smaller groups of devices and services in order to:
Control traffic by containing broadcast traffic within subnetwork
Reduce overall network traffic and improve network performance
Subnetting - process of segmenting a network into multiple smaller
network spaces called subnetworks or Subnets.
Communication Between Subnets

A router is necessary for devices on different networks and subnets
to communicate.
Each router interface must have an IPv4 host address that belongs to
the network or subnet that the router interface is connected to.
Devices on a network and subnet use the router interface attached to
their LAN as their default gateway.
2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

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Subnetting an IPv4 Network

IP Subnetting is FUNdamental
Basic Subnetting
Subnetting allows for creating multiple logical networks from a
single address block.
We create subnets by using one or more of the host bits as network bits.
This is done by extending the mask to borrow some of the bits from the
host portion of the address to create additional network bits.
The more host bits used, the more subnets that can be defined.
For each bit borrowed, we double the number of subnetworks available.
For example, if we borrow 1 bit, we can define 2 subnets. If we borrow 2 bits,
we can have 4 subnets.
But, with each bit we borrow, fewer host addresses are available per subnet.
Number of subnets: 2n (n = the number of bits borrowed)
Total number of addresses per subnet 2m

The number of usable hosts 2m 2 (m = the number of host bits left)

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Basic Subnetting
Borrowing Bits to Create Subnets
Borrowing 1 bit 21 = 2 subnets
Borrowing 1 Bit from the host portion creates 2 subnets with the same subnet mask
Subnet 0 Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25 Network 192.168.1.128-255/25
Mask: 255.255.255.128 Mask: 255.255.255.128
Example Basic Subnetting (2 subnets)

Given an address block of 192.168.1.0 /24, we wish to divide this network
into 2 subnets.
/24 means 8 hosts bits so 28 = 256 Address so we have 28 2 =254 hosts
If we borrow one bit from the host portion then the new mask becomes
11111111.1111111.1111111.10000000 i.e. 255.255.255.128 (/25), instead of
the original 255.255.255.0 mask.
The 1 borrowed bit gives us 21=2 Subnets and now leaves 7 bits for the host
so 27 =128 address per subnet and 27 2 =126 Hosts on each subnet.
Fill in Table: Magic number Method
Mask is 25.255.255.128 so 256-128=128 is the Magic number
0+128=128
Subnet Subnet Add Hosts Broadcast
0 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.127 Note:
1 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255 All /25

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Basic Subnetting (2 subnets)

Subnet 0
Subnet Add: 192.168.1.0
Broadcast: 192.168.1.127
PC 1
192.168.1.2 /25
Sw PC 192.168.1.3 /25
Router: 192.168.1.1 /25

PC 192.168.1.126 /25
Broadcast Domain
PC
192.168.1.130 /25
Sw PC 192.168.1.131 /25
Router: 192.168.1.129 /25

PC 192.168.1.254 /25
Subnet 1
Subnet Add: 192.168.1.128
Broadcast: 192.168.1.255

Subnets in Use All Host bits = 0
Subnet 0
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25
All Host bits = 1
All Host bits = 0
Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.128-255/25
All Host bits = 1


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Basic Subnetting (4 subnets)

Next, an internetwork that requires 4 subnets.
Again we start with the same 192.168.1.0 /24 address block.
To provide 4 networks, 2? 4
we borrow two bits. This will provide 22 = 4 subnets. (Note the number of subnets will be of
the order of 2) So there will be 6 bits left for hosts
So the new subnet mask is 11111111.1111111.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 (/26)
The number of subnets: 22 = 4 subnets
The number addresses per subnet: 26 = 64 hosts per subnet
The number of hosts 26 - 2 = 62 hosts per subnet
Fill in Table: Magic number Method

Mask is 25.255.255.192 so 256-192=64 is the Magic number.
Subnet Subnet Add Hosts Broadcast

0 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.62 192.168.1.63
1 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.65 to 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.127 Note:
2 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.190 192.168.1.191 All /26
3 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.193 to 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255
Recap: Magic Numbers

To make the job of subnetting easier, there is a method
that allows you to calculate a "magic" number.
The magic number we're looking for is the number of

addresses in each network, including the network,
broadcast and host range.
Ways to Calculate Magic number
1) The calculation 2number_ of_ host_ bits yields the "magic" number.
We have 5 host bits remaining so..
25 = 32 - our "magic" number.
2) Given a mask for example 255.255.255.224
Magic number = 256
-224
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Example Subnetting - Class C

Network: 192.168.80.0 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224
Network: 27 bits Host: 5 bits Magic Number: 25 = 32
Network Subnet Address Broadcast
ID
Address Range Address
0 192.168.80.0 192.168.80.1 192.168.80.30 /27 192.168.80.31
1 192.168.80.32 192.168.80.33 192.168.80.62 /27 192.168.80.63
2 192.168.80.64 192.168.80.65 192.168.80.94 192.168.80.95
3 192.168.80.96 192.168.80.97 192.168.80.126 192.168.80.127
4 192.168.80.128 192.168.80.129 192.168.80.158 192.168.80.159
5 192.168.80.160 192.168.80.161 192.168.80.190 192.168.80.191
6 192.168.80.192 192.168.80.193 192.168.80.222 192.168.80.223
7 192.168.80.224 192.168.80.225 192.168.80.254 192.168.80.255
Determining the Subnet Mask

Subnetting Based on Host Requirements
There are approaches when planning subnets:
1. Number of Subnets required
2. Number of Host addresses required
Formula to determine number of useable hosts

2n-2
2n (where n is the number the number of host bits remaining) is used
to calculate the number of hosts
-2 Subnetwork ID and broadcast address cannot be used on each
subnet

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Subnetting Network-Based Requirements
Calculate number of subnets
Formula 2n-2 (where n is the number of bits borrowed)
Subnet needed for

each department in
graphic

Subnetting To Meet Network Requirements
It is important to balance the number of subnets needed
and the number of hosts required for the largest subnet.
Design the addressing scheme to accommodate the
maximum number of hosts for each subnet.
Allow for growth in
each subnet.

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Subnetting - Class B
Let's try one.
You are the network administrator for a world-wide organization
with 7,500 users.
You have 10 world-wide central offices and each of those have

their own networks and branch offices. Central and Branch
office networks range from 100 to 3,000 users.
You have decided that a Class B network will be sufficient for
your needs and you must subnet the network to include yourself
and the central offices.
Each central office handles their own network maintenance
and it will be up to them to further subnet the network you
design.
Subnetting - Class B
You have decided to use the Class B private address of
172.25.0.0 / 16
Head Office
Central 01 Central 02 Central 03 Central 10
Your objective is to provide

Branch 01 enough addresses so that each
central office can cover their
branches and allow room for
Branch nn future expansion.

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Subnetting Class B
Determining your magic number Class A and B.

The trick here in determining the magic number.
Say we want 4096 IP addresses for each site (i.e 12

Host bits) so mask will be
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
subnet mask 255.255.240.0 or (/20)
Magic number = 256

-240
16
Network Subnet Address Broadcast

ID
Address Range Address
0 172.25.0.0 172.25.0.1 to 172.25.15.254 /20 172.25.15.255
1 172.25.16.0 172.25.16.1 to 172.25.31.254 /20 172.25.31.255
2 172.25.32.0 172.25.32.1 to 172.25.47.254 /20 172.25.47.255
3 172.25.48.0 172.25.48.1 to 172.25.63.254 /20 172.25.63.255
4 172.25.64.0 172.25.64.1 to 172.25.79.254 /20 172.25.79.255
5 172.25.80.0 172.25.80.1 to 172.25.95.254 /20 172.25.95.255
6 172.25.96.0 172.25.96.1 to 172.25.111.254 172.25.111.255
7 172.25.112.0 172.25.112.1 to 172.25.127.254 172.25.127.255
8 172.25.128.0 172.25.128.1 to 172.25.143.254 172.25.143.255
9 172.25.144.0 172.25.144.1 to 172.25.159.254 172.25.159.255
10 172.25.160.0 172.25.160.1 to 172.25.175.254 172.25.175.255
11 172.25.176.0 172.25.176.1 to 172.25.191.254 172.25.191.255
12 172.25.192.0 172.25.192.1 to 172.25.207.254 172.25.207.255
13 172.25.208.0 172.25.208.1 to 172.25.223.254 172.25.223.255
14 172.25.224.0 172.25.224.1 to 172.25.239.254 172.25.239.255
Presentation_ID
15 172.25.240.0 172.25.240.1 to 172.25.255.254
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
172.25.255.255
Cisco Confidential 18

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Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking

Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses
Traditional subnetting - same number of addresses is
allocated for each subnet.
Subnets that require fewer addresses have unused
(wasted) addresses. For example, WAN links only need 2
addresses.
Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) or subnetting a
subnet provides more efficient use of addresses.

Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
VLSM allows a network space to be divided in unequal
parts.
Subnet mask will vary depending on how many bits have
been borrowed for a particular subnet.
Network is first subnetted, and then the subnets are
subnetted again.
Process repeated as necessary to create subnets of
various sizes.
Subnet a subnet..

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Basic VLSM

VLSM in Practice
Using VLSM subnets, the LAN and WAN segments in
example below can be addressed with minimum waste.
Each LANs will be assigned a subnet with /27 mask.
Each WAN link will be assigned a subnet with /30 mask.

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Structured Design
Planning to Address the Network
Allocation of network addresses should be planned and
documented for the purposes of:
Preventing duplication of addresses
Providing and controlling access
Monitoring security and performance
Addresses for Clients - usually dynamically assigned using
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Sample Network
Addressing Plan
Subnetting: Worked Example

The figure shows the network topology for this example:
Student LAN
Student Computers: 40
Router (LAN Gateway): 1
Switches (management): 10
Total for student subnetwork: 51
Lecturers LAN
Instructor Computers: 20
Router (LAN Gateway): 1
Switches (management): 4
Total for instructor subnetwork: 25
Administrator LAN
There are two methods available for allocating
Administrator Computers: 10
addresses to an internetwork.
Server: 1
1. We can use a non-VLSM approach, where all
Router (LAN Gateway): 1 subnets use the same prefix length and the
Switch (management): 1 same number of host bits.
Total for administration subnetwork: 13 2. We can use Variable Length Subnet Masking
(VLSM), where we assign the prefix and host
WAN bits to each network based on the number of
Router - Router WAN: 2 hosts in that network.
Total for WAN: 2

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Calculating Addresses: Case 1:

Addresses-without VLSM (all Subnets equal size)
Given an address block 192.168.1.0/24
When using the non-VLSM method of assigning addresses, all subnets
have the same number of addresses.
We base the number of addresses for all networks on the addressing
requirements for the largest network.
In Case 1, the Student LAN is the largest network, requiring
51addresses.
We will need 6 host bits.
2^6 = 64 So we will have 64 - 2 = 62 usable host addresses
This meets the current requirement for at least 51 addresses, with a
small allowance for growth.
The new mask will be 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192 6 host bits
So our magic number will be 256-192 = 64
Subnet 0 192.168.1.0 Network Address

(Student) 1st Usable Host1st
2nd Usable Host
Last Usable Host

Broadcast Address
Subnet 1 Network Address
(Lecturer) 1st Usable Host1st
Last Usable Host

Broadcast Address
(Admin) 1st Usable Host1st
Last Usable Host

Broadcast Address
(WAN) 1st Usable Host1st
Last Usable Host

Presentation_ID 192.168.1.255 Broadcast Address
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26

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Subnet 0 192.168.1.0 Network Address 62 usable addresses, 51

(Student) 192.168.1.1 /26 1st Usable Host1st required so 9 waste
addresses.
192.168.1.2 /26 2nd Usable Host
0+64 (magic Number) = 64
192.168.1.62/26 Last Usable Host
192.168.1.63 Broadcast Address
(Lecturer) 192.168.1.65/26 1st Usable Host1st required so 37 waste
addresses.
192.168.1.126/26 Last Usable Host 64+64 (magic Number) = 128

(Admin) 192.168.1.129/26 1st Usable Host1st required so 49 waste
addresses.
(WAN) 192.168.1.193/26 1st Usable Host1st required so 60 waste
addresses.

Presentation_ID 192.168.1.255 Broadcast Address
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27
Calculating Addresses: Case 2: Addresses-with VLSM

For the VLSM assignment, we can allocate a much smaller block of addresses to
each network, as appropriate.
As before the address block 192.168.1.0/24 has been assigned to this internetwork.
Student LAN
The largest subnet is the Student LAN requires 51 addresses.
We will need 6 host bits.
This meets the current requirement for at least 51 addresses, with a small allowance for
growth.
The new mask will be 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 (/26) 255.255.255.192

(Student) 192.168.1.1 /26 1st Usable Host required so 9 waste
addresses.
192.168.1.62/26 Last Usable Host 0+64 (magic Number) = 64

(Lecturer)
Broadcast Address

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Lecturer LAN
The next largest network is the Instructor LAN. It requires at least 25 addresses.
Borrowing 5 bits for the host portion yields this calculation:
This meets the current requirement for at least 25 addresses, with a small
allowance for growth.
The new mask will be 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 (/27)
255.255.255.224
Subnet 0
(Student) 192.168.1.63 Broadcast Address
(Lecturer) 192.168.1.65 /27 1st Usable Hostt required so 5 waste
addresses.
192.168.1.94 /27 Last Usable Host 64+32 (magic Number) = 96

(Admin)

Administrator LAN
The next largest network is the Admin LAN. It requires at least 13 addresses.
This meets the current requirement for at least 13 addresses, with a very small!
allowance for growth.
255.255.255.240
Subnet 1
(Lecturer) 192.168.1.95 Broadcast Address

(Admin) 192.168.1.97 /28 1st Usable Host required so 1 waste
addresses.
192.168.1.110 /28 Last Usable Host

(WAN)

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WAN
The last segment is the WAN, requiring 2 host addresses.
This meets the current requirement .No need to allow for expansion as
a WAN link will only ever need 2 addresses.
255.255.255.252
Subnet 3 192.168.1.111 Broadcast address

(Admin)

(WAN) 192.168.1.113 /30 1st Usable Host required so 0 waste
addresses.
Next Subnet: 192.168.1.116
Address TableDermot Clarke DIT Sept 2013

(Student) 192.168.1.1 /26 1st Usable Host required so 9 waste
addresses.

(Lecturer) 192.168.1.65 /27 1st Usable Hostt required so 5 waste
addresses.

(Admin) 192.168.1.97 /28 1st Usable Host required so 1 waste
addresses.

(WAN) 192.168.1.113 /30 1st Usable Host required so 0 waste
addresses.
192.168.1.116
As you can see we have only uses 116 address in our design leaving plenty for use else where.

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Subnetting Using the Subnet ID
An IPv6 Network Space is subnetted to support
hierarchical, logical design of the network

IPV6 Subnet Allocation

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Subnetting into the Interface ID
IPv6 bits can be borrowed from the interface ID to create
additional IPv6 subnets

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Chapter 9: Subnetting

Dermot Clarke DIT Sept 2013

Communication Between Subnets

2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Subnetting an IPv4 Network

Dermot Clarke DIT Sept 2013

Number of subnets: 2n (n = the number of bits borrowed)

Total number of addresses per subnet 2m

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Subnetting an IPv4 Network

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Example Basic Subnetting (2 subnets)

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Basic Subnetting (2 subnets)

Router: 192.168.1.1 /25

Router: 192.168.1.129 /25

Dermot Clarke DIT Sept 2013

Subnetting an IPv4 Network

All Host bits = 1

All Host bits = 0

All Host bits = 1

2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Basic Subnetting (4 subnets)

Fill in Table: Magic number Method

Subnet Subnet Add Hosts Broadcast

Dermot Clarke DIT Sept 2013

Recap: Magic Numbers

The magic number we're looking for is the number of

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Example Subnetting - Class C

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Determining the Subnet Mask

Formula to determine number of useable hosts

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Determining the Subnet Mask

Subnet needed for

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Determining the Subnet Mask

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You have 10 world-wide central offices and each of those have

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Central 01 Central 02 Central 03 Central 10

Your objective is to provide

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Determining your magic number Class A and B.

Say we want 4096 IP addresses for each site (i.e 12

Magic number = 256

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Network Subnet Address Broadcast

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Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking

Dermot Clarke DIT Sept 2013

Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking

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Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking

Dermot Clarke DIT Sept 2013

Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking

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Subnetting: Worked Example

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Calculating Addresses: Case 1:

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Subnet 0 192.168.1.0 Network Address